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Scopus	2-s2.0-84941317538	Economic and environmental evaluation of landfill gas utilisation: A multi-period optimisation approach for low carbon regions	Ahmed S.I., Johari A., Hashim H., Lim J.S., Jusoh M., Mat R., Alkali H.	2015	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation	102	None	10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.008	Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Process System Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Mala	Ahmed, S.I., Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, Chemical Engineering Dept., Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria; Johari, A., Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Hashim, H., Process System Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Lim, J.S., Process System Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Jusoh, M., Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Mat, R., Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Alkali, H., Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia	Landfill gas (LFG) is composed essentially of the most problematic greenhouse gases (GHGs) namely methane (50%) and carbon dioxide (45%). However, due to its methane content, LFG can be utilised as a renewable energy source, but utilising LFG is met with a lot of challenges such as choice for LFG grade (low, medium or high grade), LFG utilisation equipment (gas engines, gas turbines etc.) and product type (electricity, heat etc.). The study estimates LFG capture and develops tool for the utilisation of LFG as a renewable energy resource. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change model outcome shows that an average annual LFG capture of 17,200 tonnes was obtained for Iskandar Malaysia and the optimal results indicate that the LFG is best utilised as a medium grade LFG for combined heat and power generation using steam turbines. The profitability evaluation shows that mean annual profit of US$5.6 million has been achieved with a payback period of 12.3 years and net present value of US$111 million, which is reasonable because the project can be classified as medium to large-scale. Additionally, the study provides insight into the viability of various LFG utilisation technologies and strategies for waste disposal to landfill. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Greenhouse gas; Landfill gas; Malaysia; Renewable energy; Waste	Biogas; Carbon; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Climate models; Cogeneration plants; Energy resources; Gas turbines; Gases; Greenhouse gases; Heat engines; Investments; Land fill; Methane; Profitability; Steam turbines; Waste disposal; Wastes; Combined heat and power generation; Disposal to landfills; Environmental evaluation; Intergovernmental panel on climate changes; Landfill gas; Malaysia; Renewable energies; Renewable energy source; Renewable energy resources	05H04, MOHE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Q.J130000.2709.01K08, UTM, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; R.J1300000.7301.4B145, UTM, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928910645	The impact of gender norms on condom use among HIV-Positive adults in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa	Fladseth K., Gafos M., Newell M.L., McGrath N.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0122671	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom	Fladseth, K., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Gafos, M., Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Newell, M.L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Faculty of Medicine and of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; McGrath, N., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Faculty of Medicine and of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom	Critical to preventing the spread of HIV is promoting condom use among HIV-positive individuals. Previous studies suggest that gender norms (social and cultural constructions of the ways that women and men are expected to behave) may be an important determinant of condom use. However, the relationship has not been evaluated among HIV-positive women and men in South Africa. We examined gender norms and condom use at last sex among 550 partnerships reported by 530 sexually-active HIV-positive women (372) and men (158) who had sought care, but not yet initiated antiretroviral therapy in a high HIV-prevalence rural setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa between January 2009 and March 2011. Participants enrolled in the cohort study completed a baseline questionnaire that detailed their socio-demographic characteristics, socio-economic circumstances, religion, HIV testing history and disclosure of HIV status, stigma, social capital, gender norms and self-efficacy. Gender norms did not statistically differ between women and men (p = 0.18). Overall, condoms were used at last sex in 58% of partnerships. Although participants disclosed their HIV status in 66% of the partnerships, 60% did not have knowledge of their partner's HIV status. In multivariable logistic regression, run separately for each sex, women younger than 26 years with more equitable gender norms were significantly more likely to have used a condom at last sex than those of the same age group with inequitable gender norms (OR = 8.88, 95% CI 2.95-26.75); the association between condom use and gender norms among women aged 26+ years and men of all ages was not statistically significant. Strategies to address gender inequity should be integrated into positive prevention interventions, particularly for younger women, and supported by efforts at a societal level to decrease gender inequality. © 2015 Fladseth et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adolescent; adult; age distribution; Article; cohort analysis; condom use; controlled study; female; gender bias; help seeking behavior; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; middle aged; prevalence; questionnaire; religion; rural area; self concept; sex difference; sex role; sexual behavior; social capital; social status; South Africa; stigma; young adult	#065377/Z01/H, Wellcome Trust; #WT083495MA, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905574645	First evaluation of a population-based screen to detect emotional-behavior disorders in orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa	Sharp C., Venta A., Marais L., Skinner D., Lenka M., Serekoane J.	2014	AIDS and Behavior	18	6	10.1007/s10461-014-0739-6	Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Research on Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Sharp, C., Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Venta, A., Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Marais, L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Skinner, D., Research on Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Lenka, M., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Serekoane, J., Department of Anthropology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic which has left 12 million children orphaned in Sub-Saharan Africa, children are at increased risk for mental health problems. Currently, no validity data exist for any screening measure of emotional-behavior disorders in pre-adolescent children in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aims of the current study were to evaluate the construct validity of the caregiver-, teacher-, and self-report versions of the one-page Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in 466 orphans in South Africa between the ages of 7 and 11 (Mage = 9.23 years, SD = 1.33, 51.93 % female) and to provide, for the first time, clinical cut-offs for this population. Findings demonstrated support for the caregiver SDQ, but not the teacher and self-report versions. We provide clinical cut-offs, but caution their use before further research is conducted. There remains a critical need for further psychometric studies of the SDQ in the developing world. Resumen Debido a la pandemia de VIH /SIDA que ha dejado a 12 millones de niños huérfanos en Á frica subsahariana, los niños tienen un riesgo mayor de tener problemas de salud mental. Actualmente, no hay data para validar ningún cuestionario de trastornos emocionales y de comportamiento en los niños pre-adolescentes en el Á frica subsahariana. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la validez de constructo de varias versiones (completadas por cuidador, maestro, y autoinforme) de un cuestionario de una página, el Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), en 466 huérfanos en Sudáfrica entre las edades de 7 y 11 (M = 9.23 años, SD = 1.33, 51.93 % mujeres) y describir, por primera vez, los puntos de estratificación para esta población. Los resultados demuestran apoyo para la versión SDQ completada por el cuidador, pero no la versión completada por el maestro ni por autoinforme. Ofrecemos puntos de estratificación, pero advertimos contra su uso antes de que se realicen más investigaciones. Sigue habiendo una necesidad crítica de estudios psicométricos del SDQ en el mundo subdesarrollado. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.	Africa; Children; Orphans; Population screen; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; Validity	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adaptive behavior; Africa south of the Sahara; child; emotion; epidemiology; evaluation study; female; follow up; human; male; mass screening; Mental Disorders; mental stress; orphaned child; poverty; psychology; psychometry; questionnaire; self report; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adaptation, Psychological; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child, Orphaned; Emotions; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Mental Disorders; Poverty; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Self Report; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological	078757, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887969392	Parasite co-infections show synergistic and antagonistic interactions on growth performance of East African zebu cattle under one year	Thumbi S.M., De. C. Bronsvoort B.M., Poole E.J., Kiara H., Toye P., Ndila M., Conradie I., Jennings A., Handel I.G., Coetzer J.A.W., Hanotte O., Woolhouse M.E.J.	2013	Parasitology	140	14	10.1017/S0031182013001261	Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7079, United States; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, P.O. BOX 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya	Thumbi, S.M., Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7079, United States, KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, P.O. BOX 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; De. C. Bronsvoort, B.M., Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Poole, E.J., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Kiara, H., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Toye, P., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Ndila, M., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Conradie, I., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Jennings, A., Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Handel, I.G., Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Coetzer, J.A.W., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Hanotte, O., School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Woolhouse, M.E.J., Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom	The co-occurrence of different pathogen species and their simultaneous infection of hosts are common, and may affect host health outcomes. Co-infecting pathogens may interact synergistically (harming the host more) or antagonistically (harming the host less) compared with single infections. Here we have tested associations of infections and their co-infections with variation in growth rate using a subset of 455 animals of the Infectious Diseases of East Africa Livestock (IDEAL) cohort study surviving to one year. Data on live body weight, infections with helminth parasites and haemoparasites were collected every 5 weeks during the first year of life. Growth of zebu cattle during the first year of life was best described by a linear growth function. A large variation in daily weight gain with a range of 0·03-0·34 kg, and a mean of 0·135 kg (0·124, 0·146; 95% CI) was observed. After controlling for other significant covariates in mixed effects statistical models, the results revealed synergistic interactions (lower growth rates) with Theileria parva and Anaplasma marginale co-infections, and antagonistic interactions (relatively higher growth rates) with T. parva and Theileria mutans co-infections, compared with infections with T. parva only. Additionally, helminth infections can have a strong negative effect on the growth rates but this is burden-dependent, accounting for up to 30% decrease in growth rate in heavily infected animals. These findings present evidence of pathogen-pathogen interactions affecting host growth, and we discuss possible mechanisms that may explain observed directions of interactions as well as possible modifications to disease control strategies when co-infections are present. © Cambridge University Press 2013.	cattle; co-infections; growth rate; interactions	Anaplasma; Anaplasma marginale; article; Babesia bigemina; blood parasite; body weight; cattle; Coccidia; cohort analysis; Cooperia; Cryptosporidium; Dictyocaulus; Dictyocaulus viviparous; disease control; environmental factor; Fasciola; growth rate; helminth; helminthiasis; host parasite interaction; livestock; mixed infection; Nematodirus; nonhuman; Oesophagostomum; oesophagostomum radiatum; Ostertagia ostertagi; parasitosis; priority journal; Schistosoma; Strongyloides; Theileria; theileria mutans; Theileria parva; trematode; Trichostrongylus; Trypanosoma; weight gain; Africa, Eastern; Aging; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Coinfection; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Weight Gain	079445, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895884743	Parasite co-infections and their impact on survival of indigenous cattle	Thumbi S.M., Bronsvoort B.M.D.C., Poole E.J., Kiara H., Toye P.G., Mbole-Kariuki M.N., Conradie I., Jennings A., Handel I.G., Coetzer J.A.W., Steyl J.C.A., Hanotte O., Woolhouse M.E.J.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0076324	Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya	Thumbi, S.M., Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States, KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya; Bronsvoort, B.M.D.C., Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom; Poole, E.J., International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Kiara, H., International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Toye, P.G., International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbole-Kariuki, M.N., International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Conradie, I., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Jennings, A., Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom; Handel, I.G., Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom; Coetzer, J.A.W., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Steyl, J.C.A., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Hanotte, O., School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Woolhouse, M.E.J., Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom	In natural populations, individuals may be infected with multiple distinct pathogens at a time. These pathogens may act independently or interact with each other and the host through various mechanisms, with resultant varying outcomes on host health and survival. To study effects of pathogens and their interactions on host survival, we followed 548 zebu cattle during their first year of life, determining their infection and clinical status every 5 weeks. Using a combination of clinical signs observed before death, laboratory diagnostic test results, gross-lesions on post-mortem examination, histo-pathology results and survival analysis statistical techniques, cause-specific aetiology for each death case were determined, and effect of co-infections in observed mortality patterns. East Coast fever (ECF) caused by protozoan parasite Theileria parva and haemonchosis were the most important diseases associated with calf mortality, together accounting for over half (52%) of all deaths due to infectious diseases. Co-infection with Trypanosoma species increased the hazard for ECF death by 6 times (1.4-25; 95% CI). In addition, the hazard for ECF death was increased in the presence of Strongyle eggs, and this was burden dependent. An increase by 1000 Strongyle eggs per gram of faeces count was associated with a 1.5 times (1.4-1.6; 95% CI) increase in the hazard for ECF mortality. Deaths due to haemonchosis were burden dependent, with a 70% increase in hazard for death for every increase in strongyle eggs per gram count of 1000. These findings have important implications for disease control strategies, suggesting a need to consider co-infections in epidemiological studies as opposed to single-pathogen focus, and benefits of an integrated approach to helminths and East Coast fever disease control. © 2014 Thumbi et al.	None	article; autopsy; Bos indicus; cause of death; death; diagnostic test; disease association; disease control; East Coast fever; feces analysis; geographic distribution; haemonchosis; health hazard; health status; histopathology; host parasite interaction; laboratory test; mixed infection; mortality; nonhuman; parasitosis; risk factor; risk reduction; Strongyloidea; survival; Theileria parva; Trypanosoma; animal; Bovinae; Cattle Diseases; cohort analysis; Coinfection; epidemiology; Haemonchiasis; Kenya; longitudinal study; parasitology; proportional hazards model; Strongylida Infections; Theileriasis; trypanosomiasis; veterinary; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Haemonchiasis; Kenya; Longitudinal Studies; Proportional Hazards Models; Strongylida Infections; Theileriasis; Trypanosomiasis	079445, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920155060	The impact of HIV exposure and maternal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on infant immune responses to bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination	Jones C.E., Hesseling A.C., Tena-Coki N.G., Scriba T.J., Chegou N.N., Kidd M., Wilkinson R.J., Kampmann B.	2015	AIDS	29	2	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000536	Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St george'S, University of London, Mail point J2C, Level 2, Jenner Wing, London, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; DST/NRF Ctr. of Excellence for Biomed. TB Research and MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Division of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, Gambia	Jones, C.E., Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St george'S, University of London, Mail point J2C, Level 2, Jenner Wing, London, United Kingdom; Hesseling, A.C., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Tena-Coki, N.G., Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Scriba, T.J., South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Chegou, N.N., DST/NRF Ctr. of Excellence for Biomed. TB Research and MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Kidd, M., Division of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wilkinson, R.J., MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Kampmann, B., Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, Gambia	Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the effect of maternal HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection on cellular responses to bacille Calmette- Guérin (BCG) immunization. Design: A mother-infant cohort study. Methods: Samples were collected from mother-infant pairs at delivery. Infants were BCG-vaccinated at 6 weeks of age and a repeat blood sample was collected from infants at 16 weeks of age. BCG-specific T-cell proliferation and intracellular cytokine expression were measured by flow cytometry. Secreted cytokines and chemokines in cell culture supernatants were analysed using a Multiplex assay. Results: One hundred and nine (47 HIV-exposed and 62 HIV-unexposed) mother-infants pairs were recruited after delivery and followed longitudinally. At birth, proportions of mycobacteria-specific proliferating T cells were not associated with either in-utero HIV exposure or maternal Mtb sensitization. However, in-utero HIV exposure affected infant-specific T-cell subsets [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) single positive proliferating CD4+ T cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), TNF-α dualpositive CD4+ T cells]. Levels of TNF-α protein in cell culture supernatants were also significantly higher in HIV-exposed infants born to Mtb-sensitized mothers. In the presence of maternal Mtb sensitization, frequencies of maternal and newborn BCG-specific proliferating CD4+ T cells were positively correlated. Following BCG vaccination, there was no demonstrable effect of HIV exposure or maternal Mtb infection on infant BCG-specific T-cell proliferative responses or concentrations of secreted cytokines and chemokines. Conclusion: Effects of maternal HIV and Mtb infection on infant immune profiles at birth are transient only, and HIV-exposed, noninfected infants have the same potential to respond to and be protected by BCG vaccination as HIV-unexposed infants. © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	Bacille Calmette-Gué rin; HIV infection; HIV-exposed; Immunogenicity; Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; Uninfected infants; Vaccination	BCG vaccine; chemokine; cytokine; gamma interferon; nevirapine; tumor necrosis factor alpha; zidovudine; Article; birth; blood sampling; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cell culture; controlled study; delivery; female; flow cytometry; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; immunization; infancy; infant; lung tuberculosis; lymphocyte proliferation; major clinical study; mother; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; sensitization; supernatant	084323, Medical Research Council; 088316, Medical Research Council; GR 077273, Medical Research Council; MC-UP-A900/115, MRC, Medical Research Council; MR/K007602/1, MRC, Medical Research Council; MR/K011944/1, MRC, Medical Research Council; U1175.02.0002
Scopus	2-s2.0-84957442285	Interleukin 27R regulates CD4+ T cell phenotype and impacts protective immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection	Torrado E., Fountain J.J., Liao M., Tighe M., Reiley W.W., Lai R.P., Meintjes G., Pearl J.E., Chen X., Zak D.E., Thompson E.G., Aderem A., Ghilardi N., Solache A., Kai McKinstry K., Strutt T.M., Wilkinson R.J., Swain S.L., Cooper A.M.	2015	Journal of Experimental Medicine	212	9	10.1084/jem.20141520	Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China; Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Abcam, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom	Torrado, E., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Fountain, J.J., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States; Liao, M., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China; Tighe, M., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States; Reiley, W.W., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States; Lai, R.P., Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, United Kingdom; Meintjes, G., Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom; Pearl, J.E., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States; Chen, X., Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China; Zak, D.E., Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States; Thompson, E.G., Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States; Aderem, A., Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States; Ghilardi, N., Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Solache, A., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States, Abcam, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom; Kai McKinstry, K., Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Strutt, T.M., Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Wilkinson, R.J., Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, United Kingdom, Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom; Swain, S.L., Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Cooper, A.M., Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, United States	CD4+ T cells mediate protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb); however, the phenotype of protective T cells is undefined, thereby confounding vaccination efforts. IL-27 is highly expressed during human tuberculosis (TB), and absence of IL-27R (Il27ra) specifically on T cells results in increased protection. IL-27R deficiency during chronic Mtb infection does not impact antigen-specific CD4+ T cell number but maintains programmed death-1 (PD-1), CD69, and CD127 expression while reducing T-bet and killer cell lectinlike receptor G1 (KLRG1) expression. Furthermore, T-bet haploinsufficiency results in failure to generate KLRG1+, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, and in improved protection. T cells in Il27ra-/- mice accumulate preferentially in the lung parenchyma within close proximity to Mtb, and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells lacking IL-27R are intrinsically more fit than intact T cells and maintain IL-2 production. Improved fitness of IL-27R-deficient T cells is not associated with increased proliferation but with decreased expression of cell death-associated markers. Therefore, during Mtb infection, IL-27R acts intrinsically on T cells to limit protection and reduce fitness, whereas the IL-27R-deficient environment alters the phenotype and location of T cells. The significant expression of IL-27 in TB and the negative influence of IL-27R on T cell function demonstrate the pathway by which this cytokine/receptor pair is detrimental in TB. © 2015 Torrado et al.	None	None	084323, Wellcome Trust; 104803, Wellcome Trust; PO1 AI46530, NIAID, Wellcome Trust; U1175.02.002.00014.01, MRC, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897618941	Factors influencing performance of health workers in the management of seriously sick children at a Kenyan tertiary hospital - Participatory action research	Irimu G.W., Greene A., Gathara D., Kihara H., Maina C., Mbori-Ngacha D., Zurovac D., Migiro S., English M.	2014	BMC Health Services Research	14	None	10.1186/1472-6963-14-59	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya; Child Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Division of Child Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Irimu, G.W., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya; Greene, A., Child Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Gathara, D., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya; Kihara, H., Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Maina, C., Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbori-Ngacha, D., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Zurovac, D., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Migiro, S., Division of Child Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; English, M., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: Implementation of World Health Organization case management guidelines for serious childhood illnesses remains a challenge in hospitals in low-income countries. Facilitators of and barriers to implementation of locally adapted clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have not been explored. Methods. This ethnographic study based on the theory of participatory action research (PAR) was conducted in Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya's largest teaching hospital. The primary intervention consisted of dissemination of locally adapted CPGs. The PRECEDE-PROCEED health education model was used as the conceptual framework to guide and examine further reinforcement activities to improve the uptake of the CPGs. Activities focussed on introduction of routine clinical audits and tailored educational sessions. Data were collected by a participant observer who also facilitated the PAR over an eighteen-month period. Naturalistic inquiry was utilized to obtain information from all hospital staff encountered while theoretical sampling allowed in-depth exploration of emerging issues. Data were analysed using interpretive description. Results: Relevance of the CPGs to routine work and emergence of a champion of change facilitated uptake of best-practices. Mobilization of basic resources was relatively easily undertaken while activities that required real intellectual and professional engagement of the senior staff were a challenge. Accomplishments of the PAR were largely with the passive rather than active involvement of the hospital management. Barriers to implementation of best-practices included i) mismatch between the hospital's vision and reality, ii) poor communication, iii) lack of objective mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating quality of clinical care, iv) limited capacity for planning strategic change, v) limited management skills to introduce and manage change, vi) hierarchical relationships, and vii) inadequate adaptation of the interventions to the local context. Conclusions: Educational interventions, often regarded as 'quick-fixes' to improve care in low-income countries, may be necessary but are unlikely to be sufficient to deliver improved services. We propose that an understanding of organizational issues that influence the behaviour of individual health professionals should guide and inform the implementation of best-practices. © 2014 Irimu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Clinical audits; Clinical practice guidelines; Continuous medical educational sessions; ETAT+; Ethnographic study; Implementation of best-practices; Interpretive description; Participant observer; Participatory action research; Performance of health worke	child; epidemiology; health care quality; health services research; hospital personnel; human; interpersonal communication; Kenya; medical audit; organization and management; practice guideline; practice guideline; procedures; standards; tertiary care center; Child; Communication; Guideline Adherence; Health Services Research; Humans; Kenya; Medical Audit; Personnel, Hospital; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Quality of Health Care; Tertiary Care Centers	084538, Wellcome Trust; 097170, Wellcome Trust; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926681814	The potential impact of moxidectin on onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: An economic evaluation based on the Phase II clinical trial data	Turner H.C., Walker M., Attah S.K., Opoku N.O., Awadzi K., Kuesel A.C., Basáñez M.-G.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-0779-4	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Turner, H.C., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Walker, M., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Attah, S.K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Opoku, N.O., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Awadzi, K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Kuesel, A.C., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Basáñez, M.-G., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom	Background: Spurred by success in several foci, onchocerciasis control policy in Africa has shifted from morbidity control to elimination of infection. Clinical trials have demonstrated that moxidectin is substantially more efficacious than ivermectin in effecting sustained reductions in skin microfilarial load and, therefore, may accelerate progress towards elimination. We compare the potential cost-effectiveness of annual moxidectin with annual and biannual ivermectin treatment. Methods: Data from the first clinical study of moxidectin were used to parameterise the onchocerciasis transmission model EPIONCHO to investigate, for different epidemiological and programmatic scenarios in African savannah settings, the number of years and in-country costs necessary to reach the operational thresholds for cessation of treatment, comparing annual and biannual ivermectin with annual moxidectin treatment. Results: Annual moxidectin and biannual ivermectin treatment would achieve similar reductions in programme duration relative to annual ivermectin treatment. Unlike biannual ivermectin treatment, annual moxidectin treatment would not incur a considerable increase in programmatic costs and, therefore, would generate sizeable in-country cost savings (assuming the drug is donated). Furthermore, the impact of moxidectin, unlike ivermectin, was not substantively influenced by the timing of treatment relative to seasonal patterns of transmission. Conclusions: Moxidectin is a promising new drug for the control and elimination of onchocerciasis. It has high programmatic value particularly when resource limitation prevents a biannual treatment strategy, or optimal timing of treatment relative to peak transmission season is not feasible. © 2015 Turner et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Economic evaluation; Ivermectin; Moxidectin; Onchocerciasis; Seasonality	ivermectin; moxidectin; Africa; Article; cost control; drug cost; drug effect; economic evaluation; health care personnel; human; onchocerciasis; parasite clearance; prevalence; time to treatment	085133/Z/08/Z, Wellcome Trust; 092677/Z/10/Z, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878708464	Impact of a novel molecular TB diagnostic system in patients at high risk of TB mortality in rural South Africa (Uchwepheshe): Study protocol for a cluster randomised trial	Lessells R.J., Cooke G.S., McGrath N., Nicol M.P., Newell M.-L., Godfrey-Faussett P.	2013	Trials	14	1	10.1186/1745-6215-14-170	Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences and Academic Unit of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	Lessells, R.J., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Cooke, G.S., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; McGrath, N., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences and Academic Unit of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Nicol, M.P., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Godfrey-Faussett, P., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background: Tuberculosis control in sub-Saharan Africa has long been hampered by poor diagnostics and weak health systems. New molecular diagnostics, such as the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay, have the potential to improve patient outcomes. We present a cluster randomised trial designed to evaluate whether the positioning of this diagnostic system within the health system has an impact on important patient-level outcomes.Methods/Design: This pragmatic cluster randomised clinical trial compared two positioning strategies for the Xpert MTB/RIF system: centralised laboratory versus primary health care clinic. The cluster (unit of randomisation) is a 2-week time block at the trial clinic. Adult pulmonary tuberculosis suspects with confirmed human immunodeficiency virus infection and/or at high risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are enrolled from the primary health care clinic. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis cases initiated on appropriate treatment within 30 days of initial clinic visit. Univariate logistic regression will be performed as the primary analysis using generalised estimating equations with a binomial distribution function and a logit link.Conclusion: Diagnostic research tends to focus only on performance of diagnostic tests rather than on patient-important outcomes. This trial has been designed to improve the quality of evidence around diagnostic strategies and to inform the scale-up of new tuberculosis diagnostics within public health systems in high-burden settings.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN18642314; South African National Clinical Trials Registry DOH-27-0711-3568. © 2013 Lessells et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Clinical trial; HIV; Molecular diagnostics; Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; Point-of-care systems; Tuberculosis	adult; article; binomial distribution; cluster analysis; comparative study; controlled study; health center; high risk patient; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lung tuberculosis; molecular diagnostics; mortality; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; outcome assessment; randomized controlled trial; rural area; South Africa; sputum culture; treatment duration; univariate analysis; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Antitubercular Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Clinical Protocols; Coinfection; HIV Infections; Humans; Laboratories; Logistic Models; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Point-of-Care Systems; Predictive Value of Tests; Primary Health Care; Research Design; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Rural Health Services; South Africa; Sputum; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	090999/Z/09/Z, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940488699	The impact of a community awareness strategy on caregiver treatment seeking behaviour and use of artemether-lumefantrine for febrile children in rural Kenya	Wasunna B., Okiro E.A., Webster J., Todd J., Snow R.W., Jones C.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0130305	Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Health Systems and Social Science Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya	Wasunna, B., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Okiro, E.A., Department of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Webster, J., Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Todd, J., Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Snow, R.W., Department of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Jones, C., Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, Health Systems and Social Science Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya	Background: Access to prompt and effective treatment is the cornerstone for malaria control. Population Services International in collaboration with the Ministry of Health launched a malaria behaviour change communication intervention in Nyanza province, Kenya. The initiative aimed to improve: symptom recognition and prompt access to government health facilities for febrile children; effective treatment with the recommended first-line drug artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in public health facilities and adherence to the AL regimen. Methods: Pre- and post-intervention cross-sectional household surveys were used to evaluate the impact of the intervention on prompt and correct use of AL for febrile children below five years of age. The primary outcome was the proportion of children below five years of age with fever in the last 14 days accessing AL within 48 hours of fever onset. Results: There was an increase from 62.8% pre-intervention to 79.4% post-intervention (95% CI: 11.1, 22.1) in caregivers who reported seeking formal treatment promptly (on the same day, or next day) for their febrile children. However, there was a decrease in the use of government health facilities in the post-intervention period. There was a small increase in the proportion of children accessing AL within 48 hours of fever onset [18.4% vs 23.5% (0.1-10.0)]. Conclusion: The findings of this evaluation demonstrate that interventions that target only one sector may have a limited impact on improvements in prompt and effective treatment where multiple sources of treatments are sought for febrile illness. Additionally, the context in which an intervention is implemented is likely to influence the process and outcomes. © 2015 Wasunna et al.	None	amodiaquine; artemether plus benflumetol; chloroquine; dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; Article; behavior change; caregiver; child; childhood disease; community care; cross-sectional study; female; fever; health care access; health care facility; health care utilization; health promotion; help seeking behavior; human; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; male; medication compliance; outcome assessment; patient compliance; rural area	092654, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893785971	Impact of Intermittent Screening and Treatment for Malaria among School Children in Kenya: A Cluster Randomised Trial	Halliday K.E., Okello G., Turner E.L., Njagi K., Mcharo C., Kengo J., Allen E., Dubeck M.M., Jukes M.C.H., Brooker S.J.	2014	PLoS Medicine	11	1	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001594	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Health Systems and Social Science Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Teacher Education, College of Charleston, South Carolina, United States; Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Malaria Public Health Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Halliday, K.E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Okello, G., Health Systems and Social Science Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Turner, E.L., Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Njagi, K., Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Mcharo, C., Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; Kengo, J., Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; Allen, E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Dubeck, M.M., Department of Teacher Education, College of Charleston, South Carolina, United States; Jukes, M.C.H., Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Brooker, S.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Background:Improving the health of school-aged children can yield substantial benefits for cognitive development and educational achievement. However, there is limited experimental evidence of the benefits of alternative school-based malaria interventions or how the impacts of interventions vary according to intensity of malaria transmission. We investigated the effect of intermittent screening and treatment (IST) for malaria on the health and education of school children in an area of low to moderate malaria transmission.Methods and Findings:A cluster randomised trial was implemented with 5,233 children in 101 government primary schools on the south coast of Kenya in 2010-2012. The intervention was delivered to children randomly selected from classes 1 and 5 who were followed up for 24 months. Once a school term, children were screened by public health workers using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and children (with or without malaria symptoms) found to be RDT-positive were treated with a six dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine (AL). Given the nature of the intervention, the trial was not blinded. The primary outcomes were anaemia and sustained attention. Secondary outcomes were malaria parasitaemia and educational achievement. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis.During the intervention period, an average of 88.3% children in intervention schools were screened at each round, of whom 17.5% were RDT-positive. 80.3% of children in the control and 80.2% in the intervention group were followed-up at 24 months. No impact of the malaria IST intervention was observed for prevalence of anaemia at either 12 or 24 months (adjusted risk ratio [Adj.RR]: 1.03, 95% CI 0.93-1.13, p = 0.621 and Adj.RR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.90-1.11, p = 0.953) respectively, or on prevalence of P. falciparum infection or scores of classroom attention. No effect of IST was observed on educational achievement in the older class, but an apparent negative effect was seen on spelling scores in the younger class at 9 and 24 months and on arithmetic scores at 24 months.Conclusion:In this setting in Kenya, IST as implemented in this study is not effective in improving the health or education of school children. Possible reasons for the absence of an impact are the marked geographical heterogeneity in transmission, the rapid rate of reinfection following AL treatment, the variable reliability of RDTs, and the relative contribution of malaria to the aetiology of anaemia in this setting.Trial registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00878007" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NCT00878007</ext-link>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. © 2014 Halliday et al.	None	Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Anemia; Antimalarials; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Female; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mass Screening; Parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; Students; Young Adult	092765, Wellcome Trust; 098045, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899713807	Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (apis mellifera) populations in east Africa	Muli E., Patch H., Frazier M., Frazier J., Torto B., Baumgarten T., Kilonzo J., Kimani J.N., Mumoki F., Masiga D., Tumlinson J., Grozinger C.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0094459	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU), Kitui, Kenya; Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States	Muli, E., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Biological Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU), Kitui, Kenya; Patch, H., Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States; Frazier, M., Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States; Frazier, J., Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States; Torto, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Baumgarten, T., Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States; Kilonzo, J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Kimani, J.N., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Mumoki, F., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Masiga, D., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Tumlinson, J., Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States; Grozinger, C., Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, United States	In East Africa, honey bees (Apis mellifera) provide critical pollination services and income for small-holder farmers and rural families. While honey bee populations in North America and Europe are in decline, little is known about the status of honey bee populations in Africa. We initiated a nationwide survey encompassing 24 locations across Kenya in 2010 to evaluate the numbers and sizes of honey bee colonies, assess the presence of parasites (Varroa mites and Nosema microsporidia) and viruses, identify and quantify pesticide contaminants in hives, and assay for levels of hygienic behavior. Varroa mites were present throughout Kenya, except in the remote north. Levels of Varroa were positively correlated with elevation, suggesting that environmental factors may play a role in honey bee host-parasite interactions. Levels of Varroa were negatively correlated with levels of hygienic behavior: however, while Varroa infestation dramatically reduces honey bee colony survival in the US and Europe, in Kenya Varroa presence alone does not appear to impact colony size. Nosema apis was found at three sites along the coast and one interior site. Only a small number of pesticides at low concentrations were found. Of the seven common US/European honey bee viruses, only three were identified but, like Varroa, were absent from northern Kenya. The number of viruses present was positively correlated with Varroa levels, but was not correlated with colony size or hygienic behavior. Our results suggest that Varroa, the three viruses, and Nosema have been relatively recently introduced into Kenya, but these factors do not yet appear to be impacting Kenyan bee populations. Thus chemical control for Varroa and Nosema are not necessary for Kenyan bees at this time. This study provides baseline data for future analyses of the possible mechanisms underlying resistance to and the long-term impacts of these factors on African bee populations.©2014 Muli et al.	None	pesticide; pesticide; Africa; animal behavior; article; environmental impact assessment; honeybee; host parasite interaction; hygiene; Kenya; nonhuman; Nosema; organism colony; parasite control; parasite identification; parasite localization; parasite migration; population abundance; survival rate; Varroa; varroosis; virus identification; animal; bee; drug effects; environmental exposure; environmental protection; host pathogen interaction; parasitology; physiology; pollination; population dynamics; toxicity; Varroidae; Africa, Eastern; Animals; Bees; Conservation of Natural Resources; Environmental Exposure; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Pesticides; Pollination; Population Dynamics; Varroidae	0965441, NSF, National Stroke Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938281717	Evaluation of GenoTypeW MTBDRplus for the rapid detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Ghana	Asante-Poku A., Otchere I.D., Danso E., Mensah D.D., Bonsu F., Gagneux S., Yeboah-Manu D.	2015	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	19	8	10.5588/ijtld.14.0864	Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana, Ghana	Asante-Poku, A., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Otchere, I.D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana; Danso, E., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana; Mensah, D.D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana; Bonsu, F., National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana, Ghana; Gagneux, S., Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Yeboah-Manu, D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana	BACKGROUND: Rapid but simple diagnostic tools for the detection of drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) have been acknowledged as being important for its effective management and control. OBJECTIVE : To establish a molecular line-probe assay (GenoTypew MTBDRplus) for detecting DR-TB in Ghana. METHOD: We first screened 113 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates using the indirect proportion method and MTBDRplus. The rpoB and katG genes and the promoter regions of oxyR-ahpC and inhA were sequenced to identify mutations in isolates found to be resistant on phenotypic drug susceptibility testing and/or MTBDRplus. We then analysed an additional 412 isolates using only MTBDRplus. RESULT S : Respectively 43 (8.2%) and 8 (1.5%) isolates were resistant to isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP), while 8 (1.5%) were multidrug-resistant. In resistant isolates, mutations in codon 450 of rpoB and codon 315 of katG, conferring resistance to respectively RMP and INH, dominated. We found two RMP-resistant isolates with a S450L substitution, each harbouring an additional mutation at S388L and Q409R. Using phenotypic testing as gold standard, the MTBDRplus assay showed a sensitivity and specificity in the detection of RMP and INH resistance and multidrug resistance of respectively 100% and 100%, 83.3% and 100%, and 100% and 100%. CONCLUS ION: The high sensitivity of MTBDRplus makes it a valuable addition to the conventional TB diagnostic algorithm in Ghana. © 2015 The Union.	Drug resistance; Line-probe assay; Mutations	isoniazid; rifampicin; ahpC gene; amino acid substitution; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial gene; bacterium detection; bacterium isolate; bacterium isolation; codon; cross-sectional study; drug resistant tuberculosis; drug sensitivity; gene amplification; gene expression profiling; Ghana; human; indirect proportion method; inh A; katG gene; MTBDRplus; mutational analysis; oxyR gene; phenotype; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; promoter region; rpoB gene; single nucleotide polymorphism	097134/Z/11, National Science Foundation; PP00P3-150750, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903952593	Maternal HIV disclosure to young HIV-uninfected children: An evaluation of a family-centred intervention in South Africa	Rochat T.J., Arteche A.X., Stein A., Mkwanazi N., Bland R.M.	2014	AIDS	28	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000333	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, R618 towards Hlabisa, P O Box 198, Somkele, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Rochat, T.J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, R618 towards Hlabisa, P O Box 198, Somkele, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Arteche, A.X., Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Stein, A., Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mkwanazi, N., School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Bland, R.M., School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	OBJECTIVES:: Sub-Saharan Africa has large populations of HIV-infected parents who need support to raise their HIV-uninfected children. This research evaluates the 'Amagugu Intervention' aimed at supporting mothers to disclose their own HIV diagnosis to their HIV-uninfected children. DESIGN:: Uncontrolled pre and post-intervention evaluation. SETTING:: Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS:: Two hundred and eighty-one HIV-infected women and their HIV-uninfected children aged 6-10 years. INTERVENTION:: This lay counsellor-led intervention included six sessions conducted with mothers at home, providing printed materials and child-friendly activities to support disclosure of their diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:: The primary outcome was disclosure to the child (full, partial, none). The secondary outcomes included maternal mental health (General Health Questionnaire) and child mental health (Child Behaviour Checklist). RESULTS:: One hundred and seventy-one (60%) women 'fully' disclosed and 110 (40%) women 'partially' disclosed their HIV status to their child. Women who perceived their health to be excellent were less likely to 'fully' disclose compared to those considering their health to be poorer [adjusted odds ratio 0.48 (0.28-0.95), P = 0.11]. Compared to those not in a current partnership, those with a current partner were almost three times more likely to 'fully' disclose [adjusted odds ratio 2.92 (1.33-6.40), P = 0.008]. Mothers reported that most children reacted calmly to 'full' (79%) or 'partial' disclosure (83%). Compared to 'partial' disclosure, 'full' disclosure was associated with more children asking questions about maternal death (18 versus 8%). CONCLUSIONS:: This intervention is acceptable in resource-limited settings and shows promise. Further research using a controlled design is needed to test this intervention. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	disclosure; family; HIV; maternal disclosure; rural; school-Aged children; South Africa	adult; article; child; child welfare; comparative study; family centered care; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; human immunodeficiency virus uninfected children; interpersonal communication; major clinical study; male; maternal disease; maternal mortality; maternal welfare; mental health; outcome assessment; population research; priority journal; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; HIV Infections; middle aged; mother child relation; pregnancy; psychology; young adult; Adult; Child; Disclosure; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mother-Child Relations; Pregnancy; South Africa; Young Adult	097410/Z/11/Z, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949460160	The Impact of Trachomatous Trichiasis on Quality of Life: A Case Control Study	Habtamu E., Wondie T., Aweke S., Tadesse Z., Zerihun M., Zewudie Z., Gebeyehu W., Callahan K., Emerson P.M., Kuper H., Bailey R.L., Mabey D.C.W., Rajak S.N., Polack S., Weiss H.A., Burton M.J.	2015	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	9	11	10.1371/journal.pntd.0004254	International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahirdar, Ethiopia; The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; International Trachoma Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States; International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Habtamu, E., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wondie, T., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aweke, S., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tadesse, Z., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zerihun, M., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zewudie, Z., Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahirdar, Ethiopia; Gebeyehu, W., Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahirdar, Ethiopia; Callahan, K., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emerson, P.M., International Trachoma Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States; Kuper, H., International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Bailey, R.L., Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mabey, D.C.W., Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rajak, S.N., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Polack, S., International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Weiss, H.A., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Burton, M.J., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Trachomatous trichiasis is thought to have a profound effect on quality of life (QoL), however, there is little research in this area. We measured vision and health-related QoL in a case-control study in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal Findings: We recruited 1000 adult trichiasis cases and 200 trichiasis-free controls, matched to every fifth trichiasis case on age (+/- two years), sex and location. Vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured using the WHO/PBD-VF20 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. Comparisons were made using linear regression adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Trichiasis cases had substantially lower VRQoL than controls on all subscales (overall eyesight, visual symptom, general functioning and psychosocial, p<0.0001), even in the sub-group with normal vision (p<0.0001). Lower VRQoL scores in cases were associated with longer trichiasis duration, central corneal opacity, visual impairment and poor contrast sensitivity. Trichiasis cases had lower HRQoL in all domains (Physical-health, Psychological, Social, Environment, p<0.0001), lower overall QoL (mean, 34.5 v 64.6; p<0.0001) and overall health satisfaction (mean, 38.2 v 71.7; p<0.0001). This association persisted in a sub-group analysis of cases and controls with normal vision. Not having a marriage partner (p<0.0001), visual impairment (p = 0.0068), daily labouring (p<0.0001), presence of other health problems (p = 0.0018) and low self-rated wealth (p<0.0001) were independently associated with lower overall QoL scores in cases. Among cases, trichiasis caused 596 (59%) to feel embarrassed, 913 (91.3%) to worry they may lose their remaining eyesight and 681 (68.1%) to have sleep disturbance. Conclusions/Significance: Trachomatous trichiasis substantially reduces vision and health related QoL and is disabling, even without visual impairment. Prompt trichiasis intervention is needed both to prevent vision loss and to alleviate physical and psychological suffering, social exclusion and improve overall well-being. Implementation of the full SAFE strategy is needed to prevent the development of trachomatous trichiasis. © 2015 Habtamu et al.	None	adult; Article; case control study; clinical feature; clinical trial (topic); contrast sensitivity; controlled study; cornea opacity; disease association; female; human; major clinical study; male; middle aged; nonhuman; psychometry; quality of life; quality of life assessment; questionnaire; socioeconomics; trichiasis; vision; vision related quality of life; visual acuity; visual impairment	098481/Z/12/Z, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880183631	The impact of podoconiosis on quality of life in Northern Ethiopia	Mousley E., Deribe K., Tamiru A., Davey G.	2013	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	11	1	10.1186/1477-7525-11-122	Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Orthodox Christian Charities, Debre Markos, Ethiopia	Mousley, E., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; Deribe, K., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tamiru, A., International Orthodox Christian Charities, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Davey, G., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom	Background: Podoconiosis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases, which untreated, causes considerable physical disability and stigma for affected individuals. Little is known about the quality of life (QoL) of patients with podoconiosis. This study aimed to assess the QoL of patients with podoconiosis in comparison with healthy controls in Ethiopia.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2012, among 346 clinically confirmed adult patients with podoconiosis, and 349 healthy adult neighbourhood controls in Dembecha woreda (district) in northern Ethiopia. QoL was assessed using the validated Amharic version of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQoL-BREF) scale; in addition, mental health and stigma were assessed by the Kessler-10 scale and podoconiosis stigma scale respectively. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with QoL.Results: Patients with podoconiosis had significantly lower mean overall QoL than the controls (52.05 versus 64.39), and this was also true in all four sub domains (physical, psychological, social and environmental). Controls were 7 times more likely to have high (above median) QoL (Odds Ratio = 6.74, 95% Confidence Interval 4.62 to 9.84) than cases. Factors associated with lower QoL were: experiencing high levels of stigma, living in an urban area, being illiterate, having additional co-morbidities, and being unmarried. Mental illness was associated with lower scores in psychological and physical domains.Conclusions: Programs targeting podoconiosis interventions should include QoL as an indicator for monitoring progress. Interventions targeting improvement of QoL among patients with podoconiosis should address depression, stigma and other co-morbidities. © 2013 Mousley et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Elephantiasis; Ethiopia; Neglected tropical diseases; Podoconiosis; Quality of life	adult; article; comorbidity; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; Ethiopia; female; human; major clinical study; male; mental disease; mental health; outcome assessment; podoconiosis; quality of life; questionnaire; scoring system; stigma; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cost of Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Elephantiasis; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Young Adult	099876, Wellcome Trust; 091956, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938989866	Performance analysis of cylindrical metal hydride beds with various heat exchange options	Satya Sekhar B., Lototskyy M., Kolesnikov A., Moropeng M.L., Tarasov B.P., Pollet B.G.	2015	Journal of Alloys and Compounds	645	S1	10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.272	South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Laboratory of Hydrogen Storage Materials, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Semenova, 1, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation	Satya Sekhar, B., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Lototskyy, M., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Kolesnikov, A., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Moropeng, M.L., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Tarasov, B.P., Laboratory of Hydrogen Storage Materials, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Semenova, 1, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation; Pollet, B.G., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa	Abstract A 3D numerical heat-and-mass transfer model was used for the comparison of H<inf>2</inf> uptake performances of powdered cylindrical MH beds comprising MmNi<inf>4.6</inf>Al<inf>0.4</inf> hydrogen storage material. The considered options of heat exchange between the MH and a heat transfer fluid included internal cooling using straight (I) or helically coiled (II) tubing, as well as external cooling of the MH bed without (III) and with (IV) transversal fins. The dynamic performances of these layouts were compared based on the numerical simulation. The effect of heat transfer coefficient was also analysed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Heat and mass transfer; Hydrogen storage; Metal hydrides; Thermal model	Coiled tubing; Computational fluid dynamics; Heat exchangers; Hydrides; Hydrogen; Hydrogen storage; Mass transfer; Dynamic performance; External cooling; Heat and mass transfer; Heat and mass transfer models; Internal cooling; Metal hydrides; Performance analysis; Thermal model; Heat transfer	14.604.21.0124, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; 76735, NRF, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; UI RFMEFI60414X0124, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929008997	Biological impact of recurrent sexually transmitted infections on HIV seroconversion among women in South Africa: Results from frailty models	Wand H., Ramjee G.	2015	Journal of the International AIDS Society	18	1	10.7448/IAS.18.1.19866	Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; HIV Prevention Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Wand, H., Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Ramjee, G., HIV Prevention Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Introduction: Understanding the impact of curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV transmissibility is essential for effective HIV prevention programs. Investigating the impact of longitudinally measured recurrent STIs on HIV seroconversion is the interest of the current paper. Methods: In this prospective study, data from a total of 1456 HIV-negative women who enrolled in a HIV biomedical trial were used. It was hypothesized that women who had recurrent STI diagnoses during the study share a common biological heterogeneity which cannot be quantified. To incorporate this "unobserved" correlation in the analysis, times to HIV seroconversion were jointly modelled with repeated STI diagnoses using Cox regression with random effects. Results and discussion: A total of 110 HIV seroconversions were observed (incidence rate of 6.00 per 100 person-years). In a multivariable model, women who were diagnosed at least once were more likely to seroconvert compared to those who had no STI diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR): 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 2.57]; women who had recurrent STI diagnoses during the study were 2.5 times more likely to be at increased risk of HIV infection (95% CI: 1.35, 4.01) with an estimated frailty variance of 1.52, with p >0.001, indicating strong evidence that there is a significant correlation (heterogeneity) among women who had recurrent STIs. In addition to this, factors associated with incidence of STIs, namely not being married and having a new sexual partner during the study follow-up, were all significantly associated with increased risk for HIV seroconversion (HR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.76, 5.01 and HR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.63, 3.83 respectively). Conclusions: The results indicated that women who were at risk for STIs were also at risk of HIV infection. In fact, they share the similar risk factors. In addition to this, repeated STI diagnoses also increased women's susceptibility for HIV infection significantly. Decreasing STIs by increasing uptake of testing and treatment and reducing partner change plays a significant role in the trajectory of the epidemic. © 2015 Wand H and Ramjee G; licensee International AIDS Society.	HIV incidence; Joint modelling; Recurrent sexually transmitted infections; South Africa	adult; Article; controlled study; female; follow up; genital tract infection; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection risk; major clinical study; priority journal; prospective study; seroconversion; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; unprotected sex	18057, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925582375	Impact of antidepressant therapy on cognitive aspects of work, condom use, and psychosocial well-being among HIV clients in Uganda	Wagner G.J., Ngo V.K., Aunon F., Musisi S., Nakasujja N., Akena D.	2014	International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine	48	3	10.2190/PM.48.3.a	RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA, United States; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Wagner, G.J., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA, United States; Ngo, V.K., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA, United States; Aunon, F., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA, United States; Musisi, S., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nakasujja, N., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Akena, D., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Objective: Depression has been found to impede several health outeomes among people living with HIV, but little research has examined whether depression treatment mitigates this influence. We assessed the impact of antidepressant therapy on measures of work, condom use, and psychosocial well-being among depressed HIV clients in Uganda. Methods: Paired i-tests and McNcmar tests were used to assess change in survey data collected from participants at initiation of antidepressant therapy (baseline) and 6 months later. Results: Ninety-five participants completed the 6-month assessment, of whom 82 (86%) responded to treatment (defined as Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score < 5). Among study completers, work functioning improved significantly, as did measures of self-efficacy related to condom use and work (as well as general self-efficacy), and internalized HIV stigma declined; however, actual engagement in work activity and consistent condom use did not show significant change. Similar findings were observed among treatment responders. Conclusions: Antidepressant treatment benefits functional capacity, psychological well-being, and cognitive intermediary factors that may be essential for behavioral change related to work and condom use, but supplementary therapeutic strategies may be needed to impact more direct behavioral change. © 2014, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.	Antidepressants; Condom use; Depression; HIV; Uganda; Work	antidepressant agent; antidepressant agent; fluoxetine; imipramine; adult; Article; cognition; condom use; depression; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; male; Patient Health Questionnaire 9; psychological well being; self concept; social psychology; stigma; treatment response; Uganda; wellbeing; work; Cognition Disorders; condom; control; Depressive Disorder, Major; developing country; disability; employment; follow up; health behavior; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; middle aged; psychology; quality of life; social stigma; utilization; Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Cognition Disorders; Condoms; Depressive Disorder, Major; Developing Countries; Disability Evaluation; Employment; Female; Fluoxetine; Follow-Up Studies; Health Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Imipramine; Internal-External Control; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Self Efficacy; Social Stigma; Uganda	1R01MH083568, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930003905	Shamba Maisha: Pilot agricultural intervention for food security and HIV health outcomes in Kenya: design, methods, baseline results and process evaluation of a cluster-randomized controlled trial	Cohen C.R., Steinfeld R.L., Weke E., Bukusi E.A., Hatcher A.M., Shiboski S., Rheingans R., Scow K.M., Butler L.M., Otieno P., Dworkin S.L., Weiser S.D.	2015	SpringerPlus	4	1	10.1186/s40064-015-0886-x	Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Soil Science and Soil Microbial Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	Cohen, C.R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Steinfeld, R.L., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States; Weke, E., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Bukusi, E.A., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Hatcher, A.M., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shiboski, S., Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Rheingans, R., Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Scow, K.M., Department of Soil Science and Soil Microbial Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Butler, L.M., Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Otieno, P., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Dworkin, S.L., Departments of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Weiser, S.D., Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Despite advances in treatment of people living with HIV, morbidity and mortality remains unacceptably high in sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to parallel epidemics of poverty and food insecurity. Methods/Design: We conducted a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a multisectoral agricultural and microfinance intervention (entitled Shamba Maisha) designed to improve food security, household wealth, HIV clinical outcomes and women’s empowerment. The intervention was carried out at two HIV clinics in Kenya, one randomized to the intervention arm and one to the control arm. HIV-infected patients >18 years, on antiretroviral therapy, with moderate/severe food insecurity and/or body mass index (BMI) <18.5, and access to land and surface water were eligible for enrollment. The intervention included: 1) a microfinance loan (~$150) to purchase the farming commodities, 2) a micro-irrigation pump, seeds, and fertilizer, and 3) trainings in sustainable agricultural practices and financial literacy. Enrollment of 140 participants took four months, and the screening-to-enrollment ratio was similar between arms. We followed participants for 12 months and conducted structured questionnaires. We also conducted a process evaluation with participants and stakeholders 3–5 months after study start and at study end. Discussion: Baseline results revealed that participants at the two sites were similar in age, gender and marital status. A greater proportion of participants at the intervention site had a low BMI in comparison to participants at the control site (18% vs. 7%, p = 0.054). While median CD4 count was similar between arms, a greater proportion of participants enrolled at the intervention arm had a detectable HIV viral load compared with control participants (49% vs. 28%, respectively, p < 0.010). Process evaluation findings suggested that Shamba Maisha had high acceptability in recruitment, delivered strong agricultural and financial training, and led to labor saving due to use of the water pump. Implementation challenges included participant concerns about repaying loans, agricultural challenges due to weather patterns, and a challenging partnership with the microfinance institution. We expect the results from this pilot study to provide useful data on the impacts of livelihood interventions and will help in the design of a definitive cluster RCT. Trial registration: This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01548599. © 2015, Cohen et al.; licensee Springer.	Agriculture; Food insecurity; HIV; Intervention; Livelihoods; Microfinance	None	1R34MH094215, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84933053394	Impact of Availability and Use of ART/PMTCT Services on Fertility Desires of Previously Pregnant Women in Rakai, Uganda: A Retrospective Cohort Study	Litwin L.E., Makumbi F.E., Gray R., Wawer M., Kigozi G., Kagaayi J., Nakigozi G., Lutalo T., Serwada D., Brahmbhatt H.	2015	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	69	3	10.1097/QAI.0000000000000612	Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, E4010, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jhpiego Corporation, Baltimore, MD, United States; Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda	Litwin, L.E., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, E4010, Baltimore, MD, United States, Jhpiego Corporation, Baltimore, MD, United States; Makumbi, F.E., Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Gray, R., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, E4010, Baltimore, MD, United States; Wawer, M., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, E4010, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Kagaayi, J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Lutalo, T., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwada, D., Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Brahmbhatt, H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, E4010, Baltimore, MD, United States	Objective: To assess fertility desires by availability and use of antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (ART/PMTCT) services in Rakai, Uganda. Design: Retrospective analyses of longitudinal data from the Rakai Community Cohort Study. Methods: Study participants were retrospectively identified and categorized by HIV status. Availability of ART/PMTCT services in Rakai was defined in three periods: (1) pre-ART/PMTCT (<2005), (2) ART/PMTCT rollout (2005-2006), and (3) universal ART/PMTCT (>2006); and use of ART/PMTCT was coded as yes if the woman received services. Trends in fertility desires were assessed by x2. "Modified" Poisson regression was performed using generalized linear models with a log link and Poisson family to estimate prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of desire for another child among previously and currently pregnant women; PRRs were adjusted for demographic and behavioral factors. Results: A total of 4227 sexually active women in Rakai, including 436 HIV+ women, contributed 13,970 observations over 5 survey rounds. Fertility desires increased in the population in the ART/PMTCT rollout [adjusted (adj.) PRR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.13] and the universal availability periods (adj. PRR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.14) compared with pre-ART/PMTCT period. A total of 862 woman observations used ART/PMTCT services. Fertility desires were similar among ART/PMTCT service users and nonusers in cross-sectional analysis (adj. PRR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.14) and 1 year after ART/PMTCT use (adj. PRR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.94). Conclusions: Availability of ART/PMTCT may increase fertility desires of previously pregnant women in Rakai, Uganda. Use of ART/PMTCT services was not correlated with fertility desires of previously or current pregnant women. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	fertility; HIV; pregnancy intentions; prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Uganda	adolescent; adult; antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother to child transmission; antiviral therapy; Article; cohort analysis; condom use; contraceptive behavior; controlled study; female; female fertility; groups by age; health care availability; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; married person; pregnancy; preventive health service; priority journal; retrospective study; rural population; vertical transmission; attitude to health; fertility; HIV Infections; longitudinal study; middle aged; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; prevention and control; transmission; Uganda; young adult; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Attitude to Health; Cohort Studies; Female; Fertility; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Retrospective Studies; Uganda; Young Adult	1UO1AI075115-O1A1, National Institutes of Health; 22006.03, National Institutes of Health; NINR: 5R01NR011474-03, NIH, National Institutes of Health; U1AI51171, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896348458	Impact of HIV on CD8+ T cell CD57 expression is distinct from that of CMV and aging	Lee S.A., Sinclair E., Hatano H., Hsue P.Y., Epling L., Hecht F.M., Bangsberg D.R., Martin J.N., McCune J.M., Deeks S.G., Hunt P.W.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0089444	Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda	Lee, S.A., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Sinclair, E., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hatano, H., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hsue, P.Y., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Epling, L., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hecht, F.M., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Bangsberg, D.R., Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Martin, J.N., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; McCune, J.M., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Deeks, S.G., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hunt, P.W., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Chronic antigenic stimulation by cytomegalovirus (CMV) is thought to increase "immunosenesence" of aging, characterized by accumulation of terminally differentiated CD28- CD8 + T cells and increased CD57, a marker of proliferative history. Whether chronic HIV infection causes similar effects is currently unclear. Methods: We compared markers of CD8+ T cell differentiation (e.g., CD28, CD27, CCR7, CD45RA) and CD57 expression on CD28- CD8+ T cells in healthy HIV-uninfected adults with and without CMV infection and in both untreated and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV-infected adults with asymptomatic CMV infection. Results: Compared to HIV-uninfected adults without CMV (n = 12), those with asymptomatic CMV infection (n = 31) had a higher proportion of CD28-CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 (P = 0.005). Older age was also associated with greater proportions of CD28-CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 (rho: 0.47, P = 0.007). In contrast, untreated HIV-infected CMV+ participants (n = 55) had much lower proportions of CD28- CD8+ cells expressing CD57 than HIV-uninfected CMV+ participants (P&lt;0.0001) and were enriched for less well-differentiated CD28- transitional memory (T TR) CD8+ T cells (P&lt;0.0001). Chronically HIV-infected adults maintaining ART-mediated viral suppression (n = 96) had higher proportions of CD28-CD8 + T cells expressing CD57 than untreated patients (P&lt;0.0001), but continued to have significantly lower levels than HIV-uninfected controls (P = 0.001). Among 45 HIV-infected individuals initiating their first ART regimen, the proportion of CD28-CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 declined (P&lt;0.0001), which correlated with a decline in percent of transitional memory CD8+ T cells, and appeared to be largely explained by a decline in CD28-CD57- CD8+ T cell counts rather than an expansion of CD28-CD57+ CD8+ T cell counts. Conclusions: Unlike CMV and aging, which are associated with terminal differentiation and proliferation of effector memory CD8+ T cells, HIV inhibits this process, expanding less well-differentiated CD28- CD8+ T cells and decreasing the proportion of CD28- CD8+ T cells that express CD57. © 2014 Lee et al.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; CD27 antigen; CD28 antigen; CD45RA antigen; CD57 antigen; chemokine receptor CCR7; chemokine receptor CX3CR1; adult; aging; antigen expression; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; cell count; cell differentiation; cell division; clinical article; controlled study; Cytomegalovirus; cytomegalovirus infection; effector cell; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; innate immunity; male; memory cell; morbidity; mortality; Uganda; Adult; Aging; Antigens, CD28; Antigens, CD57; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged	#2008047, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; K24AI069994, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; P01AI076174, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; R21 AI087035, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; R21AI078774, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Founda
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879841426	Surfacial carbonized palygorskite as support for high-performance Pt-based electrocatalysts	Wang H., Luo R., Liao S., Key J., Ji S., Wang R.	2013	Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry	17	7	10.1007/s10008-013-2029-z	Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Guangdong Key Lab for Fuel Cell Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Wang, H., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Luo, R., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Liao, S., Guangdong Key Lab for Fuel Cell Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Key, J., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Ji, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Wang, R., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China	Pt nanoparticles deposited on a low-cost, surfacial, carbonized palygorskite (Pt/C-PLS) prepared by carbonizing sucrose were evaluated as a methanol oxidation catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. Transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transfrom infrared spectrophotometry analyses revealed that carbon was formed on the surface of PLS and that free silica presented in the C-PLS support. The catalytic activity of methanol oxidation of Pt/C-PLS was higher than that of Pt/C, and the former catalyst had better CO tolerance. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Carbonization; Fuel cell; Methanol oxidation; Palygorskite; Pt nanoparticle	CO tolerance; Fourier; Free silicas; Infrared spectrophotometry; Methanol Oxidation; Palygorskites; Pt nanoparticles; Pt-based electrocatalyst; Carbonization; Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC); Electrocatalysts; Fuel cells; Methanol; Nanoparticles; Oxidation; Platinum; Transmission electron microscopy; Platinum alloys	20110490847, NSF, National Science Foundation; 2012 T50587, NSF, National Science Foundation of Science and Technology
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880874709	Evaluation of next generation mtGenome sequencing using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM)	Parson W., Strobl C., Huber G., Zimmermann B., Gomes S.M., Souto L., Fendt L., Delport R., Langit R., Wootton S., Lagacé R., Irwin J.	2013	Forensic Science International: Genetics	7	5	10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.06.003	Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Penn State Eberly College of Science, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal; Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, United States; FBI Laboratory, Quantico, VA, United States	Parson, W., Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria, Penn State Eberly College of Science, University Park, PA, United States; Strobl, C., Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Huber, G., Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Zimmermann, B., Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Gomes, S.M., Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal; Souto, L., Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal; Fendt, L., Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria, Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Delport, R., Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Langit, R., Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, United States; Wootton, S., Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, United States; Lagacé, R., Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, United States; Irwin, J., FBI Laboratory, Quantico, VA, United States	Insights into the human mitochondrial phylogeny have been primarily achieved by sequencing full mitochondrial genomes (mtGenomes). In forensic genetics (partial) mtGenome information can be used to assign haplotypes to their phylogenetic backgrounds, which may, in turn, have characteristic geographic distributions that would offer useful information in a forensic case. In addition and perhaps even more relevant in the forensic context, haplogroup-specific patterns of mutations form the basis for quality control of mtDNA sequences. The current method for establishing (partial) mtDNA haplotypes is Sanger-type sequencing (STS), which is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive. With the emergence of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, the body of available mtDNA data can potentially be extended much more quickly and cost-efficiently. Customized chemistries, laboratory workflows and data analysis packages could support the community and increase the utility of mtDNA analysis in forensics. We have evaluated the performance of mtGenome sequencing using the Personal Genome Machine (PGM) and compared the resulting haplotypes directly with conventional Sanger-type sequencing. A total of 64 mtGenomes (>1 million bases) were established that yielded high concordance with the corresponding STS haplotypes (<0.02% differences). About two-thirds of the differences were observed in or around homopolymeric sequence stretches. In addition, the sequence alignment algorithm employed to align NGS reads played a significant role in the analysis of the data and the resulting mtDNA haplotypes. Further development of alignment software would be desirable to facilitate the application of NGS in mtDNA forensic genetics. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Forensic science; Heteroplasmy; mtDNA genomes; Next Generation Sequencing; PGM; Sanger-type sequencing	mitochondrial DNA; article; comparative study; gene sequence; haplotype; heteroplasmy; human; human genome; priority journal; sequence alignment; Forensic science; Heteroplasmy; mtDNA genomes; Next Generation Sequencing; PGM; Sanger-type sequencing; Algorithms; DNA, Mitochondrial; Forensic Genetics; Genome, Human; Genome, Mitochondrial; Haplotypes; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA	2011-MU-MU-K402, NIJ, National Institute of Justice
Scopus	2-s2.0-84952651616	Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Teixobactin Analogue	Jad Y.E., Acosta G.A., Naicker T., Ramtahal M., El-Faham A., Govender T., Kruger H.G., De La Torre B.G., Albericio F.	2015	Organic Letters	17	24	10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03176	Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain	Jad, Y.E., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Acosta, G.A., Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain; Naicker, T., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ramtahal, M., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; El-Faham, A., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, Egypt, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Govender, T., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kruger, H.G., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; De La Torre, B.G., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Albericio, F., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, Egypt, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain	The first synthesis and biological activity of a teixobactin analogue is reported. Substitution of the unusual l-allo-enduracididine residue by the naturally occurring l-arginine was achieved, and the analogue gave an activity trend similar to that of teixobactin (against Gram-postive bacteria) and meropenem, which was approved by the FDA in 1996. The synthetic route used allows for the synthesis of the natural product as well as the development of a program of medicinal chemistry. © 2015 American Chemical Society.	None	None	2014 SGR 137, Generalitat de Catalunya; RGP-234, KSU, Generalitat de Catalunya
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879891419	Palygorskite hybridized carbon nanocomposite as a high-performance electrocatalyst support for formic acid oxidation	Wang K., Wang H., Wang R., Key J., Linkov V., Ji S.	2013	South African Journal of Chemistry	66	None	None	Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa	Wang, K., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Wang, H., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Wang, R., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key, J., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa; Linkov, V., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa; Ji, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa	A nanocomposite, in which acid-treated palygorskite was hybridized with carbon, was prepared and designed as an efficient support for electrocatatlysts. Pd nanoparticles were deposited on the hybrid support as an electrocatalyst for formic acid oxidation. The hybrid supports and electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).TEMandXRDresults showed that acid treatment had an effective impact on the morphology of palygorskite, but did not destroy its architecture. XPS results indicated that the introduction of palygorskite resulted in a negative shift of binding energy of Pd deposited on it. The electrochemical results showed that the addition of palygorskite into the carbon facilitated the formation ofOHads orOads on the surface of Pd/C-PLS, and further improved the formic acid electrooxidation activity. Therefore, considerable improvements in electrocatalytic activity toward formic acid oxidation was achieved by using this hybrid support when compared with conventional carbon support, suggesting that the introduction of SiO2-based porous palygoriskite was an excellent and cost-efficient way to improve the electrocatalytic performance of carbon support.	Composite support; Electrocatalyst; Formic acid electrooxidation; Palygorskite	None	21163018, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 20110490847, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919662308	Mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon derived from carp with high electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction	Wang R., Song H., Li H., Wang H., Mao X., Ji S.	2015	Journal of Power Sources	278	None	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.072	College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Wang, R., College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China; Song, H., College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China; Li, H., Department of Chemical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China; Wang, H., College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China; Mao, X., College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China; Ji, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	In this work, a low-cost and nitrogen-containing carbon material with mesopores and high surface area is synthesized by carbonizing carp with SiO2 nanoparticles as template. It is found that pyridinic-N dominates the N species on the surface of obtained carbon material, which can act as active sites for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The BET surface area of obtained carbon material is 401.7 m2 g-1 and the pore size is ca. 11.1 nm. Due to its high pyridinic-N content and mesoporous architecture, the ORR activity of obtained carbon material in alkaline media is comparable to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. In addition, it shows a higher methanol tolerance than Pt/C catalyst, making it a potential alternative to Pt-based catalysts. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Carp; Fuel cells; Mesoporous; Nitrogen-doped carbon; Oxygen reduction reaction	Catalysts; Doping (additives); Electrolytic reduction; Fuel cells; Mesoporous materials; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Platinum; Platinum alloys; Pore size; Synthesis (chemical); Carp; Electrocatalytic performance; Mesoporous; Methanol tolerance; Nitrogen-containing carbons; Nitrogen-doped carbons; Oxygen reduction reaction; Pt-based catalyst; Carbon	21163018, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 21363022, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 51362027, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897983173	Nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon derived from melamine with high electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction	Wang R., Zhou T., Li H., Wang H., Feng H., Goh J., Ji S.	2014	Journal of Power Sources	261	None	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.057	Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516007, China; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Wang, R., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Zhou, T., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Li, H., Department of Chemical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516007, China; Wang, H., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Feng, H., College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Goh, J., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Ji, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Melamine-derived N-doped mesoporous carbon (MNMC) is synthesized by the pyrolysis of lysine and melamineunder at nitrogen atmosphere using ferric chloride as a dopant and SiO2 nanoparticles as hard templates to form mesoporous architecture. The N content in the bulk of carbon materials is as high as 11.3% and ca. 40.6% of N is in the form of pyridinic-N. The surface area of MNMC is ca. 650 m2 g-1 with a pore size distribution in the range of 2.2-34.5 nm. Compared to commercial Pt/C (20 wt%), MNMC exhibits much better electrocatalytic activity, better durability, and higher methanol tolerance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline medium. Particularly, the onset ORR potential and half-wave ORR potential of MNMC are 1.059 and 0.871 V vs. RHE respectively, which are higher than those of commercial Pt/C. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrocatalyst; Mesopore; Nitrogen-rich carbon; Oxygen reduction reaction	Amino acids; Chlorination; Chlorine compounds; Electrocatalysts; Electrolytic reduction; Mesoporous materials; Nitrogen; Platinum alloys; Synthesis (chemical); Electrocatalytic activity; Electrocatalytic performance; Mesopore; Mesoporous carbon; Methanol tolerance; N-doped mesoporous carbons; Nitrogen atmospheres; Oxygen reduction reaction; Carbon	21163018, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 21363022, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 51362027, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903720906	Longitudinal study of correlates of modern contraceptive use and impact of HIV care programmes among HIV concordant and serodiscordant couples in Rakai, Uganda	Brahmbhatt H., Makumbi F., Lutalo T., Sekasanvu J., Serwadda D., Wawer M.J., Gray R.H.	2014	Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care	40	3	10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100593	Department of Population, Reproductive and Family Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E4010, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Rakai Health Science Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth, Baltimore, MD, United States	Brahmbhatt, H., Department of Population, Reproductive and Family Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E4010, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Makumbi, F., Department of Population, Reproductive and Family Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E4010, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lutalo, T., Rakai Health Science Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Sekasanvu, J., Rakai Health Science Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Wawer, M.J., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth, Baltimore, MD, United States	Objective To assess trends and determinants of family planning use and impact of HIV serostatus among couples. Methods Couples' data were retrospectively linked from cohort surveys in Rakai, Uganda between 1999 and 2011, and were classified by HIV status as concordant (M+F+/M-F-) or serodiscordant (M-F+/M+F-). HIV care (HIVC) was grouped into three periods, pre-antiretroviral therapy (pre-HIVC) (&lt;2004), HIVC roll-out (2005-2007) and HIVC scale-up (≥2008). Trends in couple contraceptive use were assessed by chisquare test (χ2) for trend, and multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of predictors of contraceptive use. Results A toal of 6139 couples contributed 13 709 observations. Hormonal contraception (HC) use increased over time from 22.9% to 33.9%, p&lt;0.001), with significant increases among M-F- (23.2% to 34.8%, p&lt;0.0001) and M+F+ (20.8% to 32.2%, p=0.0005), but not serodiscordant couples. Condom use significantly increased among M+F+ (30.3% to 48.0%, p&lt;0.001) and serodiscordant couples (24.2% to 48.7%, p&lt;0.001), but not among M-F- couples. Dual use of HC and condoms increased over time, irrespective of HIV status. Factors associated with increases in contraceptive use were: higher education, co-resident children, male non-marital relationship and scaled-up HIVC phase. Enrolment into HIVC was associated with increased HC and condom use among HIV+ concordant [adjusted OR (adjOR)=3.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.69-5.44 and adjOR=4.46, 95% CI 2.53-7.86, respectively], and serodiscordant couples (adjOR=2.21; 95% CI 1.25-3.92 and adjOR=4.75; 95% CI 2.89-7.82, respectively). Conclusions Use of modern contraception and dual method use increased over time, particularly after enrolment into HIVC. Integration of HIV and reproductive health services is critical for prevention of unwanted pregnancies and HIV infection.	None	injectable contraceptive agent; levonorgestrel; oral contraceptive agent; adolescent; adult; article; cohort analysis; condom use; contraceptive behavior; educational status; family planning; female; health program; health survey; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hormonal contraception; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; predictor variable; retrospective study; scale up; serodiagnosis; trend study; Uganda	# 22006.03, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; #U1AI51171, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; 1UO1AI075115-O1A1, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; NINR: 5R01NR011474-03, NIH, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942254906	Impact oriented monitoring: A new methodology for monitoring and evaluation of international public health research projects	Guinea J., Sela E., Gómez-Núñez A.J., Mangwende T., Ambali A., Ngum N., Jaramillo H., Gallego J.M., Patiño A., Latorre C., Srivanichakorn S., Thepthien B.	2015	Research Evaluation	24	2	10.1093/reseval/rvu034	INNOVATEC, Ronda de Valdecarrizo 41B, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain; African Union-NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency), NEPAD Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine, University of Rosario, Colombia; ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Thailand	Guinea, J., INNOVATEC, Ronda de Valdecarrizo 41B, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain; Sela, E., INNOVATEC, Ronda de Valdecarrizo 41B, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain; Gómez-Núñez, A.J., INNOVATEC, Ronda de Valdecarrizo 41B, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain; Mangwende, T., African Union-NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency), NEPAD Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Pretoria, South Africa; Ambali, A., African Union-NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency), NEPAD Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Pretoria, South Africa; Ngum, N., African Union-NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency), NEPAD Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Pretoria, South Africa; Jaramillo, H., Department of Economics, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Gallego, J.M., Department of Economics, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Patiño, A., Department of Economics, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Latorre, C., School of Medicine, University of Rosario, Colombia; Srivanichakorn, S., ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Thailand; Thepthien, B., ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Thailand	Impact oriented monitoring (IOM) is a novel methodology for identifying and assessing the impacts of EU-funded research projects in the area of International Public Health. A framework based on the logic and payback categories is used to categorize, into multi-dimensions, the impacts produced by public health research projects. A set of tools, including: 1) a project results framework; 2) a coordinators' survey; 3) an end users' survey, and 4) an assessment tool (scoring matrix), have been developed for both collecting data on results and activities and helping in assessing impacts. The need to know the impact of the projects based on robust data but, at the same time, to minimize the time and resources required of both the EC officers implementing the methodology and the project coordinators providing data on results and impacts, has led to the development of the IOM methodology. The methodology is expected to provide the DG Research and Innovation of the European Commission (EC) with usable information on how the research projects in the area of international public health are producing impacts. More importantly, this information could improve the performance of existing programmes and also form the basis for supporting research policy planning. The IOM methodology can be easily adapted to other ECfunded research areas and also implemented in other countries by institutions responsible for funding research activities. © The Author 2015.	Impact identification and assessment; International public health; Monitoring and evaluation; Research projects	None	261389, EC, European Commission
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922554546	Performance of coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane separation bioreactor for antihypertensive peptides production from Porphyra yezoensis protein	Qu W., Ma H., Li W., Pan Z., Owusu J., Venkitasamy C.	2015	Process Biochemistry	50	2	10.1016/j.procbio.2014.11.010	School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Zhenjiang,Jiangsu, China; Hospitality Department, School of Applied Science and Technology, Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California,Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, United States	Qu, W., School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Ma, H., School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Zhenjiang,Jiangsu, China; Li, W., School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Pan, Z., School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California,Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, United States; Owusu, J., School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, Hospitality Department, School of Applied Science and Technology, Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana; Venkitasamy, C., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California,Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, United States	To develop more efficient methods for production of antihypertensive peptides from Porphyra yezoensis protein, a coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane separation (CEH-MS) reactor system was studied and compared with the traditional enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) and offline membrane separation (MS) method. The CEH-MS reactor was operated in three modes: batch, continuous with water feeding, and continuous with substrate feeding. The operational factors of the CEH-MS reactor had significant effect on the protein conversion degree and their optimum values were found as enzyme concentration of 0.24 g/L, temperature of 50 °C, pH of 9.0, time of 60 min, pump speed of 300 rpm, and substrate concentration of 4.0 g/L. Compared to the traditional method, the protein conversion degree, yield of peptides, output of peptides per unit of enzyme, and antihypertensive activity of peptides for the batch operation of CEH-MS reactor were increased by 43.6%, 43.6%, 7.7%, and 3.9%, respectively. For the continuous operation with water feeding, these data were increased by 62.7%, 62.7%, 22.1%, and 4.4%, respectively. The output of peptides was increased by 216.9% for the continuous operation with substrate feeding. In general, the CEH-MS reactor was found to be more efficient than the traditional process in terms of high utilization rate of raw material and yield of peptides. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antihypertensive peptides; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Kinetic; Membrane bioreactor; Porphyra yezoensis	Biological water treatment; Bioreactors; Coupled circuits; Enzyme activity; Enzymes; Feeding; Hydrolysis; Kinetics; Peptides; Proteins; Separation; Anti-hypertensive activities; Antihypertensive peptides; Continuous operation; Enzyme concentrations; Membrane bioreactor; Membrane separation bioreactor; Porphyra yezoensis; Substrate concentrations; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Porphyra yezoensis	31301423, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 31471698, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916244520	Viral load versus CD4+ monitoring and 5-year outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive children in Southern Africa: A cohort-based modelling study	Salazar-Vizcaya L., Keiser O., Technau K., Davies M.-A., Haas A.D., Blaser N., Cox V., Eley B., Rabie H., Moultrie H., Giddy J., Wood R., Egger M., Estill J.	2014	AIDS	28	16	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000446	Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Rahima Moosa Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Khayelitsha ART Programme, Médecins Sans Frontières, India; Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Salazar-Vizcaya, L., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Keiser, O., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Technau, K., Rahima Moosa Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Davies, M.-A., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Haas, A.D., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Blaser, N., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Cox, V., Khayelitsha ART Programme, Médecins Sans Frontières, India; Eley, B., Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Rabie, H., Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Moultrie, H., Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Giddy, J., McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Egger, M., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Estill, J., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland	Objectives: Many paediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in Southern Africa rely on CD4+ to monitor ART. We assessed the benefit of replacing CD4+ by viral load monitoring.Design: A mathematical modelling study.Methods: A simulation model of HIV progression over 5 years in children on ART, parameterized by data from seven South African cohorts. We simulated treatment programmes with 6-monthly CD4+ or 6- or 12-monthly viral load monitoring. We compared mortality, second-line ART use, immunological failure and time spent on failing ART. In further analyses, we varied the rate of virological failure, and assumed that the rate is higher with CD4+ than with viral load monitoring.Results: About 7% of children were predicted to die within 5 years, independent of the monitoring strategy. Compared with CD4+ monitoring, 12-monthly viral load monitoring reduced the 5-year risk of immunological failure from 1.6 to 1.0% and the mean time spent on failing ART from 6.6 to 3.6 months; 1% of children with CD4+ compared with 12% with viral load monitoring switched to second-line ART. Differences became larger when assuming higher rates of virological failure. When assuming higher virological failure rates with CD4+ than with viral load monitoring, up to 4.2% of children with CD4+ compared with 1.5% with viral load monitoring experienced immunological failure; the mean time spent on failing ART was 27.3 months with CD4+ monitoring and 6.0 months with viral load monitoring.Conclusion: Viral load monitoring did not affect 5-year mortality, but reduced time on failing ART, improved immunological response and increased switching to second-line ART. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; Children; Mathematical model; Sub-Saharan Africa; Viral load monitoring	antivirus agent; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; proteinase inhibitor; antiretrovirus agent; antiviral therapy; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; childhood disease; cohort analysis; disease course; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; mortality; outcome assessment; patient compliance; simulation; therapy; treatment failure; treatment outcome; virus load; adolescent; Africa; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; comparative study; drug monitoring; evaluation study; female; HIV Infections; immunology; infant; male; preschool child; procedures; survival; theoretical model; virology; Adolescent; Africa, Southern; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Drug Monitoring; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Models, Theoretical; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	32333B-150934, SNSF, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; 5U01-AI069924-05, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937813415	Quantitative foundation stability evaluation of urban karst area: Case study of Tangshan, China	Niu J., Oyediran I.A., Liu D., Huang X., Cui Z., Wang H., Shi X.	2015	Soils and Foundations	55	3	10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.002	Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Niu, J., Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; Oyediran, I.A., Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Liu, D., Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; Huang, X., Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; Cui, Z., Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; Wang, H., Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; Shi, X., Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China	Karst is a potential geological disaster threatening urban construction. However, the existing methods for evaluating the stability of karst foundations are qualitative. This makes it difficult to propose reasonable and practical suggestions for optimal treatment measures in engineering projects. This paper presents a set of quantitative comprehensive evaluation methods to analyze the karst foundations in a residential area of Tangshan, China. Analyses of the karst formation mechanism and development law are undertaken in combination with a numerical simulation to evaluate the stability of the karst foundations of urban high-rise buildings using the results of a field research to determine the model and the parameters for the numerical calculation. The depth of influence of the foundation of an 8-storey building is less than 30 m. Thus, treatment of the building foundation is not required if there is no karst in the range of 30 m under the surface. However, foundation treatment in the karst zone up to 7 m is required for a 26-storey building with a depth of influence of about 60 m in order to meet the requirements of foundation stability. The employment of a combined approach method is proposed, therefore, as it provides a systematic and practical method for the challenge of optimizing the foundation treatment method for urban high-rise structures in karst areas. © 2015 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Comprehensive investigation; Foundation stability; Karst development; Quantitative analyses; Urban construction	Chemical analysis; Foundations; Stability; Tall buildings; Building foundations; Comprehensive evaluation; Comprehensive investigation; Foundation stability; High rise structures; Karst development; Numerical calculation; Urban construction; Landforms	41172270, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 41302233, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884332013	Fluorine substitution enhanced photovoltaic performance of a D-A 1-D-A2 copolymer	Dang D., Chen W., Yang R., Zhu W., Mammo W., Wang E.	2013	Chemical Communications	49	81	10.1039/c3cc44931a	Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Dang, D., Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden; Chen, W., Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Yang, R., Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Zhu, W., Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; Mammo, W., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wang, E., Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden	A new alternating donor-acceptor (D-A1-D-A2) copolymer containing two electron-deficient moieties, isoindigo and quinoxaline, was synthesized. The photovoltaic performance of this polymer could be improved by incorporating fluorine atoms into the quinoxaline units, resulting in an efficiency of 6.32%. This result highlights the attractive promise of D-A 1-D-A2 copolymers for high-performance bulk heterojunction solar cells. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	copolymer; fluorine; quinoxaline; absorption; article; atom; atomic force microscopy; density functional theory; electric potential; electrical equipment; solar cell; substitution reaction; synthesis; Fluorine; Indoles; Polymers; Quantum Theory; Quinoxalines; Solar Energy	51173199, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942249582	Variable piperaquine exposure significantly impacts protective efficacy of monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the prevention of malaria in Ugandan children	Sundell K., Jagannathan P., Huang L., Bigira V., Kapisi J., Kakuru M.M., Savic R., Kamya M.R., Dorsey G., Aweeka F.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0908-8	Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health SciencesKampala, Uganda	Sundell, K., Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Jagannathan, P., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Huang, L., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Bigira, V., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Kapisi, J., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Kakuru, M.M., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Savic, R., Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health SciencesKampala, Uganda; Dorsey, G., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Aweeka, F., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States	Background: Anti-malarial chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PQ) is a promising tool for malaria control, but its efficacy in children may be limited by inadequate drug exposure. Methods: Children were enrolled in a non directly-observed trial of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in a high transmission setting in Uganda. Children were randomized at 6 months of age to no chemoprevention (n = 89) or monthly DHA/PQ (n = 87) and followed through 24 months of age, with pharmacokinetic sampling performed at variable times following monthly dosing of DHA/PQ. A previously published pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate piperaquine (PQ) exposure in each child, and associations between PQ exposure and the protective efficacy (PE) of DHA/PQ were explored. Results: The incidence of malaria was 6.83 and 3.09 episodes per person year at risk in the no chemoprevention and DHA/PQ arms, respectively (PE 54 %, 95 % CI 39-66 %, P < 0.001). Among children randomized to DHA/PQ, 493 pharmacokinetic samples were collected. Despite nearly 100 % reported adherence to study drug administration at home, there was wide variability in PQ exposure, and children were stratified into three groups based on average PQ exposure during the intervention that was determined by model generated percentiles (low, n = 40; medium, n = 37, and high, n = 10). Gender and socioeconomic factors were not significantly associated with PQ exposure. In multivariate models, the PE of DHA/PQ was 31 % in the low PQ exposure group (95 % CI 6-49 %, P = 0.02), 67 % in the medium PQ exposure group (95 % CI 54-76 %, P < 0.001), and 97 % in the high PQ exposure group (95 % CI 89-99 %, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The protective efficacy of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in young children was strongly associated with higher drug exposure; in children with the highest PQ exposure, monthly DHA/PQ chemoprevention was nearly 100 % protective against malaria. Strategies to ensure good adherence to monthly dosing and optimize drug exposure are critical to maximize the efficacy of this promising malaria control strategy. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials Identifier NCT00948896 © 2015 Sundell et al.	Chemoprevention; Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmodium falciparum	dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; area under the curve; Article; child; controlled study; drug efficacy; drug half life; female; human; infection prevention; malaria; male; medication compliance; oral clearance; patient compliance; randomized controlled trial (topic); socioeconomics; Ugandan; volume of distribution	5R01HD068174-05, NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 5R01HD068174-05, NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; K23 AI100949, NIAID, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; K23 AI100949,
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884598352	Impact of expanded antiretroviral use on incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in children with HIV in Kenya	Abuogi L.L., Mwachari C., Leslie H.H., Shade S.B., Otieno J., Yienya N., Sanguli L., Amukoye E., Cohen C.R.	2013	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	17	10	10.5588/ijtld.12.0740	Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States; Family AIDS Careand Education Services, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Respiratory Disease Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, Kenya Ministry of Medical Services, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics, University of California, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States	Abuogi, L.L., Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States, Family AIDS Careand Education Services, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwachari, C., Family AIDS Careand Education Services, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Respiratory Disease Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Leslie, H.H., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Shade, S.B., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Otieno, J., New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, Kenya Ministry of Medical Services, Kisumu, Kenya; Yienya, N., Family AIDS Careand Education Services, Nairobi, Kenya; Sanguli, L., Family AIDS Careand Education Services, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Respiratory Disease Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Amukoye, E., Centre for Respiratory Disease Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Cohen, C.R., Family AIDS Careand Education Services, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Obstetrics, University of California, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States	SETTING: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. Recent ART recommendations have increased the number of children on ART. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and incidence of TB in HIV-infected children after the implementation of expanded ART guidelines. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study including HIVinfected children aged 6 weeks to 14 years was conducted in Kenya. The primary outcome measure was clinically diagnosed TB. Study participants were screened for prevalent TB at enrollment using Kenya's national guidelines and followed at monthly intervals to detect incident TB. Predictors of TB were assessed using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Of 689 participants (median age 6.4 years), 509 (73.9%) were on ART at baseline. There were 51 cases of prevalent TB (7.4%) and 10 incident cases, with over 720.3 child-years of observation (incidence 1.4 per 100 child-years). Months on ART (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.91, P = 0.003; aOR 0.91, P < 0.001) and months in care before ART (aHR 0.87, P = 0.001; aOR 0.92, P < 0.001) were protective against incident and prevalent TB. CONCLUSIONS: ART was protective against TB in this cohort of HIV-infected children with high levels of ART use. Optimal TB prevention strategies should emphasize early ART in children. © 2013 The Union.	Epidemiology; Hiv-1; Pediatrics; Sub-saharan africa; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; isoniazid; pyrazinamide; rifampicin; adolescent; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; child; cohort analysis; coughing; drug use; failure to thrive; female; fever; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infant; infection prevention; infection risk; Kenya; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; practice guideline; preschool child; prevalence; priority journal; prospective study; school child; thorax radiography; treatment duration; tuberculin test; tuberculosis; weight reduction; Adolescent; Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Kenya; Logistic Models; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Prevalence; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Tuberculosis	5-R24-TW007988-03, FIC, Fogarty International Center; 5-P30-MH062246, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84882916575	Impact of definitions of loss to follow-up (LTFU) in antiretroviral therapy program evaluation: Variation in the definition can have an appreciable impact on estimated proportions of LTFU	Grimsrud A.T., Cornell M., Egger M., Boulle A., Myer L.	2013	Journal of Clinical Epidemiology	66	9	10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.03.013	Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Division of International and Environmental Health, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland	Grimsrud, A.T., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Cornell, M., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Egger, M., Division of International and Environmental Health, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Boulle, A., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Myer, L., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa	Objective: To examine the impact of different definitions of loss to follow-up (LTFU) on estimates of program outcomes in cohort studies of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Study Design and Setting: We examined the impact of different definitions of LTFU using data from the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS - Southern Africa. The reference approach, Definition A, was compared with five alternative scenarios that differed in eligibility for analysis and the date assigned to the LTFU outcome. Kaplan-Meier estimates of LTFU were calculated up to 2 years after starting ART. Results: Estimated cumulative LTFU were 14% and 22% at 12 and 24 months, respectively, using the reference approach. Differences in the proportion LTFU were reported in the alternative scenarios with 12-month estimates of LTFU varying by up to 39% compared with Definition A. Differences were largest when the date assigned to the LTFU outcome was 6 months after the date of last contact and when the site-specific definition of LTFU was used. Conclusion: Variation in the definitions of LTFU within cohort analyses can have an appreciable impact on estimated proportions of LTFU over 2 years of follow-up. Use of a standardized definition of LTFU is needed to accurately measure program effectiveness and comparability between programs. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Antiretroviral therapy; Cohort; Loss to follow-up; Program outcomes; Retention; Survival analysis	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; antiretroviral therapy; antiviral therapy; article; cohort analysis; female; follow up; human; Kaplan Meier method; loss to follow up; major clinical study; male; priority journal; Antiretroviral therapy; Cohort; Loss to follow-up; Program outcomes; Retention; Survival analysis; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Southern; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Lost to Follow-Up; Male; Middle Aged; Program Evaluation; Terminology as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult	5U01AI069924-06, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928714381	Understanding the impact of hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and/or other drugs on ARV adherence and disease progression	Kader R., Govender R., Seedat S., Koch J.R., Parry C.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0125088	Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Social Science Research, Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States	Kader, R., Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Govender, R., Centre for Social Science Research, Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Seedat, S., Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Koch, J.R., Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Parry, C., Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The objective of this study was to understand the impact of hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and/or other drugs on ARV adherence and disease progression among HIV patients. A cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 1503 patients attending HIV clinics in Cape Town, South Africa were screened for problematic substance use. A sub-sample of 607 patients (303 patients who screened positive for problematic substance use and 304 who did not) participated in this study. Hazardous or harmful alcohol use and problematic drug use predicted missing and stopping ARVs which, in turn, was associated with a decrease in CD4 counts and more rapid HIV-disease progression and poorer health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The findings of this study underscore the need for an integrated approach to managing substance-use disorders in PLWHA. © 2015 Kader et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; alcohol abuse; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; cross-sectional study; disease course; drug abuse; drug treatment failure; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; patient attitude; patient compliance; prediction; South Africa; substance abuse; treatment response	5U2GPS001137, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880918429	Feasibility, performance, and acceptability of the wisebag™ for potential monitoring of daily gel applicator use in Durban, South Africa	Van Der Straten A., Montgomery E., Pillay D., Cheng H., Naidoo A., Cele Z., Naidoo K., Hartmann M., Piper J., Nair G.	2013	AIDS and Behavior	17	2	10.1007/s10461-012-0330-y	Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; DAIDS, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States	Van Der Straten, A., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States; Montgomery, E., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Pillay, D., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Cheng, H., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Naidoo, A., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Cele, Z., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, K., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Hartmann, M., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Piper, J., DAIDS, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Nair, G., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa	The Wisebag™, a lunchbag-style container with an electronic events-monitoring system, was designed as a real-time indirect objective measure of microbicide gel use. Due to cost, alternative functionalities (i.e. use of offline and dummy versions) were explored. We conducted a three-arm, double-blinded pilot study among 50 HIV-negative women in Durban, South Africa to assess participant adherence and Wisebag acceptability and performance. Participants were randomized 2:2:1 to Wisebag with online (events transmitted via cellular signal in real-time), offline (events stored in device memory) or inactive "dummy" devices. Participants were instructed to open the Wisebag daily for 2 weeks, retrieve a study sticker and affix it on a diary card. All participants completed the study. At exit, 94 % did not know which device they had received, nor could they differentiate the Wisebag types when presented with the three options. Five offline devices failed (no data recorded). Per Wisebag events, 26 % of women were perfectly adherent compared to 48 % by self-report and 46 % per diary card. Of reported non-adherence, 92 % did not open the Wisebag (travelling or forgot) and 22 % opened Wisebag >1×/day (curiosity). Participants liked and were comfortable carrying Wisebag. Successful blinding will allow inclusion of offline and/or dummy Wisebags in future study designs. Perfect adherence by opening events was significantly lower than by self-report, highlighting the importance of objective measures of adherence in clinical trials. Additional studies to validate Wisebag data with actual products, with and without SMS and online functionality, in different populations and settings, and in comparison to biomarkers are warranted. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Adherence; Africa; Electronic monitoring; Microbicide gel	agents used intravaginally; topical antiinfective agent; adolescent; adult; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug monitoring; equipment design; feasibility study; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medication compliance; middle aged; patient attitude; patient satisfaction; pilot study; randomized controlled trial; reproducibility; South Africa; statistics; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Double-Blind Method; Drug Monitoring; Equipment Design; Feasibility Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Satisfaction; Pilot Projects; Reproducibility of Results; South Africa; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies	5UM1AI068633, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887429406	Evaluation of Baylis-Hillman Routes to 3-(Aminomethyl)coumarin Derivatives	Olasupo I., Rose N.R., Klein R., Adams L.A., Familoni O.B., Kaye P.T.	2014	Synthetic Communications	44	2	10.1080/00397911.2013.803575	Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemico, Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Olasupo, I., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Rose, N.R., Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemico, Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Klein, R., Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemico, Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Adams, L.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Familoni, O.B., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Kaye, P.T., Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemico, Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	The relative merits of two different Baylis-Hillman approaches toward the preparation of coumarin derivatives, containing peptide-like side chains, have been explored. In one approach, use of methyl acrylate as the activated alkene requires a protecting group strategy, an approach that is not necessary when using tert-butyl acrylate. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resource(s): Full experimental and spectral details.] © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	3-(Aminomethyl)coumarins; aza-Michael; Baylis-Hillman	3 (aminomethyl)coumarin derivative; acrylic acid butyl ester; acrylic acid methyl ester; coumarin derivative; unclassified drug; article; Baylis Hillman reaction; drug structure; nucleophilicity	62273, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908293274	Evaluation of the in vitro anticancer activity of cyclometalated half-sandwich rhodium and iridium complexes coordinated to naphthaldimine-based poly(propyleneimine) dendritic scaffolds	Sudding L.C., Payne R., Govender P., Edafe F., Clavel C.M., Dyson P.J., Therrien B., Smith G.S.	2014	Journal of Organometallic Chemistry	774	None	10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.10.003	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa; Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, 51 Ave de Bellevaux, Neuchatel, Switzerland	Sudding, L.C., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa; Payne, R., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa; Govender, P., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa; Edafe, F., Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Clavel, C.M., Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Dyson, P.J., Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Therrien, B., Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, 51 Ave de Bellevaux, Neuchatel, Switzerland; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa	The development of cyclometalated rhodium and iridium complexes from first- and second-generation naphthaldimine-based poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer scaffolds of the type, DAB-(NH2)n (where n = 4 or 8, DAB = diaminobutane) has been accomplished. Four metallodendrimers were synthesised, viz. (Cp∗MCl)4Gn (1-4), by first reacting DAB-(NH2)n with napththaldehyde and subsequently metallating the Schiff-base dendrimers with the dimers [Cp∗MCl2]2 (where M = Rh or Ir). Related mononuclear complexes [Cp∗MCl(L)] (L = naphthaldimine) (5-6) were obtained in a similar manner. The molecular structures of 5 and 6 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and the in vitro anticancer activities of 1-6 were evaluated against the A2780 and A2780cisR human ovarian carcinoma cell lines. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anticancer drugs; Bioorganometallic chemistry; Cyclometalated; Iridium; Metallodendrimers; Rhodium	Rhodium; Anticancer activities; Anticancer drug; Bio-organometallic chemistry; Cyclometalated; Half-sandwich; Metallodendrimers; Poly(propylene imine); Rhodium and iridium complexes; Iridium	66054, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928920460	Cost evaluation of reproductive and primary health care mobile service delivery for women in two rural districts in South Africa	Schnippel K., Lince-Deroche N., Van Den Handel T., Molefi S., Bruce S., Firnhaber C.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0119236	Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Schnippel, K., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lince-Deroche, N., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Den Handel, T., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Molefi, S., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Bruce, S., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Firnhaber, C., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Cervical cancer screening is a critical health service that is often unavailable to women in under-resourced settings. In order to expand access to this and other reproductive and primary health care services, a South African non-governmental organization established a van-based mobile clinic in two rural districts in South Africa. To inform policy and budgeting, we conducted a cost evaluation of this service delivery model. Methods: The evaluation was retrospective (October 2012-September 2013 for one district and April-September 2013 for the second district) and conducted from a provider cost perspective. Services evaluated included cervical cancer screening, HIV counselling and testing, syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), breast exams, provision of condoms, contraceptives, and general health education. Fixed costs, including vehicle purchase and conversion, equipment, operating costs and mobile clinic staffing, were collected from program records and public sector pricing information. The number of women accessing different services was multiplied by ingredients-based variable costs, reflecting the consumables required. All costs are reported in 2013 USD. Results: Fixed costs accounted for most of the total annual costs of the mobile clinics (85% and 94% for the two districts); the largest contributor to annual fixed costs was staff salaries. Average costs per patient were driven by the total number of patients seen, at $46.09 and $76.03 for the two districts. Variable costs for Pap smears were higher than for other services provided, and some services, such as breast exams and STI and tuberculosis symptoms screening, had no marginal cost. Conclusions: Staffing costs are the largest component of providing mobile health services to rural communities. Yet, in remote areas where patient volumes do not exceed nursing staff capacity, incorporating multiple services within a cervical cancer screening program is an approach to potentially expand access to health care without added costs. © 2015 Schnippel et al.	None	Article; breast examination; cancer screening; condom use; contraception; female; health care cost; health care delivery; health service; HIV education; HIV test; human; mobile clinic; Papanicolaou test; personnel management; preventive health service; primary health care; reproductive health; retrospective study; rural area; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; uterine cervix cancer	674-A-00-08- 00007-00, USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908701402	Impact of three empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies for people initiating antiretroviral therapy	Van Rie A., Westreich D., Sanne I.	2014	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	18	11	10.5588/ijtld.14.0153	Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 2104F McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Van Rie, A., Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 2104F McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Westreich, D., Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 2104F McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Sanne, I., Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Early mortality in people initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) remains high. Empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies aim to reduce early mortality by initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment in individuals at high risk of death from undiagnosed TB.METHODS: Using data from 16 913 individuals starting ART under program conditions, we simulated the impact of three empirical treatment strategies (two clinical trials and a pragmatic approach), assuming that 50% of early deaths and 100% of incident TB are averted in those eligible.RESULTS: Compared to starting anti-tuberculosis treatment on clinical or mycobacteriological grounds, 4.4- 31.4% more individuals were eligible for anti-tuberculosis treatment, 5.5-25.4% of deaths were averted and 10.9-57.3% of incident TB cases were prevented under empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies. The proportion receiving any anti-tuberculosis treatment during the first 6 months of ART increased from the observed 24.0% to an estimated 27.5%, 40.4% and 51.3%, under the PrOMPT, REMEMBER and pragmatic approach, respectively.CONCLUSION: The impact of empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies depends greatly on the eligibility criteria chosen. The additional strain placed on anti-tuberculosis treatment facilities and the relatively limited impact of some empirical TB strategies raise the question as to whether the benefits will outweigh the risks at population level. © 2014 The Union.	Health systems; HIV; Population impact; Simulation; South Africa	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adult; comparative study; epidemiology; female; HIV Infections; human; male; mortality; South Africa; tuberculosis; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; South Africa; Tuberculosis	674-A-00-08-00007-00, USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941759345	Damping characteristics of nanoclay filled hybrid laminates during medium velocity impact	Mohan T.P., Velmurugan R., Kanny K.	2015	Composites Part B: Engineering	82	None	10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.016	Composites Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Composites Technology Centre, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India	Mohan, T.P., Composites Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Velmurugan, R., Composites Technology Centre, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India; Kanny, K., Composites Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	The objective of this paper is to study the vibrational damping characteristics during medium velocity impact of nanoclay filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid laminates. A series of laminates with varying degree of nanoclay concentration (0-5 wt.%) and fiber weight fraction (25-75 wt.%) were prepared by vacuum assisted resin infusion molding (VARIM) method. The laminates were subjected to medium velocity projectile impact using in-house built gas gun set-up and the ballistic limit of laminates series was determined. The result indicated that during impact, the laminate undergoes vibrational damping. This damping property is a function of fiber weight fraction and orientation, nanoclay concentration and nanocomposite structure. A 42% increase of ballistic limit was observed for 5 wt.% nanoclay filled hybrid (50 wt.% fiber) when compared with unfilled composite. Structural and modal analysis of hybrids showed that the increased ballistic limit of nanoclay filled hybrids is due to the nanocomposite structure and improved damping and fracture properties. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	A. Laminates; A. Nano-structures; B. Impact behavior; B. Vibration	Ballistics; Damping; Fibers; Modal analysis; Nanocomposites; Nanostructured materials; Nanostructures; Paper laminates; B. Vibration; Damping characteristics; Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy; Impact behavior; Nano-composite structure; Nanoclay concentrations; Vacuum assisted resin infusion moldings; Vibrational damping; Laminates	76460, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901811985	Receding horizon trajectory optimization with terminal impact specifications	Zhang L., Sun M., Chen Z., Wang Z., Wang Y.	2014	Mathematical Problems in Engineering	2014	None	10.1155/2014/604705	Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China; Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa	Zhang, L., Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China; Sun, M., Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Chen, Z., Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Wang, Z., Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; Wang, Y., Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China	The trajectory optimization problem subject to terminal impact time and angle specifications can be reformulated as a nonlinear programming problem using the Gauss pseudospectral method. The cost function of the trajectory optimization problem is modified to reduce the terminal control energy. A receding horizon optimization strategy is implemented to reject the errors caused by the motion of a surface target. Several simulations were performed to validate the proposed method via the C programming language. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and that the real-time requirement can be easily achieved if the C programming language is used to realize it. © 2014 Limin Zhang et al.	None	Aerodynamics; Computer programming languages; Nonlinear programming; Optimization; Specifications; Trajectories; Gauss pseudo-spectral methods; Nonlinear programming problem; Real time requirement; Receding horizon; Receding horizon optimization; Surface target; Terminal control; Trajectory optimization; Problem oriented languages	78673, National Research Foundation; 81705, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905228469	Impact of season on the fatty acid profiles of male and female blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) muscles	Neethling J., Britz T.J., Hoffman L.C.	2014	Meat Science	98	4	10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.030	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa	Neethling, J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa	This study quantified the impact of season on fatty acid profiles of male and female blesbok muscles (longissimus thoracis et lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus). Eight mature blesbok were harvested per season (winter and spring). Gender and muscle type influenced (p. <. 0.05) the fatty acid profiles of blesbok muscles, while season only influenced the C18:3ω3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) percentages and therefore the total omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (total ω3 PUFA). Female muscles had higher C16:0 (palmitic acid) (21.01% ± 0.256 vs. 19.05% ± 0.296) and total MUFA percentages, while male muscles had higher (p. <. 0.05) C18:2ω6c, C20:5ω3, total ω3 PUFA (11.08% ± 0.382 vs. 8.50% ± 0.367), and total PUFA (43.03% ± 0.904 vs. 29.59% ± 1.164) percentages, contributing to higher poly-unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (PUFA:SFA ratios). Differences in fatty acid profiles were attributed more to gender and anatomical location of muscles, than seasonal differences in diets. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Blesbok; Fatty acid; Game; Muscle; Season; Venison	Fatty acids; Muscle; Saturated fatty acids; Muscle; Anatomical locations; Blesbok; Fatty acid profiles; Game; Linolenic acids; Season; Seasonal differences; Venison; Unsaturated fatty acids; Fatty acids; fatty acid; analysis; animal; antelope; diet; female; male; meat; metabolism; procedures; season; sex difference; skeletal muscle; South Africa; veterinary; Animals; Antelopes; Diet; Fatty Acids; Female; Male; Meat; Muscle, Skeletal; Seasons; Sex Factors; South Africa; Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi	84633, NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922459714	Performance evaluation of a high-throughput microchannel reactor for ammonia decomposition over a commercial Ru-based catalyst	Chiuta S., Everson R.C., Neomagus H.W.J.P., Bessarabov D.G.	2015	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	40	7	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.003	HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	Chiuta, S., HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; Everson, R.C., HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; Neomagus, H.W.J.P., HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; Bessarabov, D.G., HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, North-West University, Faculty of Engineering, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	In this work, the prospect of producing hydrogen (H2) via ammonia (NH3) decomposition was evaluated in an experimental stand-alone microchannel reactor wash-coated with a commercial Ruthenium-based catalyst. The reactor performance was investigated under atmospheric pressure as a function of reaction temperature (723-873 K) and gas-hourly-space-velocity (65.2-326.1 Nl gcat -1 h-1). Ammonia conversion of 99.8% was demonstrated at 326.1 Nl gcat -1 h-1 and 873 K. The H2 produced at this operating condition was sufficient to yield an estimated fuel cell power output of 60 We and power density of 164 kWe L-1. Overall, the microchannel reactor considered here outperformed the Ni-based microstructured system used in our previous work. © 2015 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.	Ammonia decomposition; Fuel cells; Hydrogen generation; Microchannel reactor; Performance evaluation; Ruthenium catalyst	Ammonia; Atmospheric pressure; Catalysts; Fuel cells; Hydrogen; Hydrogen production; Ruthenium; Ammonia decomposition; Hydrogen generations; Micro channel reactors; Performance evaluation; Ruthenium catalysts; Microchannels	85309, NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925537404	Linking functional traits to impacts of invasive plant species: a case study	te Beest M., Esler K.J., Richardson D.M.	2014	Plant Ecology	216	2	10.1007/s11258-014-0437-5	Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	te Beest, M., Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Esler, K.J., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Richardson, D.M., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Our understanding of the link between plant functional traits and ecological impact of invasive alien plant species is fragmentary and the mechanisms leading to impacts are poorly understood. Moreover, current knowledge is heavily biased to the temperate regions of the world and we know much less about traits and impacts of invaders in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. We studied two leaf traits of the invasive alien shrub Chromolaena odorata and the impacts of its invasion on native vegetation in savannas. We compared specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area index (LAI) between C. odorata and native species and assessed how C. odorata differentially affects canopy light interception, soil moisture, soil nutrients, and litter accumulation compared to native species. We found that C. odorata has higher SLA and LAI than native species, lower light and moisture levels below its canopy, but higher nutrient levels and a higher litter accumulation rate. Because of its higher SLA, C. odorata grows faster, resulting in more biomass, increased litter accumulation and higher nutrient availability. Due to its high SLA and LAI, C. odorata intercepts more light and reduces available moisture more than do native trees due to higher transpiration rates, reducing the biomass of native understory vegetation. This study provides empirical evidence for strong links between plant functional traits and ecological impact of invasive plant species, highlighting the importance of traits in predicting ecosystem-level impacts of invasive plant species. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Functional traits; LAI; Leaf area; Litter; Plant invasions; Relative growth rate; Savanna; SLA	None	85417, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919863409	Using impacts of deep-level mining to research karst hydrology—a Darcy-based approach to predict the future of dried-up dolomitic springs in the Far West Rand goldfield (South Africa). Part 1: a conceptual model of recharge and inter-compartmental flow	Schrader A., Winde F., Erasmus E.	2014	Environmental Earth Sciences	72	9	10.1007/s12665-014-3263-0	North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Mine Water Re-Search Group, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa	Schrader, A., North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Winde, F., Mine Water Re-Search Group, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Erasmus, E., Mine Water Re-Search Group, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa	Some of the world’s deepest goldmines are located in the Far West Rand (FWR) goldfield operating below of up to 1.2-km-thick dolomites hosting some of the largest karst aquifers in South Africa. Associated impacts include the dewatering of the overlying karst aquifers as well as linking previously disconnected compartments by mining through aquicludes (dykes). The focus of the study is on predicting groundwater balances in re-watered aquifers after mining ceases as this will determine whether or not associated karst springs that dried-up due to dewatering will ever flow again. Critically revisiting, Swart et al. (Environ Geol 44:751–770, 2003a) who predict that all springs will flow again, this study uses significantly larger data sets and modified assumptions to increase the robustness of findings as the question is crucial for post-closure development. As a first of two papers, this part develops a conceptual model on the mega-compartment concept that predicts a flat water table across all linked compartments that would leave the springs dry. The model identifies the ratio between inflowing surface water (recharge) and underground water losses to downstream compartments via mined-through dykes (‘inter-compartmental groundwater flow’, IGF) as a key factor governing the elevation of the post-mining water table, creating the base for part 2, where the IGF and the post-mining water tables are determined using unique large data sets that have not been evaluated before. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Dewatering; Dolomitic compartments; Mega-compartment concept; Post-mining spring flow; Re-watering	Aquifers; Dewatering; Forecasting; Gold; Groundwater; Groundwater flow; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Landforms; Springs (water); Surface waters; Conceptual model; Deep-level mining; Dolomitic compartments; Karst hydrology; Large datasets; Mega-compartment concept; Re-watering; Spring flow; Recharging (underground waters); conceptual framework; Darcy law; data set; dewatering; dike; dolomite; environmental impact; gold mine; groundwater flow; karst hydrology; prediction; recharge; water budget; water table; South Africa; Centrostegia thurberi	86331, NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940960972	Population Growth and Its Impact on the Design Capacity and Performance of the Wastewater Treatment Plants in Sedibeng and Soshanguve, South Africa	Teklehaimanot G.Z., Kamika I., Coetzee M.A.A., Momba M.N.B.	2015	Environmental Management	56	4	10.1007/s00267-015-0564-3	Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Water Care Unit, TUT, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa	Teklehaimanot, G.Z., Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Water Care Unit, TUT, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Kamika, I., Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Water Care Unit, TUT, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Coetzee, M.A.A., Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Water Care Unit, TUT, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Momba, M.N.B., Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Water Care Unit, TUT, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa	This study investigated the effects of population growth on the performance of the targeted wastewater treatment plants in Sedibeng District and Soshanguve peri-urban area, South Africa. The impact of population growth was assessed in terms of plant design, operational capacity (flow rate) and other treatment process constraints. Between 2001 and 2007, the number of households connected to the public sewerage service increased by 15.5, 17.2 and 37.8 % in Emfuleni, Lesedi and Midvaal Local Municipalities, respectively. Soshanguve revealed a 50 % increment in the number of households connected to the sewerage system between 1996 and 2001. Except for Sandspruit (−393.8 %), the rate of influent flows received by Meyerton increased by 6.8 ML/day (67.8 %) and 4.7 ML/day (46.8 %) during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The flow rate appeared to increase during the wet season by 6.8 ML/day (19.1 %) in Leeuwkuil and during the dry season by 0.8 ML/day (3.9 %) in Rietgat. Underperformance of the existing wastewater treatment plants suggests that the rapid population growth in urban and peri-urban areas (hydraulic overloading of the wastewater treatment plants) and operational constraints (overflow rate, retention time, oxygen supply capacity of the plants and chlorine contact time) resulted in the production of poor quality effluents in both selected areas. This investigation showed that the inefficiency of Meyerton Wastewater Treatment Plant was attributed to the population growth (higher volumes of wastewater generated) and operational constraints, while the cause of underperformance in the other three treatment plants was clearly technical (operational). © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Nitrification; Population growth; Wastewater treatment; Water pollution	Chemicals removal (water treatment); Effluents; Flow rate; Nitrification; Oxygen supply; Population statistics; Reclamation; Sewage pumping plants; Sewers; Toxicity; Urban growth; Water pollution; Water treatment; Water treatment plants; Dry and wet seasons; Operational capacity; Operational constraints; Population growth; Rapid population growth; Sewerage services; Treatment process; Wastewater treatment plants; Wastewater treatment; chlorine; nitrate; phosphate; phosphorus; storm water; absorption; activated sludge; aeration; aquatic environment; Article; bacterial growth; chemical oxygen demand; chlorination; climate; concentration (parameters); controlled study; denitrification; disinfection; environmental sanitation; Escherichia coli; flow rate; health hazard; household; human; nitrification; nonhuman; oxidation; oxygenation; population growth; population size; public health; seasonal variation; sedimentation rate; sewage effluent; South Africa; suspended particulate matter; waste water management; waste water treatment plant; water pollution	87310, NRF, National Research Foundation of Korea
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942921309	JMS: An open source workflow management system and web-based cluster front-end for high performance computing	Brown D.K., Penkler D.L., Musyoka T.M., Bishop O.T.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0134273	Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Brown, D.K., Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Penkler, D.L., Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Musyoka, T.M., Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Bishop, O.T., Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Complex computational pipelines are becoming a staple of modern scientific research. Often these pipelines are resource intensive and require days of computing time. In such cases, it makes sense to run them over high performance computing (HPC) clusters where they can take advantage of the aggregated resources of many powerful computers. In addition to this, researchers often want to integrate their workflows into their own web servers. In these cases, software is needed to manage the submission of jobs from the web interface to the cluster and then return the results once the job has finished executing. We have developed the Job Management System (JMS), a workflow management system and web interface for high performance computing (HPC). JMS provides users with a user-friendly web interface for creating complex workflows with multiple stages. It integrates this workflow functionality with the resource manager, a tool that is used to control and manage batch jobs on HPC clusters. As such, JMS combines workflow management functionality with cluster administration functionality. In addition, JMS provides developer tools including a code editor and the ability to version tools and scripts. JMS can be used by researchers from any field to build and run complex computational pipelines and provides functionality to include these pipelines in external interfaces. JMS is currently being used to house a number of bioinformatics pipelines at the Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi) at Rhodes University. JMS is an open-source project and is freely available at https://github.com/RUBi-ZA/JMS. © 2015 Brown et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	analytical parameters; Article; bioinformatics; cluster analysis; computer interface; computer program; data base; high performance computing cluster; information processing; Job Management System; mathematical computing; resource management; scientist; web browser; work environment; workflow	93690, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84952325078	Investigation of different aqueous electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitors	Barzegar F., Momodu D.Y., Fashedemi O.O., Bello A., Dangbegnon J.K., Manyala N.	2015	RSC Advances	5	130	10.1039/c5ra21962k	Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Chair in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Barzegar, F., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Chair in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Momodu, D.Y., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Chair in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Fashedemi, O.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Bello, A., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Chair in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Dangbegnon, J.K., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Chair in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Manyala, N., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Chair in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, porous activated carbons (AC) were synthesized by an environmentally friendly technique involving chemical activation and carbonization, with an in-depth experimental study carried out to understand the electrochemical behaviour in different aqueous electrolytes (KOH, LiCl, and Na2SO4). The electrochemical performance of the AC electrode was evaluated by different techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained demonstrate that the AC materials in different electrolytes exhibit unique double layer properties. In particular, the AC electrode tested in 6 M KOH showed the best electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacitance and efficiency. A specific capacitance of 129 F g-1 was obtained at 0.5 A g-1 with a corresponding solution resistance of 0.66 Ω in an operating voltage window of 0.8 V, with an efficiency of ∼100% at different current densities. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015.	None	Activated carbon; Capacitance; Carbon; Carbonization; Chemical activation; Cyclic voltammetry; Efficiency; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Electrolytic capacitors; Aqueous electrolyte; Corresponding solutions; Electrochemical behaviour; Electrochemical performance; Galvanostatic charge/discharge; Impedance spectroscopy; Operating voltage; Specific capacitance; Electrochemical electrodes	97994, National Research Foundation; UP, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899413725	Evaluating the impact of improved maize varieties on food security in Rural Tanzania: Evidence from a continuous treatment approach	Kassie M., Jaleta M., Mattei A.	2014	Food Security	6	2	10.1007/s12571-014-0332-x	CIMMYT, Naiorbi, Kenya; CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications \G. Parenti, University of Florence, Florence, Italy	Kassie, M., CIMMYT, Naiorbi, Kenya; Jaleta, M., CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mattei, A., Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications \G. Parenti, University of Florence, Florence, Italy	This paper investigates impact heterogeneity in the adoption of improved maize varieties using data from rural Tanzania. We used a generalized propensity-score matching methodology, complemented with a parametric econometric method to check the robustness of results. We found a consistent result across models, indicating that adoption increased food security, and that the impact of adoption varied with the level of adoption. On average, an increase of one acre in the area allocated to improved maize varieties reduced the probabilities of chronic and transitory food insecurity from between 0.7 and 1.2 % and between 1.1 and 1.7 %, respectively. Policies that increase maize productivity and ease farmers' adoption constraints can ensure the allocation of more land to improved technologies and, in doing so, enhance the food security of households. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and International Society for Plant Pathology.	Adoption; Africa; Continuous treatment; Food security; Impact heterogeneity; Tanzania	econometrics; food policy; food security; heterogeneity; maize; probability; rural area; technology adoption; Tanzania; Zea mays	ACIAR, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84915784151	Economic evaluation of a cluster randomized trial of interventions to improve health workers' practice in diagnosing and treating uncomplicated malaria in cameroon	Mangham-Jefferies L., Wiseman V., Achonduh O.A., Drake T.L., Cundill B., Onwujekwe O., Mbacham W.	2014	Value in Health	17	8	10.1016/j.jval.2014.07.010	Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Came	Mangham-Jefferies, L., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Wiseman, V., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Achonduh, O.A., Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Drake, T.L., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rajwithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand; Cundill, B., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Onwujekwe, O., Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria (Enugu Campus), Enugu, Nigeria; Mbacham, W., Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon	Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are a valid alternative to malaria testing with microscopy and are recommended for the testing of febrile patients before prescribing an antimalarial. There is a need for interventions to support the uptake of RDTs by health workers.Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing RDTs with basic or enhanced training in health facilities in which microscopy was available, compared with current practice.Methods A three-arm cluster randomized trial was conducted in 46 facilities in central and northwest Cameroon. Basic training had a practical session on RDTs and lectures on malaria treatment guidelines. Enhanced training included small-group activities designed to change health workers' practice and reduce the consumption of antimalarials among test-negative patients. The primary outcome was the proportion of febrile patients correctly treated: febrile patients should be tested for malaria, artemisinin combination therapy should be prescribed for confirmed cases, and no antimalarial should be prescribed for patients who are test-negative. Individual patient data were obtained from facility records and an exit survey. Costs were estimated from a societal perspective using project reports and patient exit data. The analysis used bivariate multilevel modeling and adjusted for imbalance in baseline covariates.Results Incremental cost per febrile patient correctly treated was $8.40 for the basic arm and $3.71 for the enhanced arm. On scale-up, it was estimated that RDTs with enhanced training would save $0.75 per additional febrile patient correctly treated.Conclusions Introducing RDTs with enhanced training was more cost-effective than RDTs with basic training when each was compared with current practice. © 2014 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).	Cameroon cluster-randomized trial; cost-effectiveness analysis; health worker training; malaria practice; words	antimalarial agent; artemisinin; adolescent; adult; Article; Cameroon; child; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; female; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria; malaria rapid test; male; medical education; microscopy; outcome assessment; practice guideline; randomized controlled trial; scale up	ACT, Arts and Culture Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927135099	Exposure to cigarette smoke impacts myeloid-derived regulatory cell function and exacerbates airway hyper-responsiveness	Wang Y., Jin T.H., Farhana A., Freeman J., Estell K., Zmijewski J.W., Gaggar A., Thannickal V.J., Schwiebert L.M., Steyn A.J., Deshane J.S.	2014	Laboratory Investigation	94	12	10.1038/labinvest.2014.126	Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa	Wang, Y., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States; Jin, T.H., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States; Farhana, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Freeman, J., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Estell, K., Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Zmijewski, J.W., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States; Gaggar, A., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States; Thannickal, V.J., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States; Schwiebert, L.M., Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Steyn, A.J., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa; Deshane, J.S., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States	Cigarette smoking enhances oxidative stress and airway inflammation in asthma, the mechanisms of which are largely unknown. Myeloid-derived regulatory cells (MDRC) are free radical producing immature myeloid cells with immunoregulatory properties that have recently been demonstrated as critical regulators of allergic airway inflammation. NO (nitric oxide)-producing immunosuppressive MDRC suppress T-cell proliferation and airway-hyper responsiveness (AHR), while the O 2 •- (superoxide)-producing MDRC are proinflammatory. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke (CS) exposure may impact MDRC function and contribute to exacerbations in asthma. Exposure of bone marrow (BM)-derived NO-producing MDRC to CS reduced the production of NO and its metabolites and inhibited their potential to suppress T-cell proliferation. Production of immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly inhibited, while proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-and IL-33 were enhanced in CS-exposed BM-MDRC. Additionally, CS exposure increased NF-κB activation and induced BM-MDRC-mediated production of O 2 •-, via NF-κB-dependent pathway. Intratracheal transfer of smoke-exposed MDRC-producing proinflammatory cytokines increased NF-κB activation, reactive oxygen species and mucin production in vivo and exacerbated AHR in C57BL/6 mice, mice deficient in Type I IFNR and MyD88, both with reduced numbers of endogenous MDRC. Thus CS exposure modulates MDRC function and contributes to asthma exacerbation and identifies MDRC as potential targets for asthma therapy. © 2014 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved.	None	cigarette smoke; interleukin 10; interleukin 1beta; interleukin 33; interleukin 6; myeloid differentiation factor 88; reactive oxygen metabolite; tumor necrosis factor alpha; Il33 protein, mouse; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; interleukin 33; interleukin derivative; nitric oxide; reactive oxygen metabolite; smoke; adoptive transfer; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; Article; bone marrow cell; cell activation; cell function; controlled study; cytokine production; disease exacerbation; lymphocyte proliferation; mouse; nonhuman; oxidative stress; priority journal; respiratory tract allergy; respiratory tract inflammation; adverse effects; animal; biosynthesis; bone marrow cell; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; C57BL mouse; cell culture; metabolism; physiology; smoke; tobacco; Adoptive Transfer; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Cells, Cultured; Interleukin-33; Interleukins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myeloid Cells; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Reactive Oxygen Species; Smoke; Tobacco	AI076389, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921665729	Generation and evaluation of clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge stocks	Chang H.-W., Tartaglia L.J., Whitney J.B., Lim S.-Y., Sanisetty S., Lavine C.L., Seaman M.S., Rademeyer C., Williamson C., Ellingson-Strouss K., Stamatatos L., Kublin J., Barouch D.H.	2015	Journal of Virology	89	4	10.1128/JVI.03279-14	Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States	Chang, H.-W., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Tartaglia, L.J., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Whitney, J.B., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Lim, S.-Y., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Sanisetty, S., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Lavine, C.L., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Seaman, M.S., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Rademeyer, C., Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Williamson, C., Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ellingson-Strouss, K., Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Stamatatos, L., Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Kublin, J., Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Barouch, D.H., Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States	The development of a panel of mucosally transmissible simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge stocks from multiple virus clades would facilitate preclinical evaluation of candidate HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics. The majority of SHIV stocks that have been generated to date have been derived from clade B HIV-1 env sequences from viruses isolated during chronic infection and typically required serial animal-to-animal adaptation for establishing mucosal transmissibility and pathogenicity. To capture essential features of mucosal transmission of cladeCviruses, we produced a series of SHIVs with early cladeCHIV-1 env sequences from acutely HIV-1-infected individuals from South Africa. SHIV-327c and SHIV-327cRM expressed env sequences that were 99.7 to 100% identical to the original HIV-1 isolate and did not require in vivo passaging for mucosal infectivity. These challenge stocks infected rhesus monkeys efficiently by both intrarectal and intravaginal routes, replicated to high levels during acute infection, and established chronic setpoint viremia in 13 of 17 (76%) infected animals. The SHIV-327cRM challenge stock was also titrated for both single, highdose intrarectal challenges and repetitive, low-dose intrarectal challenges in rhesus monkeys. These SHIV challenge stocks should facilitate the preclinical evaluation of vaccines and other interventions aimed at preventing cladeCHIV-1 infection. © 2015, American Society for Microbiology.	None	concanavalin A; adult; animal cell; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cladistics; controlled study; disease severity; female; gene amplification; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunophenotyping; male; molecular cloning; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; pathogenicity; phenotype; real time polymerase chain reaction; sequence alignment; Simian immunodeficiency virus; viremia; virus infectivity; virus load; virus neutralization; virus purification; virus replication; virus strain; virus titration; virus transmission; animal; disease model; genetics; growth, development and aging; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; isolation and purification; mucosa; rhesus monkey; Simian immunodeficiency virus; virology; virulence; Animalia; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Macaca mulatta; Simian-Human immunodeficiency virus; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; HIV-1; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Mucous Membrane; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; Virulence	AI078526, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI084794, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI095985, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI096040, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84956647229	Mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission events are differentially impacted by breast milk and its components from HIV-1-infected women	Shen R., Achenbach J., Shen Y., Palaia J., Rahkola J.T., Nick H.J., Smythies L.E., McConnell M., Fowler M.G., Smith P.D., Janoff E.N.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0145150	Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Makerere University, Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States	Shen, R., Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Achenbach, J., Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Shen, Y., Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Palaia, J., Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Rahkola, J.T., Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States; Nick, H.J., Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Smythies, L.E., Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; McConnell, M., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Fowler, M.G., Makerere University, Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Smith, P.D., Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States; Janoff, E.N., Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States	Breast milk is a vehicle of infection and source of protection in post-natal mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission (MTCT). Understanding the mechanism by which breast milk limits vertical transmission will provide critical insight into the design of preventive and therapeutic approaches to interrupt HIV-1 mucosal transmission. However, characterization of the inhibitory activity of breast milk in human intestinal mucosa, the portal of entry in postnatal MTCT, has been constrained by the limited availability of primary mucosal target cells and tissues to recapitulate mucosal transmission ex vivo. Here, we characterized the impact of skimmed breast milk, breast milk antibodies (Igs) and non-Ig components from HIV-1- infected Ugandan women on the major events of HIV-1 mucosal transmission using primary human intestinal cells and tissues. HIV-1-specific IgG antibodies and non-Ig components in breast milk inhibited the uptake of Ugandan HIV-1 isolates by primary human intestinal epithelial cells, viral replication in and transport of HIV-1- bearing dendritic cells through the human intestinal mucosa. Breast milk HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA, as well as innate factors, blocked the uptake and transport of HIV-1 through intestinal mucosa. Thus, breast milk components have distinct and complementary effects in reducing HIV-1 uptake, transport through and replication in the intestinal mucosa and, therefore, likely contribute to preventing postnatal HIV-1 transmission. Our data suggests that a successful preventive or therapeutic approach would require multiple immune factors acting at multiple steps in the HIV-1 mucosal transmission process.	None	immunoglobulin; immunoglobulin A; immunoglobulin antibody; immunoglobulin G; adult; antibody specificity; Article; breast milk; cell transport; child; clinical article; controlled study; dendritic cell; disease association; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; immune response; intestine epithelium cell; intestine mucosa; molecular dynamics; nonhuman; virus identification; virus isolation; virus replication; virus transmission; young adult	AI083127, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI083615, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI093151, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI106395, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI41361, NIH, National Institutes of Health; DK064400, NIH, National In
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930613407	Implementation of an electronic monitoring and evaluation system for the antiretroviral treatment programme in the Cape Winelands District, South Africa: A qualitative evaluation	Myburgh H., Murphy J.P., Van Huyssteen M., Foster N., Grobbelaar C.J., Struthers H.E., McIntyre J.A., Hurter T., Peters R.P.H.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0127223	Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape Province, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa	Myburgh, H., Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Murphy, J.P., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa; Van Huyssteen, M., School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Foster, N., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Grobbelaar, C.J., Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Struthers, H.E., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Hurter, T., Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Peters, R.P.H., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa	Background: A pragmatic three-tiered approach to monitor the world's largest antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme was adopted by the South African National Department of Health in 2010. With the rapid expansion of the programme, the limitations of the paper-based register (tier 1) were the catalyst for implementation of the stand-alone electronic register (tier 2), which offers simple digitisation of the paper-based register. This article engages with theory on implementation to identify and contextualise enabling and constraining factors for implementation of the electronic register, to describe experiences and use of the register, and to make recommendations for implementation in similar settings where standardisation of ART monitoring and evaluation has not been achieved. Methods: We conducted a qualitative evaluation of the roll-out of the register. This comprised twenty in-depth interviews with a diverse sample of stakeholders at facility, sub-district, and district levels of the health system. Facility-level participants were selected across five sub-districts, including one facility per sub-district. Responses were coded and analysed using a thematic approach. An implementation science framework guided interpretation of the data. Results & Discussion: We identified the following seven themes: 1) ease of implementation, 2) perceived value of an electronic M&E system, 3) importance of stakeholder engagement, 4) influence of a data champion, 5) operational and logistical factors, 6) workload and role clarity, and 7) importance of integrating the electronic register with routine facility monitoring and evaluation. Interpreting our findings through an implementation theory enabled us to construct the scaffolding for implementation across the five facility-settings. This approach illustrated that implementation was not a linear process but occurred at two nodes: at the adoption of the register for roll-out, and at implementation at facility-level. Conclusion: In this study we found that relative advantage of an intervention and stakeholder engagement are critical to implementation. We suggest that without these aspects of implementation, formative and summative outcomes of implementation at both the adoption and coalface stages of implementation would be negatively affected. © 2015 Myburgh et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; Article; catalyst; conceptual framework; electronic medical record; health care; human; public health service; qualitative analysis; register; South Africa; standardization; thematic analysis	AID-674-A-12-00015, USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930798881	The patient impact of point-of-care vs. Laboratory placement of XpertW MTB/RIF	Hanrahan C.F., Clouse K., Bassett J., Mutunga L., Selibas K., Stevens W., Scott L., Sanne I., Van Rie A.	2015	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	19	7	10.5588/ijtld.15.0013	Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Witkoppen Health and Welfare Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, United States	Hanrahan, C.F., Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Clouse, K., Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Bassett, J., Witkoppen Health and Welfare Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mutunga, L., Witkoppen Health and Welfare Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa; Selibas, K., Clinical HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Scott, L., National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sanne, I., Clinical HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Rie, A., Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	BACKGROUND: The Xpertw MTB/RIF assay can diagnose tuberculosis (TB) rapidly and with great accuracy. The effect of Xpert placement at point of care (POC) vs. at an off-site laboratory on patient management remains unknown. DESIGN : At a primary care clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa, we compared TB diagnosis and treatment initiation among 1861 individuals evaluated for pulmonary TB using Xpert performed either at POC or offsite. RESULT S : When Xpert was performed at POC, a higher proportion of Xpert-positive individuals started treatment (95% vs. 87%< P = 0.047) and time to treatment initiation was shorter (median 0 vs. 5 days, P < 0.001). In contrast, among Xpert-negative TB cases, a higher proportion (87% vs. 72%< P=0.001) started treatment when the sample was sent to the laboratory, with a shorter time to treatment (median 9 vs. 13 days, P = 0.056). While the overall proportion of presumed TB patients starting treatment was independent of Xpert placement, the proportion started based on a bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis was higher when Xpert was performed at POC (73% vs. 58% < P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Placement of Xpert at POC resulted in more Xpert-positive patients receiving treatment, but did not increase the total number of presumed TB patients starting treatment. When samples were sent to a laboratory for Xpert testing, empiric decision making increased. © 2015 The Union.	Diagnostics; South Africa; Tuberculosis	tuberculostatic agent; adult; Article; cohort analysis; comparative study; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic error; female; health service; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; laboratory diagnosis; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; medical decision making; offsite laboratory placement; point of care testing; priority journal; prospective study; South Africa; time to treatment; tuberculosis rapid test; turnaround time	AID-674-A-12-00033, USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943399504	The impact of self-protective measures in the optimal interventions for controlling infectious diseases of human population	Kassa S.M., Ouhinou A.	2015	Journal of Mathematical Biology	70	42371	10.1007/s00285-014-0761-3	Department of Mathematics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and technology, University of Sultane Moulay Slimane, B.P. 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco	Kassa, S.M., Department of Mathematics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ouhinou, A., Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and technology, University of Sultane Moulay Slimane, B.P. 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco	A mathematical model for infectious disease epidemics with behaviour change and treatment is formulated and analysed. It is indicated that behaviour modification by the population has a significant impact on the dynamics of the disease. Moreover, an optimal control theory is applied to propose the best possible combination of efforts in controlling a disease. It is shown that it may not be necessary to continuously apply treatment at a full rate to eradicate the disease, if the effort is supported by effective behaviour modification strategies. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Behaviour change; Dynamical systems; Epidemiological models; Infectious diseases; Optimal control	behavior therapy; biological model; Botswana; Communicable Diseases; computer simulation; Epidemics; health behavior; HIV Infections; human; infection control; mathematical phenomena; procedures; psychology; public health service; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; transmission; Behavior Therapy; Botswana; Communicable Diseases; Computer Simulation; Epidemics; Health Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Infection Control; Mathematical Concepts; Models, Biological; Models, Statistical; Public Health Practice	AIMS, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947460103	The invasive American weed parthenium hysterophorus can negatively impact malaria control in Africa	Nyasembe V.O., Cheseto X., Kaplan F., Foster W.A., Teal P.E.A., Tumlinson J.H., Borgemeister C., Torto B.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0137836	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1700 Southwest 23 Drive, Gainesville, FL, United States; Kaplan Schiller Research LLC., PO Box 13853, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States; Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, Bonn, Germany	Nyasembe, V.O., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Cheseto, X., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Kaplan, F., Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1700 Southwest 23 Drive, Gainesville, FL, United States, Kaplan Schiller Research LLC., PO Box 13853, Gainesville, FL, United States; Foster, W.A., Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States; Teal, P.E.A., Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1700 Southwest 23 Drive, Gainesville, FL, United States; Tumlinson, J.H., Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Borgemeister, C., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, Bonn, Germany; Torto, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya	The direct negative effects of invasive plant species on agriculture and biodiversity are well known, but their indirect effects on human health, and particularly their interactions with disease-transmitting vectors, remains poorly explored. This study sought to investigate the impact of the invasive Neotropical weed Parthenium hysterophorus and its toxins on the survival and energy reserves of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. In this study, we compared the fitness of An. gambiae fed on three differentially attractive mosquito host plants and their major toxins; the highly aggressive invasive Neotropical weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in East Africa and two other adapted weeds, Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) and Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae). Our results showed that female An. gambiae fitness varied with host plants as females survived better and accumulated substantial energy reserves when fed on P. hysterophorus and R. communis compared to B. pilosa. Females tolerated parthenin and 1-phenylhepta-1, 3, 5-triyne, the toxins produced by P. hysterophorus and B. pilosa, respectively, but not ricinine produced by R. communis. Given that invasive plants like P. hysterophorus can suppress or even replace less competitive species that might be less suitable host-plants for arthropod disease vectors, the spread of invasive plants could lead to higher disease transmission. Parthenium hysterophorus represents a possible indirect effect of invasive plants on human health, which underpins the need to include an additional health dimension in risk-analysis modelling for invasive plants.	None	alkaloid; parthenin; phenylheptatriyne; plant toxin; ricinine; unclassified drug; adult; Africa; Anopheles gambiae; Article; Asteraceae; Bidens pilosa; controlled study; Euphorbiaceae; female; intraspecific competition; invasive species; malaria control; Neotropics; nonhuman; Parthenium hysterophorus; Ricinus communis; toxin analysis; weed	ARS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; RO1A1077722, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; USDA, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903302088	Synthesis and evaluation of artesunate-indoloquinoline hybrids as antimalarial drug candidates	Wang N., Wicht K.J., Shaban E., Ngoc T.A., Wang M.-Q., Hayashi I., Hossain Md.I., Takemasa Y., Kaiser M., El Tantawy El Sayed I., Egan T.J., Inokuchi T.	2014	MedChemComm	5	7	10.1039/c4md00091a	Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland; Chemistry Departments, Faculty of Science, El Menoufeia University, Shebin El Koom, Egypt	Wang, N., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Wicht, K.J., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Shaban, E., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Ngoc, T.A., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Wang, M.-Q., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Hayashi, I., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Hossain, Md.I., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Takemasa, Y., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Kaiser, M., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, University Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland; El Tantawy El Sayed, I., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, Chemistry Departments, Faculty of Science, El Menoufeia University, Shebin El Koom, Egypt; Egan, T.J., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Inokuchi, T., Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan	Hybrids of artesunate-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline, -indolo[3,2-c]quinoline, and -indolo[3,2-b]quinoline were synthesized and screened for their antiplasmodial activity against two different malaria strains (CQS and CQR) and their cytotoxic activities against normal cells were evaluated. All the synthesized hybrids showed a decreased cytotoxicity and increased antimalarial activity relative to the individual, non-hybridized compounds. Furthermore, these hybrids were stronger β-haematin inhibitors than the corresponding molecules from which they were derived. The most effective antimalarial hybrid showed an IC 50 value of 0.45 nM against the CQS strain. At the same time this hybrid also showed effective activity against the CQR strain, with an IC 50 value of 0.42 nM and an RI value of 0.93. With the dosing of the artesunate-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline set at 10 mg kg-1 once a day for four consecutive days, parasitemia was significantly reduced on day 4, with an antiparasitic activity of 89.6%, and a mean mouse survival time of 7.7 days. © 2014 the Partner Organisations.	None	None	AS232Z00719G, JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Japan Science and Technology Agency
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956350487	Engaging sport-for-development for social impact in the South African context	Burnett C.	2009	Sport in Society	12	9	10.1080/17430430903137852	Department of Sport and Movement Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Burnett, C., Department of Sport and Movement Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	The politics of development ideology and global leadership set the scene for sport (for) development in South Africa. Academic inquiry followed in an ad hoc way, mostly in the wake of contracted and/or externally and diverse disciplinary infused research paradigms. Diverse research agenda and donor requirements set the scene for Participatory Action Research as an enabling tool for researchers, funders and research participants whereby indigenous knowledge systems can be accessed and enriched in a collaborative venture of knowledge production. Four case studies of sport-for-development projects in the South African context explain the evolving architecture in this field. A discussion of three distinct and interrelated models, based on the rationale of Mintzberg (2006), affords insights within a social capital framework of a top-down, bottom-up and outside-in approach in various integrated formats. It is apparent that social impact and networking evolved around strategic alliance formation and development agendas of major stakeholders. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	None	None	ASC, Australian Agency for International Development; AusAID, Australian Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894456748	Impact of magnification and size bias on the weak lensing power spectrum and peak statistics	Liu J., Haiman Z., Hui L., Kratochvil J.M., May M.	2014	Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology	89	2	10.1103/PhysRevD.89.023515	Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics (ISCAP), Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States; Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States	Liu, J., Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Haiman, Z., Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States, Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics (ISCAP), Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Hui, L., Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics (ISCAP), Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States, Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Kratochvil, J.M., Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States, Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa; May, M., Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States	The weak lensing power spectrum is a powerful tool to probe cosmological parameters. Additionally, lensing peak counts contain cosmological information beyond the power spectrum. Both of these statistics can be affected by the preferential selection of source galaxies in patches of the sky with high magnification, as well as by the dilution in the source galaxy surface density in such regions. If not accounted for, these biases introduce systematic errors for cosmological measurements. Here we quantify these systematic errors, using convergence maps from a suite of ray-tracing N-body simulations. At the cutoff magnitude m of ongoing and planned major weak lensing surveys, the logarithmic slope of the cumulative number counts s≡d log n(>m)/d log m is in the range 0.1â‰sâ‰0.5. At s≈0.2, expected in the I band for Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, the inferred values of Ωm, w, and σ8 are biased by many σ (where σ denotes the marginalized error), and therefore the biases will need to be carefully modeled. We also find that the parameters are biased differently in the (Ωm, w, σ8) parameter space when the power spectrum and the peak counts are used. In particular, w derived from the power spectrum is less affected than w derived from peak counts, while the opposite is true for the best-constrained combination of σ8Ωmγ (with γ=0.62 from the power spectrum and γ=0.48 from peak counts). This suggests that the combination of the power spectrum and peak counts can help mitigate the impact of magnification and size biases. © 2014 American Physical Society.	None	None	AST-1210877, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920278542	Kathu Pan 1 points and the assemblage-scale, probabilistic approach: A response to Rots and Plisson, "Projectiles and the abuse of the use-wear method in a search for impact"	Wilkins J., Schoville B.J., Brown K.S., Chazan M.	2015	Journal of Archaeological Science	54	None	10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.003	Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, Canada	Wilkins, J., Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ, United States; Schoville, B.J., Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ, United States; Brown, K.S., Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Chazan, M., Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, Canada	Rots and Plisson (2014) question our conclusion that 500,000-year-old points from Kathu Pan 1, South Africa were used as spear tips (Wilkins etal., 2012). However, their reinterpretation of the fractures we identify as diagnostic impact fractures are incorrect. Despite the assertion, knapping processes alone do not explain the basal modifications on the KP1 points. Although Rots and Plisson are critical of the edge damage distribution method, it provides objective, quantitative and statistical comparisons of experimental and archaeological datasets. The data we present stand as reliable evidence for early hafted hunting technology. We suggest that the disagreement stems from a differing perspective on how lithic functional studies should deal with equifinality and the challenge of confidently assessing stone tool function. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Diagnostic impact fractures; Edge damage distribution; Functional analysis; Hafting; Hunting technology; Lithic analysis; Middle stone age; Points; Spears; Use-wear	archaeological evidence; hunting; Mesolithic; probability; tool use; South Africa	BCS-0524087, NSF, National Science Foundation; BCS-1138073, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886729692	The impact of non-native rainbow trout within Afro-montane streams in eastern Zimbabwe	Kadye W.T., Chakona A., Marufu L.T., Samukange T.	2013	Hydrobiologia	720	1	10.1007/s10750-013-1624-4	Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Kadye, W.T., Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Chakona, A., South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Marufu, L.T., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Samukange, T., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Non-native trout species have been associated with many negative effects in receiving ecosystems. The first aim of this study was to determine the impact of non-native rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss on distribution and abundance of native mountain catfish Amphilius uranoscopus within Afro-montane streams in Nyanga Mountains, eastern Zimbabwe. The second aim was to compare macro-invertebrate community responses to the presence of the trout and the catfish. We examined trout impact on catfish's habitat associations, whereas macro-invertebrate composition was compared using open fish and fish exclosure experiments in habitats with and without trout. Trout influenced both the distribution and abundance of the catfish that occupied shallow reaches possibly to avoid predation from trout that occurred in the deeper habitats. Within trout invaded reaches, most macro-invertebrate taxa were more abundant in exclosure than open treatments. By contrast, within trout-free reaches, most macro-invertebrates either did not differ between treatments or were generally more abundant in open than exclosure treatments. This suggests that the macro-invertebrate communities responded differently within invaded and non-invaded reaches. By influencing distribution and abundance of native biota, non-native rainbow trout may have wider ecological effects, such as influencing trophic interrelationships within invaded habitats. © 2013 The Author(s).	Amphilius uranoscopus; Invasions; Macro-invertebrates; Physical habitat; Rainbow trout	abundance; biota; fish; habitat; macroinvertebrate; mountain; predation; stream; Zimbabwe; Amphilius uranoscopus; Invertebrata; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Salmonidae	BES, British Ecological Society
Scopus	2-s2.0-84912561321	Transforming conflicts with information: Impacts of UN peace radio programmes in the Democratic Republic of Congo	Jacob J.U.-U.	2014	War and Society	33	4	10.1179/0729247314Z.00000000043	American University of Nigeria, Nigeria	Jacob, J.U.-U., American University of Nigeria, Nigeria	This paper examines the nature and impacts of two intervention radio programmes broadcast on Radio Okapi - the radio service of the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) managed by the Swiss-based Hirondelle Foundation. A matched randomized rechnique was used to assign Rwandan Hutus and Congolese autochthons in South Kivu province to listen to one of the two programmes within their naturalistic contexts for thirteen months. Autochthon control groups listened to Gutahuka, while Hutu control groups listened to Dialogue Entre Congolais. At the end of the treatment, participants' perceptions of barriers to peace, descriptive and prescriptive interventions; victimhood and villainy; opportunities for personal development and civic engagement were assessed in sixteen focus groups across four towns. Two critical findings have emerged from the study: first, hate contents are not only ones that are overtly hateful - messages targeted at specific groups for the purpose of achieving behavioural change can lead to alienation and hostility towards the target group by non-target groups exposed to the messages; second, contextually associated individuals or social groups do not always have homogenous interpretation of media messages. At the core of audience engagement and interpretation is the idealogical orientation of messages that audiences are exposed to and how such messages interact with local epistemes including historical and subjective realities. The paper concludes that media intervention contents that purvey a narrative without first understanding how it interacts with other epistemic narratives and metaphors on ground, run the risk of deepening rifts between groups and escalating the conflict. © 2014 School of Humanities & Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales	Demobilisation; Dialogue entre congolais; Disarmament; Gutahuka; Information intervention; Repatriation	None	BIEA, British Institute in Eastern Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879805047	Monitoring and evaluating the impact of national school-based deworming in Kenya: Study design and baseline results	Mwandawiro C.S., Nikolay B., Kihara J.H., Ozier O., Mukoko D.A., Mwanje M.T., Hakobyan A., Pullan R.L., Brooker S.J., Njenga S.M.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-198	Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Development Research Group, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Children's Investment Fund Foundation, London, United Kingdom; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Mwandawiro, C.S., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Nikolay, B., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Kihara, J.H., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Ozier, O., Development Research Group, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Mukoko, D.A., Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwanje, M.T., Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Hakobyan, A., Children's Investment Fund Foundation, London, United Kingdom; Pullan, R.L., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Brooker, S.J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya	Background: An increasing number of countries in Africa and elsewhere are developing national plans for the control of neglected tropical diseases. A key component of such plans is school-based deworming (SBD) for the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and schistosomiasis. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of national programmes is essential to ensure they are achieving their stated aims and to evaluate when to reduce the frequency of treatment or when to halt it altogether. The article describes the M&E design of the Kenya national SBD programme and presents results from the baseline survey conducted in early 2012. Methods. The M&E design involves a stratified series of pre- and post-intervention, repeat cross-sectional surveys in a representative sample of 200 schools (over 20,000 children) across Kenya. Schools were sampled based on previous knowledge of STH endemicity and were proportional to population size. Stool (and where relevant urine) samples were obtained for microscopic examination and in a subset of schools; finger-prick blood samples were collected to estimate haemoglobin concentration. Descriptive and spatial analyses were conducted. The evaluation measured both prevalence and intensity of infection. Results: Overall, 32.4% of children were infected with at least one STH species, with Ascaris lumbricoides as the most common species detected. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was 2.1%, while in the Coast Province the prevalence of S. haematobium was 14.8%. There was marked geographical variation in the prevalence of species infection at school, district and province levels. The prevalence of hookworm infection was highest in Western Province (25.1%), while A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura prevalence was highest in the Rift Valley (27.1% and 11.9%). The lowest prevalence was observed in the Rift Valley for hookworm (3.5%), in the Coast for A. lumbricoides (1.0%), and in Nyanza for T. trichiura (3.6%). The prevalence of S. mansoni was most common in Western Province (4.1%). Conclusions: The current findings are consistent with the known spatial ecology of STH and schistosome infections and provide an important empirical basis on which to evaluate the impact of regular mass treatment through the school system in Kenya. © 2013 Mwandawiro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Kenya; Monitoring and evaluation; Schistosomiasis; School-based deworming; Soil-transmitted helminths	hemoglobin; adult; article; Ascaris lumbricoides; blood sampling; child; deworming; endemic disease; female; health program; hemoglobin blood level; hookworm; hookworm infection; human; Kenya; major clinical study; male; microscopy; monitoring; nonhuman; population size; preschool child; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; school child; skin tingling; Adolescent; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epidemiological Monitoring; Feces; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Kenya; Male; Microscopy; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; Prevalence; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis; Schools; Topography, Medical; Urine; Ancylostomatoidea; Ascaris lumbricoides; Schistosoma; Schistosoma mansoni; Trichuris trichiura; Vermes	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908670736	Strengthening patient-centred communication in rural Ugandan health centres: A theory-driven evaluation within a cluster randomized trial	Nayiga S., DiLiberto D., Taaka L., Nabirye C., Haaland A., Staedke S.G., Chandler C.I.R.	2014	Evaluation	20	4	10.1177/1356389014551484	Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Uganda; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of Oslo, Norway	Nayiga, S., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Uganda; DiLiberto, D., London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Taaka, L., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Uganda; Nabirye, C., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Uganda; Haaland, A., University of Oslo, Norway; Staedke, S.G., London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Chandler, C.I.R., London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	This article describes a theory-driven evaluation of one component of an intervention to improve the quality of health care at Ugandan public health centres. Patient-centred services have been advocated widely, but such approaches have received little attention in Africa. A cluster randomized trial is evaluating population-level outcomes of an intervention with multiple components, including ‘patient-centred services.’ A process evaluation was designed within this trial to articulate and evaluate the implementation and programme theories of the intervention. This article evaluates one hypothesized mechanism of change within the programme theory: the impact of the Patient Centred Services component on health-worker communication. The theory-driven approach extended to evaluation of the outcome measures. The study found that the proximal outcome of patient-centred communication was rated 10 percent higher (p < 0.008) by care seekers consulting with the health workers who were at the intervention health centres compared with those at control health centres. This finding will strengthen interpretation of more distal trial outcomes. © The Author(s) 2014.	Africa; complex intervention; patient centred communication; quality of health care; theory-driven evaluation	None	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878979041	Effectiveness of selection at CIMMYT's main maize breeding sites in Mexico for performance at sites in Africa and vice versa	Kebede A.Z., Mahuku G., Burgueño J., Vicente F.S., Cairns J.E., Das B., Makumbi D., Magorokosho C., Windhausen V.S., Melchinger A.E., Atlin G.N.	2013	Plant Breeding	132	3	10.1111/pbr.12063	International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo, Postal 6-641, Mexico DF, 06600, Mexico; Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany; CIMMYT, PO Box MP163, Harare, Zimbabwe; CIMMYT, PO Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States	Kebede, A.Z., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo, Postal 6-641, Mexico DF, 06600, Mexico, Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany; Mahuku, G., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo, Postal 6-641, Mexico DF, 06600, Mexico; Burgueño, J., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo, Postal 6-641, Mexico DF, 06600, Mexico; Vicente, F.S., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo, Postal 6-641, Mexico DF, 06600, Mexico; Cairns, J.E., CIMMYT, PO Box MP163, Harare, Zimbabwe; Das, B., CIMMYT, PO Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Makumbi, D., CIMMYT, PO Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Magorokosho, C., CIMMYT, PO Box MP163, Harare, Zimbabwe; Windhausen, V.S., Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany; Melchinger, A.E., Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany; Atlin, G.N., Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States	The exchange of elite breeding materials across regions is an important way in which multinational maize breeding programmes access new genetic variation, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Our objectives were to examine whether CIMMYT's breeding programmes for tropical and subtropical environments in Mexico and Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) can effectively share materials. Sets of selected and unselected lines were evaluated for per se and testcross performance in multiple environments in Mexico and ESA for grain yield, days to anthesis and plant height. Genotypic correlations between performance in Mexico and ESA as testcross and line per se were high (≥ 0.72) for all experiments, and indirect selection efficiency ranged from 67 to over 100% for all traits. Lines selected in ESA or Latin America performed equally well in each region, indicating selection was for broad rather than regional adaptation. Thus, breeding programmes of CIMMYT in both Mexico and ESA can benefit tremendously by exchanging breeding materials and test results, and elite selections from each region should be fast-tracked for evaluation in the other. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.	Breeding material exchange; Double haploids; Genotypic correlation; Indirect selection efficiency; Maize; Regional adaptation	Zea mays	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928917265	Improving facility performance in infectious disease care in Uganda: A mixed design study with pre/post and cluster randomized trial components	Weaver M.R., Burnett S.M., Crozier I., Kinoti S.N., Kirunda I., Mbonye M.K., Naikoba S., Ronald A., Rubashembusya T., Zawedde S., Willis K.S.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0103017	Departments of Global Health and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Human Services, University Research Co. LLC, Bethesda, MD, United States; Fio Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Mbarara, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom	Weaver, M.R., Departments of Global Health and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Burnett, S.M., Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington, DC, United States, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Crozier, I., Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington, DC, United States; Kinoti, S.N., Center for Human Services, University Research Co. LLC, Bethesda, MD, United States, Fio Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada; Kirunda, I., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Mbarara, Uganda; Mbonye, M.K., Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Naikoba, S., Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Ronald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Rubashembusya, T., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Zawedde, S., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Willis, K.S., Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington, DC, United States	Background: The effects of two interventions, Integrated Management of Infectious Disease (IMID) training program and On-Site Support (OSS), were tested on 23 facility performance indicators for emergency triage assessment and treatment (ETAT), malaria, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and HIV. Methods: The trial was implemented in 36 primary care facilities in Uganda. From April 2010, two mid-level practitioners per facility participated in IMID training. Eighteen of 36 facilities were randomly assigned to Arm A, and received OSS in 2010 (nine monthly two-day sessions); 18 facilities assigned to Arm B did not receive OSS in 2010. Data were collected from Nov 2009 to Dec 2010 using a revised Ministry of Health outpatient medical form and nine registers. We analyzed the effect of IMID training alone by measuring changes before and during IMID training in Arm B, the combined effect of IMID training and OSS by measuring changes in Arm A, and the incremental effect of OSS by comparing changes across Arms A and B. Results: IMID training was associated with statistically significant improvement in three indicators: outpatients triaged (adjusted relative risks (aRR) = 1.29, 99%CI = 1.01,1.64), emergency and priority patients admitted, detained, or referred (aRR = 1.59, 99%CI = 1.04,2.44), and pneumonia suspects assessed (aRR = 2.31, 99%CI = 1.50,3.55). IMID training and OSS combined was associated with improvements in six indicators: three ETAT indicators (outpatients triaged (aRR = 2.03, 99%CI = 1.13,3.64), emergency and priority patients admitted, detained or referred (aRR = 3.03, 99%CI = 1.40,6.56), and emergency patients receiving at least one appropriate treatment (aRR = 1.77, 99%CI = 1.10,2.84)); two malaria indicators (malaria cases receiving appropriate antimalarial (aRR = 1.50, 99%CI = 1.04,2.17), and patients with negative malaria test results prescribed antimalarial (aRR = 0.67, 99%CI = 0.46,0.97)); and enrollment in HIV care (aRR = 1.58, 99%CI = 1.32,1.89). OSS was associated with incremental improvement in emergency patients receiving at least one appropriate treatment (adjusted ratio of RR = 1.84,99%CI = 1.09,3.12). Conclusion: The trial showed that the OSS intervention significantly improved performance in one of 23 facility indicators. © 2014 Weaver et al.	None	antimalarial agent; article; cluster analysis; emergency health service; health care access; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infectious disease medicine; integrated health care system; Integrated Management of Infectious Disease training program; intervention study; malaria; On Site Support program; outcomes research; outpatient care; patient referral; performance measurement system; pneumonia; prescription; primary medical care; program appropriateness; randomized controlled trial (topic); total quality management; tuberculosis; Uganda; health care facility; health care quality; HIV Infections; infectious disease medicine; malaria; organization and management; randomization; standards; tuberculosis; Cluster Analysis; Health Facilities; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Medicine; Malaria; Quality Improvement; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Random Allocation; Tuberculosis; Uganda	B&MGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883391145	Comparing the Performance of Cluster Random Sampling and Integrated Threshold Mapping for Targeting Trachoma Control, Using Computer Simulation	Smith J.L., Sturrock H.J.W., Olives C., Solomon A.W., Brooker S.J.	2013	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	7	8	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002389	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom; Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Smith, J.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom; Sturrock, H.J.W., Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Olives, C., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Solomon, A.W., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom; Brooker, S.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Background:Implementation of trachoma control strategies requires reliable district-level estimates of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), generally collected using the recommended gold-standard cluster randomized surveys (CRS). Integrated Threshold Mapping (ITM) has been proposed as an integrated and cost-effective means of rapidly surveying trachoma in order to classify districts according to treatment thresholds. ITM differs from CRS in a number of important ways, including the use of a school-based sampling platform for children aged 1-9 and a different age distribution of participants. This study uses computerised sampling simulations to compare the performance of these survey designs and evaluate the impact of varying key parameters.Methodology/Principal Findings:Realistic pseudo gold standard data for 100 districts were generated that maintained the relative risk of disease between important sub-groups and incorporated empirical estimates of disease clustering at the household, village and district level. To simulate the different sampling approaches, 20 clusters were selected from each district, with individuals sampled according to the protocol for ITM and CRS. Results showed that ITM generally under-estimated the true prevalence of TF over a range of epidemiological settings and introduced more district misclassification according to treatment thresholds than did CRS. However, the extent of underestimation and resulting misclassification was found to be dependent on three main factors: (i) the district prevalence of TF; (ii) the relative risk of TF between enrolled and non-enrolled children within clusters; and (iii) the enrollment rate in schools.Conclusions/Significance:Although in some contexts the two methodologies may be equivalent, ITM can introduce a bias-dependent shift as prevalence of TF increases, resulting in a greater risk of misclassification around treatment thresholds. In addition to strengthening the evidence base around choice of trachoma survey methodologies, this study illustrates the use of a simulated approach in addressing operational research questions for trachoma but also other NTDs. © 2013 Smith et al.	None	azithromycin; article; classification; cluster random sampling; computer simulation; disease control; endemic disease; health survey; human; Integrated Threshold Mapping; prevalence; receiver operating characteristic; risk factor; sample size; sampling; sensitivity analysis; trachoma	B&MGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; 098045, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880951891	Highly sensitive detection of malaria parasitemia in a malaria-endemic setting: Performance of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification kit in a remote clinic in Uganda	Hopkins H., González I.J., Polley S.D., Angutoko P., Ategeka J., Asiimwe C., Agaba B., Kyabayinze D.J., Sutherland C.J., Perkins M.D., Bell D.	2013	Journal of Infectious Diseases	208	4	10.1093/infdis/jit184	Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Malaria Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Clinical Parasitology, University London Colleges, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, United Kingdom; HPA Malaria Reference Laboratory, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Hopkins, H., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; González, I.J., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Polley, S.D., Department of Clinical Parasitology, University London Colleges, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, United Kingdom; Angutoko, P., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Ategeka, J., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Asiimwe, C., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Agaba, B., Malaria Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kyabayinze, D.J., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Sutherland, C.J., Department of Clinical Parasitology, University London Colleges, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, United Kingdom, HPA Malaria Reference Laboratory, United Kingdom, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Perkins, M.D., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Bell, D., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland	Background. Current malaria diagnostic tests, including microscopy and antigen-detecting rapid tests, cannot reliably detect low-density infections. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are highly sensitive but remain too complex for field deployment. A new commercial molecular assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was assessed for field use. Methods. Malaria LAMP (Eiken Chemical, Japan) was evaluated for samples from 272 outpatients at a rural Ugandan clinic and compared with expert microscopy, nested PCR, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Two technicians performed the assay after 3 days of training, using 2 alternative blood sample-preparation methods and visual interpretation of results by fluorescence assay. Results. Compared with 3-well nested PCR, the sensitivity of both LAMP and single-well nested PCR was 90%; the microscopy sensitivity was 51%. For samples with a Plasmodium falciparum qPCR titer of ≥2 parasites/μL, LAMP sensitivity was 97.8% (95% confidence interval, 93.7%-99.5%). Most false-negative LAMP results involved samples with parasitemia levels detectable by 3-well nested PCR but very low or undetectable by qPCR. Conclusions. Malaria LAMP in a remote Ugandan clinic achieved sensitivity similar to that of single-well nested PCR in a United Kingdom reference laboratory. LAMP dramatically lowers the detection threshold achievable in malaria-endemic settings, providing a new tool for diagnosis, surveillance, and screening in elimination strategies. © The Author 2013.	Africa; Diagnosis; DNA; LAMP; Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; Malaria; Molecular diagnosis; PCR; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymerase chain reaction; Sensitivity and specificity; Uganda	adult; aged; article; child; controlled study; diagnostic kit; diagnostic test accuracy study; false negative result; female; fluorescence analysis; human; intermethod comparison; loop mediated isothermal amplification; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; molecular diagnosis; preschool child; priority journal; quantitative analysis; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; Africa; diagnosis; DNA; LAMP; loop-mediated isothermal amplification; malaria; molecular diagnosis; PCR; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Endemic Diseases; Female; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Parasitemia; Parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Rural Population; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda; Young Adult	B&MGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904631082	The dual impact of antiretroviral therapy and sexual behaviour changes on HIV epidemiologic trends in Uganda: A modelling study	Shafer L.A., Nsubuga R.N., Chapman R., O'Brien K., Mayanja B.N., White R.G.	2014	Sexually Transmitted Infections	90	5	10.1136/sextrans-2013-051219	Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, GF335, 810 Sherbrook Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; Medical Research Council Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Shafer, L.A., Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, GF335, 810 Sherbrook Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada, Medical Research Council Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Nsubuga, R.N., Medical Research Council Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Chapman, R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; O'Brien, K., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mayanja, B.N., Medical Research Council Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; White, R.G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objectives: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability in a population may influence risky sexual behaviour. We examine the potential impact of ART on the HIV epidemic, incorporating evidence for the impact that ART may have on risky sexual behaviour. Methods: A mathematical model, parameterised using site-specific data from Uganda and worldwide literature review, was used to examine the likely impact of ART on HIV epidemiologic trends. We varied assumptions about rates of initiating ART, and changes in sexual partner turnover rates. Results: Modelling suggests that ART will reduce HIV incidence over 20 years, and increase prevalence. Even in the optimistic scenario of ART enrollment beginning after just five months of infection (in HIV stage 2), prevalence is estimated to rise from a baseline of 10.5% and 8.3% among women and men, respectively, to at least 12.1% and 10.2%, respectively. It will rise further if sexual disinhibition occurs or infectiousness while on ART is slightly higher (2% female to male, rather than 0.5%). The conditions required for ART to reduce prevalence over this period are likely too extreme to be achievable. For example, if ART enrolment begins in HIV stage 1 (within the first 5 months of infection), and if risky sexual behaviour does not increase, then 3 of our 11 top fitting results estimate a potential drop in HIV prevalence by 2025. If sexual risk taking rises, it will have a large additional impact on expected HIV prevalence. Prevalence will rise despite incidence falling, because ART extends life expectancy. Conclusions: HIV prevalence will rise. Even small increases in partner turnover rates will lead to an additional substantial increase in HIV prevalence. Policy makers are urged to continue HIV prevention activities, including promoting sex education, and to be prepared for a higher than previously suggested number of HIV infected people in need of treatment.	None	adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; epidemic; female; health care policy; high risk behavior; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; infection control; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; mathematical model; medical literature; priority journal; sexual behavior; sexual education; sexuality; Uganda; Africa; Antiretroviral therapy; epidemiologic trends; HIV/AIDS; mathematical modeling; sexual behavior; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Condoms; Female; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Policy Making; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Uganda; Viral Load	B&MGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; G0501499, MRC, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; G0802414, MRC, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; MR/J005088/1, MRC, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884260321	Predicting the Long-Term Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy Scale-Up on Population Incidence of Tuberculosis	Dodd P.J., Knight G.M., Lawn S.D., Corbett E.L., White R.G.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0075466	Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; HIV and TB Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi	Dodd, P.J., Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Knight, G.M., Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lawn, S.D., TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Corbett, E.L., TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, HIV and TB Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; White, R.G., Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objective:To investigate the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on long-term population-level tuberculosis disease (TB) incidence in sub-Saharan Africa.Methods:We used a mathematical model to consider the effect of different assumptions about life expectancy and TB risk during long-term ART under alternative scenarios for trends in population HIV incidence and ART coverage.Results:All the scenarios we explored predicted that the widespread introduction of ART would initially reduce population-level TB incidence. However, many modelled scenarios projected a rebound in population-level TB incidence after around 20 years. This rebound was predicted to exceed the TB incidence present before ART scale-up if decreases in HIV incidence during the same period were not sufficiently rapid or if the protective effect of ART on TB was not sustained. Nevertheless, most scenarios predicted a reduction in the cumulative TB incidence when accompanied by a relative decline in HIV incidence of more than 10% each year.Conclusions:Despite short-term benefits of ART scale-up on population TB incidence in sub-Saharan Africa, longer-term projections raise the possibility of a rebound in TB incidence. This highlights the importance of sustaining good adherence and immunologic response to ART and, crucially, the need for effective HIV preventive interventions, including early widespread implementation of ART. © 2013 Dodd et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; Africa south of the Sahara; article; early intervention; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection risk; life expectancy; mathematical model; patient compliance; prediction; scale up; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; Africa South of the Sahara; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Models, Theoretical; Public Health Surveillance; Tuberculosis	B&MGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Wellcome Trust; MRC, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924777770	Further evaluation of uPA and PAI-1 as biomarkers for prostatic diseases	Akudugu J., Serafin A., Böhm L.	2015	Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology	141	4	10.1007/s00432-014-1848-3	Division of Radiobiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Akudugu, J., Division of Radiobiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Serafin, A., Division of Radiobiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Böhm, L., Division of Radiobiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Purpose: To assay for uPA and PAI-1 in prostate tissue from 40 patients with prostatic disease and to examine the robustness of the correlation of the uPA/PAI-1 ratio with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), previously identified in a different cohort of 62 patients.Methods: uPA and PAI-1 were extracted from liquid N<inf>2</inf> frozen homogenised prostate tissue with TRIS/Triton pH 8.5 buffer and measured by ELISA (FEMTELLE).Results: The concentration of uPA (mean ± SD) was found to be 0.1177 ± 0.0266 (range 0.0070–0.7200; n = 30) and 0.1092 ± 0.0130 (range 0.0040–0.7800; n = 70) for PCa and BPH patients, respectively. The concentration of PAI-1 was found to be 5.236 ± 0.688 ng/mg protein (range 1.10–15.19; n = 30) and 4.975 ± 0.501 ng/mg protein (range 0.20–25.00; n = 70) for PCa and BPH patients, respectively. The mean uPA/PAI-1 ratio was found to be 0.0479 ± 0.0060 (range 0.0043–0.1200; n = 30) in PCa samples and was significantly higher than BPH samples where the ratio was 0.0332 ± 0.0023 (range 0.0040–0.0860; n = 70) (P = 0.0064). In PCa patients older than 68 years, the uPA/PAI-1 ratio was above 0.050 reaching 0.100 in 73-year-old patients.Conclusions: Evaluation of 100 patients with prostatic pathologies (70 PCa; 30 BPH) shows the uPA/PAI-1 ratios in PCa patients to be significantly higher than in BPH patients. This is fully consistent with a previous study on 62 patients (16 were PCa; 46 BPH) where the ratios were 0.055 and 0.031 for PCa and BPH patients, respectively (P = 0.0028). In older PCa patients, uPA/PAI-1 ratios tend to be higher. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Correlation with prostatic disease; Prostate tissue resections; uPA/PAI-1 markers	plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; urokinase; biological marker; plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; urokinase; adult; aged; Article; cancer patient; clinical evaluation; cohort analysis; correlational study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; human tissue; major clinical study; male; middle aged; pH; priority journal; prostate cancer; prostate hypertrophy; very elderly; age; differential diagnosis; metabolism; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; sensitivity and specificity; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biological Markers; Diagnosis, Differential; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator	CANSA, National Research Foundation; 85703, National Research Foundation; 92741, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84913530785	Transforming south african libraries through leadership education: A programme evaluation	Hart G.C., Hart M.	2014	Libri	64	4	10.1515/libri-2014-0030	Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Arts, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Commerce, Cape Town, South Africa	Hart, G.C., Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Arts, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Hart, M., Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Commerce, Cape Town, South Africa	This article emanates from the independent evaluation of a South African library leadership education programme, run by the Centre for African Library Leadership (CALL). The programme's rationale lies in the drive to transform South African librarianship in the face of a range of challenges-some of them inherited from the apartheid past, others shared with libraries throughout the world. The Carnegie Corporation-sponsored programme aimed at developing leadership insights and qualities in current and potential future library managers. The article reports on the evaluative methodology, which comprised a questionnaire survey of all course alumni, interviews of CALL managers, and five sets of focus group interviews with course alumni and alumni of the followup Train-the-Trainer courses. The very positive results of the questionnaire survey are described and analysed, and key themes and comments emerging from several openended questions are discussed. Triangulation is provided by in-depth comments from the five focus groups, and in the process important themes are uncovered. The distinctive strengths of the programme were found to be its sensitivity to the South African context and its "inside-out" approach to leadership training. In most aspects the programme was found to be very successful, although there was uncertainty about its further continuance and the roles of the Train-the-Trainer alumni. The evaluation suggests that the CALL programme should serve as a model for transformative leadership education in South Africa and beyond. Recommendations include continuation of such projects to a wider set of libraries and their staff, with further use of the experiential approach to training, theory grounded in hands-on practice, and emphasis on self-development and self-awareness. However, the full potential of such programmes can only be realised if senior library management buys in to the values of the programme, and is engaged in implementation plans. © 2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston 2014.	Education; Evaluation; Leadership; South Africa; Transformation	None	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935519516	Potential impact of co-infections and co-morbidities prevalent in Africa on influenza severity and frequency: A systematic review	Cohen A.L., McMorrow M., Walaza S., Cohen C., Tempia S., Alexander-Scott M., Widdowson M.-A.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0128580	Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, United States; Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Illinois, Springfield, IL, United States	Cohen, A.L., Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, United States; McMorrow, M., Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, United States; Walaza, S., Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cohen, C., Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tempia, S., Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa; Alexander-Scott, M., Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, United States, University of Illinois, Springfield, IL, United States; Widdowson, M.-A., Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Infectious diseases and underlying medical conditions common to Africa may affect influenza frequency and severity. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on influenza and the following co-infections or co-morbidities that are prevalent in Africa: dengue, malaria, measles, meningococcus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), hemoglobinopathies, and malnutrition. Articles were identified except for influenza and PCP. Very few studies were from Africa. Sickle cell disease, dengue, and measles co-infection were found to increase the severity of influenza disease, though this is based on few studies of dengue and measles and the measles study was of low quality. The frequency of influenza was increased among patients with sickle cell disease. Influenza infection increased the frequency of meningococcal disease. Studies on malaria and malnutrition found mixed results. Age-adjusted morbidity and mortality from influenza may be more common in Africa because infections and diseases common in the region lead to more severe outcomes and increase the influenza burden. However, gaps exist in our knowledge about these interactions.	None	2009 H1N1 influenza; Africa; Article; beta thalassemia; cohort analysis; comorbidity; dengue; disease association; disease severity; frequency analysis; human; immunogenicity; influenza; influenza A (H3N2); influenza B; kwashiorkor; malaria; malnutrition; marasmus; measles; meningococcemia; mixed infection; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; observational study; outcome assessment; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Pneumocystis pneumonia; prevalence; risk factor; sickle cell anemia; systematic review; time series analysis; Neisseria meningitidis; Pneumocystis jirovecii	CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929223634	Impact of maternal HIV seroconversion during pregnancy on early mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) measured at 4-8 weeks postpartum in South Africa 2011-2012: A national population-based evaluation	Dinh T.-H., Delaney K.P., Goga A., Jackson D., Lombard C., Woldesenbet S., Mogashoa M., Pillay Y., Shaffer N.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0125525	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Atlanta, GA, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Pretoria, South Africa; National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; United Nations Children's Fund, New York, United States	Dinh, T.-H., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Atlanta, GA, United States; Delaney, K.P., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Goga, A., Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Jackson, D., Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, United States; Lombard, C., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Woldesenbet, S., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Mogashoa, M., US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Pretoria, South Africa; Pillay, Y., National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Shaffer, N., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Background: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) depends on the timing of HIV infection. We estimated HIV-seroconversion during pregnancy (HSP) after having a HIV-negative result antenatally, and its contribution to early MTCT in South Africa (SA). Methods and Findings: Between August 2011 and March 2012, we recruited a nationally representative sample of mother-infant pairs with infants aged 4-to-8 weeks from 578 health facilities. Data collection included mother interviews, child health-card reviews, and infant dried-blood-spots sample (iDBS). iDBS were tested for HIV antibodies and HIV-deoxyribonucleic-acid (HIV-DNA). HSP was defined as maternal self-report of an HIV-negative test during this pregnancy, no documented use of antiretroviral drugs and a matched HIV sero-positive iDBS. We used 20 imputations from a uniform distribution for time from reported antenatal HIV-negative result to delivery to estimate time of HSP. Early MTCT was defined based on detection of HIV-DNA in iDBS. Estimates were adjusted for clustering, nonresponse, and weighted by SA's 2011 live-births. Results: Of 9802 mother-infant pairs, 2738 iDBS were HIV sero-positive, including 212 HSP, resulting in a nationally weighted estimate of 3.3% HSP (95% Confidence Interval: 2.8%-3.8%). Median time of HIV-seroconversion was 32.8weeks gestation;28.3% (19.7%- 36.9%) estimated to be >36 weeks. Early MTCT was 10.7%for HSP (6.2%-16.8%) vs. 2.2% (1.7%-2.8%) for mothers with known HIV-positive status. Although they represent 2.2% of all mothers and 6.7% of HIV-infected mothers, HSP accounted for 26% of early MTCT. Multivariable analysis indicated the highest risk for HSP was among women who knew the baby's father was HIV-infected (adjusted-hazard ratio (aHR) 4.71; 1.49-14.99), or who had been screened for tuberculosis (aHR 1.82; 1.43-2.32). Conclusions: HSP risk is high and contributes significantly to early MTCT. Identification of HSP by repeat-testing at 32 weeks gestation, during labor, 6 weeks postpartum, in tuberculosis-exposed women, and in discordant couples might reduce MTCT. © 2015, Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.	None	DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; adult; Article; controlled study; disease transmission; female; gestational age; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infection rate; infection risk; live birth; major clinical study; mother to child transmission; pregnancy; puerperium; self report; seroconversion; South Africa; virus transmission	CDC, Medical Research Council; 1U2GPS001137-02, MRC, Medical Research Council; 1U2GPS001137-03, MRC, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903195977	Comparative impacts over 5 years of artemisinin-based combination therapies on Plasmodium falciparum polymorphisms that modulate drug sensitivity in Ugandan children	Conrad M.D., LeClair N., Arinaitwe E., Wanzira H., Kakuru A., Bigira V., Muhindo M., Kamya M.R., Tappero J.W., Greenhouse B., Dorsey G., Rosenthal P.J.	2014	Journal of Infectious Diseases	210	3	10.1093/infdis/jiu141	Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Conrad, M.D., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; LeClair, N., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Arinaitwe, E., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Wanzira, H., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kakuru, A., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Bigira, V., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Muhindo, M., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Tappero, J.W., Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Greenhouse, B., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Dorsey, G., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Rosenthal, P.J., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States	Background. Artemisinin-based combination therapies, including artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), are recommended to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Sensitivities to components of AL and DP are impacted by polymorphisms in pfmdr1 and pfcrt. We monitored changes in prevalences of polymorphisms in Tororo, Uganda, from 2008 to 2012. Methods. Polymorphic loci in pfmdr1 and pfcrt were characterized in samples from 312 children randomized to AL or DP for each episode of uncomplicated malaria (50 samples per arm for each 3-month interval) utilizing a fluorescent microsphere assay. Treatment outcomes and impacts of prior therapies were also characterized. Results. Prevalence increased significantly over time for pfmdr1 N86 (AL: odds ratio [OR], 2.08 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.83-2.38]; DP: 1.41 [95% CI, 1.25-1.57]), pfmdr1 D1246 (AL: 1.46 [95% CI, 1.29-1.64]; DP: 1.36 [95% CI, 1.23-1.50]), and pfcrt K76 (AL: 3.37 [95% CI, 1.85-6.16]; DP: 5.84 [95% CI, 1.94-17.53], and decreased for pfmdr1 Y184 (AL: 0.78 [95% CI, .70-.86]; DP: 0.84 [95% CI, .76-1.50]); changes were consistently greater in the AL arm. Recent AL treatment selected for pfmdr1 N86, D1246, and 184F in subsequent episodes; DP selected for the opposite alleles. Conclusions. Genotypes with decreased sensitivity to AL components increased over time. This increase was greater in children receiving AL, suggesting that the choice of treatment regimen can profoundly influence parasite genetics and drug sensitivity. © The Author 2014.	Artemether-lumefantrine; Dihydroartemisinin- piperaquine; Pfcrt; Pfmdr1; Plasmodium falciparum	artemether plus benflumetol; dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; allele; article; child; clinical trial; comparative effectiveness; copy number variation; drug efficacy; drug sensitivity; ethnic group; female; gene; gene frequency; gene locus; genetic identification; genetic polymorphism; genotype; human; longitudinal study; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; Pfcrt gene; pfmdr1 gene; Plasmodium falciparum; prevalence; priority journal; treatment outcome; Ugandan; artemether-lumefantrine; dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; pfcrt; pfmdr1; Plasmodium falciparum; Alleles; Artemisinins; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymorphism, Genetic; Uganda	CDC, National Institutes of Health; DDCF, National Institutes of Health; AI075045, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI089674, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939238050	Verbal autopsy: Evaluation of methods to certify causes of death in Uganda	Mpimbaza A., Filler S., Katureebe A., Quick L., Chandramohan D., Staedke S.G.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0128801	Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Mpimbaza, A., Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Filler, S., Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland; Katureebe, A., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Quick, L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Chandramohan, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Staedke, S.G., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	To assess different methods for determining cause of death from verbal autopsy (VA) questionnaire data, the intra-rater reliability of Physician-Certified Verbal Autopsy (PCVA) and the accuracy of PCVA, expert-derived (non-hierarchical) and data-driven (hierarchal) algorithms were assessed for determining common causes of death in Ugandan children. A verbal autopsy validation study was conducted from 2008-2009 in three different sites in Uganda. The dataset included 104 neonatal deaths (0-27 days) and 615 childhood deaths (1-59 months) with the cause(s) of death classified by PCVA and physician review of hospital medical records (the 'reference standard'). Of the original 719 questionnaires, 141 (20%) were selected for a second review by the same physicians; the repeat cause(s) of death were compared to the original,and agreement assessed using the Kappa statistic.Physician reviewers' refined non-hierarchical algorithms for common causes of death from existing expert algorithms, from which, hierarchal algorithms were developed. The accuracy of PCVA, non-hierarchical, and hierarchical algorithms for determining cause(s) of death from all 719 VA questionnaires was determined using the reference standard. Overall, intra-rater repeatability was high (83% agreement, Kappa 0.79 [95% CI 0.76-0.82]). PCVA performed well, with high specificity for determining cause of neonatal (>67%), and childhood (>83%) deaths, resulting in fairly accurate cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) estimates. For most causes of death in children, non-hierarchical algorithms had higher sensitivity, but correspondingly lower specificity, than PCVA and hierarchical algorithms, resulting in inaccurate CSMF estimates. Hierarchical algorithms were specific for most causes of death, and CSMF estimates were comparable to the reference standard and PCVA. Inter-rater reliability of PCVA was high, and overall PCVA performed well. Hierarchical algorithms performed better than non-hierarchical algorithms due to higher specificity and more accurate CSMF estimates. Use of PCVA to determine cause of death from VA questionnaire data is reasonable while automated data-driven algorithms are improved. © 2015, Public Library of Science. All rights reserved. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.	None	algorithm; Article; autopsy; cause of death; childhood mortality; controlled study; intrarater reliability; measurement accuracy; measurement repeatability; medical record review; newborn death; questionnaire; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; Ugandan; validation study; verbal autopsy	CDC, United States Agency for International Development; USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922341709	Impact of Xpert MTB/RIF for TB Diagnosis in a Primary Care Clinic with High TB and HIV Prevalence in South Africa: A Pragmatic Randomised Trial	Cox H.S., Mbhele S., Mohess N., Whitelaw A., Muller O., Zemanay W., Little F., Azevedo V., Simpson J., Boehme C.C., Nicol M.P.	2014	PLoS Medicine	11	11	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001760	Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Statistical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Khayelitsha Health, City of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland	Cox, H.S., Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa; Mbhele, S., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Mohess, N., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Whitelaw, A., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Muller, O., Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa; Zemanay, W., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Azevedo, V., Khayelitsha Health, City of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Simpson, J., National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Boehme, C.C., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland; Nicol, M.P., Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Xpert MTB/RIF is approved for use in tuberculosis (TB) and rifampicin-resistance diagnosis. However, data are limited on the impact of Xpert under routine conditions in settings with high TB burden. A pragmatic prospective cluster-randomised trial of Xpert for all individuals with presumptive (symptomatic) TB compared to the routine diagnostic algorithm of sputum microscopy and limited use of culture was conducted in a large TB/HIV primary care clinic. The primary outcome was the proportion of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases not initiating TB treatment by 3 mo after presentation. Secondary outcomes included time to TB treatment and mortality. Unblinded randomisation occurred on a weekly basis. Xpert and smear microscopy were performed on site. Analysis was both by intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol. Between 7 September 2010 and 28 October 2011, 1,985 participants were assigned to the Xpert (n = 982) and routine (n = 1,003) diagnostic algorithms (ITT analysis); 882 received Xpert and 1,063 routine (per protocol analysis). 13% (32/257) of individuals with bacteriologically confirmed TB (smear, culture, or Xpert) did not initiate treatment by 3 mo after presentation in the Xpert arm, compared to 25% (41/167) in the routine arm (ITT analysis, risk ratio 0.51, 95% CI 0.33–0.77, p = 0.0052). The yield of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases among patients with presumptive TB was 17% (167/1,003) with routine diagnosis and 26% (257/982) with Xpert diagnosis (ITT analysis, risk ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.32–1.87, p<0.001). This difference in diagnosis rates resulted in a higher rate of treatment initiation in the Xpert arm: 23% (229/1,003) and 28% (277/982) in the routine and Xpert arms, respectively (ITT analysis, risk ratio 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.44, p = 0.013). Time to treatment initiation was improved overall (ITT analysis, hazard ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.92, p = 0.005) and among HIV-infected participants (ITT analysis, hazard ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.53–0.85, p = 0.001). There was no difference in 6-mo mortality with Xpert versus routine diagnosis. Study limitations included incorrect intervention allocation for a high proportion of participants and that the study was conducted in a single clinic.These data suggest that in this routine primary care setting, use of Xpert to diagnose TB increased the number of individuals with bacteriologically confirmed TB who were treated by 3 mo and reduced time to treatment initiation, particularly among HIV-infected participants. © 2014 Cox et al.	None	rifampicin; tuberculostatic agent; adult; Article; controlled study; diagnostic test; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intention to treat analysis; major clinical study; male; mortality; outcome assessment; prevalence; primary health care; prospective study; randomized controlled trial; South Africa; sputum cytodiagnosis; time to treatment; tuberculosis; Xpert MTB RIF test; adolescent; aged; antibiotic resistance; complication; genetics; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; microbiology; middle aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; outpatient department; primary health care; procedures; real time polymerase chain reaction; time to treatment; tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prevalence; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin; South Africa; Time-to-Treatment; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Young Adult	CG2007_40200_009, EDCTP, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893597433	Evaluation of the allelopathic potential of five South African mesic grassland species	Ghebrehiwot H.M., Aremu A.O., van Staden J.	2014	Plant Growth Regulation	72	2	10.1007/s10725-013-9847-y	Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Ghebrehiwot, H.M., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Aremu, A.O., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; van Staden, J., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	The recent success of Aristida junciformis Trin. and Rupr. and Eragrostis curvula Schrad. Nees in dominating South African grasslands has posed agricultural and ecological threats. With the objective of examining if the current success of the species is related to allelopathy, the present study assessed the allelopathic potential of five common perennial grassland species (Poaceae). Aqueous extracts prepared by soaking separately 2, 10, 25 and 40 g of leaf and root material in 100 mL of distilled-water for 36 h were bioassayed using a biotest species i.e. Grand Rapids lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L. cv.). Species, dilution level and plant-part had a highly significant (P < 0.001) effect on germination percentage, as well as shoot and root elongation of the biotest species. At higher concentrations, the leaf extracts of all species showed significant inhibitory activities which declined with increases in dilution level. A. junciformis, E. curvula and Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) BK Simon and SWL Jacobs. demonstrated the highest degree of inhibition in germination percentage and subsequent seedling length; with complete inhibition recorded at dilution levels ≥25 % w/v. At high concentration levels, root extracts of all species, except Themeda triandra Forssk. exhibited significant inhibitory effects on germination; with Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Staph being most inhibitory. Relatively speaking, E. curvula, A. junciformis and M. maximus showed the highest degree of inhibition. These findings suggest that these three species possess strong allelopathic potential. Such an allelopathic supremacy may contribute to their dominance in natural grasslands. Further studies, however, are still required to isolate responsible phytochemicals and to better understand if allelopathic advantage is the key factor contributing to population dynamics in the field. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Allelopathy; Bioassay; Leaf extract; Lettuce seed; Perennial grasses; Seedling growth	None	Claude Leon Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887537998	Studies on waterjet impact forces in the hydroentanglement process	Moyo D., Anandjiwala R.D.	2013	Textile Research Journal	83	16	10.1177/0040517513478452	Fibres and Composites Research Group, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, South Africa; Department of Textile Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa	Moyo, D., Fibres and Composites Research Group, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, South Africa, Department of Textile Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa; Anandjiwala, R.D., Fibres and Composites Research Group, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, South Africa, Department of Textile Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa	In the hydroentanglement process, high velocity multiple waterjets are generated through the nozzles before impinging on the hydroentangling belt or fibre-web and exert an impact force. In this study, a technique to measure important characteristics of the waterjets, namely, the coefficient of velocity, Cv, and coefficient of discharge, Cd, is proposed. The technique offers a simple and practical method to determine the energy transfer efficiency from the manifold to the waterjets. The measured Cv and Cd values were observed to decrease with an increase in waterjet pressure, which implied higher energy losses at higher waterjet pressures. These results were then used in the next experiment to measure the waterjet impact force. The waterjet impact force was measured using a Tensiometer-R2000 fixed on a vibration-free stand at different waterjet pressures, varied from 30 to 120 bar. It was observed that the waterjet impact forces were equal across the width of the machine at a given pressure, but increased proportionally with the increase in the waterjet pressure. When the empirical relation was fitted between experimental and theoretical values of waterjet impact force, it was found that theoretical values were overestimated. © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.	coefficient of discharge; Coefficient of velocity; energy transfer; hydroentanglement; impact force; jet-strip	Coefficient of discharges; Coefficient of velocity; Hydroentanglement; Impact force; jet-strip; Energy dissipation; Energy transfer; Vibrations (mechanical); Jets	Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892590427	The impacts of neutralized acid mine drainage contaminated water on the expression of selected endocrine-linked genes in juvenile Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed in vivo	Truter J.C., Wyk J.H.V., Oberholster P.J., Botha A.-M.	2014	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	100	1	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.005	Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Truter, J.C., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Wyk, J.H.V., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Oberholster, P.J., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Botha, A.-M., Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental concern due to detrimental impacts on river ecosystems. Little is however known regarding the biological impacts of neutralized AMD on aquatic vertebrates despite excessive discharge into watercourses. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the endocrine modulatory potential of neutralized AMD, using molecular biomarkers in the teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus in exposure studies. Surface water was collected from six locations downstream of a high density sludge (HDS) AMD treatment plant and a reference site unimpacted by AMD. The concentrations of 28 elements, including 22 metals, were quantified in the exposure water in order to identify potential links to altered gene expression. Relatively high concentrations of manganese (~ 10. mg/l), nickel (~ 0.1. mg/l) and cobalt (~ 0.03. mg/l) were detected downstream of the HDS plant. The expression of thyroid receptor-α (trα), trβ, androgen receptor-1 (ar1), ar2, glucocorticoid receptor-1 (gr1), gr2, mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) and aromatase (cyp19a1b) was quantified in juvenile fish after 48. h exposure. Slight but significant changes were observed in the expression of gr1 and mr in fish exposed to water collected directly downstream of the HDS plant, consisting of approximately 95 percent neutralized AMD. The most pronounced alterations in gene expression (i.e. trα, trβ, gr1, gr2, ar1 and mr) was associated with water collected further downstream at a location with no other apparent contamination vectors apart from the neutralized AMD. The altered gene expression associated with the "downstream" locality coincided with higher concentrations of certain metals relative to the locality adjacent to the HDS plant which may indicate a causative link. The current study provides evidence of endocrine disruptive activity associated with neutralized AMD contamination in regard to alterations in the expression of key genes linked to the thyroid, interrenal and gonadal endocrine axes of a teleost fish species. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage	aromatase; biological marker; cobalt; endocrine disruptor; manganese; mineralocorticoid receptor; nickel; surface water; thyroid hormone receptor alpha; acid mine drainage; biomarker; cobalt; concentration (composition); endocrine disruptor; gene expression; juvenile; molecular analysis; perciform; river pollution; sludge; acid mine drainage; androgen receptor 1 gene; androgen receptor 2 gene; aromatase gene; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; endocrine disease; environmental exposure; environmental impact; gene; gene expression; genetic association; glucocorticoid receptor 1 gene; glucocorticoid receptor 2 gene; in vivo study; juvenile animal; mineralocorticoid receptor gene; molecular biology; Mozambique; nonhuman; Oreochromis mossambicus; sludge; thyroid receptor alpha gene; waste water treatment plant; water contamination; Oreochromis mossambicus; Teleostei; Vertebrata; Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage; Acids; Animals; Endocrine System; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Mining; Rivers; Tilapia; Water Pollutants, Chemical	CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928730069	Synthesis, nanostructure evaluation and tunable anomalous 3D hopping transport of manganese ferrite encapsulated poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene] decorated graphene layer	Nandi D., Maity A.	2015	RSC Advances	5	45	10.1039/c5ra01904d	Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; DST/CSIR National Centre for Nano-Structured Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Pretoria, South Africa	Nandi, D., Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; Maity, A., Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa, DST/CSIR National Centre for Nano-Structured Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Pretoria, South Africa	A straightforward novel synthetic approach of manganese ferrite encapsulated poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene] nanocomposite decorated on a graphene layer (NIPG) is engineered assisted by dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid as surfactant. NIPG is characterized by Raman, TG, SEM, EDX, AFM, TEM etc. The temperature-induced (50 to 300 K) I-V characteristics and conductivity are scrutinized for NIPG and the structure-property relationship for electrical transport is also demonstrated. Varying loading of manganese ferrite nanoparticle and graphene significantly improve the order of conductivity even in a low temperature regime due to development of charge carriers such as polaron, bipolaron etc. in the band structure. An anomalous 3D Mott variable range hopping mechanism provides a complete framework to comprehend transport in NIPG. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Ferrite; Graphene; Manganese; Sulfur compounds; Temperature; Thiophene; Dodecyl-benzene sulphonic acid; Electrical transport; IV characteristics; Low-temperature regime; Manganese ferrite nanoparticles; Mott variable-range hopping; Structure property relationships; Temperature-induced; Loading	CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906094429	Sheep reproductive performance and lamb survivability under mature oil palm	Larbi E., Anim-Okyere S., Danso F., Danso I., Marfo-Ahenkora E.	2014	Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology	7	23	None	CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P.O. Box 74, Kade, Ghana; CSIR-Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20, Achimota, Accra, Ghana	Larbi, E., CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P.O. Box 74, Kade, Ghana; Anim-Okyere, S., CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P.O. Box 74, Kade, Ghana; Danso, F., CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P.O. Box 74, Kade, Ghana; Danso, I., CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P.O. Box 74, Kade, Ghana; Marfo-Ahenkora, E., CSIR-Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20, Achimota, Accra, Ghana	The study examines the seasonal reproductive performance of sheep reared under oil palm plantation and the subsequent survival of lambs up to weaning age. On-station studies were carried out from 2007 to 2010 at CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, Kusi (001.45 W, 0600 N and 150 m above sea level). The average total rainfall is about 1600 mm/annum with average daily maximum temperature of 32±2oC. Sheep productivity (% lambing, litter size per ewe, survival rate, monthly birth and death rates) were the variables measured. An annual average of 58 ewes and 4 lambs were used. Results show that while lambing rate was 98%, lamb survival was 63.84%. This implies that almost two-fifth of yearly reproduction was lost to mortality with significantly large number of lambs dying in August. Though there was high percentage of lambing, this was offset by high mortality of lambs. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2014.	Lamb mortality; Lamb survivability; Oil palm sheep-integration; Sheep productivity	None	CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924346211	Impact of NERICA adoption on incomes of rice-producing households in Northern Ghana	Wiredu A.N., Asante B.O., Martey E., Diagne A., Dogbe W.	2014	Journal of Sustainable Development	7	1	10.5539/jsd.v7n1p167	CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana; Rural Development Theory and Policy, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Ghana; UNE Business School, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Africa Rice Centre (AfricaRice), Cotonou, Benin	Wiredu, A.N., CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana, Rural Development Theory and Policy, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Asante, B.O., CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Ghana, UNE Business School, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Martey, E., CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana; Diagne, A., Africa Rice Centre (AfricaRice), Cotonou, Benin; Dogbe, W., CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana	The Multinational NERICA Rice Dissemination Project in Ghana promoted the adoption of NERICA varieties and complementary technologies. NERICA adoption was expected to increase rice production and the incomes of beneficiary households. This study assessed the impact of NERICA adoption on the incomes of rice-producing households in northern Ghana. With data from a cross-section of 150 systematically selected rice-producing households, the study revealed 36.7% adoption rate. Agriculture and rice production were the most important livelihood activities as they contributed 80% and 55.09% of total household income respectively. To control for endogeneity, the study used the local average treatment effect (LATE) estimation methodology and showed that NERICA adoption significantly increased rice income, agricultural income, per-capita income and total annual income by $196.52, $446.37, $0.44 and $498.44, respectively. The major recommendation from this study is the need to continue the promotion of the NERICA varieties by creating access to seeds of the varieties together with other productivity enhancing technologies. Efforts should be focused on the provision of marketing and roads infrastructure to induce access to input and product markets.	Adoption; Ghana; Impact; Income; Late; Nerica	None	CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901651305	Land-use/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers	Adam E., Mutanga O., Odindi J., Abdel-Rahman E.M.	2014	International Journal of Remote Sensing	35	10	10.1080/01431161.2014.903435	School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand - Johannesburg, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Adam, E., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand - Johannesburg, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mutanga, O., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Odindi, J., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Abdel-Rahman, E.M., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Mapping of patterns and spatial distribution of land-use/cover (LULC) has long been based on remotely sensed data. In the recent past, efforts to improve the reliability of LULC maps have seen a proliferation of image classification techniques. Despite these efforts, derived LULC maps are still often judged to be of insufficient quality for operational applications, due to disagreement between generated maps and reference data. In this study we sought to pursue two objectives: first, to test the new-generation multispectral RapidEye imagery classification output using machine-learning random forest (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) classifiers in a heterogeneous coastal landscape; and second, to determine the importance of different RapidEye bands on classification output. Accuracy of the derived thematic maps was assessed by computing confusion matrices of the classifiers' cover maps with respective independent validation data sets. An overall classification accuracy of 93.07% with a kappa value of 0.92, and 91.80 with a kappa value of 0.92 was achieved using RF and SVM, respectively. In this study, RF and SVM classifiers performed comparatively similarly as demonstrated by the results of McNemer's test (Z = 1.15). An evaluation of different RapidEye bands using the two classifiers showed that incorporation of the red-edge band has a significant effect on the overall classification accuracy in vegetation cover types. Consequently, pursuit of high classification accuracy using high-spatial resolution imagery on complex landscapes remains paramount. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	None	Decision trees; Image classification; Image resolution; Maps; Classification accuracy; Classification technique; Coastal landscapes; Confusion matrices; High spatial resolution; Machine-learning; Operational applications; Remotely sensed data; Support vector machines; accuracy assessment; coastal landform; image classification; image resolution; land cover; land use planning; mapping; performance assessment; satellite imagery; spatial distribution; vegetation cover	CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; DST, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; NRF, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934270632	High-performance towards removal of toxic hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using graphene oxide-alpha cyclodextrin-polypyrrole nanocomposites	Chauke V.P., Maity A., Chetty A.	2015	Journal of Molecular Liquids	211	None	10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.044	Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa; DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured MaterialsPretoria, South Africa; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Chauke, V.P., Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa; Maity, A., DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured MaterialsPretoria, South Africa, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Chetty, A., Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa	Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized with alpha cyclodextrin (αCD) through a covalent bond to form GO-αCD nanocomposites (NC). GO-αCD NC was further modified with polypyrrole (PPY) to afford an advanced GO-αCD-PPY NC for the removal of highly toxic Cr(VI) from water. The prepared GO-αCD-PPY NCs were successfully characterised with AT-FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, BET and XRD techniques. Adsorption experiments were performed in batch mode to determine optimum conditions that include temperature, pH, concentration of Cr(VI) and contact time. It was deduced from the experiments that the adsorption of Cr(VI) by the GO-αCD-PPY NC is pH and temperature dependent, where optimum adsorption was achieved at pH 2 and it increased with increasing temperature. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption isotherms fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 606.06 to 666.67 mg/g. Effect of co-existing ions studies revealed that cations and anions had no significant effect on the adsorption of Cr(VI). Desorption studies also illustrated that the NC can be re-used up to 3 cycles. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Adsorption; Cr(VI) removal; Cyclodextrin; Graphene oxide; Nanocomposite; Polypyrrole	Adsorption isotherms; Chemicals removal (water treatment); Chromium compounds; Cyclodextrins; Graphene; Nanocomposites; Polypyrroles; Solutions; Adsorption experiment; Cr removal; Graphene oxides; Increasing temperatures; Langmuir isotherm models; Polypyrrole nanocomposites; Pseudo-second order model; Temperature dependent; Adsorption	CSIR, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923219807	Enhanced optical limiting performance in phthalocyanine-quantum dot nanocomposites by free-carrier absorption mechanism	Sanusi K., Khene S., Nyokong T.	2014	Optical Materials	37	C	10.1016/j.optmat.2014.07.024	Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Sanusi, K., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Khene, S., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Nyokong, T., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Enhanced nonlinear optical properties (in dimethyl sulphoxide) is observed for 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis-(4-aminophenoxy)phthalocyaninato indium(III) chloride (InPc) when covalently linked to CdSe/ZnS or CdSe quantum dots (QDs). The experimental nonlinear optical parameters were obtained from Z-Scan measurements. Contributions from two-photon absorption (2PA) due to the InPc, and free-carrier absorption (FCA) by QDS have been identified as the main factors responsible for the enhanced optical limiting. The effective nonlinear absorption coefficient for InPc-CdSe/ZnS was found to be 700.0 cm/GW. The FCA cross-sections for InPc-CdSe/ZnS and InPc-CdSe composites were found to be 1.52 × 10-19 and 6.00 × 10-20 cm2 respectively. A much lower limiting threshold of 92 mJ cm-2 was observed for InPc-CdSe/ZnS nanocomposite, hence, making it suitable for use as optical limiting material. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on similar phthalocyanine-quantum dots system was modeled in order to explain the enhancement in the observed nonlinear optical properties of the Pc in the presence of the QDs. The experimentally determined nonlinear optical properties are well within the range of the DFT calculated properties. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Free-carrier absorption; Indium phthalocyanine; Nonlinear optical absorption; Two photon absorption	Chlorine compounds; Density functional theory; Electromagnetic wave absorption; Indium; Light absorption; Nanocomposites; Nanocrystals; Nitrogen compounds; Optical properties; Photons; Semiconductor quantum dots; Solvents; Two photon processes; Free carrier absorption; Non-linear optical properties; Nonlinear absorption coefficient; Nonlinear optical absorption; Nonlinear optical parameters; Optical limiting performance; Two photon absorption; Two photon absorption (2PA); Nonlinear optics	CSIR, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925084162	The impact of acute preoperative beta-blockade on perioperative cardiac morbidity and all-cause mortality in hypertensive South African vascular surgery patients	Moodley Y., Biccard B.M.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	6	10.7196/SAMJ.8856	Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Moodley, Y., Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biccard, B.M., Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background. Acute β-blockade has been associated with poor perioperative outcomes in non-cardiac surgery patients, probably as a result of β-blocker-induced haemodynamic instability during the perioperative period, which has been shown to be more severe in hypertensive patients. Objective. To determine the impact of acute preoperative β-blockade on the incidence of perioperative cardiovascular morbidity and allcause mortality in hypertensive South African (SA) patients who underwent vascular surgery at a tertiary hospital. Methods. We conducted two separate case-control analyses to determine the impact of acute preoperative β-blockade on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs, a composite outcome of a perioperative troponin-I leak or all-cause mortality) and perioperative troponin-I leak alone. Case and control groups were compared using χ2, Fisher’s exact, McNemar’s or Student’s t-tests, where applicable. Binary logistic regression was used to determine whether acute preoperative β-blocker use was an independent predictor of perioperative MACEs/troponin-I leak in hypertensive SA vascular surgery patients. Results. We found acute preoperative β-blockade to be an independent predictor of perioperative MACEs (odds ratio (OR) 3.496; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.948 - 6.273; p<0.001) and troponin-I leak (OR 5.962; 95% CI 3.085 - 11.52; p<0.001) in hypertensive SA vascular surgery patients. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that acute preoperative β-blockade is associated with an increased risk of perioperative cardiac morbidity and all-cause mortality in hypertensive SA vascular surgery patients. © 2015, South African Medical Journal. All right reserved.	None	atenolol; carvedilol; labetalol; troponin I; adult; Article; beta adrenergic receptor blocking; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular mortality; case control study; controlled study; female; human; hypertension; incidence; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; perioperative period; preoperative period; scoring system; vascular surgery	D43TW000231, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929497624	Low parasitemia in submicroscopic infections significantly impacts malaria diagnostic sensitivity in the highlands of Western Kenya	Lo E., Zhou G., Oo W., Afrane Y., Githeko A., Yan G.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0121763	Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya	Lo, E., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Zhou, G., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Oo, W., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Afrane, Y., Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Githeko, A., Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Yan, G., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States	Asymptomatic malaria infections represent a major challenge in malaria control and elimination in Africa. They are reservoirs of malaria parasite that can contribute to disease transmission. Therefore, identification and control of asymptomatic infections are important to make malaria elimination feasible. In this study, we investigated the extent and distribution of asymptomatic malaria in Western Kenya and examined how varying parasitemia affects performance of diagnostic methods including microscopy, conventional PCR, and quantitative PCR. In addition, we compared parasite prevalence rates and parasitemia levels with respect to topography and age in order to explore factors that influence malaria infection. Over 11,000 asymptomatic blood samples from children and adolescents up to 18 years old representing broad areas of Western Kenya were included. Quantitative PCR revealed the highest parasite positive rate among all methods and malaria prevalence in western Kenya varied widely from less than 1% to over 50%. A significantly lower parasitemia was detected in highland than in lowland samples and this contrast was also observed primarily among submicroscopic samples. Although we found no correlation between parasitemia level and age, individuals of younger age group (aged <14) showed significantly higher parasite prevalence. In the lowlands, individuals of aged 5-14 showed significantly higher prevalence than those under age 5. Our findings highlight the need for a more sensitive and time-efficient assay for asymptomatic malaria detection particularly in areas of low-transmission. Combining QPCR with microscopy can enhance the capacity of detecting submicroscopic asymptomatic malaria infections. © 2015 Lo et al.	None	adolescent; adult; age; Article; child; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; disease severity; disease transmission; false negative result; gender; gene dosage; human; intermethod comparison; Kenya; limit of detection; malaria falciparum; microscopy; parasite load; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; quantitative analysis; school child; sensitivity and specificity	D43TW001505, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R01 A1050243, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R01AI094580, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921374422	Neurotoxicology and development: Human, environmental and social impacts	Myers J., London L., Lucchini R.G.	2014	NeuroToxicology	45	None	10.1016/j.neuro.2014.08.002	Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States; University of Brescia, Italy	Myers, J., Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; London, L., Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Lucchini, R.G., Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States, University of Brescia, Italy	The 12th International symposium of the Scientific Committee on Neurotoxicology and Psychophysiology, International Commission on Occupational Health was held in Cape Town, South Africa on March 24-27, 2013. Reflecting the meeting aiming to build greater focus on challenges facing working populations and communities in developing countries, the Symposium theme was Neurotoxicology and Development: Human, Environmental and Social Impacts. A total of 23 countries were represented with strong participation from 5 African countries. In addition to the more traditional topics of these Symposia, like metal, solvents and pesticides neurotoxicity, the conference embraced several new themes including affective disorders arising from chemical exposure, neurodevelopmental impacts in early life and novel approaches to genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for the assessment of neurotoxic impact. The theme of the conference prompted extensive discussions, which have laid the basis for a number of new directions for research, advocacy and capacity building to prevent and manage chemical neurotoxicity in workplace and community settings across the globe. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.	Neurobehavioral toxicology; Occupational and environmental health; Social and global impact	lead; manganese; neurotoxin; pesticide; solvent; biological marker; Article; child development; cognition; developmental toxicity; environmental exposure; genetic epigenesis; genetic marker; human; human impact (environment); intoxication; lead poisoning; medical ethics; mood disorder; nerve cell differentiation; neurotoxicity; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; occupational exposure; occupational safety; Parkinson disease; positron emission tomography; prenatal exposure; social aspects and related phenomena; social environment; social impact; welding; developing country; environmental exposure; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; organization; psychology; socioeconomics; Biomarkers; Congresses as Topic; Developing Countries; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Socioeconomic Factors	D43TW009353-01-S1, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943228551	The hustle and bustle of city life: Monitoring the effects of urbanisation in the African lesser bushbaby	Scheun J., Bennett N.C., Ganswindt A., Nowack J.	2015	Science of Nature	102	9	10.1007/s00114-015-1305-4	Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; School of Environmental and Rural Science, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia	Scheun, J., Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Bennett, N.C., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ganswindt, A., Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Nowack, J., Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia	Urbanisation has become a severe threat to pristine natural areas, causing habitat loss and affecting indigenous animals. Species occurring within an urban fragmented landscape must cope with changes in vegetation type as well as high degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, both of which are possible key mechanisms contributing to behavioural changes and perceived stressors. We attempted to elucidate the effects of urbanisation on the African lesser bushbaby, Galago moholi, by (1) recording activity budgets and body condition (body mass index, BMI) of individuals of urban and rural populations and (2) further determining adrenocortical activity in both populations as a measure of stress via faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels, following successful validation of an appropriate enzyme immunoassay test system (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge test).We found that both sexes of the urban population had significantly higher BMIs than their rural counterparts, while urban females had significantly higher fGCM concentrations than rural females. While individuals in the urban population fed mainly on provisioned anthropogenic food sources and spent comparatively more time resting and engaging in aggressive interactions, rural individuals fed almost exclusively on tree exudates and spent more time moving between food sources. Although interactions with humans are likely to be lower in nocturnal than in diurnal species, our findings show that the impact of urbanisation on nocturnal species is still considerable, affecting a range of ecological and physiological aspects. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.	Anthropogenic disturbance; Faecal glucocorticoids; Increased weight; Provisioned food	aggregation behavior; behavioral ecology; body condition; body mass; environmental disturbance; environmental monitoring; habitat conservation; habitat fragmentation; habitat loss; hormone; immunoassay; metabolite; nocturnal activity; primate; pristine environment; record; rural population; urban area; urban population; urbanization; Africa; Animalia; Galago moholi	DA1031/3-1/2, DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908133635	Diagnostic performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for tuberculous lymphadenitis on fine needle aspirates from Ethiopia	Biadglegne F., Mulu A., Rodloff A.C., Sack U.	2014	Tuberculosis	94	5	10.1016/j.tube.2014.05.002	College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM)-Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany	Biadglegne, F., College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM)-Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Mulu, A., College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Rodloff, A.C., Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Sack, U., Institute of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM)-Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany	The Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) test is a novel automated molecular diagnostic recently endorsed by the World Health Organization for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Nevertheless, performance related data from high TB prevalence regions to investigate clinically suspected TB lymphadenitis are limited. To evaluate the performance of Xpert test for direct detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and rifampicin (RIF) resistance in lymph node aspirates, a cross-sectional study was conducted at four main hospitals in northern Ethiopia. Culture served as a reference standard for growth of MTBC and phenotypic and MTBDRplus drug susceptibility testing for detecting RIF resistance. Two-hundred-thirty-one fine needle aspirate (FNAs) specimens were processed simultaneously for smear, culture, and Xpert test. When compared to culture, the Xpert test correctly identified 29 out of 32 culture positive cases, 5 out of 11 contaminated cases, and 56 out of 188 culture negative cases. The overall sensitivity of the test was 93.5% [95% CI, 78.3-98.9%] and specificity 69.2% [95% CI, 66.4-70.0%]. The Xpert test identified the rpoB mutations associated with RIF resistance concordant with GenoType MTBDRplus and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. In conclusion, the Xpert assay was found to perform well in detecting MTBC and RIF resistance in TB lymphadenitis patients. Furthermore, the test is simple and suitable to use in remote and rural areas for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis directly from FNAs in Ethiopia where TB/MDR-TB is rampant. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Fine needle aspirates; TB lymphadenitis; Xpert test	rifampicin; RNA polymerase beta subunit; bacterial protein; diagnostic kit; rifampicin; rpoB protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; adolescent; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; Article; bacterial growth; bacterial growth; bacterium culture; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; bacterium detection; controlled study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; diagnostic value; Ethiopia; Ethiopia; female; female; fine needle aspiration biopsy; fine needle aspiration biopsy; gene mutation; gene mutation; human; human; lymph node biopsy; lymph node biopsy; major clinical study; major clinical study; male; male; molecular diagnosis; molecular diagnosis; multicenter study; multicenter study; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis test kit; Mycobacterium tuberculosis test kit; nonhuman; nonhuman; phenotype; phenotype; sensitivity and specificity; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculous lymphadenitis; tuberculous lymphadenitis; antibiotic resistance; cell culture; clinical trial; comparative study; diagnostic kit; drug effects; evaluation study; fine needle aspiration biopsy; genetics; genotype; isolation and purification; lymph node; microbial sensitivity test; microbiology; mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nucleotide sequence; predictive value; prevalence; procedures; real time polymerase chain reaction; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Cells, Cultured; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ethiopia; Female; Genotype; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenotype; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925881632	Modeling high-impact weather and climate: lessons from a tropical cyclone perspective	Done J.M., Holland G.J., Bruyère C.L., Leung L.R., Suzuki-Parker A.	2015	Climatic Change	129	42433	10.1007/s10584-013-0954-6	NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States; Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, United States; University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan	Done, J.M., NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States; Holland, G.J., NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States; Bruyère, C.L., NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Leung, L.R., Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, United States; Suzuki-Parker, A., University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan	Although the societal impact of a weather event increases with the rarity of the event, our current ability to assess extreme events and their impacts is limited by not only rarity but also by current model fidelity and a lack of understanding and capacity to model the underlying physical processes. This challenge is driving fresh approaches to assess high-impact weather and climate. Recent lessons learned in modeling high-impact weather and climate are presented using the case of tropical cyclones as an illustrative example. Through examples using the Nested Regional Climate Model to dynamically downscale large-scale climate data the need to treat bias in the driving data is illustrated. Domain size, location, and resolution are also shown to be critical and should be adequate to: include relevant regional climate physical processes; resolve key impact parameters; and accurately simulate the response to changes in external forcing. The notion of sufficient model resolution is introduced together with the added value in combining dynamical and statistical assessments to fill out the parent distribution of high-impact parameters. © 2013, The Author(s).	None	Hurricanes; Meteorology; Storms; Current modeling; Impact-parameter; Physical process; Regional climate; Regional climate modeling; Societal impacts; Statistical assessment; Tropical cyclone; Climate models; accuracy assessment; climate effect; climate forcing; climate modeling; downscaling; parameterization; regional climate; simulation; tropical cyclone	DE-AC02-06CH11357, DOE, U.S. Department of Energy
Scopus	2-s2.0-84882575450	Movement, impacts and management of plant distributions in response to climate change: Insights from invasions	Caplat P., Cheptou P.-O., Diez J., Guisan A., Larson B.M.H., Macdougall A.S., Peltzer D.A., Richardson D.M., Shea K., van Kleunen M., Zhang R., Buckley Y.M.	2013	Oikos	122	9	10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00430.x	Dept of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund Univ., SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden; Cheptou, CEFE-CNRS, 1939 Route de Mende, FR-34293 Montpellier, France; Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH Zurich), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Dept of Environment and Resource Studies, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; Dept of Integrative Biology, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; Ecosystem Processes, Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand; Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch Univ., Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Dept of Biology, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, United States; Dept of Biology, Univ. of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, DE-78464 Konstanz, Germany; Harvard Forest, Harvard Univ., Petersham, MA 01366, United States; ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Univ. of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Queensland, 4072, Australia	Caplat, P., Dept of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund Univ., SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden; Cheptou, P.-O., Cheptou, CEFE-CNRS, 1939 Route de Mende, FR-34293 Montpellier, France; Diez, J., Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH Zurich), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Guisan, A., Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Larson, B.M.H., Dept of Environment and Resource Studies, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; Macdougall, A.S., Dept of Integrative Biology, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; Peltzer, D.A., Ecosystem Processes, Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch Univ., Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Shea, K., Dept of Biology, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, United States; van Kleunen, M., Dept of Biology, Univ. of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, DE-78464 Konstanz, Germany; Zhang, R., Harvard Forest, Harvard Univ., Petersham, MA 01366, United States; Buckley, Y.M., ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Univ. of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Queensland, 4072, Australia	Prediction and management of species responses to climate change is an urgent but relatively young research field. Therefore, climate change ecology must by necessity borrow from other fields. Invasion ecology is particularly well-suited to informing climate change ecology because both invasion ecology and climate change ecology address the trajectories of rapidly changing novel systems. Here we outline the broad range of active research questions in climate change ecology where research from invasion ecology can stimulate advances. We present ideas for how concepts, case-studies and methodology from invasion ecology can be adapted to improve prediction and management of species responses to climate change. A major challenge in this era of rapid climate change is to predict changes in species distributions and their impacts on ecosystems, and, if necessary, to recommend management strategies for maintenance of biodiversity or ecosystem services. Biological invasions, studied in most biomes of the world, can provide useful analogs for some of the ecological consequences of species distribution shifts in response to climate change. Invasions illustrate the adaptive and interactive responses that can occur when species are confronted with new environmental conditions. Invasion ecology complements climate change research and provides insights into the following questions: 1) how will species distributions respond to climate change? 2) how will species movement affect recipient ecosystems? And 3) should we, and if so how can we, manage species and ecosystems in the face of climate change? Invasion ecology demonstrates that a trait-based approach can help to predict spread speeds and impacts on ecosystems, and has the potential to predict climate change impacts on species ranges and recipient ecosystems. However, there is a need to analyse traits in the context of life-history and demography, the stage in the colonisation process (e.g. spread, establishment or impact), the distribution of suitable habitats in the landscape, and the novel abiotic and biotic conditions under which those traits are expressed. As is the case with climate change, invasion ecology is embedded within complex societal goals. Both disciplines converge on similar questions of 'when to intervene?' and 'what to do?' which call for a better understanding of the ecological processes and social values associated with changing ecosystems. © 2013 The Authors.	None	behavioral response; biodiversity; climate change; colonization; demography; ecological approach; ecosystem service; environmental conditions; invasiveness; landscape; movement; plant; prediction; species richness	DEB-0815373, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899987950	Re-evaluation of microscopy confirmed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria by nested PCR detection in southern Ethiopia	Mekonnen S.K., Aseffa A., Medhin G., Berhe N., Velavan T.P.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-48	Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany	Mekonnen, S.K., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Abba, Ethiopia, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Aseffa, A., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Medhin, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Berhe, N., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Velavan, T.P., Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany	Background: With 75% of the Ethiopian population at risk of malaria, accurate diagnosis is crucial for malaria treatment in endemic areas where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax co-exist. The present study evaluated the performance of regular microscopy in accurate identification of Plasmodium spp. in febrile patients visiting health facilities in southern Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was employed to recruit study subjects who were microscopically positive for malaria parasites and attending health facilities in southern Ethiopia between August and December 2011. Of the 1,416 febrile patients attending primary health facilities, 314 febrile patients, whose slides were positive for P. falciparum, P. vivax or mixed infections using microscopy, were re-evaluated for their infection status by PCR. Finger-prick blood samples were used for parasite genomic DNA extraction. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to reconstruct the distribution of different Plasmodium spp. across the three geographical areas. Results: Of the 314 patients with a positive thick blood smear, seven patients (2%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. by nested PCR. Among 180 microscopically diagnosed P. falciparum cases, 111 (61.7%) were confirmed by PCR, 44 (24.4%) were confirmed as P. vivax, 18 (10%) had mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax and two (1.1%) were mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. malariae and five (2.8%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. Of 131 microscopically diagnosed P. vivax cases, 110 (84%) were confirmed as P. vivax, 14 (10.7%) were confirmed as P. falciparum, two (1.5%) were P. malariae, three (2.3%) with mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax and two (1.5%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax mixed infections were observed. Plasmodium malariae was detected as mono and mixed infections in four individuals. Conclusion: False positivity, under-reporting of mixed infections and a significant number of species mismatch needs attention and should be improved for appropriate diagnosis. The detection of substantial number of false positive results by molecular methodologies may provide the accurate incidence of circulating Plasmodium species in the geographical region and has important repercussions in understanding malaria epidemiology and subsequent control. © 2014 Mekonnen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Ethiopia; Malaria; Microscopy; Nested PCR; Plasmodium	genomic DNA; adolescent; adult; article; blood sampling; blood smear; child; cross-sectional study; Ethiopia; evaluation study; female; gametocyte; health care facility; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; middle aged; mixed infection; molecular diagnosis; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; polymerase chain reaction system; preschool child; school child; young adult; aged; blood; diagnostic error; genetics; isolation and purification; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; microscopy; parasitology; polymerase chain reaction; procedures; very elderly; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic Errors; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium vivax; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult	DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938424022	The more the merrier? Network portfolio size and innovation performance in Nigerian firms	Egbetokun A.A.	2015	Technovation	None	None	10.1016/j.technovation.2015.05.004	DFG Research Training Program 'The Economics of Innovative Change', Friedrich Schiller Universität, Carl-Zeiss Str. 3, Jena, Germany; National Centre for Technology Management, PMB 012, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; South African Research Chair on Innovation (SARChI), Tshwane University of TechnologyPretoria, South Africa	Egbetokun, A.A., DFG Research Training Program 'The Economics of Innovative Change', Friedrich Schiller Universität, Carl-Zeiss Str. 3, Jena, Germany, National Centre for Technology Management, PMB 012, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, South African Research Chair on Innovation (SARChI), Tshwane University of TechnologyPretoria, South Africa	Abstract A positive relationship between firms' networking activities and innovativeness has been consistently established in the literature on innovation. However, studies considering different innovation types, and on developing countries are scarce. This paper addresses questions concerning the relationship between networking strategies and innovativeness of firms, using innovation survey data on Nigerian firms. Quantile regression is applied to trace the link between portfolio size and innovation at different levels of innovative success. The results show a positive relationship between a firm's innovation performance and the size of its networking portfolio. This relationship varies across different innovation types and with increasing innovation performance. The findings suggest that the widely accepted portfolio approach to external search for knowledge is not necessarily always the best - its utility depends on the firm's current level of innovative success. This poses a challenge for open innovation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Collaboration; External knowledge; Innovative success; Networking; Nigeria; Open innovation	Developing countries; Collaboration; External knowledge; Innovative success; Networking; Nigeria; Open innovation; Innovation	DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886910839	Evaluation of Non-Invasive Biological Samples to Monitor Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Great Apes and Lemurs	Schaumburg F., Mugisha L., Kappeller P., Fichtel C., Köck R., Köndgen S., Becker K., Boesch C., Peters G., Leendertz F.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	10	10.1371/journal.pone.0078046	Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Conservation and Ecosystem Health Alliance, Kampala, Uganda; Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany; Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany	Schaumburg, F., Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Mugisha, L., College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Conservation and Ecosystem Health Alliance, Kampala, Uganda; Kappeller, P., Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany; Fichtel, C., Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany; Köck, R., Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Köndgen, S., Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany; Becker, K., Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Boesch, C., Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Peters, G., Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Leendertz, F., Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany	Introduction:Reintroduction of endangered animals as part of conservational programs bears the risk of importing human pathogens from the sanctuary to the natural habitat. One bacterial pathogen that serves as a model organism to analyze this transmission is Staphylococcus aureus as it can colonize and infect both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of various biological samples to monitor S. aureus colonization in great apes and lemurs.Methods:Mucosal swabs from wild lemurs (n=25, Kirindy, Madagascar), feces, oral and genital swabs from captive chimpanzees (n=58, Ngamba and Entebbe, Uganda) and fruit wadges and feces from wild chimpanzees (n=21, Taï National Parc, Côte d'Ivoire) were screened for S. aureus. Antimicrobial resistance and selected virulence factors were tested for each isolate. Sequence based genotyping (spa typing, multilocus sequence typing) was applied to assess the population structure of S. aureus.Results:Oro-pharyngeal carriage of S. aureus was high in lemurs (72%, n=18) and captive chimpanzees (69.2%, n=27 and 100%, n=6, respectively). Wild chimpanzees shed S. aureus through feces (43.8, n=7) and fruit wadges (54.5, n=12). Analysis of multiple sampling revealed that two samples are sufficient to detect those animals which shed S. aureus through feces or fruit wadges. Genotyping showed that captive animals are more frequently colonized with human-associated S. aureus lineages.Conclusion:Oro-pharyngeal swabs are useful to screen for S. aureus colonization in apes and lemurs before reintroduction. Duplicates of stool and fruit wadges reliably detect S. aureus shedding in wild chimpanzees. We propose to apply these sampling strategies in future reintroduction programs to screen for S. aureus colonization. They may also be useful to monitor S. aureus in wild populations. © 2013 Schaumburg et al.	None	aminoglycoside; aztreonam; clindamycin; colistin; cotrimoxazole; erythromycin; fosfomycin; glycopeptide; linezolid; oxacillin; penicillin derivative; quinolone derivative; rifampicin; tetracycline; virulence factor; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; ape; article; bacterial colonization; bacterium isolate; chimpanzee; Cote d'Ivoire; feces; genotype; Lemuridae; Madagascar; monitoring; mucosa; multilocus sequence typing; nonhuman; phylogeny; population structure; screening; Staphylococcus aureus; Uganda; Animals; Feces; Genotype; Lemur; Pan troglodytes; Staphylococcus aureus	DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939651687	The impact of education in shaping lives: Reflections of young people with disabilities in Ghana	Singal N., Mahama Salifu E., Iddrisu K., Casely-Hayford L., Lundebye H.	2015	International Journal of Inclusive Education	19	9	10.1080/13603116.2015.1018343	Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Assoc. for Change (AfC), Accra-North, Ghana	Singal, N., Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Mahama Salifu, E., Assoc. for Change (AfC), Accra-North, Ghana; Iddrisu, K., Assoc. for Change (AfC), Accra-North, Ghana; Casely-Hayford, L., Assoc. for Change (AfC), Accra-North, Ghana; Lundebye, H., Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom	There is increasing recognition of the importance of focusing on people with disabilities (PWDs) in international efforts aimed at poverty alleviation. While universal education has been central to these efforts, the specific and additional needs of children with disabilities are often overlooked in policies and programmes. In order to gain a nuanced appreciation of the lives of young PWDs in a Ghanaian context, this paper draws on research conducted with young PWDs and their significant others in order to understand their educational journeys, employment prospects and perceptions towards disability of those around them. In addition to collecting primary data, the latest policy documents related to disability, education and employment are reviewed and statistical analysis is undertaken based on the Housing and Population Census 2010. Our research highlights the barriers facing those with disability in accessing quality education. While education was recognised as paramount to leading a better life and participants noted benefits beyond employment such as gaining self-sufficiency and social benefits, unequal educational opportunities underpin some of the reasons for the widening of gaps between those with disabilities and their non-disabled counterparts. Furthermore, while education was perceived as important for gaining employment, this was not the case in reality, as young people faced difficulties due to both physical and attitudinal barriers limiting their opportunities for economic and social participation. The paper concludes by noting that systematic changes in the policy arena are needed to enable youth with disabilities to take their rightful place in mainstream society. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	disability; education; employment; Ghana; poverty; youth	None	DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84953293659	Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Evaluation of Research Capacity in Nigeria	Okorie P.N., Bockarie M.J., Molyneux D.H., Kelly-Hope L.A.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	8	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003078	Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Okorie, P.N., Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Bockarie, M.J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Molyneux, D.H., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kelly-Hope, L.A., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: Nigeria carries the highest burden and diversity of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in sub-Saharan Africa and is preparing to scale up its efforts to control/eliminate these diseases. To achieve this it will require a range of internal technical support and expertise for mapping, monitoring and evaluating, operational research and documenting its success. In order to begin to evaluate this potential in Nigeria, this study collated and analysed information for lymphatic filariasis (LF), onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH), which are currently being targeted with preventive chemotherapy through mass drug administration (MDA). Methodology/Principal Findings: Information from 299 scientific articles published on the selected NTDs in 179 journals between January 2008 and September 2013 was extracted and systematically compiled into a geo-referenced database for analysis and mapping. The highest number of articles was from the southern geo-political zones of the country. The majority of articles focused on one specific disease, and schistosomiasis and STH were found to have the highest and most wide ranging research output. The main type of study was parasitological, and the least was biotechnological. Nigerian authors were mostly affiliated with universities, and there was a wide range of international co-authors from Africa and other regions, especially the USA and UK. The majority of articles were published in journals with no known impact factor. Conclusions/Significance: The extensive database and series of maps on the research capacity within Nigeria produced in this study highlights the current potential that exists, and needs to be fully maximized for the control/elimination of NTDs in the country. This study provides an important model approach that can be applied to other low and middle income countries where NTDs are endemic, and NTD programmes require support from the expertise within their own country, as well as internationally, to help raise their profile and importance. © 2014 Okorie et al.	None	Africa; African trypanosomiasis; Article; Asia; Buruli ulcer; Europe; helminthiasis; human; loiasis; lymphatic filariasis; Nigeria; onchocerciasis; schistosomiasis; tropical disease; tropical medicine; United States; animal; cooperation; Elephantiasis, Filarial; journal impact factor; medical research; Neglected Diseases; parasitology; publication; soil; tropical medicine; soil; Animals; Biomedical Research; Cooperative Behavior; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Helminthiasis; Humans; Journal Impact Factor; Neglected Diseases; Nigeria; Publications; Schistosomiasis; Soil; Tropical Medicine	DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887039805	The impact of community-based capital cash transfers on orphan schooling in Kenya [L'importance des transferts de capitaux communautaires sur la scolarisation des orphelins au Kenya]	Skovdal M., Webale A., Mwasiaji W., Tomkins A.	2013	Development in Practice	23	7	10.1080/09614524.2013.809697	Institute of Social Psychology, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom; SECOBA Consultancy, Nairobi, Kenya; Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom	Skovdal, M., Institute of Social Psychology, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom; Webale, A., SECOBA Consultancy, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwasiaji, W., Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development, Nairobi, Kenya; Tomkins, A., Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom	In this article we report on a community-based capital cash transfer initiative (CCCT) in Kenya that sought to mobilise and enable HIV-affected communities to respond to the needs of orphaned and vulnerable children. With bilateral funding, the Social Services Department in Kenya provided 80 communities across ten districts with advice and resources to set up social enterprises for the support of vulnerable children. A wide range of food and income generating activities were initiated by the communities, whose produce or profits contributed to the improved school attendance and performance of orphaned children, particularly amongst girls. We conclude that CCCT is a viable strategy for improving orphan schooling in sub-Saharan Africa. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.	Aid - Capacity development, - Monitoring and evaluation; Civil society - Participation, - Partnership; Gender and diversity - Youth; Sub-Saharan Africa	capital flow; child welfare; civil society; humanitarian aid; local participation; orphan; Kenya	DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960282882	The impact of residual infections on Anopheles-transmitted Wuchereria bancrofti after multiple rounds of mass drug administration	De Souza D.K., Ansumana R., Sessay S., Conteh A., Koudou B., Rebollo M.P., Koroma J., Boakye D.A., Bockarie M.J.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1091-z	Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, United States	De Souza, D.K., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Ansumana, R., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Sessay, S., Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Conteh, A., Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Koudou, B., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Rebollo, M.P., Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, United States; Koroma, J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Boakye, D.A., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Bockarie, M.J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: Many countries have made significant progress in the implementation of World Health Organization recommended preventive chemotherapy strategy, to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). However, pertinent challenges such as the existence of areas of residual infections in disease endemic districts pose potential threats to the achievements made. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the importance of these areas in implementation units (districts) where microfilaria (MF) positive individuals could not be found during the mid-term assessment after three rounds of mass drug administration. Methods: This study was undertaken in Bo and Pujehun, two LF endemic districts of Sierra Leone, with baseline MF prevalence of 2 % and 0 % respectively in sentinel sites for monitoring impact of the national programme. Study communities in the districts were purposefully selected and an assessment of LF infection prevalence was conducted together with entomological investigations undertaken to determine the existence of areas with residual MF that could enable transmission by local vectors. The transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) protocol described by WHO was applied in the two districts to determine infection of LF in 6-7 year old children who were born before MDA against LF started. Results: The results indicated the presence of MF infected children in Pujehun district. An. gambiae collected in the district were also positive for W. bancrofti, even though the prevalence of infection was below the threshold associated with active transmission. Conclusions: Residual infection was detected after three rounds of MDA in Pujehun - a district of 0 % Mf prevalence at the sentinel site. Nevertheless, our results showed that the transmission was contained in a small area. With the scale up of vector control in Anopheles transmission zones, some areas of residual infection may not pose a serious threat for the resurgence of LF if the prevalence of infections observed during TAS are below the threshold required for active transmission of the parasite. However, robust surveillance strategies capable of detecting residual infections must be implemented, together with entomological assessments to determine if ongoing vector control activities, biting rates and infection rates of the vectors can support the transmission of the disease. Furthermore, in areas where mid-term assessments reveal MF prevalence below 1 % or 2 % antigen level, in Anopheles transmission areas with active and effective malaria vector control efforts, the minimum 5 rounds of MDA may not be required before implementing TAS. Thus, we propose a modification of the WHO recommendation for the timing of sentinel and spot-check site assessments in national programs. © 2015 de Souza et al.	Hotspots; Lymphatic filariasis; Residual transmission; Sierra Leone; Wuchereria bancrofti	None	DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879424243	Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries	McDermott J., Grace D., Zinsstag J.	2013	OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique	32	1	None	International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K St NW, Washington, DC, 20006, United States; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland	McDermott, J., International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K St NW, Washington, DC, 20006, United States; Grace, D., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Zinsstag, J., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland	Most data and evidence on the economic burden of brucellosis and the benefits of its control are from high-income and middle-income countries. However, the burden of brucellosis is greatest in low-income countries. This paper focuses on estimating the economic burdens of brucellosis in low-income countries in tropical Asia and Africa. The prospects for national, technically feasible, and economically viable, national brucellosis control programmes in most low-income countries are limited. However, some targeted control programmes will be beneficial and can probably be feasibly managed and provide good economic returns. More ambitious control will require a more general strengthening of Veterinary Services and livestock-sector capacity, using risk-management-based approaches.	Africa; Asia; Brucellosis; Costs; Economics; Low-income countries; One Health -Programme impact; Zoonosis	Brucella vaccine; animal; animal disease; article; brucellosis; developing country; economics; health; human; immunology; Animals; Brucella Vaccine; Brucellosis; Developing Countries; Humans; World Health	DFID, Department for International Development; ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council; NERC, Natural Environment Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938414925	Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda	Kang M.-S., Nkurunziza P., Muwanika R., Qian G., Tang L., Song X., Xue K., Nkwata A., Ssempebwa J., Lutalo T., Asiki G., Serwadda D., Seeley J., Kaleebu P., Nalugoda F., Newton R., William J.H., Wang J.-S.	2015	Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment	32	8	10.1080/19440049.2015.1048749	College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom	Kang, M.-S., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Nkurunziza, P., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Muwanika, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Qian, G., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Tang, L., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Song, X., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Xue, K., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Nkwata, A., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Ssempebwa, J., School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Lutalo, T., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Asiki, G., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Seeley, J., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kaleebu, P., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Newton, R., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, University of York, York, United Kingdom; William, J.H., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Wang, J.-S., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Aflatoxins (AF) are a group of mycotoxins. AF exposure causes acute and chronic adverse health effects such as aflatoxicosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in human populations, especially in the developing world. In this study, AF exposure was evaluated using archived serum samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative participants from two cohort studies in south-western Uganda. AFB<inf>1</inf>–lysine (AFB-Lys) adduct levels were determined via HPLC fluorescence in a total of 713 serum samples from the General Population Cohort (GPC), covering eight time periods between 1989 and 2010. Overall, 90% (642/713) of the samples were positive for AFB-Lys and the median level was 1.58 pg mg−1 albumin (range = 0.40–168 pg mg−1 albumin). AFB-Lys adduct levels were also measured in a total of 374 serum samples from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), across four time periods between 1999 and 2003. The averaged detection rate was 92.5% (346/374) and the median level was 1.18 pg mg−1 albumin (range = 0.40–122.5 pg mg−1 albumin). In the GPC study there were no statistically significant differences between demographic parameters, such as age, sex and level of education, and levels of serum AFB-Lys adduct. In the RCCS study, longitudinal analysis using generalised estimating equations revealed significant differences between the adduct levels and residential areas (p = 0.05) and occupations (p = 0.02). This study indicates that AF exposure in people in two populations in south-western Uganda is persistent and has not significantly changed over time. Data from one study, but not the other, indicated that agriculture workers and rural area residents had more AF exposure than those non-agricultural workers and non-rural area residents. These results suggest the need for further study of AF-induced human adverse health effects, especially the predominant diseases in the region. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf>–lysine adduct; aflatoxins; cohort studies; human exposure; Uganda	Aflatoxins; Agriculture; Amino acids; Body fluids; Developing countries; Population dynamics; Rural areas; Viruses; Adverse health effects; Aflatoxin B; Cohort studies; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Human exposures; Human immunodeficiency virus; Statistically significant difference; Uganda; Diseases; aflatoxin B1; albumin; lysine; adult; Article; blood sampling; cohort analysis; controlled study; demography; educational status; environmental exposure; female; fluorescence analysis; high performance liquid chromatography; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; occupation; population; priority journal; residential area; rural area; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus	DFID, National Institutes of Health; FIC, National Institutes of Health; MRC, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health; USAID, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939881403	Habitat simplification increases the impact of a freshwater invasive fish	Alexander M.E., Kaiser H., Weyl O.L.F., Dick J.T.A.	2014	Environmental Biology of Fishes	98	2	10.1007/s10641-014-0278-z	Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Ichythology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, SAIAB, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, South Africa; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom	Alexander, M.E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Kaiser, H., Department of Ichythology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa; Weyl, O.L.F., South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, South Africa, Centre for Invasion Biology, SAIAB, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, South Africa; Dick, J.T.A., Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom	Biodiversity continues to decline at a range of spatial scales and there is an urgent requirement to understand how multiple drivers interact in causing such declines. Further, we require methodologies that can facilitate predictions of the effects of such drivers in the future. Habitat degradation and biological invasions are two of the most important threats to biodiversity and here we investigate their combined effects, both in terms of understanding and predicting impacts on native species. The predatory largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides is one of the World’s Worst Invaders, causing declines in native prey species, and its introduction often coincides with habitat simplification. We investigated the predatory functional response, as a measure of ecological impact, of juvenile largemouth bass in artificial vegetation over a range of habitat complexities (high, intermediate, low and zero). Prey, the female guppy Poecilia reticulata, were representative of native fish. As habitats became less complex, significantly more prey were consumed, since, even although attack rates declined, reduced handling times resulted in higher maximum feeding rates by bass. At all levels of habitat complexity, bass exhibited potentially population de-stabilising Type II functional responses, with no emergence of more stabilising Type III functional responses as often occurs in predator-prey relationships in complex habitats. Thus, habitat degradation and simplification potentially exacerbate the impact of this invasive species, but even highly complex habitats may ultimately not protect native species. The utilisation of functional responses under varying environmental contexts provides a method for the understanding and prediction of invasive species impacts. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Freshwater fish; Functional response; Global change; Habitat complexity; Impact; Invasive species	None	DMR, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; NRF, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; 85,417, Department of Science and Technology, Re
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942279418	Impact of pairing correlations on the orientation of the nuclear spin	Zhao P.W., Zhang S.Q., Meng J.	2015	Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics	92	3	10.1103/PhysRevC.92.034319	Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Department of Physics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Zhao, P.W., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China; Zhang, S.Q., State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng, J., State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China, School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China, Department of Physics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	For the first time, the tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory with pairing correlations has been formulated and implemented in a fully self-consistent and microscopic way to investigate the evolution of the spin axis and the pairing effects in rotating triaxial nuclei. The measured energy spectrum and transition probabilities for the Nd135 yrast band are reproduced well without any ad hoc renormalization factors when pairing effects are taken into account. A transition from collective to chiral rotation has been demonstrated. It is found that pairing correlations introduce additional admixtures in the single-particle orbitals, and, thus, influence the structure of tilted axis rotating nuclei by reducing the magnitude of the proton and neutron angular momenta while merging their direction. © 2015 American Physical Society.	None	None	DOE, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 11105005, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 11175002, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 11335002, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 11375015, NSFC, Na
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923344046	Direct cost does not impact on young children's spontaneous helping behavior	Nielsen M., Gigante J., Collier-Baker E.	2014	Frontiers in Psychology	5	DEC	10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01509	Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Nielsen, M., Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Gigante, J., Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Collier-Baker, E., Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia	The propensity of humans to engage in prosocial behavior is unlike that of any other species. Individuals will help others even when it comes at a cost to themselves, and even when the others are complete strangers. However, to date, scant empirical evidence has been forthcoming on young children's altruistic tendencies. To investigate this 45 4-year-olds were presented with a task in which they had opportunity to help an adult confederate retrieve a reward from a novel box. In a control condition children were given no information about the effect of potential helping behavior. Alternatively they were informed that helping would either cost them (i.e., they would miss out on getting the reward) or benefit them (i.e., they would get the reward). It was hypothesized that children would be less likely, and slower, to help in the cost condition, compared to the other two conditions. This hypothesis was not supported: children across all conditions provided help at near ceiling levels. © 2014 Nielsen, Gigante and Collier-Baker.	Altruism; Helping behavior; Preschool children; Prosocial behavior; Social development	None	DP140101410, ARC, Australian Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908388409	Evaluation of rock types for concrete aggregate suitability for the construction of a gravimeter vault and access road at the Matjiesfontein Geodesy Observatory site near Matjiesfontein, South Africa	Van Wyk P.R., Croukamp L.	2014	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	56	2	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Van Wyk, P.R., Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Croukamp, L., Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Often the use of local rock material for construction purposes is overlooked in engineering, which could reduce costs in terms of procurement and transport, as well as being more environmentally friendly by minimising the introduction of foreign materials. The rock materials at and around the site of a rock vault for the Matjiesfontein Geodesy and Earth Observation Observatory (MGO) were tested to determine if local materials may be used for construction purposes. In order to do this, strength and durability tests were conducted according to several South African National Standards (SANS). Slake durability was also tested where the potential of certain rock types, such as tillite of the Dwyka formation and shale of the Karoo Supergroup, typically slake/disintegrate into long angular fragments. This angular fragmentation during crushing of rock into aggregate for concrete also affects the workability of concrete in a fresh state. Concrete design using crushed local rock material was conducted to analyse performance and to establish a mix design that would be sustainable throughout the lifetime of the project. Tillite of the Dwyka formation was found to satisfy all test prerequisites best with minimal slaking due to the arid conditions at Matjiesfontein. Quartzite (Table Mountain Group) is very durable, but further testing for alkali-silicate reactivity is needed. All concrete cube tests accomplished the 40 MPa cube strength, which was the design requirement, but problems arose in the workability of the concrete when river sand from nearby non-perennial rivers was used as fine aggregate in the concrete. This relates to too many particles of the same size within the sand. © 2014, South African Institute of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved.	Concrete; Durability; Gravimeter; Matjiesfontein; Vault	Durability; Gravimeters; Access roads; Matjiesfontein; Rock types; South Africa; Vault; Concretes	DST, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919917029	Poverty, inequality and mathematics performance: the case of South Africa’s post-apartheid context	Graven M.H.	2013	ZDM - International Journal on Mathematics Education	46	7	10.1007/s11858-013-0566-7	Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Graven, M.H., Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	South Africa’s recent history of apartheid, its resultant high levels of poverty and extreme social and economic distance between rich and poor continue to play-out in education in complex ways. The country provides a somewhat different context for exploring the relationship between SES and education than other countries. The apartheid era only ended in 1994, after which education became the vehicle for transforming society and a political rhetoric of equity and quality education for all was prioritized. Thus education focused on redressing inequalities; and major curriculum change, with on-going revisions, was attempted. In this sense engagement with SES and education became foregrounded in policy, political discourse and research literature. Yet for all the political will and rhetoric little has been achieved and indicators are that inequality has worsened in mathematics education, where it is particularly pronounced. This paper proposes that continued research confirming poverty–underachievement links, which suggest an inevitability of positive correlations, is unhelpful. Instead we should explore issues of disempowerment and agency, constraints and possibilities, and the complex interplay of factors that create these widely established national statistics while simultaneously defying them in particular local contexts. Such research could shift the focus from a discourse of deficit and helplessness towards a discourse of possibilities in the struggle for equity and quality education for all. © 2013, FIZ Karlsruhe.	Inequality; Performance; Redress; SES	None	DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925457770	Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of fluorocarbon-containing rhodium(I) complexes for biphasic hydroformylation reactions	Maqeda L., Makhubela B.C.E., Smith G.S.	2015	Polyhedron	91	None	10.1016/j.poly.2015.02.037	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Maqeda, L., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Makhubela, B.C.E., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Abstract A series of fluorocarbon-containing salicylaldimine and iminophosphine Schiff base ligands and their Rh(I) complexes were synthesized. The synthesized ligands and complexes were characterized using different analytical and spectroscopic techniques including (1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} and 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy), FT-IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI and EI), and elemental analysis. In addition, single crystal X-ray diffraction was also used for characterization for complexes 1 and 2. Consequently, the Rh(I) synthesized complexes were evaluated as catalyst precursors in the hydroformylation of 1-octene. The hydroformylation results showed that the iminophosphine and salicylaldimine-based catalyst precursors are active and selective under mild conditions, converting 1-octene to mostly aldehydes. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biphasic catalysis; Fluorocarbon; Hydroformylation; Rhodium(I) complexes; Schiff bases	None	DST, University of Capetown; UCT, University of Capetown
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881669290	Regional impact assessment of land use scenarios in developing countries using the FoPIA approach: Findings from five case studies	König H.J., Uthes S., Schuler J., Zhen L., Purushothaman S., Suarma U., Sghaier M., Makokha S., Helming K., Sieber S., Chen L., Brouwer F., Morris J., Wiggering H.	2013	Journal of Environmental Management	127	None	10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.021	Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; Potsdam University, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), CAS, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India; Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Faculty of Geography, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Institut des Régions Arides (IRA), Route de Jorf, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kaptagat Rd, Loresho Nairobi Kenya, P.O. Box 57811, City Square, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; LEI, Part of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS The Hague, Netherlands; Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom	König, H.J., Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany, Potsdam University, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Uthes, S., Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; Schuler, J., Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; Zhen, L., Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), CAS, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Purushothaman, S., Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India; Suarma, U., Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Faculty of Geography, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Sghaier, M., Institut des Régions Arides (IRA), Route de Jorf, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia; Makokha, S., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kaptagat Rd, Loresho Nairobi Kenya, P.O. Box 57811, City Square, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Helming, K., Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; Sieber, S., Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; Chen, L., LEI, Part of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS The Hague, Netherlands; Brouwer, F., LEI, Part of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS The Hague, Netherlands; Morris, J., Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom; Wiggering, H., Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany, Potsdam University, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany	The impact of land use changes on sustainable development is of increasing interest in many regions of the world. This study aimed to test the transferability of the Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA), which was originally developed in the European context, to developing countries, in which lack of data often prevents the use of data-driven impact assessment methods. The core aspect of FoPIA is the stakeholder-based assessment of alternative land use scenarios. Scenario impacts on regional sustainability are assessed by using a set of nine regional land use functions (LUFs), which equally cover the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The cases analysed in this study include (1) the alternative spatial planning policies around the Merapi volcano and surrounding areas of Yogyakarta City, Indonesia; (2) the large-scale afforestation of agricultural areas to reduce soil erosion in Guyuan, China; (3) the expansion of soil and water conservation measures in the Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia; (4) the agricultural intensification and the potential for organic agriculture in Bijapur, India; and (5) the land degradation and land conflicts resulting from land division and privatisation in Narok, Kenya. All five regions are characterised by population growth, partially combined with considerable economic development, environmental degradation problems and social conflicts. Implications of the regional scenario impacts as well as methodological aspects are discussed. Overall, FoPIA proved to be a useful tool for diagnosing regional human-environment interactions and for supporting the communication and social learning process among different stakeholder groups. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	(Ex-ante) impact assessment; Developing countries; Indicators; Land use change; Scenario study; Stakeholder participation; Sustainable development	conservation planning; developing world; land use change; population growth; regional planning; social impact assessment; social participation; stakeholder; sustainable development; afforestation; agricultural land; article; crop production; developing country; economic development; ecosystem; environmental impact assessment; food industry; food security; forest; forestry; harvesting; human; land use; law enforcement; organic farming; policy; population growth; poverty; quality of life; rural area; rural population; social learning; soil erosion; sustainable development; urban area; urban population; Europe; (Ex-ante) impact assessment; Developing countries; Indicators; Land use change; Scenario study; Stakeholder participation; Sustainable development; Conservation of Natural Resources; Developing Countries; Environmental Monitoring	EC, European Commission
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901785250	Field-Evaluation of a New Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Mycobacterium leprae	Bobosha K., Tjon Kon Fat E.M., van den Eeden S.J.F., Bekele Y., van der Ploeg-van Schip J.J., de Dood C.J., Dijkman K., Franken K.L.M.C., Wilson L., Aseffa A., Spencer J.S., Ottenhoff T.H.M., Corstjens P.L.A.M., Geluk A.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	5	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002845	Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States	Bobosha, K., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tjon Kon Fat, E.M., Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; van den Eeden, S.J.F., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Bekele, Y., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; van der Ploeg-van Schip, J.J., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; de Dood, C.J., Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Dijkman, K., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Franken, K.L.M.C., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Wilson, L., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Aseffa, A., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Spencer, J.S., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Ottenhoff, T.H.M., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Corstjens, P.L.A.M., Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Geluk, A., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands	Background:Field-applicable tests detecting asymptomatic Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection or predicting progression to leprosy, are urgently required. Since the outcome of M. leprae infection is determined by cellular- and humoral immunity, we aim to develop diagnostic tests detecting pro-/anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines as well as antibodies against M. leprae. Previously, we developed lateral flow assays (LFA) for detection of cytokines and anti-PGL-I antibodies. Here we evaluate progress of newly developed LFAs for applications in resource-poor settings.Methods:The combined diagnostic value of IP-10, IL-10 and anti-PGL-I antibodies was tested using M. leprae-stimulated blood of leprosy patients and endemic controls (EC). For reduction of the overall test-to-result time the minimal whole blood assay time required to detect distinctive responses was investigated. To accommodate LFAs for field settings, dry-format LFAs for IP-10 and anti-PGL-I antibodies were developed allowing storage and shipment at ambient temperatures. Additionally, a multiplex LFA-format was applied for simultaneous detection of anti-PGL-I antibodies and IP-10. For improved sensitivity and quantitation upconverting phosphor (UCP) reporter technology was applied in all LFAs.Results:Single and multiplex UCP-LFAs correlated well with ELISAs. The performance of dry reagent assays and portable, lightweight UCP-LF strip readers indicated excellent field-robustness. Notably, detection of IP-10 levels in stimulated samples allowed a reduction of the whole blood assay time from 24 h to 6 h. Moreover, IP-10/IL-10 ratios in unstimulated plasma differed significantly between patients and EC, indicating the feasibility to identify M. leprae infection in endemic areas.Conclusions:Dry-format UCP-LFAs are low-tech, robust assays allowing detection of relevant cytokines and antibodies in response to M. leprae in the field. The high levels of IP-10 and the required shorter whole blood assay time, render this cytokine useful to discriminate between leprosy patients and EC. © 2014 Bobosha et al.	None	gamma interferon; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; genomic DNA; interleukin 10; phenolic glycolipid I; bacterial antigen; bacterium antibody; cytokine; antibody detection; article; cellular immunity; controlled study; cytokine production; diagnostic procedure; diagnostic value; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Ethiopia; human; humoral immunity; immunoaffinity chromatography; lateral flow assay; leprosy; Limulus lysate test; microbial identification; Mycobacterium leprae; Netherlands; optical density; polymerase chain reaction; program feasibility; sensitivity analysis; treatment outcome; blood; immunological procedures; immunology; kinetics; leprosy; metabolism; procedures; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Cytokines; Humans; Immunologic Tests; Kinetics; Leprosy; Mycobacterium leprae	EDCTP, New York Community Trust; P13-000392, NYCT, New York Community Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905029210	Physical and electrochemical evaluation of ATO supported IrO2 catalyst for proton exchange membrane water electrolyser	Puthiyapura V.K., Mamlouk M., Pasupathi S., Pollet B.G., Scott K.	2014	Journal of Power Sources	269	None	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.078	School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), Faculty of Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Puthiyapura, V.K., School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Mamlouk, M., School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Pasupathi, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), Faculty of Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Pollet, B.G., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), Faculty of Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Scott, K., School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom	Antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) was studied as a support material for IrO2 in proton exchange membrane water electrolyser (PEMWE). Adams fusion method was used to prepare the IrO2-ATO catalysts. The physical and electrochemical characterisation of the catalysts were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder conductivity, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) polarisation. The BET surface area and electronic conductivity of the supported catalysts were found to be predominantly arisen from the IrO2. Supported catalyst showed higher active surface area than the pristine IrO2 in CV analysis with 85% H3PO4 as electrolyte. The MEA performance using Nafion®-115 membrane at 80 °C and atmospheric pressure showed a better performance for IrO2 loading. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antimony tin oxide; Hydrogen generation; Iridium dioxide; Oxygen evolution reaction; PEM water electrolysis	Atmospheric pressure; Catalyst supports; Cyclic voltammetry; Hydrogen; Hydrogen production; Nanocomposites; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC); Scanning electron microscopy; Tin; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray diffraction; Antimony tin oxide; Hydrogen generations; Iridium dioxide; Oxygen evolution reaction; PEM water electrolysis; Loading	EP/G042012/1, EPSRC, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905841579	Evaluation of the two-photon absorption characteristics of GaSb/GaAs quantum rings	Wagener M.C., Carrington P.J., Botha J.R., Krier A.	2014	Journal of Applied Physics	116	4	10.1063/1.4891223	Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom	Wagener, M.C., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Carrington, P.J., Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Botha, J.R., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Krier, A., Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom	The optical parameters describing the sub-bandgap response of GaSb/GaAs quantum rings solar cells have been obtained from photocurrent measurements using a modulated pseudo-monochromatic light source in combination with a second, continuous photo-filling source. By controlling the charge state of the quantum rings, the photoemission cross-sections describing the two-photon sub-bandgap transitions could be determined independently. Temperature dependent photo-response measurements also revealed that the barrier for thermal hole emission from the quantum rings is significantly below the quantum ring localisation energy. The temperature dependence of the sub-bandgap photo-response of the solar cell is also described in terms of the photo- and thermal-emission characteristics of the quantum rings. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.	None	Energy gap; Solar cells; Two photon processes; Hole emission; Localisation; Optical parameter; Photocurrent measurement; Photoresponses; Temperature dependence; Temperature dependent; Two-photon absorptions; Nanorings	EP/G070334/1, EPSRC, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883454079	Evaluation of residual stress development at the interface of plasma electrolytically oxidized and cold-worked aluminum	Asquith D., Yerokhin A., James N., Yates J., Matthews A.	2013	Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science	44	10	10.1007/s11661-013-1854-0	Department of Engineering and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Portobello Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom; School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Centre for Modelling and Simulation, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom	Asquith, D., Department of Engineering and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom; Yerokhin, A., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Portobello Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom; James, N., School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Yates, J., Centre for Modelling and Simulation, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Matthews, A., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Portobello Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom	Fatigue failure in hard oxide-coated aluminum is usually driven by rapid short crack propagation from the interface through the substrate; mitigation of this is possible by introducing interfacial compressive stresses. Combining cold work with hard oxide coating can improve their performance under conditions of simultaneous wear, corrosion, and fatigue. Three-dimensional strain fields in an aluminum alloy with combined cold work and PEO coating have been measured and mechanisms for stress redistribution presented. These comprise material consumption, expansive growth of oxide layers, and local annealing. © 2013 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.	None	Fatigue failures; Material consumption; Oxide coating; Oxide layer; Short crack propagation; Stress development; Stress redistribution; Three-dimensional strains; Aluminum; Interfaces (materials); Protective coatings; Aluminum coatings	EP/H051317/1, EPSRC, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930576800	The Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector	Edwards L., Jenkins R.	2015	Journal of Development Studies	51	4	10.1080/00220388.2014.983912	Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	Edwards, L., Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Jenkins, R., School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	Abstract: This article uses a Chenery-type decomposition and econometric estimation to evaluate the impact of Chinese trade on production and employment in South African manufacturing from 1992 to 2010. The results suggest that increased import penetration from China caused South African manufacturing output to be 5 per cent lower in 2010 than it otherwise would have been. The estimated reduction of total employment in manufacturing as a result of trade with China is larger – in 2010 about 8 per cent – because the declines in output were concentrated on labour-intensive industries and because the increase in imports raised labour productivity within industries. © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.	None	employment; import; international trade; labor productivity; manufacturing; trade relations; China; South Africa	ES/1035125/1, ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894627139	Remotely sensed monitoring of small reservoir dynamics: A Bayesian approach	Eilander D., Annor F.O., Iannini L., van de Giesen N.	2014	Remote Sensing	6	2	10.3390/rs6021191	Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Eilander, D., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands; Annor, F.O., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands, Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Iannini, L., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands; van de Giesen, N., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands	Multipurpose small reservoirs are important for livelihoods in rural semi-arid regions. To manage and plan these reservoirs and to assess their hydrological impact at a river basin scale, it is important to monitor their water storage dynamics. This paper introduces a Bayesian approach for monitoring small reservoirs with radar satellite images. The newly developed growing Bayesian classifier has a high degree of automation, can readily be extended with auxiliary information and reduces the confusion error to the land-water boundary pixels. A case study has been performed in the Upper East Region of Ghana, based on Radarsat-2 data from November 2012 until April 2013. Results show that the growing Bayesian classifier can deal with the spatial and temporal variability in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter intensities from small reservoirs. Due to its ability to incorporate auxiliary information, the algorithm is able to delineate open water from SAR imagery with a low land-water contrast in the case of wind-induced Bragg scattering or limited vegetation on the land surrounding a small reservoir. © 2014 by the authors.	Backscatter analysis; Delineation; Image classification; Naive bayesian classification; Polarimetry; Remote sensing; SAR; Semi arid; Small reservoir	None	ESA, European Space Agency
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888030853	Financial crisis in asia: Its genesis, severity and impact on poverty and hunger	Imai K.S., Gaiha R., Thapa G., Annim S.K.	2013	Journal of International Development	25	8	10.1002/jid.2972	University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Delhi, Delhi, India; IFAD, Rome, Italy; University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Imai, K.S., University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Gaiha, R., University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Thapa, G., IFAD, Rome, Italy; Annim, S.K., University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Building on the recent literature on finance, growth and hunger, we have examined the experience of Asian countries over the period 1960-2010 by dynamic and static panel data models. We have found evidence favouring a positive role of finance-defined as private credit by banks-on growth of GDP and agricultural value added. Private credit as well as loans from the World Bank significantly reduces undernourishment, whereas remittances and loans from microfinance institutions appear to have a negative impact on poverty. Our empirical evidence shows that growth performance was significantly lower during the recent global financial crisis than non-crisis periods, although the severity is much smaller during the recent financial crisis than Asian financial crisis. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Agriculture; Asia; Economic development; Finance; Inequality; Poverty	agriculture; credit provision; economic development; empirical analysis; financial crisis; Gross Domestic Product; hunger; lending behavior; panel data; poverty; Asia	ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84964329306	Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of halofantrine-loaded solid lipid microparticles	Ogbonna J.D.N., Kenechukwu F.C., Nwobi C.S., Chibueze O.S., Attama A.A.	2015	Pharmaceutical Development and Technology	20	8	10.3109/10837450.2014.949270	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ogbonna, J.D.N., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kenechukwu, F.C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwobi, C.S., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Chibueze, O.S., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Attama, A.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Context: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of halofantrine-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs). Objective: The objective of the study was to formulate and evaluate halofantrine-loaded SLMs. Materials and methods: Formulations of halofantrine-loaded SLMs were prepared by hot homogenization and thereafter lyophilized and characterized using particle size, pH stability, loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE). In vitro release of halofantrine (Hf) from the optimized SLMs was performed in SIF and SGF. In vivo study using Peter's Four day suppressive protocol in mice and the mice thereafter subjected to histological studies in kidney and liver. Results: Results obtained indicated that EE of 76.32% and 61.43% were obtained for the SLMs containing 7% and 3% of Hf respectively. The SLMs loaded with 3% of Hf had the highest yield of 73.33%. Time-dependent pH stability analysis showed little variations in pH ranging from 3.49 ±0.04 to 4.03 ±0.05. Discussion: The SLMs showed pH-dependent release profile; in SIF (43.5% of the drug for each of H2 and H3) compared with SGF (13 and 18% for H2 and H3 respectively) after 8 h. The optimized SLMs formulation and Halfan® produced a percentage reduction in parasitemia of 72.96% and 85.71% respectively. The histological studies revealed that the SLMs formulations have no harmful effects on the kidney and liver. Conclusion: SLMs formulations might be an alternative for patients with parasitemia as there were no harmful effects on vital organs of the mice. © 2015 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.	Halofantrine; Hematological parameters; Histological studies; Parasitemia; Solid-lipid microparticles	None	F/4467-1, IFS, International Foundation for Science
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922418256	Comparative study on the impact of copper sulphate and copper nitrate on the detoxification mechanisms in typha latifolia	Lyubenova L., Bipuah H., Belford E., Michalke B., Winkler B., Schröder P.	2015	Environmental Science and Pollution Research	22	1	10.1007/s11356-014-3402-x	Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Mierobe-Plant Interaetions, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Theoretieal and Applied Biology, College of Seienee, Kwame Nkrumah University of Seienee and Teehnology, Kumasi, Ghana; German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Eeologieal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Environmental Simulation, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health,Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany	Lyubenova, L., Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Mierobe-Plant Interaetions, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Bipuah, H., Department of Theoretieal and Applied Biology, College of Seienee, Kwame Nkrumah University of Seienee and Teehnology, Kumasi, Ghana; Belford, E., Department of Theoretieal and Applied Biology, College of Seienee, Kwame Nkrumah University of Seienee and Teehnology, Kumasi, Ghana; Michalke, B., German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Eeologieal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Winkler, B., Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Environmental Simulation, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health,Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Schröder, P., Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Mierobe-Plant Interaetions, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany	The present study focused on cupric sulphate and cupric nitrate uptake in Typha latifolia and the impact of these copper species on the plant's detoxification capacity. When the plants were exposed to 10, 50 and 100 (oMcupric sulphate or cupric nitrate, copper accumulation in T. latifolia roots and shoots increased with rising concentration of the salts. Shoot to root ratios differed significantly depending on the form of copper supplementation, e.g. if it was added as cupric (II) sulphate or cupric (II) nitrate. After incubation with 100 \iM of cupric sulphate, up to 450 mg Cu/kg fresh weight (FW) was accumulated, whereas the same concentration of cupric nitrate resulted in accumulation of 580 mg/kg FW. Furthermore, significant differences in the activity of some antioxidative enzymes in Typha roots compared to the shoots, which are essential in the plant's reaction to cope with metal stress, were observed. The activity of peroxidase (POX) in roots was increased at intermediate concentrations (10 and 50 |oM) of CuSO<inf>4</inf>, whereas it was inhibited at the same Cu(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf> concentrations. Ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) increased their enzyme activity intensely, which may be an indication for copper toxicity in T latifolia plants. Besides, fluorodifen conjugation by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) was increased up to. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014.	Antioxidative enzymes; Cupric nitrate; Cupric sulphate; Typha latifolia	concentration (composition); copper compound; detoxification; enzyme activity; monocotyledon; nitrate; reaction kinetics; sulfate; toxicity; Typha; Typha latifolia	FA0995, DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880024279	Biosurfactants as demulsifying agents for oil recovery from oily sludge -Performance evaluation	Chirwa E.M.N., Mampholo T., Fayemiwo O.	2013	Water Science and Technology	67	12	10.2166/wst.2013.207	Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Chirwa, E.M.N., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Mampholo, T., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Fayemiwo, O., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The oil producing and petroleum refining industries dispose of a significant amount of oily sludge annually. The sludge typically contains a mixture of oil, water and solid particles in the form of complex slurry. The oil in the waste sludge is inextractible due to the complex composition and complex interactions in the sludge matrix. The sludge is disposed of on land or into surface water bodies thereby creating toxic conditions or depleting oxygen required by aquatic animals. In this study, a fumed silica mixture with hydrocarbons was used to facilitate stable emulsion ('Pickering' emulsion) of the oily sludge. The second step of controlled demulsification and separation of oil and sludge into layers was achieved using either a commercial surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)) or a cost-effective biosurfactant from living organisms. The demulsification and separation of the oil layer using the commercial surfactant SDS was achieved within 4 hours after stopping mixing, which was much faster than the 10 days required to destabilise the emulsion using crude biosurfactants produced by a consortium of petrochemical tolerant bacteria. The recovery rate with bacteria could be improved by using a more purified biosurfactant without the cells. © IWA Publishing 2013.	Biosurfactant; Demulsification; Oily sludge simulation; Pickering emulsion; Sodium dodecyl sulphate	Bio surfactant; Commercial surfactants; Complex compositions; Demulsifying agents; Oily sludges; Pickering emulsions; Sodium dodecyl sulphate; Surface water body; Bacteria; Biology; Biomolecules; Demulsification; Emulsification; Mixtures; Petroleum refining; Sodium; Surface waters; Surface active agents; biosurfactant; dodecyl sulfate sodium; hydrocarbon; oil; oxygen; silicon dioxide; surface water; aquatic organism; chemical composition; cost-benefit analysis; emulsion; microbial activity; microbial community; oil production; recovery method; silica; sludge; surface water; surfactant; aquatic fauna; article; bacterium; controlled study; emulsion; nonhuman; petrochemical industry; sludge; Bacteria; Industrial Waste; Petroleum; Sewage; Surface-Active Agents; Temperature; Time Factors; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia	FA2006031900007, NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919572776	Use of ground-penetrating radar for construction monitoring and evaluation of perpetual pavements	Li J., Walubita L.F., Simate G.S., Alvarez A.E., Liu W.	2015	Natural Hazards	75	1	10.1007/s11069-014-1314-1	Changsha University of Science and Technology (CUST), Changsha, Hunan, China; TTI, PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, United States; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; TTI, College Station, TX, United States	Li, J., Changsha University of Science and Technology (CUST), Changsha, Hunan, China, TTI, College Station, TX, United States; Walubita, L.F., TTI, PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, United States; Simate, G.S., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Alvarez, A.E., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; Liu, W., TTI, College Station, TX, United States	The inherent quality of perpetual pavement (PP) governs its performance, which consequently influences the frequency and level of the potential accidents during the whole service life.This paper presents the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) as a nondestructive testing (NDT) tool that was utilized for construction monitoring and evaluation of Texas (USA) perpetual pavements. The currently existing Texas PP sections typically consist of hot-mix asphalt layers of over 350-mm total thickness supported on a 200-mm-thick treated (6 % lime or 2 % cement) base, which is resting on a well-compacted in situ subgrade soil. Overall, the results indicate that the GPR has great potential as an effective NDT tool for aiding with the construction quality monitoring, forensic investigations, and structural/performance evaluation of PP structures. In particular, the GPR is useful in determining pavement layer thicknesses, assessing compaction uniformity, locating areas of moisture retention, identifying low-density spots and localized high voided areas, indicative assessment of vertical segregation and debonding, and quality assessment of construction joints. Additionally, the current GPR system has the advantage of rapidly and continuously collecting pavement data up to a depth of 610 mm, together with integrated video images and a GPS system, over any desired highway length while traveling at a nominal speed of about 113 km/h without disturbing conventional traffic. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Accidents; Construction; Density; Ground-penetrating radar; Moisture; Perpetual pavement	None	FHWA, Federal Highway Administration
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923991691	Quantifying the impact of accessibility on preventive healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa using mobile phone data	Wesolowski A., O'Meara W.P., Tatem A.J., Ndege S., Eagle N., Buckee C.O.	2015	Epidemiology	26	2	10.1097/EDE.0000000000000239	Department of Engineering and p'Ublic Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Duke University and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; School of Public Health Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States	Wesolowski, A., Department of Engineering and p'Ublic Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; O'Meara, W.P., Department of Medicine, Duke University and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States; Tatem, A.J., Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Ndege, S., School of Public Health Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Eagle, N., Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Buckee, C.O., Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background: Poor physical access to health facilities has been identified as an important contributor to reduced uptake of preventive health services and is likely to be most critical in low-income settings. However, the relation among physical access, travel behavior, and the uptake of healthcare is difficult to quantify.Methods: Using anonymized mobile phone data from 2008 to 2009, we analyze individual and spatially aggregated travel patterns of 14,816,521 subscribers across Kenya and compare these measures to (1) estimated travel times to health facilities and (2) data on the uptake of 2 preventive healthcare interventions in an area of western Kenya: childhood immunizations and antenatal care.Results: We document that long travel times to health facilities are strongly correlated with increased mobility in geographically isolated areas. Furthermore, we found that in areas with equal physical access to healthcare, mobile phone-derived measures of mobility predict which regions are lacking preventive care. Conclusions: Routinely collected mobile phone data provide a simple and low-cost approach to mapping the uptake of preventive healthcare in low-income settings. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	None	Africa south of the Sahara; Article; child; female; health care access; health care facility; household; human; immunization; Kenya; lowest income group; major clinical study; mobile phone; prenatal care; preventive health service; priority journal; vulnerable population; adult; developing country; health care delivery; health care survey; infant; longitudinal study; pregnancy; preschool child; statistics and numerical data; time; travel; utilization; vaccination; Adult; Cell Phones; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Longitudinal Studies; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Time Factors; Travel; Vaccination	FIC, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898957144	System wide impacts of fuel usage patterns in the Ethiopian highlands: Potentials for breaking the negative reinforcing feedback cycles	Duguma L.A., Minang P.A., Freeman O.E., Hager H.	2014	Energy for Sustainable Development	20	1	10.1016/j.esd.2014.03.004	ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter Jordanstr. 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya	Duguma, L.A., ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Minang, P.A., ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Freeman, O.E., ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Hager, H., Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter Jordanstr. 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria	Due to scarcity of firewood, farmers in rural Ethiopia are forced to use cattle dung as a complementary energy source. By looking at patterns of firewood and cattle dung use for energy generation and their implications for food crop production, forest regeneration and community level emission reduction potentials, this study explores system interactions using a community living next to the Menagesha Suba state forest in Ethiopia as a case study. Mixed methods were used including household surveys, nutrient content analyses of firewood and cattle dung, and calculations of fuel and emission reductions for four cooking energy efficiency scenarios. It was found that the community and surrounding environment is stuck in a negative feedback cycle. Therefore shifts in current practices and systems are needed to break this cycle, for example by enhancing firewood supply, improving soil fertility, improving energy efficiency and enabling access to carbon financing for emissions reduced. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.	Cattle dung; Crop production; Emission reductions; Ethiopian highlands; Firewood; Nutrient cycling	crop production; emission control; energy efficiency; fuel; household survey; manure; nutrient cycling; soil fertility; wood; Ethiopian Highlands; Bos	FTA, Federal Transit Administration
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907952744	Defining the impact of non-native species	Jeschke J.M., Bacher S., Blackburn T.M., Dick J.T.A., Essl F., Evans T., Gaertner M., Hulme P.E., Kühn I., Mrugała A., Pergl J., Pyšek P., Rabitsch W., Ricciardi A., Richardson D.M., Sendek A., Vilà M., Winter M., Kumschick S.	2014	Conservation Biology	28	5	10.1111/cobi.12299	Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Restoration Ecology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Unit Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, M.B.C., 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, Austria; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Community Ecology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Praha 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Environment Agency Austria, Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Spittelauer Lände 5, Vienna, Austria; Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio, s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, Halle, Germany	Jeschke, J.M., Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Restoration Ecology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Bacher, S., Unit Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, Switzerland; Blackburn, T.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Dick, J.T.A., Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, M.B.C., 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Essl, F., Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, Austria; Evans, T., Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Gaertner, M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Hulme, P.E., The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Christchurch, New Zealand; Kühn, I., Department of Community Ecology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle, Germany, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, Halle, Germany; Mrugała, A., Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Praha 2, Czech Republic; Pergl, J., Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Pyšek, P., Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Praha 2, Czech Republic, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Rabitsch, W., Environment Agency Austria, Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Spittelauer Lände 5, Vienna, Austria; Ricciardi, A., Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Sendek, A., Department of Community Ecology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle, Germany; Vilà, M., Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio, s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Winter, M., German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany; Kumschick, S., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Non-native species cause changes in the ecosystems to which they are introduced. These changes, or some of them, are usually termed impacts; they can be manifold and potentially damaging to ecosystems and biodiversity. However, the impacts of most non-native species are poorly understood, and a synthesis of available information is being hindered because authors often do not clearly define impact. We argue that explicitly defining the impact of non-native species will promote progress toward a better understanding of the implications of changes to biodiversity and ecosystems caused by non-native species; help disentangle which aspects of scientific debates about non-native species are due to disparate definitions and which represent true scientific discord; and improve communication between scientists from different research disciplines and between scientists, managers, and policy makers. For these reasons and based on examples from the literature, we devised seven key questions that fall into 4 categories: directionality, classification and measurement, ecological or socio-economic changes, and scale. These questions should help in formulating clear and practical definitions of impact to suit specific scientific, stakeholder, or legislative contexts. © 2014 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the Society for Conservation Biology.	Biological invasions; Definitions; Ecological and socio-economic impacts; Exotic species; Human perception; Invasion biology; Invasive alien species	animal; biodiversity; ecosystem; environmental protection; introduced species; plant; Animals; Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Introduced Species; Plants	FZT 118, DFG, National Research Foundation; JE 288/7-1, DFG, National Research Foundation; NERC, National Research Foundation; National Research Foundation; P504/11/1028, GACR, National Research Foundation; National Research Foundation; SNSF, National Res
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892879479	Impacts of environmental variability on desiccation rate, plastic responses and population dynamics of Glossina pallidipes	Kleynhans E., Clusella-Trullas S., Terblanche J.S.	2014	Journal of Evolutionary Biology	27	2	10.1111/jeb.12297	Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Kleynhans, E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Clusella-Trullas, S., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Terblanche, J.S., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Physiological responses to transient conditions may result in costly responses with little fitness benefits, and therefore, a trade-off must exist between the speed of response and the duration of exposure to new conditions. Here, using the puparia of an important insect disease vector, Glossina pallidipes, we examine this potential trade-off using a novel combination of an experimental approach and a population dynamics model. Specifically, we explore and dissect the interactions between plastic physiological responses, treatment-duration and -intensity using an experimental approach. We then integrate these experimental results from organismal water-balance data and their plastic responses into a population dynamics model to examine the potential relative fitness effects of simulated transient weather conditions on population growth rates. The results show evidence for the predicted trade-off for plasticity of water loss rate (WLR) and the duration of new environmental conditions. When altered environmental conditions lasted for longer durations, physiological responses could match the new environmental conditions, and this resulted in a lower WLR and lower rates of population decline. At shorter time-scales however, a mismatch between acclimation duration and physiological responses was reflected by reduced overall population growth rates. This may indicate a potential fitness cost due to insufficient time for physiological adjustments to take place. The outcomes of this work therefore suggest plastic water balance responses have both costs and benefits, and these depend on the time-scale and magnitude of variation in environmental conditions. These results are significant for understanding the evolution of plastic physiological responses and changes in population abundance in the context of environmental variability. © 2014 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.	Acclimation; Glossinidae; Plasticity; Population dynamics; Water balance	abundance; acclimation; desiccation; disease vector; entomology; environmental conditions; fly; growth rate; phenotypic plasticity; physiological response; population dynamics; trade-off; water budget; Glossina pallidipes; Glossinidae; Hexapoda; acclimatization; adaptation; animal; article; body size; desiccation; environment; evolution; fluid balance; Glossinidae; growth, development and aging; humidity; insect; physiology; plasticity; population dynamics; temperature; acclimation; Glossinidae; plasticity; population dynamics; water balance; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Body Size; Desiccation; Environment; Humidity; Population Dynamics; Pupa; Temperature; Tsetse Flies	GEO-0627839, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887702790	The evaluation of a telephonic wellness coaching intervention for weight reduction and wellness improvement in a community-based cohort of persons with serious mental illness	Temmingh H., Claassen A., Van Zyl S., Carrara H., Dayakalashe N.M., Myer L., Stein D.J.	2013	Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease	201	11	10.1097/NMD.0000000000000036	Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Valkenberg Hospital, Private Bag X1, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa; Virgin Life Care (Pty) Ltd, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Temmingh, H., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Valkenberg Hospital, Private Bag X1, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa; Claassen, A., Virgin Life Care (Pty) Ltd, South Africa; Van Zyl, S., Virgin Life Care (Pty) Ltd, South Africa; Carrara, H., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dayakalashe, N.M., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Valkenberg Hospital, Private Bag X1, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa; Myer, L., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Stein, D.J., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Valkenberg Hospital, Private Bag X1, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa	Obesity and metabolic disturbances frequently occur in individuals with psychiatric disorders. This study evaluates a telephonically delivered lifestyle coaching intervention aimed at weight reduction and wellness improvement in psychiatric outpatients. A cohort of 761 participants was prospectively followed up for a period of 12 months. Lifestyle coaching was administered telephonically on a weekly basis for the first 3 months and monthly thereafter. During the study period, there was a significant reduction in weight and waist circumference as well as a significant increase in general health in the completer group. A total of 46% of the participants lost 5% or more of their baseline weight. Significant predictors of attrition at baseline were the presence of metabolic syndrome, younger age, chronic illness, and the diagnosis of a mood disorder. Dropout was significantly less in those participants who received support from a nominated caregiver. Telephonic lifestyle coaching is feasible in this population. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Lifestyle coaching; Serious mental illness; Telephonic; Weight reduction; Wellness improvement	amisulpride; aripiprazole; carbamazepine; clozapine; lamotrigine; lithium; olanzapine; quetiapine; risperidone; serotonin uptake inhibitor; tricyclic antidepressant agent; valproic acid; adult; article; bipolar disorder; caregiver; chronic disease; clinical evaluation; female; follow up; human; lifestyle; major clinical study; major depression; male; mental disease; mental patient; metabolic syndrome X; mood disorder; outpatient; schizophrenia; telemedicine; telephonic wellness coaching intervention; waist circumference; weight reduction; wellbeing; Adolescent; Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Promotion; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Residence Characteristics; Severity of Illness Index; Telemedicine; Weight Loss; Young Adult	GlaxoSmithKline
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935913145	Gum ghatti and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) based biodegradable hydrogel-evaluation of the flocculation and adsorption properties	Mittal H., Maity A., Ray S.S.	2015	Polymer Degradation and Stability	120	None	10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.06.008	Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa; DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa	Mittal, H., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa, DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Maity, A., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa, DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Ray, S.S., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa, DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa	The main aim of this study was to develop a biodegradable flocculent and adsorbent based on the graft co-polymer of the Gum ghatti (Gg) with the co-polymer mixture of acrylamide (AAM) and acrylic acid (AA) using the microwave assisted graft co-polymerization technique. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The swelling capacity of the synthesized hydrogel was studied in the double distilled water and it showed the maximum swelling capacity of 2547% at 50 °C. Moreover, the hydrogel polymer was employed for the selective removal of saline water from different petroleum fraction-saline emulsions. The flocculation characteristics of the synthesized hydrogel were investigated in clay suspension and the maximum flocculation efficiency was observed in the acidic clay suspension with 20 mg l-1 polymer dose. Furthermore, the synthesized hydrogel polymer was also employed for the successful removal of cationic dyes from the aqueous solutions and it was found to adsorb 96% of malachite green and 99% of methyl violet. Finally, the hydrogel polymer was subjected to biodegradation using the composting method and 91.77% degradation was achieved after 60 days. In summary, the biodegradable Gg-cl-P(AAM-co-AA) hydrogel have demonstrated potential for its use as flocculants and absorbents. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Adsorption; Biodegradation; Flocculation; Gum ghatti; Hydrogel polymer	Acrylic monomers; Adsorption; Amides; Ascorbic acid; Biodegradable polymers; Biodegradation; Carboxylic acids; Copolymers; Dyes; Flocculation; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Grafting (chemical); Microbiology; Organic acids; Polymers; Saline water; Scanning electron microscopy; Stripping (dyes); Suspended sediments; Suspensions (fluids); Thermogravimetric analysis; Adsorption properties; Biodegradable hydrogels; Double distilled water; Flocculation efficiency; Graft co polymerizations; Gum ghatti; Hydrogel polymers; Swelling capacities; Hydrogels	HGERAOZ, CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880078317	Impact of genetics on the clinical management of channelopathies	Schwartz P.J., Ackerman M.J., George Jr. A.L., Wilde A.A.M.	2013	Journal of the American College of Cardiology	62	3	10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.044	Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, C/o Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Institute for Integrative Genomics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Research Centre, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	Schwartz, P.J., Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, C/o Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ackerman, M.J., Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; George Jr., A.L., Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, Institute for Integrative Genomics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Wilde, A.A.M., Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Research Centre, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	There are few areas in cardiology in which the impact of genetics and genetic testing on clinical management has been as great as in cardiac channelopathies, arrhythmic disorders of genetic origin related to the ionic control of the cardiac action potential. Among the growing number of diseases identified as channelopathies, 3 are sufficiently prevalent to represent significant clinical and societal problems and to warrant adequate understanding by practicing cardiologists: long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome. This review will focus selectively on the impact of genetic discoveries on clinical management of these 3 diseases. For each disorder, we will discuss to what extent genetic knowledge and clinical genetic test results modify the way cardiologists should approach and manage affected patients. We will also address the optimal use of genetic testing, including its potential limitations and the potential medico-legal implications when such testing is not performed. We will highlight how important it is to understand the ways that genotype can affect clinical manifestations, risk stratification, and responses to the therapy. We will also illustrate the close bridge between molecular biology and clinical medicine, and will emphasize that consideration of the genetic basis for these heritable arrhythmia syndromes and the proper use and interpretation of clinical genetic testing should remain the standard of care. © 2013 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.	channelopathies; gene-specific management; genetic testing; heart rhythm disorder; sudden death	beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; mexiletine; article; Brugada syndrome; cardiac channelopathy; catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; CAV3 gene; clinical feature; DNA sequence; electrocardiography; exercise test; gene; gene identification; gene mutation; genetic association; genetic screening; genotype; genotype phenotype correlation; heart repolarization; heart ventricle fibrillation; heterozygosity; homozygosity; human; KCNH2 gene; KCNQ1 gene; long QT syndrome; LQT10 gene; LQT12 gene; LQT9 gene; missense mutation; pathogenesis; priority journal; SCN4B gene; SCN5A gene; sex difference; signal transduction; single nucleotide polymorphism; SNTA1 gene; torsade des pointes; Animals; Channelopathies; Disease Management; Genetic Testing; Genotype; Humans; Long QT Syndrome	HL068880, NIH, National Institutes of Health; HL083374, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939643524	Evaluation of a consumer fitness-tracking device to assess sleep in adults	De Zambotti M., Claudatos S., Inkelis S., Colrain I.M., Baker F.C.	2015	Chronobiology International	32	7	10.3109/07420528.2015.1054395	Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia; Brain Function Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	De Zambotti, M., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Claudatos, S., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Inkelis, S., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Colrain, I.M., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia; Baker, F.C., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Brain Function Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Wearable fitness-tracker devices are becoming increasingly available. We evaluated the agreement between Jawbone UP and polysomnography (PSG) in assessing sleep in a sample of 28 midlife women. As shown previously, for standard actigraphy, Jawbone UP had high sensitivity in detecting sleep (0.97) and low specificity in detecting wake (0.37). However, it showed good overall agreement with PSG with a maximum of two women falling outside Bland-Altman plot agreement limits. Jawbone UP overestimated PSG total sleep time (26.6 ± 35.3 min) and sleep onset latency (5.2 ± 9.6 min), and underestimated wake after sleep onset (31.2 ± 32.3 min) (p's < 0.05), with greater discrepancies in nights with more disrupted sleep. The low-cost and wide-availability of these fitness-tracker devices may make them an attractive alternative to standard actigraphy in monitoring daily sleep-wake rhythms over several days. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Actigraphy; activity trackers; motion; sleep; wristbands	None	HL103688, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921943604	Magnitude of the impact of hot flashes on sleep in perimenopausal women	De Zambotti M., Colrain I.M., Javitz H.S., Baker F.C.	2014	Fertility and Sterility	102	6	10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.08.016	Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	De Zambotti, M., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Colrain, I.M., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Javitz, H.S., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Baker, F.C., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Objective: To quantify the impact of objectively recorded hot flashes on objective sleep in perimenopausal women. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants underwent 1-5 laboratory-based polysomnographic recordings for a total of 63 nights, including sternal skin-conductance measures, from which 222 hot flashes were identified according to established criteria. Data were analyzed with hierarchical mixed-effect models and Spearman's rank correlations. Setting: Sleep laboratory. Patient(s): Thirty-four perimenopausal women (age ± SD: 50.4 ± 2.7 years). Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Perceived and polysomnographic sleep measures (sleep quality, amount of time spent awake after sleep onset, and number of awakenings). Subjective (frequency and level of bother) and objective (frequency and amount of hot flash-associated awake time) hot-flash measures. Result(s): Women had an average of 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 2.8-4.2, range = 1-9) objective hot flashes per night. A total of 69.4% of hot flashes were associated with an awakening. Hot flash-associated time awake per night was, on average, 16.6 minutes (95% confidence interval: 10.8-22.4 minutes), which accounted for 27.2% (SD 27.1) of total awake time per night. Hot flash-associated time awake, but not hot flash frequency, was negatively associated with sleep efficiency and positively associated with waking after sleep onset. In addition, self-reported wakefulness correlated with hot flash-associated waking, suggesting that women's estimates of wakefulness are influenced by the amount of time spent awake in association with hot flashes during the night. Having more perceived and bothersome hot flashes was correlated with more perceived wakefulness and awakenings and more objective hot flash-associated time awake and hot-flash frequency. Conclusion(s): The presence of physiological hot flashes accounts for a significant proportion of total objective time awake during the night in perimenopausal women. ©2014 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.	Hot flash; Menopause; Polysomnography; Skin conductance; Sleep	adult; arousal; Article; climacterium; cross-sectional study; electroencephalogram; female; hot flush; human; menopausal syndrome; outcome assessment; polysomnography; priority journal; skin conductance; sleep disorder; sleep quality; wakefulness; climacterium; complication; hot flush; middle aged; physiology; sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hot Flashes; Humans; Middle Aged; Perimenopause; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Wakefulness	HL103688, NIH, National Institutes of Health; U54-HD28934, NICHD, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904635995	Evaluation of Cepheid's Xpert MTB/RIF test on pleural fluid in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in a high prevalence HIV/TB setting	Lusiba J.K., Nakiyingi L., Kirenga B.J., Kiragga A., Lukande R., Nsereko M., Ssengooba W., Katamba A., Worodria W., Joloba M.L., Mayanja-Kizza H.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0102702	Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Lusiba, J.K., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Nakiyingi, L., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kirenga, B.J., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kiragga, A., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Lukande, R., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Nsereko, M., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Ssengooba, W., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Worodria, W., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Joloba, M.L., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis (TB) using routinely available diagnostic methods is challenging due to the paucibacillary nature of the disease. Histopathology and pleural tissue TB culture involves an invasive procedure which requires expertise and appropriate equipment, both often unavailable in many health units. Xpert MTB/Rif test has been widely evaluated in sputum specimens but data on its performance in pleural TB is scarce. We evaluated the accuracy of Cepheid's Xpert MTB/Rif test on pleural fluid in the diagnosis of pleural TB in Uganda. Methods: Consenting adult patients with exudative pleural effusions underwent pleural biopsy and the tissue obtained subjected to Lowenstein-Jensen and mycobacterial growth indicator tube MTB cultures and histopathology. Pleural fluid for Xpert MTB/Rif testing was also collected. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, HIV status and CD4 count were also collected. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of Xpert MTB/Rif test on pleural fluid in pleural TB diagnosis were calculated using pleural tissue MTB culture and/or histopathology as the reference standard. Results: Of the 116 participants [female 50%, mean age 34 (SD ±13], 87/116 (75%) had pleural TB confirmed on pleural tissue culture and/or histopathology. The Xpert MTB/Rif test identified 25 (28.7%) of the 87 confirmed pleural TB cases. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/Rif test were 28.7% and 96.6% respectively while the positive and negative predictive values were 96.1% and 31.1% respectively. Conclusion: Xpert MTB/Rif test on pleural fluid does not accurately diagnose pleural TB and therefore cannot be used as an initial evaluation test in patients with suspected pleural TB. New, rapid and accurate tests for the diagnosis of pleural TB are still warranted. © 2014 Lusiba et al.	None	adult; antibody detection; article; bacterial growth; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; histopathology; human; human tissue; major clinical study; male; morbidity; mortality; pleura biopsy; pleura fluid; predictive value; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculin test; tuberculous pleurisy; Uganda; Xpert MTB RIF Test	HRSA, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879465625	Morphological and physiological changes during reproduction and their relationships to reproductive performance in a capital breeder	Stahlschmidt Z.R., Lourdais O., Lorioux S., Butler M.W., Davis J.R., Salin K., Voituron Y., Denardo D.F.	2013	Physiological and Biochemical Zoology	86	4	10.1086/670918	School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France; Biology Department, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, United States; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Biology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States; School of Letters and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Succulent Karoo Research Station, Springbok 8240, South Africa	Stahlschmidt, Z.R., School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Lourdais, O., Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France; Lorioux, S., Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Butler, M.W., School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States, Biology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States; Davis, J.R., Biology Department, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, United States, School of Letters and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Salin, K., Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69100, France, Succulent Karoo Research Station, Springbok 8240, South Africa; Voituron, Y., Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Denardo, D.F., School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States	Current reproductive effort typically comes at a cost to future reproductive value by altering somatic function (e.g., growth or self-maintenance). Furthermore, effects of reproduction of ten depend on both fecundity and stage of reproduction, wherein allocation of resources into additional offspring and/ or stages of reproduction results in increased costs. Despite these widely accepted generalities, interindividual variation in the effects of reproduction is common-yet the proximate basis that allows some individuals to mitigate these detrimental effects is unclear. We serially measured several variables of morphology (e.g., musculature) and physiology (e.g., antioxidant defenses) in female Children's pythons (Antaresia childreni) throughout reproduction to examine how these traits change over the course of reproduction and whether certain physiological traits are associated with reduced effects of reproduction in some individuals. Reproduction in this capital breeder was associated with changes in both morphology and physiology, but only morphological changes varied with fecundity and among specific reproductive stages. During reproduction, we detected negative relationships between morphology and selfmaintenance (e.g., increased muscle allocation to reproduction was related to reduced immune function). Additionally, females that allocated resources more heavily into current reproduction also did so during future reproduction, and these females assimilated resources more efficiently, experienced reduced detriments to self-maintenance (e.g., lower levels of oxidative damage and glucocorticoids) during reproduction, and produced clutches with greater hatching success. Our results suggest that interindividual variation in specific aspects of physiology (assimilation efficiency and oxidative status) may drive variation in reproductive performance. © 2013 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.	None	immune system; morphology; performance assessment; physiology; reproduction; reproductive effort; reproductive success; animal; animal food; article; Boidae; female; fertility; histology; innate immunity; oxidative stress; physiology; reproduction; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Boidae; Female; Fertility; Immunity, Innate; Oxidative Stress; Reproduction; Antaresia childreni; Pythonidae	IOS-0543979, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919391587	The impact of humidity on evaporative cooling in small desert birds exposed to high air temperatures	Gerson A.R., Smith E.K., Smit B., McKechnie A.E., Wolf B.O.	2014	Physiological and Biochemical Zoology	87	6	10.1086/678956	Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, South Africa	Gerson, A.R., Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Smith, E.K., Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Smit, B., Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; McKechnie, A.E., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, South Africa; Wolf, B.O., Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States	Environmental temperatures that exceed body temperature (Tb) force endothermic animals to rely solely on evaporative cooling to dissipate heat. However, evaporative heat dissipation can be drastically reduced by environmental humidity, imposing a thermoregulatory challenge. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of humidity on the thermoregulation of desert birds and to compare the sensitivity of cutaneous and respiratory evaporation to reduced vapor density gradients. Rates of evaporative water loss, metabolic rate, and Tb were measured in birds exposed to humidities ranging from ∼2 to 30 g H2O m−3 (0%-100% relative humidity at 30°C) at air temperatures between 44° and 56°C. In sociable weavers, a species that dissipates heat primarily through panting, rates of evaporative water loss were inhibited by as much as 36% by high humidity at 48°C, and these birds showed a high degree of hyperthermia. At lower temperatures (40°-44°C), evaporative water loss was largely unaffected by humidity in this species. In Namaqua doves, which primarily use cutaneous evaporation, increasing humidity reduced rates of evaporative water loss, but overall rates of water loss were lower than those observed in sociable weavers. Our data suggest that cutaneous evaporation is more efficient than panting, requiring less water to maintain Tb at a given temperature, but panting appears less sensitive to humidity over the air temperature range investigated here. © 2014 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.	None	air temperature; bird; body temperature; cooling; desert; environmental factor; evaporation; metabolism; relative humidity; thermoregulation; Animalia; Aves; Oena capensis; Philetarius socius; Water; animals; body temperature regulation; Columbidae; Hot Temperature; Humidity; Passeriformes; physiology; South Africa; Water Loss, Insensible; Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Columbidae; Hot Temperature; Humidity; Passeriformes; South Africa; Water; Water Loss, Insensible	IOS-1122228, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901291677	Performance evaluation of point-of-care test for detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen in children and HIV infected adults	Shimelis T., Tadesse E.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-227	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Shimelis, T., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Tadesse, E., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Background: Gastro-enteritis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS and children, and Cryptosporidium is the most important parasite implicated. To date, several commercial companies have developed simple and rapid point-of-care tests for the detection of Cryptosporidium infection; however, information is scarce regarding their diagnostic significance in Ethiopia. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for the detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hawassa University Hospital, southern Ethiopia from May to November 2013. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 100 children and 250 HIV infected individuals with diarrhea or CD4 T-cell count lower than 200 cells/μl. Specimens were processed using direct, formol-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen techniques for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium and other parasites. One hundred faecal samples (50 positives for Cryptosporidium, 35 positives for other parasites and 15 negatives for any intestinal parasites) were tested using the CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium kit (Savyon Diagnostics Ltd, Israel). Test parameters were calculated using microscopy of the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained stool smear as reference method. Results: The performance of the RDT was first compared to routine microscopic analysis (examination ≤10 min). The CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium RDT correctly detected 31 of 42 positive samples and 49 of 50 negative samples (i.e., 11 false negatives and 1 false positive). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were calculated to be 74, 98, 97, 84 and 88%, respectively. Upon thorough microscopic analysis (examination >10 min), 8 more samples with very low oocyst density were found. However, these were missed by the kit and lower the sensitivity and NPV to 62 and 72%, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with any of the helminthic or other protozoan parasites including Isospora and Cyclospora species. Conclusion: Based on the results described herein, the CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium test could be used as an alternative to conventional microscopy especially where diagnosis of Cryptosporidium is limited due to time constraints, lack of experienced microscopists or unavailability of appropriate equipment/electricity. © 2014 Shimelis and Tadesse; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cryptosporidium; Evaluation; RDT	Cryptosporidium antigen; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; parasite antigen; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; concentration (parameters); cross reaction; cross-sectional study; Cryptosporidium; evaluation study; feces analysis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; nonhuman; oocyst; parasite identification; point of care testing; predictive value; rapid test; sensitivity and specificity; adult; child; Cryptosporidium; feces; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; isolation and purification; parasitology; Adult; Antigens, Protozoan; Child; Cryptosporidium; Feces; HIV Infections; Humans; Point-of-Care Systems	ISID, International Society for Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881245114	Investigating the impact of rice blast disease on the livelihood of the local farmers in Greater Mwea region of Kenya	Kihoro J., Bosco N.J., Murage H., Ateka E., Makihara D.	2013	SpringerPlus	2	1	10.1186/2193-1801-2-308	Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan	Kihoro, J., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Bosco, N.J., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Murage, H., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Ateka, E., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Makihara, D., Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan	Rice is the most important cereal crop in Kenya coming third after maize and wheat. It forms a very important diet for a majority of families in Kenya. The demand for rice in Kenya has seen a dramatic increase over the last few years while production has remained low. This is because rice production has been faced by serious constraints notably plant diseases of which the most devastating is rice blast. Rice blast is known to cause approximately 60% - 100% yield losses. It is caused by an Ascomycete fungus called Magnaporthe Oryzae. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of rice blast disease on the livelihood of the local farmers in Greater Mwea region and develop a rice blast disease distribution map using GIS approach. The study methodology employed a questionnaire survey which were subjected to sample population of households in the 7 sections with 70 blocks within Mwea region. The collected data was analysed using SAS Version 9.1. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the household characteristics, the farm characteristics and the farmers' perceptions of rice blast disease. In the questionnaire, farmers' response on whether they had been affected by rice blast disease and the total production per acreage was used to develop an attribute table with GPS points. The GPS points were interpolated to create a geographical distribution map of rice blast disease. From the research findings almost all the farmers' had awareness and knowledge of rice blast disease, 98% of the farmers interviewed were aware of rice blast disease. Out of the 98% with knowledge and awareness 76% have been affected by the disease, while 24% have never been affected. Farmers attributed rice blast disease to a range of different causes, including excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer, water shortage, lack of proper drainage canal and due to climate change. Majority of the farmers interviewed (72%) did not engage themselves in any other socio-economic activity even after being affected by the rice blast disease. 15% opted to growing horticultural crops, 7% engaged in trading activities while 2% started livestock raring, wage earning and Boda boda business. © 2013 Kihoro et al.	Geographical distribution; GPS; Livelihood; Rice blast disease; Socio-economic activity	None	JSPS, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899627264	Evaluation of reference genes for accurate normalization of gene expression for real time-quantitative PCR in Pyrus pyrifolia using different tissue samples and seasonal conditions	Imai T., Ubi B.E., Saito T., Moriguchi T.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0086492	Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Biotechnology Research and Development Centre, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Graduate School of Life and Environment	Imai, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Ubi, B.E., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Biotechnology Research and Development Centre, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Saito, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Moriguchi, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan	We have evaluated suitable reference genes for real time (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). We tested most frequently used genes in the literature such as β-Tubulin, Histone H3, Actin, Elongation factor-1α, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, together with newly added genes Annexin, SAND and TIP41. A total of 17 primer combinations for these eight genes were evaluated using cDNAs synthesized from 16 tissue samples from four groups, namely: flower bud, flower organ, fruit flesh and fruit skin. Gene expression stabilities were analyzed using geNorm and NormFinder software packages or by ΔCt method. geNorm analysis indicated three best performing genes as being sufficient for reliable normalization of RT-qPCR data. Suitable reference genes were different among sample groups, suggesting the importance of validation of gene expression stability of reference genes in the samples of interest. Ranking of stability was basically similar between geNorm and NormFinder, suggesting usefulness of these programs based on different algorithms. ΔCt method suggested somewhat different results in some groups such as flower organ or fruit skin; though the overall results were in good correlation with geNorm or NormFinder. Gene expression of two cold-inducible genes PpCBF2 and PpCBF4 were quantified using the three most and the three least stable reference genes suggested by geNorm. Although normalized quantities were different between them, the relative quantities within a group of samples were similar even when the least stable reference genes were used. Our data suggested that using the geometric mean value of three reference genes for normalization is quite a reliable approach to evaluating gene expression by RT-qPCR. We propose that the initial evaluation of gene expression stability by ΔCt method, and subsequent evaluation by geNorm or NormFinder for limited number of superior gene candidates will be a practical way of finding out reliable reference genes. © 2014 Imai et al.	None	actin; annexin; beta tubulin; complementary DNA; elongation factor 1alpha; glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; histone H3; membrane protein; protein SAND; protein TIP41; unclassified drug; 3' untranslated region; animal cell; animal tissue; article; controlled study; gene amplification; gene expression; gene locus; gene targeting; genetic analysis; genetic stability; molecular cloning; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; plant development; plant gene; plant genetics; plant structures; PpCBF2 gene; PpCBF4 gene; Pyrus; Pyrus pyrifolia; quantitative analysis; real time polymerase chain reaction; seasonal variation; 3' Untranslated Regions; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Open Reading Frames; Organ Specificity; Pyrus; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA Stability; Seasons	JSPS, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925444150	Puddling intensity for late-season sawah systems based on soil hydrophysical conditions and rice performance	Obalum S.E., Watanabe Y., Igwe C.A., Obi M.E., Wakatsuki T.	2014	International Agrophysics	28	3	10.2478/intag-2014-0023	School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan; Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan	Obalum, S.E., School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan, Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Watanabe, Y., School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan; Igwe, C.A., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Obi, M.E., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Wakatsuki, T., School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan	Lowland sawah farmers often puddle to improve soil hydrophysical conditions for rice, but the puddling intensity beyond which no extra yield increases occur is unknown. Agronomic effects of six mechanical puddling intensities were assessed in three Nigerian inland-valley bottoms. All puddled plots, irrespective of intensity, produced similar effects at all three locations.At 10 days after transplanting, soil bulk density of all puddled plots represented mean decreases relative to control plots of about 22.4, 15.8, and 31.7% at Akaeze, Adani, and Ejeti, respectively. Soil bulk density and moisture content upon saturation were similar during 40-120 days after transplanting. All puddled plots consistently showed taller plants and greater tillering than control plots only at Ejeti. Grain yields were similar among treatments in Akaeze and Adani (mean, 3.71 and 6.42 Mg ha-1, respectively), but one-pass puddling yielded numerically highest in both locations. At Ejeti, grain yields followed the trend for plant growth, with mean values of 4.36 and 1.81 Mg ha-1 for puddled and control plots, respectively. One-pass puddling may be sufficient for sawah rice grown late particularly in less humid environments. © 2014 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences.	Lowland sawah systems; Power-tiller passes; Rice grain yield; Soil bulk density; Water-controlling bunds	agronomy; bulk density; crop yield; lowland environment; moisture content; paddy field; rice; soil water; tillering; Nigeria	JSPS, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894311378	Impact of Mascarene High variability on the East African 'short rains'	Manatsa D., Morioka Y., Behera S.K., Matarira C.H., Yamagata T.	2014	Climate Dynamics	42	42496	10.1007/s00382-013-1848-z	Department of Geography, Bindura University of Science, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Department of Ocean Technology, Policy, and Environment, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), 34151 Trieste, Italy	Manatsa, D., Department of Geography, Bindura University of Science, Bindura, Zimbabwe, Department of Ocean Technology, Policy, and Environment, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan, International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), 34151 Trieste, Italy; Morioka, Y., Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Behera, S.K., Department of Ocean Technology, Policy, and Environment, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Matarira, C.H., Department of Geography, Bindura University of Science, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Yamagata, T., Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan	The interannual variability of East African 'short rains' (EASR) and its link with the Mascarene High (MH) variation are explored, using observations and reanalysis data. Correlation and composite analyses for flood and drought events reveal that the EASR variability is strongly linked to the MH zonal displacement, in particular, the zonal movement of the MH eastern ridge. When the MH eastern ridge is anomalously displaced to the west (east) of its normal position, the south east (SE) trade winds over the South Indian Ocean (SIO) anomalously strengthen (weaken). This enhances (reduces) the relatively cool and dry SE trade winds and induces cold (warm) sea surface temperature anomaly in the SIO. As a result, convection over the western equatorial SIO is suppressed (enhanced) and leads to rainfall deficits (excess) over East Africa. Droughts in East Africa are associated with a westward migration of the MH eastern ridge, while the relationship is less clear for flood events and their link to an eastward migration of the MH. Therefore, the zonal migration of the MH eastern ridge provides a novel indicator for the EASR extremes especially droughts. This revelation has immense social application for rainfall forecast over East Africa where rainfall deficits have become more prevalent against the background of deteriorating conventional forecasts for EASR droughts. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Droughts; East Africa 'short rains'; Mascarene High eastern ridge; South East trade winds; South Indian Ocean	None	JSPS, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901988360	Performance assessment of three convective parameterization schemes in WRF for downscaling summer rainfall over South Africa	Ratna S.B., Ratnam J.V., Behera S.K., Rautenbach C.J.W., Ndarana T., Takahashi K., Yamagata T.	2014	Climate Dynamics	42	42686	10.1007/s00382-013-1918-2	Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan; Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa; Earth Simulator Center, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan	Ratna, S.B., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan; Ratnam, J.V., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Behera, S.K., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Rautenbach, C.J.W., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ndarana, T., South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa; Takahashi, K., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan, Earth Simulator Center, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Yamagata, T., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan	Austral summer rainfall over the period 1991/1992 to 2010/2011 was dynamically downscaled by the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model at 9 km resolution for South Africa. Lateral boundary conditions for WRF were provided from the European Centre for medium-range weather (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA) interim data. The model biases for the rainfall were evaluated over the South Africa as a whole and its nine provinces separately by employing three different convective parameterization schemes, namely the (1) Kain-Fritsch (KF), (2) Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ) and (3) Grell-Devenyi ensemble (GDE) schemes. All three schemes have generated positive rainfall biases over South Africa, with the KF scheme producing the largest biases and mean absolute errors. Only the BMJ scheme could reproduce the intensity of rainfall anomalies, and also exhibited the highest correlation with observed interannual summer rainfall variability. In the KF scheme, a significantly high amount of moisture was transported from the tropics into South Africa. The vertical thermodynamic profiles show that the KF scheme has caused low level moisture convergence, due to the highly unstable atmosphere, and hence contributed to the widespread positive biases of rainfall. The negative bias in moisture, along with a stable atmosphere and negative biases of vertical velocity simulated by the GDE scheme resulted in negative rainfall biases, especially over the Limpopo Province. In terms of rain rate, the KF scheme generated the lowest number of low rain rates and the maximum number of moderate to high rain rates associated with more convective unstable environment. KF and GDE schemes overestimated the convective rain and underestimated the stratiform rain. However, the simulated convective and stratiform rain with BMJ scheme is in more agreement with the observations. This study also documents the performance of regional model in downscaling the large scale climate mode such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and subtropical dipole modes. The correlations between the simulated area averaged rainfalls over South Africa and Nino3.4 index were -0.66, -0.69 and -0.49 with KF, BMJ and GDE scheme respectively as compared to the observed correlation of -0.57. The model could reproduce the observed ENSO-South Africa rainfall relationship and could successfully simulate three wet (dry) years that are associated with La Niña (El Niño) and the BMJ scheme is closest to the observed variability. Also, the model showed good skill in simulating the excess rainfall over South Africa that is associated with positive subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole for the DJF season 2005/2006. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Convective parameterization schemes; Downscaling; ENSO; Seasonal rainfall; South Africa; WRF regional model	boundary condition; convective system; downscaling; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; ensemble forecasting; La Nina; parameterization; performance assessment; rainfall; summer; thermodynamics; weather forecasting; South Africa	JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885962336	Is it time to rethink how neuropsychological tests are used to diagnose mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders? Impact of false-positive rates on prevalence and power	Meyer A.-C.L., John Boscardin W., Kwasa J.K., Price R.W.	2013	Neuroepidemiology	41	04-Mar	10.1159/000354629	Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Division of Geriatrics and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Meyer, A.-C.L., Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States, Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; John Boscardin, W., Division of Geriatrics and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kwasa, J.K., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Price, R.W., Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States	Background: Between 0 and 48% of normal HIV-uninfected individuals score below threshold neuropsychological test scores for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or are false positives. There has been little effort to understand the effect of varied interpretations of research criteria for HAND on false-positive frequencies, prevalence and analytic estimates. Methods: The proportion of normal individuals scoring below Z score thresholds drawn from research criteria for HAND, or false-positive frequencies, was estimated in a normal Kenyan population and a simulated normal population using varied interpretations of research criteria for HAND. We calculated the impact of false-positive frequencies on prevalence estimates and statistical power. Results: False-positive frequencies of 2-74% were observed for asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment/mild neurocognitive disorder and 0-8% for HIV-associated dementia. False-positive frequencies depended on the definition of an abnormal cognitive domain, Z score thresholds and neuropsychological battery size. Misclassification led to clinically important overestimation of prevalence and dramatic decreases in power. Conclusions: Minimizing false-positive frequencies is critical to decrease bias in prevalence estimates and minimize reductions in power in studies of association, particularly for mild forms of HAND. We recommend changing the Z score threshold to ≤-1.5 for mild impairment, limiting analysis to 3-5 cognitive domains and using the average Z score to define an abnormal domain. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.	Africa; Dementia; HIV; Power; Prevalence	article; cognition; false negative result; false positive result; HIV associated dementia; human; Kenya; major clinical study; mild cognitive impairment; neuropsychological test; prevalence; scoring system; adult; Article; disease classification; false positive result; Cognition Disorders; False Positive Reactions; HIV Infections; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests	K01TW008764, FIC, Fogarty International Center; K01TW008764, NIH, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NIDA, National Institute on Drug Abuse; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84932129388	Assessing the quality of tuberculosis evaluation for children with prolonged cough presenting to routine community health care settings in rural Uganda	Marquez C., Davis J.L., Katamba A., Haguma P., Ochom E., Ayakaka I., Chamie G., Dorsey G., Kamya M.R., Charlebois E., Havlir D.V., Cattamanchi A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0105935	Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Marquez, C., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Davis, J.L., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Katamba, A., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Haguma, P., MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ochom, E., MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ayakaka, I., MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Chamie, G., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Dorsey, G., Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kamya, M.R., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Charlebois, E., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Havlir, D.V., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Cattamanchi, A., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Improving childhood tuberculosis (TB) evaluation and care is a global priority, but data on performance at community health centers in TB endemic regions are sparse. Objective: To describe the current practices and quality of TB evaluation for children with cough ≥2 weeks' duration presenting to community health centers in Uganda. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of children (<15 years) receiving care at five Level IV community health centers in rural Uganda for any reason between 2009-2012. Quality of TB care was assessed using indicators derived from the International Standards of Tuberculosis Care (ISTC). Results: From 2009-2012, 1713 of 187,601 (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.4-1.4%) children presenting to community health centers had cough ≥ 2 weeks' duration. Of those children, only 299 (17.5%, 95% CI: 15.7-19.3%) were referred for sputum microscopy, but 251 (84%, 95% CI: 79.8-88.1%) completed sputum examination if referred. The yield of sputum microscopy was only 3.6% (95% CI: 1.3-5.9%), and only 55.6% (95% CI: 21.2-86.3%) of children with acid-fast bacilli positive sputum were started on treatment. Children under age 5 were less likely to be referred for sputum examination and to receive care in accordance with ISTC. The proportion of children evaluated in accordance with ISTC increased over time (4.6% in 2009 to 27.9% in 2012, p = 0.03), though this did not result in increased case-detection. Conclusion: The quality of TB evaluation was poor for children with cough ≥2 weeks' duration presenting for health care. Referrals for sputum smear microscopy and linkage to TB treatment were key gaps in the TB evaluation process, especially for children under the age of five. © 2014 Marquez et al.	None	amoxicillin; antibiotic agent; ceftriaxone; cotrimoxazole; doxycycline; erythromycin; penicillin derivative; acid fast bacterium; age distribution; article; child; child health care; community care; controlled study; coughing; cross-sectional study; female; health care quality; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; patient referral; pneumonia; prescription; rural area; sex difference; sputum cytodiagnosis; sputum examination; thorax radiography; tuberculosis; Uganda; upper respiratory tract infection; adolescent; child health care; clinical trial; community care; complication; Cough; drug effects; evaluation study; health; microbiology; multicenter study; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; preschool child; procedures; quality control; sputum; standards; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Child; Child Health Services; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Cough; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Quality Control; Rural Health; Sputum; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis; Uganda	K23 AI080147, NIH, National Institutes of Health; K23 HL94141, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R21 A1096158, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879405000	Evaluation of sequence ambiguities of the HIV-1 pol gene as a method to identify recent HIV-1 infection in transmitted drug resistance surveys	Andersson E., Shao W., Bontell I., Cham F., Cuong D.D., Wondwossen A., Morris L., Hunt G., Sönnerborg A., Bertagnolio S., Maldarelli F., Jordan M.R.	2013	Infection, Genetics and Evolution	18	None	10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.050	Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Infectious Diseases, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, Viet Nam; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for HIV and STI, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States	Andersson, E., Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; Shao, W., Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Bontell, I., Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; Cham, F., World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Cuong, D.D., Department of Infectious Diseases, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, Viet Nam; Wondwossen, A., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Morris, L., Center for HIV and STI, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hunt, G., Center for HIV and STI, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sönnerborg, A., Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; Bertagnolio, S., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Maldarelli, F., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States; Jordan, M.R., Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States	Identification of recent HIV infection within populations is a public health priority for accurate estimation of HIV incidence rates and transmitted drug resistance at population level. Determining HIV incidence rates by prospective follow-up of HIV-uninfected individuals is challenging and serological assays have important limitations. HIV diversity within an infected host increases with duration of infection. We explore a simple bioinformatics approach to assess viral diversity by determining the percentage of ambiguous base calls in sequences derived from standard genotyping of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase. Sequences from 691 recently infected (≤1. year) and chronically infected (>1. year) individuals from Sweden, Vietnam and Ethiopia were analyzed for ambiguity. A significant difference (. p<. 0.0001) in the proportion of ambiguous bases was observed between sequences from individuals with recent and chronic infection in both HIV-1 subtype B and non-B infection, consistent with previous studies. In our analysis, a cutoff of <0.47% ambiguous base calls identified recent infection with a sensitivity and specificity of 88.8% and 74.6% respectively. 1,728 protease and reverse transcriptase sequences from 36 surveys of transmitted HIV drug resistance performed following World Health Organization guidance were analyzed for ambiguity. The 0.47% ambiguity cutoff was applied and survey sequences were classified as likely derived from recently or chronically infected individuals. 71% of patients were classified as likely to have been infected within one year of genotyping but results varied considerably amongst surveys. This bioinformatics approach may provide supporting population-level information to identify recent infection but its application is limited by infection with more than one viral variant, decreasing viral diversity in advanced disease and technical aspects of population based sequencing. Standardization of sequencing techniques and base calling and the addition of other parameters such as CD4 cell count may address some of the technical limitations and increase the usefulness of the approach. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Ambiguity; Bioinformatics; HIV; Incidence; Resistance; Viral diversity	Human immunodeficiency virus proteinase; Pol protein; RNA directed DNA polymerase; ambiguity; article; bioinformatics; controlled study; disease duration; Ethiopia; feasibility study; female; follow up; gene sequence; genotype; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; incidence; major clinical study; male; practice guideline; priority journal; prospective study; sensitivity and specificity; species diversity; structural gene; Sweden; Viet Nam; virus identification; virus transmission; world health organization; Ambiguity; Bioinformatics; HIV; Incidence; Resistance; Viral diversity; Chronic Disease; Databases, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Viral; Female; Genes, pol; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	K23 AIO74423-05, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938590827	Evaluation of Fingerstick Cryptococcal Antigen Lateral Flow Assay in HIV-Infected Persons: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study	Williams D.A., Kiiza T., Kwizera R., Kiggundu R., Velamakanni S., Meya D.B., Rhein J., Boulware D.R.	2015	Clinical Infectious Diseases	61	3	10.1093/cid/civ263	University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States; Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Williams, D.A., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Kiiza, T., Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Kwizera, R., Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Kiggundu, R., Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Velamakanni, S., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States; Meya, D.B., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Rhein, J., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Boulware, D.R., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States	Background. Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of adult meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. The cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) lateral flow assay (LFA) has simplified diagnosis as a point-of-care test approved for serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We evaluated the accuracy of the CRAG LFA using fingerstick whole blood compared with serum/plasma and CSF for diagnosing meningitis. Methods. From August 2013 to August 2014, CRAG LFA (IMMY, Norman, Oklahoma) tests were performed on fingerstick whole blood, plasma/serum, and CSF in 207 HIV-infected adults with suspected meningitis in Kampala, Uganda. Venous blood was also collected and centrifuged to obtain serum and/or plasma. CSF was tested after lumbar puncture. Results. Of 207 participants, 149 (72%) had fingerstick CRAG-positive results. There was 100% agreement between fingerstick whole blood and serum/plasma. Of the 149 fingerstick CRAG-positive participants, 138 (93%) had evidence of cryptococcal meningitis with a positive CSF CRAG. Eleven participants (5%) had isolated cryptococcal antigenemia with a negative CSF CRAG and culture, of whom 8 had CSF abnormalities (n = 3 lymphocytic pleocytosis, n = 5 elevated protein, n = 4 increased opening pressure). No persons with cryptococcal meningitis had negative fingersticks. Conclusions. The 100% agreement between whole blood, serum, and plasma CRAG LFA results demonstrates that fingerstick CRAG is a reliable bedside diagnostic test. Using point-of-care CRAG testing simplifies screening large numbers of patients and enables physicians to prioritize on whom to measure CSF opening pressure using manometers. © 2015 The Author 2015.	cryptococcal meningitis; cryptococcus; HIV; lateral flow assay; point-of-care systems	adult; Article; cerebrospinal fluid; clinical evaluation; clinical trial; cost effectiveness analysis; cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay; cryptococcal meningitis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; evidence based practice; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; immunology test kit; lumbar puncture; major clinical study; male; molecular diagnostics; plasma; point of care testing; priority journal; prospective study; serum; Uganda; venous blood	K24AI096925, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; R01NS086312, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; R25TW009345, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; T32AI055433, NIAID, National I
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945447390	Evaluation of micro- and nano-carbon-based adsorbents for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions	Asmaly H.A., Abussaud B., Ihsaah, Saleh T.A., Bukhari A.A., Laoui T., Shemsi A.M., Gupta V.K., Atieh M.A.	2015	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	97	9	10.1080/02772248.2015.1092543	KACST – Technology Innovation Centre on Carbon Capture and Sequestration (KACST-TIC on CCS), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Center for Environment &Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar	Asmaly, H.A., KACST – Technology Innovation Centre on Carbon Capture and Sequestration (KACST-TIC on CCS), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Abussaud, B., Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Ihsaah, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Saleh, T.A., Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Bukhari, A.A., Center for Environment &Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Laoui, T., Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Shemsi, A.M., Center for Environment &Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Gupta, V.K., Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Atieh, M.A., Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar	This work reports on the adsorption efficiency of two classes of adsorbents: nano-adsorbents including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs); and micro-adsorbents including activated carbon (AC) and fly ash (FA). The materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area, zeta potential, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and UV spectroscopy. The adsorption experimental conditions such as pH of the solution, agitation speed, contact time, initial concentration of phenol, and adsorbent dosage were optimized for their influence on the phenol. The removal efficiency of the studied adsorbents has the following order: AC > CNTs > FA > CNFs. The capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm was found to be 1.348, 1.098, 1.007, and 0.842 mg/g of AC, CNTs, FA, and CNFs, respectively, at 2 hours of contact time, pH 7, an adsorbent dosage of 50 mg, and a speed of 150 rpm. The higher adsorption of phenol on AC can be attributed to its high surface area and its dispersion in water. The optimum values of these variables for maximum removal of phenol were also determined. The experimental data were fitted well to Langmuir than Freundlich isotherm models. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	activated carbon; carbon nanofibers; carbon nanotubes; fly ash; phenol	Activated carbon; Adsorbents; Carbon nanofibers; Carbon nanotubes; Chemicals removal (water treatment); Efficiency; Electron microscopy; Field emission microscopes; Fly ash; High resolution transmission electron microscopy; Isotherms; Nanofibers; Nanotubes; Phenols; Scanning electron microscopy; Solutions; Thermogravimetric analysis; Transmission electron microscopy; Ultraviolet spectroscopy; Yarn; Adsorption efficiency; Adsorption of phenol; Dispersion in water; Experimental conditions; Field emission scanning electron microscopy; Freundlich isotherm model; Initial concentration; Removal efficiencies; Adsorption; activated carbon; adsorption; aqueous solution; concentration (composition); efficiency measurement; fly ash; fullerene; pH; phenol; pollutant removal; scanning electron microscopy; thermogravimetry; transmission electron microscopy; ultraviolet radiation	KACST, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; AR-30-92, KFUPM, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937725758	Evaluation of covalently and ionically cross-linked PBI-excess blends for application in SO<inf>2</inf> electrolysis	Krüger A.J., Kerres J., Bessarabov D., Krieg H.M.	2015	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	40	29	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.063	DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany	Krüger, A.J., DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kerres, J., Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Bessarabov, D., DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Krieg, H.M., Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Abstract Proton exchange membranes (PEM) containing various combinations of PPOBr (pol(2,6-dimethylbromide-1,4-phenylene oxide, covalently cross-linked) or PWN (poly(tetrafluorostyrene-4-phosphonic acid), ionically cross-linked) were evaluated for their suitability in an SO<inf>2</inf> electrolyser environment. Since H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> is produced during the oxidation of SO<inf>2</inf> in the presence of water, the membranes used in the electrolyser must be both chemically and electrochemically stable. Acid stability tests showed that the blend membranes are stable in 80 wt % acidic media at 80°C for 120 h. The electrochemical characterisation included polarisation curves, voltage stepping and long term operation. Using polarisation curves two blend combinations were selected for the voltage stepping. Both types of blend membranes showed high stability up to 110 cycles while the F<inf>6</inf>PBI/PPOBr blend membrane had comparable (to N115®) long term operating voltage, while the F<inf>6</inf>PBI/PWN blend membrane showed improved voltage, attaining 0.781 V compared to the 0.812 V obtained when using N115 at 0.1 A cm-2. © 2015 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.	Covalently cross-linked; F<inf>6</inf>PBI blend proton exchange membranes; Ionically cross-linked; Long term operation; SO<inf>2</inf> electrolysis; Voltage stepping	Blending; Electrolysis; Membranes; Polarization; Covalently cross-linked; Ionically cross-linked; Long term operation; Operating voltage; Polarisation curves; Presence of water; Proton exchange membranes; Proton-exchange membrane; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)	KE 673/11-1, DFG, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925449627	Performance evaluation of poly (methacrylic acid) as corrosion inhibitor in the presence of iodide ions for mild steel in H 2SO4 solution	Solomon M.M., Umoren S.A.	2015	Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology	29	11	10.1080/01694243.2015.1017436	Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Centre of Research Excellence in Corrosion, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia	Solomon, M.M., Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Umoren, S.A., Centre of Research Excellence in Corrosion, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia	The inhibition performance of poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and the effect of addition of iodide ions on the inhibition efficiency for mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution were investigated in the temperature range of 303-333 K using electrochemical, weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water contact angles measurements. The results show that PMAA is a moderate inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Addition of small amount of KI to PMAA significantly upgraded the inhibition efficiency up to 96.7%. The adsorption properties of PMAA and PMAA + KI are estimated by considering thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. The results reveal that PMAA alone was physically adsorbed onto the mild steel surface, while comprehensive adsorption mode characterized the adsorption of PMAA + KI. Adsorption of PMAA and PMAA + KI followed Temkin adsorption isotherm. The SEM and water contact angle images confirmed the enhanced PMAA film formation on mild steel surface by iodide ions. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	corrosion inhibition; iodide ions; mild steel; poly (methacrylic acid); synergism	Adsorption; Carbon steel; Contact angle; Corrosion; Ions; Scanning electron microscopy; Steel; Steel corrosion; Adsorption properties; Corrosion inhibition; Inhibition efficiency; Inhibition performance; Iodide ion; Mild-steel surfaces; Poly (methacrylic acid); synergism; Corrosion inhibitors	KFUPM, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943176148	Estimating PMTCT's impact on heterosexual HIV transmission: A mathematical modeling analysis	Khanna A.S., Roberts S.T., Cassels S., Ying R., John-Stewart G., Goodreau S.M., Baeten J.M., Murnane P.M., Celum C., Barnabas R.V., Moodley D.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0134271	Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Khanna, A.S., Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Roberts, S.T., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Cassels, S., Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Ying, R., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; John-Stewart, G., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Goodreau, S.M., Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Baeten, J.M., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Murnane, P.M., College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Celum, C., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Barnabas, R.V., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Moodley, D., University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Introduction Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) strategies include combined short-course antiretrovirals during pregnancy (Option A), triple-drug antiretroviral treament (ART) during pregnancy and breastfeeding (Option B), or lifelong ART (Option B+). The WHO also recommends ART for HIV treatment and prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. The impact of PMTCT strategies on prevention of sexual HIV transmission of HIV is not known. We estimated the population-level impact of PMTCT interventions on heterosexual HIV transmission in southwestern Uganda and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, two regions with different HIV prevalence and fertility rates. Materials and Methods We constructed and validated dynamic, stochastic, network-based HIV transmission models for each region. PMTCT Options A, B, and B+ were simulated over ten years under three scenarios: 1) current ART and PMTCT coverage, 2) current ART and high PMTCT coverage, and 3) high ART and PMTCT coverage. We compared adult HIV incidence after ten years of each intervention to Option A (and current ART) at current coverage. Results At current coverage, Options B and B+ reduced heterosexual HIV incidence by about 5% and 15%, respectively, in both countries. With current ART and high PMTCT coverage, Option B+ reduced HIV incidence by 35% in Uganda and 19% in South Africa, while Option B had smaller, but meaningful, reductions. The greatest reductions in HIV incidence were achieved with high ART and PMTCT coverage. In this scenario, all PMTCT strategies yielded similar results. Discussion Implementation of Options B/B+ reduces adult HIV incidence, with greater effect (relative to Option A at current levels) in Uganda than South Africa. These results are likely driven by Uganda's higher fertility rates. © 2015 Khanna et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	antiretrovirus agent; Article; breast feeding; CD4 lymphocyte count; fertility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; mathematical model; pregnant woman; South Africa; Uganda; vertical transmission; virus transmission	KL2TR000421, NIH, National Institutes of Health; P30AI027757, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R00 HD057533, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R01 DA033875, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R24 HD042828, NIH, National Institutes of Health; RC4 AI0
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924807774	The Effects of Cathode Parameters on the Performance of Poly(2,5-Benzimidazole)-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell	Maiyalagan T., Pasupathi S., Pollet B.G.	2015	Electrocatalysis	6	2	10.1007/s12678-014-0228-8	HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa	Maiyalagan, T., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Pasupathi, S., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Pollet, B.G., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa	The effects of electrode parameters on membrane electrode assembly performance including Pt loading, hydrophobicity during heat treatment, catalyst layer thickness and the amount of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the cathode are investigated. The fuel cell performance is maximized via catalyst utilization by optimizing the phosphoric acid content in the electrodes. Heat treatment of gas diffusion electrode results in an increase in hydrophobicity and a decrease in phosphoric acid content in the catalyst layer, which drastically affects the fuel cell performance. In our conditions, a maximum fuel cell performance of 270 mW cm−2 was achieved at 160 °C with air using 1 mg Pt cm−2 total catalyst loading (20 % PTFE). The fuel cell performance and the poisoning effect of carbon monoxide in poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI)-membrane-based high-temperature membrane electrode assemblies were investigated with respect to carbon monoxide concentrations. Fuel cell performance of Pt alloys (Pt-Cu/C, Pt-Fe/C, Pt-Ni/C) is compared with that of Pt/C at temperatures between 140 and 180 °C. It was observed that Pt-Cu/C alloy catalysts exhibit higher performance with lower catalyst loadings (0.4 mg Pt cm−2) than Pt/C catalyst. The performance of alloy catalysts follows the order of Pt-Cu/C &gt; Pt-Fe/C &gt; Pt-Ni/C &gt; Pt/C. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	ABPBI; Electrode performance; Gas diffusion electrode; HT-PEMFCs; Membrane electrode assembly; Phosphoric acid; Pt alloy catalysts	None	KP1-S01, DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925536272	Evaluation of training program for surgical trauma teams in botswana	Hanche-Olsen T.P., Alemu L., Viste A., Wisborg T., Hansen K.S.	2015	Presentations from the 9th Annual Electric Utilities Environmental Conference	39	3	10.1007/s00268-014-2873-8	Unit for International Collaboration, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Surgery, Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital, Francistown, Botswana; Department of Acute and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, K1, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; BEST Foundation: Better and Systematic Team Training, Department of Acute Care, Hammerfest Hospital, Hammerfest, Norway; Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway; Norwegian Trauma Competency Service, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Medical Association, Oslo, Norway	Hanche-Olsen, T.P., Unit for International Collaboration, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Alemu, L., Department of Surgery, Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital, Francistown, Botswana; Viste, A., Department of Acute and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Department of Clinical Medicine, K1, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Wisborg, T., BEST Foundation: Better and Systematic Team Training, Department of Acute Care, Hammerfest Hospital, Hammerfest, Norway, Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway, Norwegian Trauma Competency Service, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Hansen, K.S., BEST Foundation: Better and Systematic Team Training, Department of Acute Care, Hammerfest Hospital, Hammerfest, Norway, Norwegian Medical Association, Oslo, Norway	Background: Trauma represents a challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. Positive effects can be achieved by improving trauma care at the scene of the accident and throughout hospitalization and rehabilitation. Therefore, we assessed the long-term effects of national implementation of a training program for multidisciplinary trauma teams in a southern African country. Methods: From 2007 to 2009, an educational program for trauma, "Better and Systematic Team Training," (BEST) was implemented at all government hospitals in Botswana. The effects were assessed through interviews, a structured questionnaire, and physical inspections using the World Health Organization's "Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care." Data on human and physical resources, infrastructure, trauma administrative functions, and quality-improvement activities before and at 2-year follow-up were compared for all 27 government hospitals. Results: A majority of hospitals had formed local trauma organizations; half were performing multidisciplinary trauma simulations and some had organized multidisciplinary trauma teams with alarm criteria. A number of hospitals had developed local trauma guidelines and local trauma registries. More equipment for advanced airway management and stiff cervical collars were available after 2 years. There were also improvements in the skills necessary for airway and breathing management. The most changes were seen in the northern region of Botswana. Conclusions: Implementation of BEST in Botswana hospitals was associated with several positive changes at 2-year follow-up, particularly for trauma administrative functions and quality-improvement activities. The effects on obtaining technical equipment and skills were moderate and related mostly to airway and breathing management. © 2014 Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	Botswana; developing country; devices; education; evaluation study; human; organization and management; patient care; practice guideline; program evaluation; public hospital; register; respiration control; standards; time; total quality management; traumatology; Wounds and Injuries; Airway Management; Botswana; Developing Countries; Hospitals, District; Humans; Patient Care Team; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Program Evaluation; Quality Improvement; Registries; Time Factors; Traumatology; Wounds and Injuries	Laerdal Foundation for Acute Medicine
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921880399	Dynamic changes in DNA methylation status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following an acute bout of exercise: Potential impact of exercise-induced elevations in interleukin-6 concentration	Robson-Ansley P.J., Saini A., Toms C., Ansley L., Walshe I.H., Nimmo M.A., Curtin J.A.	2014	Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents	28	3	None	Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; School of Sport, Exercise and Health, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom	Robson-Ansley, P.J., Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Saini, A., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Toms, C., Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; Ansley, L., Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; Walshe, I.H., School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; Nimmo, M.A., School of Sport, Exercise and Health, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Curtin, J.A., University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom	The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations and DNA methylation in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of trained runners after a bout of prolonged, strenuous exercise. Eight healthy trained males completed a treadmill run at 60% vVO<inf>2max</inf> for 120 min followed by a 5-km time trial in a fasted condition. Whole blood samples were taken prior to, immediately before and 24 h following exercise. From these samples, PBMCs were isolated for analysis and plasma IL-6 concentrations were measured. The methylation status of DNA extracted from PBMCs was analysed using the Illumina 27k methylation beadchip platform. Global DNA methylation status was unaltered immediately and up to 24 hours following a bout of prolonged exercise in comparison to pre-exercise. Despite no change in global DNA methylation, plasma IL-6 concentrations were significantly related to the DNA methylation status of 11 genes. Our study demonstrates that the methylome is stable, while discovering a novel link between exercise-induced increases in circulating IL-6 and the DNA methylation status of 11 individual genes. Based on our preliminary findings, the mechanisms by which changes in plasma IL-6 concentrations and DNA methylation in response to exercise interact require further study. Copyright © by BIOLIFE, s.a.s.	DNA methylation; Exercise; Interleukin-6	DNA; interleukin 6; IL6 protein, human; interleukin 6; adult; Article; blood sampling; controlled study; DNA extraction; DNA methylation; endurance training; genetic association; human; human cell; male; normal human; peripheral blood mononuclear cell; protein blood level; protein DNA interaction; running; transcription regulation; treadmill; treadmill exercise; blood; clinical trial; DNA methylation; exercise; metabolism; mononuclear cell; physiology; Adult; DNA Methylation; Exercise; Humans; Interleukin-6; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Running	Loughborough University
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907953814	Trophic level-based indicators to track fishing impacts across marine ecosystems	Shannon L., Coll M., Bundy A., Gascuel D., Heymans J.J., Kleisner K., Lynam C.P., Piroddi C., Tam J., Travers-Trolet M., Shin Y.	2014	Marine Ecology Progress Series	512	None	10.3354/meps10821	Marine Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona, Spain; Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Ocean Ecosystem Science, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Université Européenne de Bretagne, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR985 Écologie et Santé des Écosystèmes, 65 route de Saint Brieuc, CS 8421, Rennes cedex, France; Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada; National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, United Kingdom; Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra (VA), Italy; Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y Gral. Valle s/n, Apartado 22, Callao, Lima, Peru; IFREMER, Fisheries Laboratory, 150 quai Gambetta, BP699, Boulogne/mer, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR EME 212, CRH, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète cedex, France	Shannon, L., Marine Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Coll, M., Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR EME 212, CRH, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète cedex, France; Bundy, A., Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Ocean Ecosystem Science, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Gascuel, D., Université Européenne de Bretagne, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR985 Écologie et Santé des Écosystèmes, 65 route de Saint Brieuc, CS 8421, Rennes cedex, France; Heymans, J.J., Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; Kleisner, K., University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Lynam, C.P., Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, United Kingdom; Piroddi, C., Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra (VA), Italy; Tam, J., Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y Gral. Valle s/n, Apartado 22, Callao, Lima, Peru; Travers-Trolet, M., IFREMER, Fisheries Laboratory, 150 quai Gambetta, BP699, Boulogne/mer, France; Shin, Y., Marine Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR EME 212, CRH, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète cedex, France	Trophic level (TL)-based indicators have been widely used to examine fishing impacts in aquatic ecosystems and the induced biodiversity changes. However, much debate has ensued regarding discrepancies and challenges arising from the use of landings data from commercial fisheries to calculate TL indicators. Subsequent studies have started to examine survey-based and model-based indicators. In this paper, we undertake an extensive evaluation of a variety of TL indicators across 9 well-studied marine ecosystems by making use of model- as well as surveyand catch-based TL indicators. Using detailed regional information and data on fishing history, fishing intensity, and environmental conditions, we evaluate how well TL indicators are capturing fishing effects at the community level of marine ecosystems. Our results highlight that the differences observed between TL indicator values and trends is dependent on the data source and the TL cut-off point used in the calculations and is not attributable to an intrinsic problem with TLbased indicators. All 3 data sources provide useful information about the structural changes in the ecosystem as a result of fishing, but our results indicate that only model-based indicators represent fishing impacts at the whole ecosystem level. © Inter-Research and Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2014	Catch; Convention on biological diversity; Ecosystem approach to fisheries; Ecosystem model; Food webs; Global comparison; Indicator; Survey; Trophic level; Trophic spectra	biodiversity; bioindicator; commercial species; data set; ecological modeling; ecosystem modeling; environmental conditions; fishery management; fishing; food web; marine ecosystem; survey; trophic level	M1228, Defra, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; DFO, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; DST, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; EC, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; NRF, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; PEW, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938919085	Polyamine quinoline rhodium complexes: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation as antiparasitic agents against Plasmodium falciparum and Trichomonas vaginalis	Stringer T., Taylor D., Guzgay H., Shokar A., Au A., Smith P.J., Hendricks D.T., Land K.M., Egan T.J., Smith G.S.	2015	Dalton Transactions	44	33	10.1039/c5dt02378e	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States	Stringer, T., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Taylor, D., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Guzgay, H., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Shokar, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Au, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Smith, P.J., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Hendricks, D.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Land, K.M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Egan, T.J., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	A series of mono- and bis-salicylaldimine ligands and their corresponding Rh(i) complexes were prepared. The compounds were characterised using standard spectroscopic techniques including NMR, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The salicylaldimine ligands and complexes were screened for antiparasitic activity against two strains of Plasmodium falciparum i.e. the NF54 CQ-sensitive and K1 CQ-resistant strain as well as against the G3 isolate of Trichomonas vaginalis. The monomeric salicylaldimine quinolines exhibited good activity against the NF54 strain and the dimeric salicylaldimine quinolines exhibited no cross resistance across the two strains. The binuclear 5-chloro Rh(i) complex displayed the best activity against the Trichomonas vaginalis parasite, possibly a consequence of its enhanced lipophilicity. The compounds were also screened for cytotoxicity in vitro against WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells. The monomeric salicylaldimine quinolines exhibited high selectivity towards malaria parasites compared to cancer cells, while the dimeric compounds were less selective. © 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Cells; Diseases; Ligands; Mass spectrometry; Rhodium; Strain; Synthesis (chemical); Antiparasitic activity; Antiparasitic agents; Cytotoxicity in Vitro; Dimeric compounds; Plasmodium falciparum; Resistant strains; Salicylaldimine ligands; Spectroscopic technique; Rhodium compounds	Medical Research Council; MRC, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944176143	The cadmium telluride photon counting sensor in panoramic radiology: gray value separation and its potential application for bone density evaluation	Langlais R., Katsumata A., Naidoo S., Ogawa K., Fukui T., Shimoda S., Kobayashi K.	2015	Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology	120	5	10.1016/j.oooo.2015.07.002	University of Texas, Health Science Center Dental School, CEO Emeritus Enterprises, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Oral Radiology, Asahi University, School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho-shi, Gifu, Japan; University of the Western Cape, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei UniversityTokyo, Japan; Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Oral Radiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan	Langlais, R., University of Texas, Health Science Center Dental School, CEO Emeritus Enterprises, San Antonio, TX, United States; Katsumata, A., Department of Oral Radiology, Asahi University, School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho-shi, Gifu, Japan; Naidoo, S., University of the Western Cape, Tygerberg, South Africa; Ogawa, K., Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei UniversityTokyo, Japan; Fukui, T., Department of Oral Radiology, Asahi University, School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho-shi, Gifu, Japan; Shimoda, S., Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Kobayashi, K., Department of Oral Radiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan	Objective To investigate whether bone mineral density can be evaluated more accurately using a panoramic device with a new cadmium telluride photon-counting sensor and software than 2 panoramic devices with a conventional semiconductor sensor. Study Design A fiduciary test object with several known levels of hydroxy apatite mineral concentration was placed in a phantom on the mandibular occlusal plane. Panoramic images were acquired by changing the position of the test object within the dental arch. The gray value, the spectrum deformation index (SDI), and the relative attenuation index (RAI) of the test object were evaluated. The SDI and RAI represent unique energy information as acquired by the QR-Master panoramic machine and the corresponding special QR-MC analysis software. In order to compare the values expressed in the different units (gray, SDI, and RAI values), the percentage discrepancy was calculated. Results The cadmium telluride photon-counting fitted machine more consistently separated each of the hydroxy apatite concentrations in all of the different positioning configurations and locations. The SDI function of the QR Master machine produced more stable values than the RAI value and the gray values of the 2 conventional panoramic machines. Conclusions The methodologies as developed for this study can be used to test more sophisticated analyses for the determination of bone density. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.	None	None	METI, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937129119	Evaluation of universal extractants for determination of selected micronutrients from soil	Bibiso M., Taddesse A.M., Gebrekidan H., Melese A.	2015	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	29	2	10.4314/bcse.v29i2.4	School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia	Bibiso, M., School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Taddesse, A.M., College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Gebrekidan, H., School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Melese, A., College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia	A study was carried out with the objective of identifying the most suitable universal extractant for determination of selected micronutrients from soils. Composite surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from Eastern Harargie Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa and Humbo Districts) and Dire Dawa Administrative Council by purposive sampling. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at Haramaya University Soil Laboratory. The results showed that among the universal extractants examined for the determination of available Fe, Cu and Zn, the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.95), (r = 0.99) and (r = 0.97) at (p < 0.001) were found between DTPA and AB-DTPA for available Fe, Cu and Zn, respectively. Therefore, AB-DTPA universal extractant can easily be adopted as a soil testing method for the determination of available Fe, Cu and Zn in some selected soils of Ethiopia. Similarly, the concentration of available Mn determined by DTPA method was significantly correlated with the amount determined by tested universal extractants. The highest correlation coefficients were found between DTPA and 0.01 M CaCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.90), DTPA and 0.01 M BaCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.87), DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.86), DTPA and 0.1 M BaCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.89) and DTPA and AB-DTPA (r = 0.85). However, considering the use of universal extractant, AB-DTPA could be the most suitable universal extractant for the determination of available Mn in soils of the studied areas as well. Therefore, AB-DTPA extractant is considered to be superior and the most suitable universal extractant for determination of available Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn in soil of the studied areas. © 2015 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Micronutrients; Multinutrient extractant; Soil testing method; Unbuffered salts	None	MOE, Ministry of Education
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901335748	Genotypic and Functional Impact of HIV-1 Adaptation to Its Host Population during the North American Epidemic	Cotton L.A., Kuang X.T., Le A.Q., Carlson J.M., Chan B., Chopera D.R., Brumme C.J., Markle T.J., Martin E., Shahid A., Anmole G., Mwimanzi P., Nassab P., Penney K.A., Rahman M.A., Milloy M.-J., Schechter M.T., Markowitz M., Carrington M., Walker B.D., Wag	2014	PLoS Genetics	10	4	10.1371/journal.pgen.1004295	Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, CA, United States; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States; Fenway Community Health, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	Cotton, L.A., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Kuang, X.T., Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Le, A.Q., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Carlson, J.M., Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Chan, B., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Chopera, D.R., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Brumme, C.J., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Markle, T.J., Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Martin, E., Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Shahid, A., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Anmole, G., Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Mwimanzi, P., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Nassab, P., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Penney, K.A., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Rahman, M.A., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Milloy, M.-J., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Schechter, M.T., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Markowitz, M., Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Carrington, M., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Walker, B.D., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Wagner, T., San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; Buchbinder, S., San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; Fuchs, J., San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; Koblin, B., New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States; Mayer, K.H., Fenway Community Health, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harrigan, P.R., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Brockman, M.A., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Poon, A.F.Y., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Brumme, Z.L., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada	HLA-restricted immune escape mutations that persist following HIV transmission could gradually spread through the viral population, thereby compromising host antiviral immunity as the epidemic progresses. To assess the extent and phenotypic impact of this phenomenon in an immunogenetically diverse population, we genotypically and functionally compared linked HLA and HIV (Gag/Nef) sequences from 358 historic (1979-1989) and 382 modern (2000-2011) specimens from four key cities in the North American epidemic (New York, Boston, San Francisco, Vancouver). Inferred HIV phylogenies were star-like, with approximately two-fold greater mean pairwise distances in modern versus historic sequences. The reconstructed epidemic ancestral (founder) HIV sequence was essentially identical to the North American subtype B consensus. Consistent with gradual diversification of a "consensus-like" founder virus, the median "background" frequencies of individual HLA-associated polymorphisms in HIV (in individuals lacking the restricting HLA[s]) were ∼2-fold higher in modern versus historic HIV sequences, though these remained notably low overall (e.g. in Gag, medians were 3.7% in the 2000s versus 2.0% in the 1980s). HIV polymorphisms exhibiting the greatest relative spread were those restricted by protective HLAs. Despite these increases, when HIV sequences were analyzed as a whole, their total average burden of polymorphisms that were "pre-adapted" to the average host HLA profile was only ∼2% greater in modern versus historic eras. Furthermore, HLA-associated polymorphisms identified in historic HIV sequences were consistent with those detectable today, with none identified that could explain the few HIV codons where the inferred epidemic ancestor differed from the modern consensus. Results are therefore consistent with slow HIV adaptation to HLA, but at a rate unlikely to yield imminent negative implications for cellular immunity, at least in North America. Intriguingly, temporal changes in protein activity of patient-derived Nef (though not Gag) sequences were observed, suggesting functional implications of population-level HIV evolution on certain viral proteins. © 2014 Cotton et al.	None	CD4 antigen; Gag protein; HLA A antigen; Nef protein; HLA antigen; adult; amino acid sequence; article; cellular immunity; codon; controlled study; down regulation; functional genomics; gene frequency; genetic distance; genetic polymorphism; genotype; HLA system; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; major clinical study; male; microbial diversity; North America; nucleic acid base substitution; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; protein determination; protein expression; protein function; unindexed sequence; virus cell interaction; virus load; virus replication; virus transmission; adaptation; genetics; genotype; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; molecular genetics; Adaptation, Physiological; Amino Acid Sequence; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HLA Antigens; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; North America; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Genetic	MOP-93536, CIHR, National Institutes of Health; NIDA, National Institutes of Health; RO1DA011591, NIH, National Institutes of Health; RO1DA021525, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940975163	Monte Carlo evaluation of Auger electron-emitting theranostic radionuclides	Falzone N., Fernández-Varea J.M., Flux G., Vallis K.A.	2015	Journal of Nuclear Medicine	56	9	10.2967/jnumed.114.153502	Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Dr., Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Facultat de Física (ECM and ICC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Physics Department, Royal Marsden NHSFT, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom	Falzone, N., Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Dr., Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Biomedical Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Fernández-Varea, J.M., Facultat de Física (ECM and ICC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Flux, G., Physics Department, Royal Marsden NHSFT, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; Vallis, K.A., Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Dr., Oxford, United Kingdom	Several radionuclides used in medical imaging emit Auger electrons, which, depending on the targeting strategy, either may be exploited for therapeutic purposes or may contribute to an unintentional mean absorbed dose burden. In this study, the virtues of 12 Auger electron-emitting radionuclides were evaluated in terms of cellular S values in concentric and eccentric cell-nucleus arrangements and by comparing their dose-point kernels. Methods: The Monte Carlo code PENELOPE was used to transport the full particulate spectrum of 67Ga, 80mBr, 89Zr, 90Nb, 99mTc, 111In, 117mSn, 119Sb, 123I, 125I, 195mPt, and 201Tl by means of event-by-event simulations. Cellular S values were calculated for varying cell and nucleus radii, and the effects of cell eccentricity on S values were evaluated. Dosepoint kernels were determined up to 30 μm. Energy deposition at DNA scales was also compared with an α emitter, 223Ra. Results: PENELOPE-determined S values were generally within 10% of MIRD values when the source and target regions strongly overlapped, that is, S(nucleus←nucleus) configurations, but greater differences were noted for S(nucleus←cytoplasm) and S(nucleus←cell surface) configurations. Cell eccentricity had the greatest effect when the nucleus was small, compared with the cell size, and when the radiation sources were on the cell surface. Dose-point kernels taken together with the energy spectra of the radionuclides can account for some of the differences in energy deposition patterns between the radionuclides. The energy deposition of most Auger electron emitters at DNA scales of 2 nm or less exceeded that of a monoenergetic 5.77-MeV α particle, but not for 223Ra. Conclusion: A single-cell dosimetric approach is required to evaluate the efficacy of individual radionuclides for theranostic purposes, taking cell geometry into account, with internalizing and noninternalizing targeting strategies. COPYRIGHT © 2015 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.	Auger electron emitters; Cellular dosimetry; Dose point kernels; Monte Carlo simulation; S values; Targeted radiotherapy; Theranostics	bromine 80m; bromine derivative; indium 111; iodine 123; iodine 125; plutonium; plutonium 195m; radioisotope; radon; radon 223; strontium; strontium 117m; technetium 99m; thallium 201; theranostic radionuclide; tin; unclassified drug; radioisotope; Article; Auger electron spectroscopy; cell nucleus; cell size; cell surface; controlled study; dosimetry; electron; mathematical model; Monte Carlo method; priority journal; radiation absorption; radiation energy; animal; apoptosis; biological model; comparative study; computer simulation; human; linear energy transfer; Monte Carlo method; Neoplasms; radiation dose; radiation response; radiation scattering; scintiscanning; statistical model; Animals; Apoptosis; Computer Simulation; Humans; Linear Energy Transfer; Models, Biological; Models, Statistical; Monte Carlo Method; Neoplasms; Radiation Dosage; Radioisotopes; Scattering, Radiation	MRC, Generalitat de Catalunya; 2014 SGR 846, Generalitat de Catalunya
Scopus	2-s2.0-84914684305	Reconstructing masculinity? A qualitative evaluation of the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures interventions in urban informal settlements in South Africa	Gibbs A., Jewkes R., Sikweyiya Y., Willan S.	2015	Culture, Health and Sexuality	17	2	10.1080/13691058.2014.966150	Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Gibbs, A., Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Jewkes, R., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Sikweyiya, Y., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Willan, S., Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Evidence shows the importance of working with men to reduce intimate partner violence and HIV-risk. Two claims dominate this work. The first is that interventions ‘reconstruct’ masculinities – these new formations of masculinity exist in opposition to existing ones and are healthier for men and less harmful for women. The second is that to be successful, such interventions need to address men's exclusion from the economy. Using a qualitative longitudinal cohort study of young men who participated in a gender transformative and livelihood strengthening intervention, as well as dyadic interviews with men's main female partners, we explore these claims. Data suggests men saw some improvements in livelihoods and relationships. However, challenging social contexts, including high rates of unemployment, peer networks and a dominant youth masculinity, limited change. Rather than reconstructing masculinity, a more subtle shift was seen with men moving away from ‘harmful’ aspects of a dominant youth masculinity towards a form of masculinity whereby male power is buttressed by economic provision and attempting to form and support ‘households’. Working with men on their livelihoods at an instrumental level encouraged participation in the intervention. Beyond encouragement, men's improving livelihoods afforded men the opportunity to materially demonstrate the social changes – in the form of shifts in masculinity – they were seeking to enact. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	economic; gender; HIV; IPV; livelihoods; men; structural; violence	adult; cohort analysis; female; HIV Infections; human; longitudinal study; male; masculinity; partner violence; poverty; prevention and control; qualitative research; sexuality; social environment; South Africa; urban population; young adult; Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Intimate Partner Violence; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Masculinity; Poverty; Qualitative Research; Sexual Partners; Social Environment; South Africa; Urban Population; Young Adult	MRC, Medical Research Council; Sida, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899538845	Conscientious objection and its impact on abortion service provision in South Africa: A qualitative study	Harries J., Cooper D., Strebel A., Colvin C.J.	2014	Reproductive Health	11	1	10.1186/1742-4755-11-16	Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Mellon Mentorship Research Office, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Harries, J., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Cooper, D., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Strebel, A., Mellon Mentorship Research Office, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Colvin, C.J., Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Despite abortion being legally available in South Africa after a change in legislation in 1996, barriers to accessing safe abortion services continue to exist. These barriers include provider opposition to abortion often on the grounds of religious or moral beliefs including the unregulated practice of conscientious objection. Few studies have explored how providers in South Africa make sense of, or understand, conscientious objection in terms of refusing to provide abortion care services and the consequent impact on abortion access. Methods. A qualitative approach was used which included 48 in-depth interviews with a purposively selected population of abortion related health service providers, managers and policy influentials in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: The ways in which conscientious objection was interpreted and practiced, and its impact on abortion service provision was explored. In most public sector facilities there was a general lack of understanding concerning the circumstances in which health care providers were entitled to invoke their right to refuse to provide, or assist in abortion services. Providers seemed to have poor understandings of how conscientious objection was to be implemented, but were also constrained in that there were few guidelines or systems in place to guide them in the process. Conclusions: Exploring the ways in which conscientious objection was interpreted and applied by differing levels of health care workers in relation to abortion provision raised multiple and contradictory issues. From providers' accounts it was often difficult to distinguish what constituted confusion with regards to the specifics of how conscientious objection was to be implemented in terms of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, and what was refusal of abortion care based on opposition to abortion in general. In order to disentangle what is resistance to abortion provision in general, and what is conscientious objection on religious or moral grounds, clear guidelines need to be provided including what measures need to be undertaken in order to lodge one's right to conscientious objection. This would facilitate long term contingency plans for overall abortion service provision. © 2014 Harries et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	abortion; adult; aged; article; emergency care; female; health care delivery; health care personnel; health personnel attitude; human; human experiment; legal aspect; male; maternal welfare; normal human; organization and management; practice guideline; qualitative research; refusal to participate; South Africa; thematic analysis; Article; health care policy; health service; treatment refusal; Abortion, Induced; Attitude of Health Personnel; Family Planning Services; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; South Africa	MRC, Medical Research Council; WHO, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940388598	Theory-informed interventions to improve the quality of tuberculosis evaluation at Ugandan health centers: A quasi-experimental study	Chaisson L.H., Katamba A., Haguma P., Ochom E., Ayakaka I., Mugabe F., Miller C., Vittinghoff E., Davis J.L., Handley M.A., Cattamanchi A.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0132573	Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Curry International Tuberculosis Center, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of California San Francisco Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, United States	Chaisson, L.H., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Katamba, A., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Haguma, P., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ochom, E., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ayakaka, I., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Mugabe, F., National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Miller, C., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Vittinghoff, E., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Davis, J.L., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda, Curry International Tuberculosis Center, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Handley, M.A., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, University of California San Francisco Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Cattamanchi, A., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda, Curry International Tuberculosis Center, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains under-diagnosed in many countries, in part due to poor evaluation practices at health facilities. Theory-informed strategies are needed to improve implementation of TB evaluation guidelines. We aimed to evaluate the impact of performance feedback and same-day smear microscopy on the quality of TB evaluation at 6 health centers in rural Uganda. Methods: We tested components of a multi-faceted intervention to improve adherence to the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care(ISTC): performance feedback and same-day smear microscopy. The strategies were selected based on a qualitative assessment guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior and the PRECEDE model. We collected patient data 6 months before and after the introduction of each intervention component, and compared ISTC adherence in the pre- and post-intervention periods for adults with cough ≥ 2 weeks' duration. Results: The performance feedback evaluation included 1,446 adults; 838 (58%) were evaluated during the pre-intervention period and 608 (42%) during the post-intervention period. Performance feedback resulted in a 15% (95%CI +10% to +20%, p<0.001) increase in the proportion of patients receiving ISTC-adherent care. The same-day microscopy evaluation included 1,950 adults; 907 (47%) were evaluated during the pre-intervention period and 1,043 (53%) during the post-intervention period. Same-day microscopy was associated with a 14% (95%CI +10% to +18%, p<0.001) increase in the proportion of patients receiving ISTC-adherent care. Conclusions: Performance feedback and same-day microscopy should be considered along with ISTC training as part of a multi-faceted intervention to improve the quality of TB evaluation in other high TB burden countries. © 2015 Chaisson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	adult; Article; female; fluorescence microscopy; health care quality; human; major clinical study; male; medical audit; middle aged; patient care; performance feedback; practice guideline; protocol compliance; quasi experimental study; rural area; total quality management; tuberculosis; Ugandan	MRC, National Institutes of Health; P60MD006902, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R21 AI096158, NIH, National Institutes of Health; UL1 TR000004, NIH, National Institutes of Health; National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924066605	Efficacy and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel anti-malarial compound (NP046) in a mouse model	Abay E.T., Van Der Westuizen J.H., Swart K.J., Gibhard L., Lawrence N., Dambuza N., Wilhelm A., Pravin K., Wiesner L.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/1475-2875-14-8	Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Abay, E.T., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van Der Westuizen, J.H., Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Swart, K.J., PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Gibhard, L., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Lawrence, N., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Dambuza, N., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Wilhelm, A., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Pravin, K., Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Even though malaria is a completely preventable and treatable disease, it remains a threat to human life and a burden to the global economy due to the emergence of multiple-drug resistant malaria parasites. According to the World Malaria Report 2013, in 2012 there were an estimated 207 million malaria cases and 627,000 deaths. Thus, the discovery and development of new, effective anti-malarial drugs are required. To achieve this goal, the Department of Chemistry at the University of the Free State has synthesized a number of novel amino-alkylated chalcones and analogues, which showed in vitro anti-malarial activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. The lead compound (NP046) was selected for a comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) and in vivo efficacy evaluation in a mouse model. Methods: In vivo efficacy: Water solutions of NP046 were administered orally at 50 and 10 mg/kg using oral gavage and IV at 5 and 1 mg/kg via the dorsal penile vein to Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain) infected male C57BL/6 mice (n = 5), once a day for four days. Blood samples were collected via tail bleeding in tubes containing phosphate buffer saline (PBS) on day five to determine the % parasitaemia by flow cytometry. In vivo PK: NP046 solutions in water were administered orally (50 and 10 mg/kg) and IV (5 mg/kg) to male C57BL/6 mice (n = 5). Blood samples were collected via tail bleeding into heparinized tubes and analysed using a validated LC-MS/MS assay. Data obtained from the concentration-time profile was evaluated using Summit PK software to determine the PK parameters of NP046. Results: NP046 inhibited parasite growth for the oral and IV groups. Better parasite growth inhibition was observed for the IV group. The PK evaluation of NP046 showed low oral bioavailability (3.2% and 6% at 50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg dose, respectively and a moderate mean half-life ranging from 3.1 to 4.4 hours. Conclusion: Even though the oral bioavailability of NP046 is low, its percentage parasite growth inhibition is promising, but in order to improve the oral bioavailability, structure-activity-relationship (SAR) optimization studies are currently being conducted. © 2015 Abay et al.	Drug development; In vivo efficacy; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics	antimalarial agent; chloroquine; hydrocortisone; np 046; reserpine; unclassified drug; animal experiment; antimalarial activity; area under the curve; Article; blood sampling; controlled study; drug bioavailability; drug clearance; drug efficacy; drug penetration; flow cytometry; in vivo study; lipophilicity; liquid chromatography; male; maximum plasma concentration; mouse; nonhuman; pharmacokinetics; plasma concentration-time curve; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium berghei infection; tandem mass spectrometry; time to maximum plasma concentration	MRC, South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916885779	Impact of the HIV Tat C30C31S dicysteine substitution on neuropsychological function in patients with clade C disease	Paul R.H., Joska J.A., Woods C., Seedat S., Engelbrecht S., Hoare J., Heaps J., Valcour V., Ances B., Baker L.M., Salminen L.E., Stein D.J.	2014	Journal of NeuroVirology	20	6	10.1007/s13365-014-0293-z	Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, University Boulevard, St. Louis, United States; MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Kansas, KS, United States; MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, United States	Paul, R.H., Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, University Boulevard, St. Louis, United States; Joska, J.A., MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Woods, C., Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Kansas, KS, United States; Seedat, S., MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Engelbrecht, S., Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Hoare, J., MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Heaps, J., Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, University Boulevard, St. Louis, United States; Valcour, V., Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Ances, B., Department of Neurology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, United States; Baker, L.M., Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, University Boulevard, St. Louis, United States; Salminen, L.E., Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, University Boulevard, St. Louis, United States; Stein, D.J., MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Previous animal studies have identified a C31S residue substitution in the C30C31 dicysteine motif of the Tat protein that is associated with reduced neurovirulence in clade C human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, clinical studies of patients infected with clade C HIV have reported significant levels of cognitive impairment. To date, no study has specifically examined cognitive function in clade C-infected patients as a function of the presence or absence of the Tat C31 substitution. The present study investigated the impact of the Tat C30C31S genetic substitution among individuals residing in South Africa infected with clade C HIV that either exhibited the C30C31 motif (n = 128) or the C31S motif (n = 46). A control group of seronegative individuals was included to examine the overall impact of HIV on cognitive performance. All individuals completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery consisting of tests sensitive to HIV. Results revealed that clade C-infected individuals performed significantly worse across cognitive tests compared to seronegative controls. However, there were no significant differences in cognitive performances between individuals with the C31S motif versus those without the C31S substitution. Proximal CD4 cell count and plasma viral load were unrelated to cognitive performances for either group. Results confirm that the C31S dicysteine motif substitution of the Tat protein does not appreciably moderate neuropsychological outcomes in clade C. Further, these findings highlight the importance of clinical management of cognitive symptoms among individuals infected with this viral clade worldwide. © 2014, Journal of NeuroVirology, Inc.	C31S dicysteine motif; Clade C; Cognitive performance; HIV; Tat protein	cystine; transactivator protein; transactivator protein; adult; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cognition; controlled study; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C; major clinical study; male; neuropsychological test; neuropsychology; nucleotide motif; South Africa; virus load; adolescent; amino acid substitution; animal; cognition; executive function; genetics; genotype; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; pathogenicity; pathophysiology; reaction time; virology; Animalia; Human immunodeficiency virus; Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cognition; Executive Function; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Reaction Time; South Africa; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Viral Load	MRC, South African Medical Research Council; MH085604, NIMH, South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929998737	Impact of exposure to intimate partner violence on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell decay in HIV infected women: Longitudinal study	Jewkes R., Dunkle K., Jama-Shai N., Gray G.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0122001	Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng, South Africa; Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Western-Cape, South Africa	Jewkes, R., Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng, South Africa; Dunkle, K., Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Jama-Shai, N., Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng, South Africa; Gray, G., Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Western-Cape, South Africa	Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a risk factor for HIV acquisition in many settings, but little is known about its impact on cellular immunity especially in HIV infected women, and if any impact differs according to the form of IPV. We tested hypotheses that exposure to IPV, non-partner rape, hunger, pregnancy, depression and substance abuse predicted change in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell count in a dataset of 103 HIV infected young women aged 15-26 enrolled in a cluster randomised controlled trial. Multiple regression models were fitted to measure rate of change in CD4 and CD8 and including terms for age, person years of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell observation, HIV positivity at baseline, and stratum. Exposure variables included drug use, emotional, physical or sexual IPV exposure, non-partner rape, pregnancy and food insecurity. Mean CD4+ T cell count at baseline (or first HIV+ test) was 567.6 (range 1121-114). Participants were followed for an average of 1.3 years. The magnitude of change in CD4 T-cells was significantly associated with having ever experienced emotional abuse from a current partner at baseline or first HIV+ test (Coeff -132.9 95% CI -196.4, -69.4 p<0.0001) and drug use (Coeff -129.9 95% CI -238.7, -21.2 p=0.02). It was not associated with other measures. The change in CD8 T-cells was associated with having ever experienced emotional abuse at baseline or prior to the first HIV+ test (Coeff -178.4 95%CI -330.2, -26.5 p=0.02). In young ART-naive HIV positive women gender-based violence exposure in the form of emotional abuse is associated with a faster rate of decline in markers of cellular immunity. This highlights the importance of attending to emotional abuse when studying the physiological impact of IPV experience and the mechanisms of its impact on women's health. © 2015 Jewkes et al.	None	adolescent; adult; age; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte count; cellular immunity; controlled study; depression; drug use; emotional abuse; female; follow up; food insecurity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hunger; longitudinal study; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; mental health; partner violence; pregnancy; randomized controlled trial; rape; substance abuse	MRC, South African Medical Research Council; MH 64882-01, NIMH, South African Medical Research Council; P30 AI050409, South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899460953	Exploring the impact of the 2008 global food crisis on food security among vulnerable households in rural South Africa	Nawrotzki R.J., Robson K., Gutilla M.J., Hunter L.M., Twine W., Norlund P.	2014	Food Security	6	2	10.1007/s12571-014-0336-6	CU Population Center, University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, UCB 483, C435B, 4th Floor, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO, 80302, United States; Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States; Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, CO, United States; CU Population Center, University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Boulder, United States; University of Witwatersrand, School of Public Health, MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States	Nawrotzki, R.J., CU Population Center, University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, UCB 483, C435B, 4th Floor, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO, 80302, United States; Robson, K., Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States; Gutilla, M.J., Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, CO, United States; Hunter, L.M., CU Population Center, University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Boulder, United States, University of Witwatersrand, School of Public Health, MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa; Twine, W., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norlund, P., Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States	Recurring food crises endanger the livelihoods of millions of households in developing countries around the globe. Owing to the importance of this issue, we explored recent changes in food security between the years 2004 and 2010 in a rural district in Northeastern South Africa. Our study window spans the time of the 2008 global food crisis and allows the investigation of its impacts on rural South African populations. Grounded in the sustainable livelihood framework, we examined differences in food security trajectories among vulnerable sub populations. A unique panel data set of 8,147 households, provided by the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Agincourt HDSS), allowed us to employ a longitudinal multilevel modeling approach to estimate adjusted growth curves for the differential changes in food security across time. We observed an overall improvement in food security that leveled off after 2008, most likely resulting from the global food crisis. In addition, we discovered significant differences in food security trajectories for various sub populations. For example, female-headed households and those living in areas with better access to natural resources differentially improved their food security situation, compared to male-headed households and those households with lower levels of natural resource access. However, former Mozambican refugees witnessed a decline in food security. Therefore, poverty alleviation programs for the Agincourt region should work to improve the food security of vulnerable households, such as former Mozambican refugees. © 2014 The Author(s).	Agincourt; Food security; Global food crisis; Growth curve models; Natural resources; South Africa	developing world; food security; growth curve; household income; natural resource; poverty; refugee; rural area; subpopulation; sustainable development; vulnerability; Mozambique; South Africa	MRC, Wellcome Trust; 069683/Z/02/Z, Wellcome Trust; 085477/Z/08/Z, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905483165	Predicted Impact of Mass Drug Administration on the Development of Protective Immunity against Schistosoma haematobium	Mitchell K.M., Mutapi F., Mduluza T., Midzi N., Savill N.J., Woolhouse M.E.J.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	7	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003059	Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mitchell, K.M., Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mutapi, F., Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Mduluza, T., Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Midzi, N., National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Savill, N.J., Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Woolhouse, M.E.J., Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom	Previous studies suggest that protective immunity against Schistosoma haematobium is primarily stimulated by antigens from dying worms. Praziquantel treatment kills adult worms, boosting antigen exposure and protective antibody levels. Current schistosomiasis control efforts use repeated mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel to reduce morbidity, and may also reduce transmission. The long-term impact of MDA upon protective immunity, and subsequent effects on infection dynamics, are not known. A stochastic individual-based model describing levels of S. haematobium worm burden, egg output and protective parasite-specific antibody, which has previously been fitted to cross-sectional and short-term post-treatment egg count and antibody patterns, was used to predict dynamics of measured egg output and antibody during and after a 5-year MDA campaign. Different treatment schedules based on current World Health Organisation recommendations as well as different assumptions about reductions in transmission were investigated. We found that antibody levels were initially boosted by MDA, but declined below pre-intervention levels during or after MDA if protective immunity was short-lived. Following cessation of MDA, our models predicted that measured egg counts could sometimes overshoot pre-intervention levels, even if MDA had had no effect on transmission. With no reduction in transmission, this overshoot occurred if protective immunity was short-lived. This implies that disease burden may temporarily increase following discontinuation of treatment, even in the absence of any reduction in the overall transmission rate. If MDA was additionally assumed to reduce transmission, a larger overshoot was seen across a wide range of parameter combinations, including those with longer-lived protective immunity. MDA may reduce population levels of immunity to urogenital schistosomiasis in the long-term (3-10 years), particularly if transmission is reduced. If MDA is stopped while S. haematobium is still being transmitted, large rebounds (up to a doubling) in egg counts could occur. © 2014 Mitchell et al.	None	parasite antibody; parasite antigen; praziquantel; anthelmintic agent; helminth antibody; adolescent; adult; antibody response; article; child; egg output; host parasite interaction; human; immune system decay; immunity; immunostimulation; infection rate; morbidity; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite transmission; population dynamics; repeated drug dose; risk reduction; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis haematobia; worm egg; animal; blood; drug effects; drug therapy; immunology; infant; information processing; newborn; preschool child; procedures; Schistosoma haematobium; transmission; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Anthelmintics; Antibodies, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Drug Therapy; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Parasite Egg Count; Praziquantel; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Young Adult	MRC, Wellcome Trust; WT082028MA, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899626945	The impact of missing data on clinical trials: A re-analysis of a placebo controlled trial of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns wort) and sertraline in major depressive disorder	Grobler A.C., Matthews G., Molenberghs G.	2014	Psychopharmacology	231	9	10.1007/s00213-013-3344-x	Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Durban 4013, South Africa; School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; I-BioStat, Universiteit Hasselt, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Grobler, A.C., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Durban 4013, South Africa; Matthews, G., School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Molenberghs, G., I-BioStat, Universiteit Hasselt, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Rationale and objective: Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) is used to treat depression, but the effectiveness has not been established. Recent guidelines described the analysis of clinical trials with missing data, inspiring the reanalysis of this trial using proper missing data methods. The objective was to determine whether hypericum was superior to placebo in treating major depression. Methods: A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted for 8 weeks to determine the effectiveness of hypericum or sertraline in reducing depression, measured using the Hamilton depression scale. We performed sensitivity analyses under different assumptions about the missing data process. Results: Three hundred forty participants were randomized, with 28 % lost to follow-up. The missing data mechanism was not missing completely at random. Under missing at random assumptions, some sensitivity analyses found no difference between either treatment arm and placebo, while some sensitivity analyses found a significant difference from baseline to week 8 between sertraline and placebo (-1.28, 95 % credible interval [-2.48; -0.08]), but not between hypericum and placebo (0.56, [-0.64;1.76]). The results were similar when the missing data process was assumed to be missing not at random. Conclusions: There is no difference between hypericum and placebo, regardless of the assumption about the missing data process. There is a significant difference between sertraline and placebo with some statistical methods used. It is important to conduct an analysis that takes account of missing data using valid statistically principled methods. The assumptions about the missing data process could influence the results. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Antidepressant; Bayesian; Hamilton depression scale; Herbal medicine; Hypericum perforatum; Missing at random; Missing not at random; Multiple imputation; Sertraline; St John's wort	Hypericum perforatum extract; placebo; sertraline; article; comparative effectiveness; data analysis; drug efficacy; Hamilton scale; human; information processing; major clinical study; major depression; maximum likelihood method; missing data; multiple imputation method; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; randomized controlled trial (topic); sensitivity analysis; statistical analysis; validation process	N01MH70007, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920076341	Hydrological impacts of urbanization of two catchments in Harare, Zimbabwe	Gumindoga W., Rientjes T., Shekede M.D., Rwasoka D.T., Nhapi I., Haile A.T.	2014	Remote Sensing	6	12	10.3390/rs61212544	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 6, AA Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Upper Manyame Subcatchment Council, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 772, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Gumindoga, W., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 6, AA Enschede, Netherlands; Rientjes, T., Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 6, AA Enschede, Netherlands; Shekede, M.D., Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rwasoka, D.T., Upper Manyame Subcatchment Council, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nhapi, I., Department of Environmental Engineering, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 772, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe; Haile, A.T., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	By increased rural-urban migration in many African countries, the assessment of changes in catchment hydrologic responses due to urbanization is critical for water resource planning and management. This paper assesses hydrological impacts of urbanization on two medium-sized Zimbabwean catchments (Mukuvisi and Marimba) for which changes in land cover by urbanization were determined through Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images for the years 1986, 1994 and 2008. Impact assessments were done through hydrological modeling by a topographically driven rainfall-runoff model (TOPMODEL). A satellite remote sensing based ASTER 30 metre Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to compute the Topographic Index distribution, which is a key input to the model. Results of land cover classification indicated that urban areas increased by more than 600 % in the Mukuvisi catchment and by more than 200 % in the Marimba catchment between 1986 and 2008. Woodlands decreased by more than 40% with a greater decrease in Marimba than Mukuvisi catchment. Simulations using TOPMODEL in Marimba and Mukuvisi catchments indicated streamflow increases of 84.8 % and 73.6 %, respectively, from 1980 to 2010. These increases coincided with decreases in woodlands and increases in urban areas for the same period. The use of satellite remote sensing data to observe urbanization trends in semi-arid catchments and to represent catchment land surface characteristics proved to be effective for rainfall-runoff modeling. Findings of this study are of relevance for many African cities, which are experiencing rapid urbanization but often lack planning and design. © 2014 by the authors.	Rainfall; Remote sensing; Runoff; TOPMODEL; Urbanization	None	NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894359286	Evaluation of the CORDEX-Africa multi-RCM hindcast: Systematic model errors	Kim J., Waliser D.E., Mattmann C.A., Goodale C.E., Hart A.F., Zimdars P.A., Crichton D.J., Jones C., Nikulin G., Hewitson B., Jack C., Lennard C., Favre A.	2014	Climate Dynamics	42	42496	10.1007/s00382-013-1751-7	JIFRESSE, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut, Norrköping, Sweden; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre de Recherches de Climatologie, UMR 6282, Biogéosciences CNRS, Universitée de Bourgogne, Dijon, France	Kim, J., JIFRESSE, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Waliser, D.E., JIFRESSE, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Mattmann, C.A., JIFRESSE, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Goodale, C.E., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Hart, A.F., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Zimdars, P.A., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Crichton, D.J., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Jones, C., Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut, Norrköping, Sweden; Nikulin, G., Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut, Norrköping, Sweden; Hewitson, B., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Jack, C., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lennard, C., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Favre, A., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre de Recherches de Climatologie, UMR 6282, Biogéosciences CNRS, Universitée de Bourgogne, Dijon, France	Monthly-mean precipitation, mean (TAVG), maximum (TMAX) and minimum (TMIN) surface air temperatures, and cloudiness from the CORDEX-Africa regional climate model (RCM) hindcast experiment are evaluated for model skill and systematic biases. All RCMs simulate basic climatological features of these variables reasonably, but systematic biases also occur across these models. All RCMs show higher fidelity in simulating precipitation for the west part of Africa than for the east part, and for the tropics than for northern Sahara. Interannual variation in the wet season rainfall is better simulated for the western Sahel than for the Ethiopian Highlands. RCM skill is higher for TAVG and TMAX than for TMIN, and regionally, for the subtropics than for the tropics. RCM skill in simulating cloudiness is generally lower than for precipitation or temperatures. For all variables, multi-model ensemble (ENS) generally outperforms individual models included in ENS. An overarching conclusion in this study is that some model biases vary systematically for regions, variables, and metrics, posing difficulties in defining a single representative index to measure model fidelity, especially for constructing ENS. This is an important concern in climate change impact assessment studies because most assessment models are run for specific regions/sectors with forcing data derived from model outputs. Thus, model evaluation and ENS construction must be performed separately for regions, variables, and metrics as required by specific analysis and/or assessments. Evaluations using multiple reference datasets reveal that cross-examination, quality control, and uncertainty estimates of reference data are crucial in model evaluations. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Africa; CORDEX; Impact assessments; IPCC; RCM evaluation; Regional climate; Systematic model biases	None	NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 1125798, NSF, National Science Foundation; 2011-67004-30224, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888010002	Does integrating family planning into HIV care and treatment impact intention to use contraception? Patient perspectives from HIV-infected individuals in Nyanza Province, Kenya	Newmann S.J., Grossman D., Blat C., Onono M., Steinfeld R., Bukusi E.A., Shade S., Cohen C.R.	2013	International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics	123	SUPPL.1	10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.08.001	Bixby Center for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, United States; Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for AIDS Prevention, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States	Newmann, S.J., Bixby Center for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Grossman, D., Bixby Center for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States, Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, United States; Blat, C., Bixby Center for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Onono, M., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Steinfeld, R., Bixby Center for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Bukusi, E.A., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Shade, S., Center for AIDS Prevention, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Cohen, C.R., Bixby Center for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States	Objective To evaluate whether HIV-infected women and men in HIV care and not using highly effective methods of contraception thought they would be more likely to use contraception if it were available at the HIV clinic. Methods A face-to-face survey assessing family-planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices was conducted among 976 HIV-infected women and men at 18 public-sector HIV clinics in Nyanza, Kenya. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations. Results The majority of women (73%) and men (71%) thought that they or their partner would be more likely to use family planning if it were offered at the HIV clinic. In multivariable analysis, women who reported making family-planning decisions with their partner (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-6.80) and women aged 18-25 years who were not currently using family planning (aOR 4.76; 95% CI, 2.28-9.95) were more likely to think they would use contraception if integrated services were available. Women who perceived themselves to be infertile (aOR 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02-0.31) and had access to a cell phone (aOR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.25-0.63) were less likely to think that integrated services would change their contraceptive use. Men who were not taking antiretroviral medications (aOR 3.30; 95% CI, 1.49-7.29) were more likely, and men who were unsure of their partner's desired number of children (aOR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.17-0.76), were not currently using family planning (aOR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22-0.73), and were living in a peri-urban setting (aOR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-0.99) were less likely to think their partner would use contraception if available at the HIV clinic. Conclusions Integrating family planning into HIV care would probably have a broad impact on the majority of women and men accessing HIV care and treatment. Integrated services would offer the opportunity to involve men more actively in the contraceptive decision-making process, potentially addressing 2 barriers to family planning: access to contraception and partner uncertainty or opposition. © 2013 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.	Contraception; Decision making; Family planning; HIV; Integration	adult; article; attitude; contraception; decision making; family planning; female; health care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; major clinical study; male; mobile phone; priority journal; Contraception; Decision making; Family planning; HIV; Integration; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Contraception; Contraception Behavior; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Decision Making; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Family Planning Services; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Logistic Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Sexual Partners; Young Adult	National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899582010	Association between health systems performance and treatment outcomes in patients co-infected with MDR-TB and HIV in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implications for TB programmes	Loveday M., Padayatchi N., Wallengren K., Roberts J., Brust J.C.M., Ngozo J., Master I., Voce A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0094016	Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Tuberculosis and HIV Investigative Network of KwaZulu-Natal (THINK), Durban, South Africa; Retired from Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; King Dinuzulu Hospital Complex, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Loveday, M., Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Padayatchi, N., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Wallengren, K., Tuberculosis and HIV Investigative Network of KwaZulu-Natal (THINK), Durban, South Africa; Roberts, J., Retired from Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Brust, J.C.M., Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Ngozo, J., KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Master, I., King Dinuzulu Hospital Complex, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa; Voce, A., Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Objective: To improve the treatment of MDR-TB and HIV co-infected patients, we investigated the relationship between health system performance and patient treatment outcomes at 4 decentralised MDR-TB sites. Methods: In this mixed methods case study which included prospective comparative data, we measured health system performance using a framework of domains comprising key health service components. Using Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficients we quantified the direction and magnitude of the association between health system performance and MDR-TB treatment outcomes. Qualitative data from participant observation and interviews analysed using systematic text condensation (STC) complemented our quantitative findings. Findings: We found significant differences in treatment outcomes across the sites with successful outcomes varying from 72% at Site 1 to 52% at Site 4 (p<0.01). Health systems performance scores also varied considerably across the sites. Our findings suggest there is a correlation between treatment outcomes and overall health system performance which is significant (r = 0.99, p<0.01), with Site 1 having the highest number of successful treatment outcomes and the highest health system performance. Although the 'integration' domain, which measured integration of MDR-TB services into existing services appeared to have the strongest association with successful treatment outcomes (r = 0.99, p<0.01), qualitative data indicated that the 'context' domain influenced the other domains. Conclusion: We suggest that there is an association between treatment outcomes and health system performance. The chance of treatment success is greater if decentralised MDR-TB services are integrated into existing services. To optimise successful treatment outcomes, regular monitoring and support are needed at a district, facility and individual level to ensure the local context is supportive of new programmes and implementation is according to guidelines. © 2014 Loveday et al.	None	article; case study; clinical handover; comparative study; controlled study; data collection method; health care delivery; health care management; health care planning; health care quality; health program; health service; health system integration; health systems performance; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; mixed infection; mortality; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; outcome assessment; participant observation; patient care; patient monitoring; performance measurement system; practice guideline; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; South Africa; systematic text condensation; treatment failure; antibiotic resistance; antiviral resistance; clinical trial; Coinfection; disease management; health personnel attitude; HIV Infections; multicenter study; multidrug resistance; politics; prospective study; qualitative research; residential care; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; tuberculostatic agent; Anti-HIV Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Attitude of Health Personnel; Catchment Area (Health); Coinfection; Delivery of Health Care; Disease Management; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Drug Resistance, Viral; HIV Infections; Humans; Politics; Prospective Studies; Qualitative Research; Quality Indicators, Health Care; South Africa; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; K23AI083088, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886781178	Performance evaluation of chicken, cow and pig manure in the production of natural fish food in aquadams stocked with Oreochromis mossambicus	Rapatsa M.M., Moyo N.A.G.	2013	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	66	None	10.1016/j.pce.2013.08.009	Aquaculture Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Private Bag X1106, 0727, South Africa	Rapatsa, M.M., Aquaculture Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Private Bag X1106, 0727, South Africa; Moyo, N.A.G., Aquaculture Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Private Bag X1106, 0727, South Africa	The main objective of this study was to characterize the ecological conditions that prevail after the application of chicken, cow and pig manure. Three treatments, chicken, cow, pig manure and a control were assigned to aquadams in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. The aquadams were fertilized 2. weeks before the fish were stocked. One hundred Oreochromis mossambicus (mean weight. ±40. g) were stocked in each aquadam. Water physico-chemical parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrite, total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, and phosphorus) were determined once a week for the duration of the experiment. Zooplankton and phytoplankton in the different treatments were enumerated once every 2. weeks. The relationship between phytoplankton communities and the water physico-chemical parameters were evaluated using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The CCA indicated that the physico-chemical variables which best explain the distribution of phytoplankton were carbonate alkalinity, pH, phosphate, potassium, nitrogen and dissolved oxygen. Phytoplankton abundance was highest in chicken manure because the optimum nutrient conditions for the growth of phytoplankton were found in this treatment. Zooplankton abundance was also highest in the chicken manure treatment. The control was associated with one phytoplankton taxa, Chlorella. The numerical contribution of the different food items in the stomachs of O. mossambicus was determined. The diet of O. mossambicus was dominated by phytoplankton particularly Microcystis species. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were used to assess the microbiological quality of the water in the different manure treatments. Chicken manure had the lowest total coliform and E. coli count. However, chicken manure had the highest Bacillus count. The implications of the microbial load in the chicken, cow and pig manure are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Fish; Manure; Plankton; Quality; Water	Canonical Correspondence Analysis; Completely randomized designs; Electrical conductivity; Microbiological quality; Oreochromis Mossambicus; Physicochemical parameters; Phytoplankton abundances; Phytoplankton community; Alkalinity; Animals; Bacteriology; Biochemical oxygen demand; Escherichia coli; Fish; Image quality; Manures; Phytoplankton; Water; Plankton; aquaculture system; experimental study; food supplementation; livestock; manure; performance assessment; physicochemical property; phytoplankton; water chemistry; zooplankton; Escherichia coli; Microcystis; Oreochromis mossambicus; Suidae	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887138674	Why Namibian Farmers Are Satisfied With the Performance of Their Livestock Guarding Dogs	Potgieter G.C., Marker L.L., Avenant N.L., Kerley G.I.H.	2013	Human Dimensions of Wildlife	18	6	10.1080/10871209.2013.803211	Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; National Museum of South Africa, Bloemfontein, South Africa; University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Potgieter, G.C., Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Marker, L.L., Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia; Avenant, N.L., National Museum of South Africa, Bloemfontein, South Africa, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Kerley, G.I.H., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	The success of livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) in mitigating farmer-predator conflict relies on the perceptions of farmers that use them. Purebred LGDs are provided to Namibian farmers by the Cheetah Conservation Fund as a farmer-predator conflict mitigation measure. We examined the perceptions of farmers using 164 of these LGDs by analyzing data collected during face-to-face interviews from 2000-2010. Although most respondents reported reduced livestock losses since LGD introduction, satisfaction with LGD performance was more strongly linked to their observations of LGD behavior. The most commonly reported negative behaviors were staying home (29 LGDs, 18%) and chasing wildlife (25 LGDs, 15%). On subsistence farms, care provided was negatively correlated with LGD age (r = -.34, n = 35, p =.04) and LGDs reportedly staying home were provided with less care than other LGDs. Overall, LGDs performed satisfactorily on commercial and subsistence farms, and thus contributed to farmer-predator conflict mitigation. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	farmer perceptions; human-wildlife conflict; livestock losses; Namibia	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884937244	Imino-phosphine palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes: Synthesis, molecular structures and evaluation as antitumor agents	Motswainyana W.M., Onani M.O., Madiehe A.M., Saibu M., Thovhogi N., Lalancette R.A.	2013	Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry	129	None	10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.09.010	Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Carl A. Olson Memorial Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, United States	Motswainyana, W.M., Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Onani, M.O., Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Madiehe, A.M., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Saibu, M., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Thovhogi, N., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Lalancette, R.A., Carl A. Olson Memorial Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, United States	The imino-phosphine ligands L1 and L2 were prepared via condensation reaction of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde with substituted anilines and obtained in very good yields. An equimolar reaction of L1 and L2 with either PdCl2(cod) or PtCl2(cod) gave new palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes 1-4. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 2, 3 and 4 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All the three molecular structures crystallized in monoclinic C2/c space system. The coordination geometry around the palladium and platinum atoms in respective structures exhibited distorted square planar geometry at the metal centers. The complexes were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxic activity against human breast (MCF-7) and human colon (HT-29) cancer cells, and they exhibited growth inhibitory activities and selectivity that were superior to the standard compound cisplatin. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	Antitumor; Imino-phosphine; Molecular structures; Palladium; Platinum; Synthesis	(2 diphenylphosphino benzylidene) 2 methylphenylen amine; (2 diphenylphosphino benzylidene) 2,6 dimethylphenylen amine; 2 (diphenylphosphino) benzaldehyde; aniline; antineoplastic agent; cisplatin; dichloro [(2 diphenylphosphino benzylidene) 2 methylphenylen amine] palladium; dichloro [(2 diphenylphosphino benzylidene) 2,6 dimethylphenylen amine] palladium; dichloro [(2 diphenylphosphino benzylidene) 2,6 dimethylphenylen amine] platinum; dichloro[(2 diphenylphosphino benzylidene) 2 methylphenylen amine] palladium; element; palladium; platinum; unclassified drug; analysis; article; breast cancer; cancer cell; cell strain MCF 7; chemical structure; colon cancer; drug synthesis; growth inhibition; human; human cell; in vitro study; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; polymerization; X ray crystallography; Antitumor; Imino-phosphine; Molecular structures; Palladium; Platinum; Synthesis; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Crystallography, X-Ray; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Humans; Molecular Structure; Neoplasms; Palladium; Phosphines; Platinum	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883637090	Durability performance potential and strength of blended Portland limestone cement concrete	Githachuri K., Alexander M.G.	2013	Cement and Concrete Composites	39	None	10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.027	Concrete Materials and Structural Integrity Research Unit, Dept. of Civil Eng., Univ. of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa	Githachuri, K., Concrete Materials and Structural Integrity Research Unit, Dept. of Civil Eng., Univ. of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Alexander, M.G., Concrete Materials and Structural Integrity Research Unit, Dept. of Civil Eng., Univ. of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa	This paper describes a study on the durability potential and strength of composite Portland-limestone cement (PLC) concrete mixtures blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and/or fly ash (FA). Their performance was compared against ordinary Portland cement, plain PLC and Portland-slag cement concrete mixtures. Using the South African Durability Index approach, results indicate reductions in the penetrability of the composite PLC blends compared to the other mixtures. The durability indicators are chloride conductivity, gas (oxygen) permeability and water sorptivity. Compressive strength of the composite PLC mixtures containing both GGBS and FA showed competitive performance with the comparative mixtures, but FA blended PLC mixtures had diminished compressive strength values. The paper also presents considerations on the practical implications of using blended PLC concrete mixtures. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Durability; Fly ash; Limestone; Slag; Strength	Cement concrete; Competitive performance; Durability performance; Ground granulated blast furnace slag; Limestone cement concretes; Ordinary Portland cement; Strength; Water sorptivity; Blast furnaces; Chlorine compounds; Compressive strength; Durability; Fly ash; Gas permeability; Limestone; Slag cement; Slags; Mixtures	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84951947214	Institutional proxy voting in South Africa: Process, outcomes and impact	Viviers S., Smit E.Vdm.	2015	South African Journal of Business Management	46	4	None	Department of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville, South Africa	Viviers, S., Department of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Smit, E.Vdm., University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville, South Africa	This study investigated the nature of institutional shareholder activism in South Africa with a particular focus on proxy voting as a public form of shareholder discontent. A total of 24 510 votes cast by 17 local investment management companies in 2013 were analysed. Interviews were also conducted with selected investment managers to gain more insight into the proxy voting process at their companies. Based on this data, it was concluded that investment managers preferred to engage with investee companies in private and viewed proxy voting as the last link in the shareholder activism chain. As a result, only 6.6 per cent of all votes were 'against' resolutions tabled by 347 JSE-listed companies in 2013. Resolutions regarding shareholders' endorsement of companies' remuneration policies; the election and re-election of directors, particularly those serving on audit committees; and the issuance of ordinary shares elicited the most opposition. Companies that were excluded from the JSE's Socially Responsible Investment Index in 2013 attracted significantly more opposition than their counterparts who were included in the index when seeking shareholder approval on the election and re-election of directors and the placing of shares under the control of directors. The same applied to companies that had low environmental, social and governance disclosure scores in 2013 as regards the issuance of shares. It is recommended, amongst others, that shareholder activism in South Africa be promoted by enhancing investor education and effecting some regulatory changes.	None	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883805434	Properties evaluation of ternary surfactant-induced Zn-Ni-Al2O3 films on mild steel by electrolytic chemical deposition	Fayomi O.S.I., Abdulwahab M., Popoola A.P.I.	2013	Journal of Ovonic Research	9	5	None	Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Fayomi, O.S.I., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Abdulwahab, M., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Popoola, A.P.I., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	The present study was aimed to develop a multilayer-modified coating that will enhance the surface characteristics of mild steel against chemical and mechanical deterioration with a ternary Zn-Ni-Al2O3 composition induced with monoethylanine (MEA) and triethylanine (TEA) as surfactant using electrolytic chemical deposition. The microstructures of the coated-body was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscope equipped with electron dispersive spectroscope (SEM-EDS). Equally, the adhesion and topography of the coating was examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The assessment of the micro-hardness and corrosion properties of the developed composites were used as a criteria. From the results, the deposition of admixed Zn-Ni-Al2O3 ternary composite particles in the presence of bath-additive surfactant on to the substrate was significantly enhanced. The corrosion resistance of the coated surface was also improved. There exist an improvement in the structural modification and better interfacial adhesion of coatings on the substrate upon addition of TEA and MEA as surfactants during the deposition process along with the electro-deposition variables considered.	Interfacial adhesion; Surface enhancer; Ternary composition; Thin film	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891595215	Heterometallic half-sandwich complexes containing a ferrocenyl motif: Synthesis, molecular structure, electrochemistry and antiplasmodial evaluation	Nkoana W., Nyoni D., Chellan P., Stringer T., Taylor D., Smith P.J., Hutton A.T., Smith G.S.	2014	Journal of Organometallic Chemistry	752	None	10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.11.025	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa	Nkoana, W., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Nyoni, D., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Chellan, P., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Stringer, T., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Taylor, D., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Hutton, A.T., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	The synthesis and characterisation of a series of new half-sandwich ruthenium(II), rhodium(III) and iridium(III) heterometallic complexes containing a ferrocenyl motif is reported. The dinuclear complexes were prepared by reaction of the ferrocenyl-salicylaldimine complex (1) with either [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2, [Rh(C5Me 5)Cl2]2 or [Ir(C5Me 5)Cl2]2 to yield heterobimetallic complexes where complex 1 acts as a bidentate anionic donor to ruthenium, rhodium or iridium via the imine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen atoms. The structures of the compounds have been confirmed using a variety of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of complexes 2-4. The electrochemical behaviour of the heterometallic complexes was examined using cyclic voltammetry and a positive shift in the half-wave potential (E 1/2) of the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple was observed for the Platinum Group Metal (PGM) complexes, indicating that the ferrocenyl moiety becomes harder to oxidise. The complexes were evaluated for antiplasmodial activity in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain NF54, yielding IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Further analysis of complexes 1-4 using a β-hematin inhibition assay revealed that these complexes are able to inhibit the formation of synthetic hemozoin. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antiplasmodial activity; Bioorganometallic chemistry; Cyclic voltammetry; Ferrocene; Heterometallic	Antiplasmodial activity; Bio-organometallic chemistry; Electrochemical behaviour; Ferrocenes; Hetero bimetallic complexes; Heterometallic complexes; Heterometallics; Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis; Chlorine compounds; Cyclic voltammetry; Dyes; Iridium; Iridium compounds; Metallic compounds; Organometallics; Rhodium; Rhodium compounds; Ruthenium; Ruthenium compounds; X ray diffraction analysis; Synthesis (chemical)	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929463566	Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of ferrocenyl azines and their rhodium(I) complexes	Stringer T., Guzgay H., Combrinck J.M., Hopper M., Hendricks D.T., Smith P.J., Land K.M., Egan T.J., Smith G.S.	2015	Journal of Organometallic Chemistry	788	None	10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.04.009	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States	Stringer, T., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Guzgay, H., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Combrinck, J.M., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Hopper, M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Hendricks, D.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Land, K.M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Egan, T.J., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Ferrocenyl azines containing salicylaldimine motifs were prepared by Schiff-base condensation of salicylaldehyde hydrazones and (dimethylamino)methyl ferrocenecarboxaldehyde. Their corresponding Rh(I) complexes were prepared by reaction of the various ferrocenyl azines with [RhCl(COD)]<inf>2</inf> (where COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) to yield heterobimetallic complexes. The compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The characterization data suggests that the ferrocenyl azine acts as a bidentate donor. The rhodium(I) centre binds to the imine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen of the salicylaldimine, forming a neutral complex. The compounds were screened against the NF54 chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) and K1 chloroquine-resistant (CQR) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The ferrocene-containing salicylaldimines exhibited weak to moderate activity across both parasite strains. The heterometallic complexes exhibited enhanced activity compared to the ferrocenyl azines in both strains. Most of the compounds exhibited enhanced activity in the resistant strain compared to the sensitive strain. Inhibition of haemozoin formation was considered as a possible mechanism of action of these compounds and indeed they exhibited β-haematin inhibition activity, albeit weaker than chloroquine. All compounds were also screened against the G3 strain of Trichomonas vaginalis. The compounds inhibited no more than 50% parasite growth at the tested concentration. One complex exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antiparasitic activity; Bioorganometallic chemistry; Cytotoxicity; Ferrocene; Heterobimetallic; Plasmodium falciparum	Cytotoxicity; Functional groups; Metallic compounds; Nitrogen compounds; Organometallics; Rhodium; Strain; Synthesis (chemical); Antiparasitic activity; Bio-organometallic chemistry; Ferrocenes; Heterobimetallics; Plasmodium falciparum; Rhodium compounds; Plasmodium falciparum; Trichomonas vaginalis	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928413005	Performance evaluation of the ADSA in a vehicular network: MAC approach in IEEE 802.11p	Feukeu E.A., Djouani K., Kurien A.	2015	Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing	6	3	10.1007/s12652-015-0268-9	Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, French South African Institute of Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag x680, Pretoria, South Africa	Feukeu, E.A., Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, French South African Institute of Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag x680, Pretoria, South Africa; Djouani, K., Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, French South African Institute of Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag x680, Pretoria, South Africa; Kurien, A., Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, French South African Institute of Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag x680, Pretoria, South Africa	The added benefits brought by the advent of the Vehicular network (VN) technology have stimulated a lot of hope in the area emergent transportation industries. Two most important factors that have motivated and contributed to the development, design and implementation of the VN standards include the need to ensure safety and the need to consider road accident avoidance strategies. However, the innate dynamic and the high topological mobility of the nodes in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) raise complex and challenging issues with the standard. One of the complexities is the problem posed by Doppler effect (DE) resulting from the high mobility of the VANET nodes. In an attempt to compensate the induced Doppler shift (DS), the Automatic Doppler shift adaptation (ADSA) method was recently introduced to combat DE in a VANET. ADSA proved to be more resilient and effective in term of Bit error rate (BER). Moreover, for realistic applications, BER tests alone are insufficient. Therefore, in this work, a thorough analysis of the method is explored and the strength of the refined ADSA method is evaluated in terms of throughput, elapsed time, packet loss, model efficiency and data transfer rate. These metrics are used to perform a comparative analysis of ADSA versus adaptive modulation code (AMC) and auto-rate fallback (ARF). Results from the analysis shows that the ADSA approach is very effective and has a strong robustness compared to ARF and AMC with up to 300–700 % improvement in throughput and a 60–75 % reduction in consumed time. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Doppler effect; DSRC; MCS; OFDM; WAVE	Ad hoc networks; Bit error rate; Complex networks; Data transfer; Data transfer rates; Doppler effect; Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing; Telecommunication networks; Waves; Auto rate fallbacks; Comparative analysis; Design and implementations; DSRC; MCS; Realistic applications; Transportation industry; Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs); Vehicular ad hoc networks	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894052408	Prediction based channel allocation performance for cognitive radio	Barnes S.D., Maharaj B.T.	2014	AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications	68	4	10.1016/j.aeue.2013.09.009	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Barnes, S.D., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Maharaj, B.T., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The interdependency, in a cognitive radio (CR) network, of spectrum sensing, occupancy modelling, channel switching and secondary user (SU) performance, is investigated. Achievable SU data throughput and primary user (PU) disruption rate have been examined for both theoretical test data as well as data obtained from real-world spectrum measurements done in Pretoria, South Africa. A channel switching simulator was developed to investigate SU performance, where a hidden Markov model (HMM) was employed to model and predict PU behaviour, from which proactive channel allocations could be made. Results show that CR performance may be improved if PU behaviour is accurately modelled, since accurate prediction allows the SU to make proactive channel switching decisions. It is further shown that a trade-off may exist between achievable SU throughput and average PU disruption rate. When using the prediction model, significant performance improvements, particularly under heavy traffic density conditions, of up to double the SU throughput and half the PU disruption rate were observed. Results obtained from a measurement campaign were comparable with those obtained from theoretical occupancy data, with an average similarity score of 95% for prediction accuracy, 90% for SU throughput and 70% for PU disruption rate. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.	Channel switching; Cognitive radio; Occupancy modelling; Secondary user performance; Spectrum measurements	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894104527	Dietary supplementation with coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed: Effect on growth performance, circulating metabolic substrates, and lipid profile of the liver and visceral adipose tissue in healthy female rats	Nyakudya T., Makaula S., Mkumla N., Erlwanger K.	2014	International Journal of Agriculture and Biology	16	1	None	Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, UNITRA 5117, South Africa	Nyakudya, T., Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Makaula, S., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, UNITRA 5117, South Africa; Mkumla, N., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Erlwanger, K., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	The rising incidence of metabolic syndrome globally has been attributed to sedentary lifestyles and the consumption of high energy diets with a low omega-3: omega-6 fatty acid ratio. Coriander seeds, commonly used for culinary purposes, have beneficial health effects. We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with coriander seeds on growth performance, hepatic and visceral adipose tissue lipid storage and circulating metabolic substrates in healthy, growing rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats (150-200 g) were fed either standard rat chow (n = 8) or standard rat chow supplemented with crushed coriander seeds (n = 8; 500 mg kg-1 body mass). After five weeks, there were no significant differences in body mass gain, plasma free fatty acids and triglyceride concentrations of the rats (p &gt; 0.05; t-test). Whilst dietary supplementation with coriander did not affect the lipid content of the liver, it significantly increased the amount of monounsaturated (22.62 ± 6.48% vs 0.65 ± 0.32%) and polyunsaturated (54.89 ± 5.10% vs 22.16 ± 7.79%) fatty acids in the visceral adipose tissue where it also decreased the saturated fatty acid content (p &lt; 0.05; t-test). Coriander increased the omega 3: omega 6 ratio in the visceral adipose tissue which may explain its health benefits. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers.	Coriander; Liver lipids; Visceral fat	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930943078	Tuning optimization algorithms under multiple objective function evaluation budgets	Dymond A.S., Engelbrecht A.P., Kok S., Heyns P.S.	2015	IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation	19	3	10.1109/TEVC.2014.2322883	Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Dymond, A.S., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Engelbrecht, A.P., Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Kok, S., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Heyns, P.S., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Most sensitivity analysis studies of optimization algorithm control parameters are restricted to a single objective function evaluation (OFE) budget. This restriction is problematic because the optimality of control parameter values (CPVs) is dependent not only on the problem's fitness landscape, but also on the OFE budget available to explore that landscape. Therefore, the OFE budget needs to be taken into consideration when performing control parameter tuning. This paper presents a new algorithm tuning multiobjective particle swarm optimization (tMOPSO) for tuning the CPVs of stochastic optimization algorithms under a range of OFE budget constraints. Specifically, for a given problem tMOPSO aims to determine multiple groups of CPVs, each of which results in optimal performance at a different OFE budget. To achieve this, the control parameter tuning problem is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem. Additionally, tMOPSO uses a noise-handling strategy and CPV assessment procedure, which are specialized for tuning stochastic optimization algorithms. Conducted numerical experiments provide evidence that tMOPSO is effective at tuning under multiple OFE budget constraints. © 2014 IEEE.	Control parameter tuning; multiobjective optimization; objective function evaluation (OFE) budget	Algorithms; Budget control; Control system analysis; Function evaluation; Optimization; Parameter estimation; Particle swarm optimization (PSO); Sensitivity analysis; Control parameters; Multi objective particle swarm optimization; Multi-objective optimization problem; Multiple objective functions; Numerical experiments; objective function evaluation (OFE) budget; Optimization algorithms; Stochastic optimization algorithm; Multiobjective optimization	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923339760	Preparative isolation of bio-markers from the leaf exudate of Aloe ferox ("aloe bitters") by high performance counter-current chromatography	Adhami H.-R., Viljoen A.M.	2015	Phytochemistry Letters	11	None	10.1016/j.phytol.2014.07.001	Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Adhami, H.-R., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Viljoen, A.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	One of the most crucial factors determining the safety and efficacy of any herbal medicine or natural product-based formulation is the quality of the raw material. The absence of readily available bio-markers (standards) is one of the hurdles which need to be overcome to develop robust and effective quality control protocols. Aloe ferox Mill. is a most coveted ethnomedicinally import plant indigenous to South Africa. A. ferox has been used since ancient times in folk medicine and recently it has gained popularity as an ingredient in cosmetic formulations and food supplements. This study aimed to develop a superior method for the isolation of bio-markers from "aloe bitters" (exudate) obtained from A. ferox. For separation by HPCCC the solvent system comprising of EtOAc/n-BuOH/H2O (3.5:1.5:5, v/v/v) was used in reversed phase mode. By this method, and only in one run, eight bio-markers were separated and isolated on semi-preparative scale including aloesin, aloeresin C, aloeresin A, 5-hydroxyaloin, aloin B, aloinoside B, aloin A and aloinoside A. The isolation of bio-active molecules from A. ferox (Cape aloes) is presented to illustrate the efficiency and advantages of high performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC). © 2014 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Aloe ferox; Aloeresin A; Aloesin; Aloin A and B; chromatography; High performance counter-current	5 hydroxyaloin; aloeresin a; aloeresin c; aloesin; aloin; aloinoside a; aloinoside b; biological marker; biological product; herbaceous agent; solvent; unclassified drug; Aloe; Aloe ferox; Article; biological activity; counter current chromatography; drug isolation; herbal medicine; high performance counter current chromatography; nonhuman; phytochemistry; plant exudate; plant leaf; priority journal; reproducibility; solvent extraction; South Africa; Aloe; Aloe ferox	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900405443	Disrupted rapid eye movement sleep predicts poor declarative memory performance in post-traumatic stress disorder	Lipinska M., Timol R., Kaminer D., Thomas K.G.F.	2014	Journal of Sleep Research	23	3	10.1111/jsr.12122	Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Lipinska, M., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Timol, R., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kaminer, D., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Thomas, K.G.F., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Successful memory consolidation during sleep depends on healthy slow-wave and rapid eye movement sleep, and on successful transition across sleep stages. In post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep is disrupted and memory is impaired, but relations between these two variables in the psychiatric condition remain unexplored. We examined whether disrupted sleep, and consequent disrupted memory consolidation, is a mechanism underlying declarative memory deficits in post-traumatic stress disorder. We recruited three matched groups of participants: post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 16); trauma-exposed non-post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 15); and healthy control (n = 14). They completed memory tasks before and after 8 h of sleep. We measured sleep variables using sleep-adapted electroencephalography. Post-traumatic stress disorder-diagnosed participants experienced significantly less sleep efficiency and rapid eye movement sleep percentage, and experienced more awakenings and wake percentage in the second half of the night than did participants in the other two groups. After sleep, post-traumatic stress disorder-diagnosed participants retained significantly less information on a declarative memory task than controls. Rapid eye movement percentage, wake percentage and sleep efficiency correlated with retention of information over the night. Furthermore, lower rapid eye movement percentage predicted poorer retention in post-traumatic stress disorder-diagnosed individuals. Our results suggest that declarative memory consolidation is disrupted during sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder. These data are consistent with theories suggesting that sleep benefits memory consolidation via predictable neurobiological mechanisms, and that rapid eye movement disruption is more than a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder. © 2014 European Sleep Research Society.	Memory; Post-traumatic stress disorder; REM; Sleep	adult; arousal; article; clinical article; controlled study; correlational study; declarative memory; electroencephalography; female; human; memory consolidation; mental task; posttraumatic stress disorder; predictive value; priority journal; REM sleep deprivation; sleep disorder; sleep quality; sleep stage; memory; post-traumatic stress disorder; REM; sleep; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Electroencephalography; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Memory; Memory Disorders; Polysomnography; Rape; Retention (Psychology); Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep, REM; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897589973	Compressive strength evaluation of mortarless interlocking masonry	Pave R., Uzoegbo Fims H.C.	2013	Masonry International	26	3	None	Department of Structural Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Pave, R., Department of Structural Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Uzoegbo Fims, H.C., Department of Structural Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	The compression strength testing procedure for masonry units with unsupported projections is not well documented and can be quite complex. Most laboratories use cores taken from the samples for compression testing. This paper is based on the development of alternative testing methods for dry-stack (mortarless) interlocking masonry units and walling systems. The blocks rely mainly on the interlocking keys for stability and were made of compressed soil-cement extruded under a pressure of about 10N/mm2. The blocks are developed, marketed and certified for use in construction in South Africa by AGREMENT SA [1]. The product has achieved reasonable commercial success in parts of Africa, Asia and South America mainly due to its simplicity, savings in mortar and speed of construction compared to conventional masonry. In order to establish suitable test methods, axial compression tests were conducted on full scale block units using platens that match the complex surface configuration of the units and in-service load paths. Cubes were also cored from the masonry units and tested as control samples. The results show that the method of testing and the moisture content are important factors in the strength of the masonry units. Provisions on conventional masonry walling are used for comparison. The test results were used to develop an empirical model for the prediction of the load capacity of the dry-stack interlocking block units.	Compressive strength; Dry-stack masonry; Interlocking blocks; Wall panels	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923327691	Microwave irradiation controls the manganese oxidation states of nanostructured (Li[Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13Al0.02]O2) layered cathode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries	Jafta C.J., Raju K., Mathe M.K., Manyala N., Ozoemena K.I.	2015	Journal of the Electrochemical Society	162	4	10.1149/2.0931504jes	Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany	Jafta, C.J., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany; Raju, K., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Mathe, M.K., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Manyala, N., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	A hybrid synthesis procedure, combining microwave irradiation and conventional annealing process, is described for the preparation of lithium-rich manganese-rich cathode materials, Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNC) and its aluminum-doped counterpart, Li[Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13Al0.02]O2 (LMNCA). Essentially, this study interrogates the structure and electrochemistry of these layered cathode materials when subjected to microwave irradiation (these microwave-based produced are abbreviated herein as LMNC-mic and LMNCA-mic). The nanoparticulate nature of these layered cathode materials were confirmed by SEM. The crystallinity and layeredness were determined from the XRD analysis. The XPS measurements proved a definite change in the oxidation states of the manganese due to microwave irradiation. The galvanostatic charge-discharge characterization showed that the aluminum-doped cathode material obtained with the assistance of microwave irradiation has superior electrochemical properties. In summary, the electrochemical performance of these cathode materials produced with and without the assistance of microwave irradiation decreased as follows: LMNCAmic &gt; LMNCA &gt; LMNCmic &gt; LMNC. © 2015 The Electrochemical Society.	None	Aluminum; Cathodes; Characterization; Electric batteries; Electric discharges; Electrochemistry; Electrodes; Hybrid materials; Irradiation; Lithium; Lithium alloys; Lithium compounds; Lithium-ion batteries; Manganese; Microwave irradiation; Microwave materials processing; Microwaves; Nickel; Radiation; Secondary batteries; Cath-ode materials; Conventional annealing; Electrochemical performance; Galvanostatic charge discharges; High-performance lithium-ion batteries; Layered cathode materials; Manganese oxidations; Synthesis procedure; Lithium batteries	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907541269	Inhibitive action and synergistic performance of 2-amino-ethanol and N,N-diethylethanamine on copper in hydrochloric acid solution	Fayomi O.S.I., Popoola A.P.I., Popoola O.M.	2014	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	28	3	10.4314/bcse.v28i3.15	Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa; College of Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Fayomi, O.S.I., Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa, College of Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Popoola, A.P.I., Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Popoola, O.M., Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa	The corrosion inhibition action of copper alloy in 1 M HC1 solution in the presence of 2-aminoethanol (A) and N,N-diethylethanamine (D) at 298 °K was investigated using gravimetric and linear polarization method. Surface studies of the copper alloy sample were observed by the help of high resolution scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The evaluations were taken after 48 h interval for 288 h while the concentration of the inhibitor was varied from 5 to 10% w/v. The result of the examination shows that 2-aminoethanol (A) and A/A-diethylethanamine (D) has a good corrosion inhibition effect for copper alloy in 1 M HC1 solutions and its efficiency attains above 96% at 10% w/v concentration. The linear polarization result affirmed that 2-aminoethanol (A) and AA-diethylethanamine (D) acts as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. Their adsorption on copper alloy has been found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm at all the concentration of inhibitor applied. The outcomes from all approaches are in good agreement with each other. © 2014 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Adsorption; Electrochemical oxidation; Inhibitor; SEM/EDX; Synergistic assessment	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925261279	Synthesis of CpM(CO)3-DAB and -PAMAM dendrimer conjugates and preliminary evaluation of their biological activity	Hu W., Hoyer J., Neundorf I., Govender P., Smith G.S., Schatzschneider U.	2015	European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry	2015	9	10.1002/ejic.201403060	Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians- Universität Würzburg, Am HublandWürzburg, Germany; Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, Köln, Germany; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa	Hu, W., Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians- Universität Würzburg, Am HublandWürzburg, Germany; Hoyer, J., Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, Köln, Germany; Neundorf, I., Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, Köln, Germany; Govender, P., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Schatzschneider, U., Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians- Universität Würzburg, Am HublandWürzburg, Germany	Dendrimers of different generations and core structures [diaminobutane poly(propylenimine) (DAB) G1, G2, G3; poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G1] were chosen as carriers for bioactive organometallic half-sandwich complexes of the type CpM(CO)3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, M = Mn or Re) to study the influence of these parameters on their biological activity against cancer cells. Structure-activity relationships were determined by variation of the metal center as well as the type, molecular weight, and number of terminal functional groups of the dendrimer conjugates. All conjugates were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy as well as HPLC. Their biological activity was determined on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by the resazurin assay. Interestingly, the most-active compounds were the first-generation dendrimer conjugates. The Mn and Re series showed nearly the same activities. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the dendrimer conjugates does not seem to directly correlate with the type or number of terminal functional groups. Rather, it points to a mechanism of action that is different from that previously observed for peptide conjugates with similar CpM(CO)3 functional groups. Dendrimers of different generation and core structure are used as carriers for bioactive organometallic half-sandwich complexes of the type CpM(CO)3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, M = Mn or Re). Interestingly, the most-active compounds are the first-generation dendrimer conjugates, and the influence of the metal center is much less pronounced. Copyright © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.	Anticancer activity; Bioorganometallic chemistry; Dendrimers; Manganese; Rhenium	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84933051370	The impact of zinc recycling on the slurry rheology of WC-6 wt.% Co cemented carbides?	Freemantle C.S., Sacks N.	2015	International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials	49	1	10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.08.015	School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, South Africa; Pilot Tools (Pty) (Ltd), P.O. Box 27559, Benrose, South Africa	Freemantle, C.S., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, South Africa, Pilot Tools (Pty) (Ltd), P.O. Box 27559, Benrose, South Africa; Sacks, N., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, South Africa	The slurry rheology of zinc recycled and newWC-6 wt.% Co materials has been studied. The impact of polymer molecular weight, particle size distribution, zeta potential and solids loading on slurry rheology has been investigated and correlated with spray dried powder properties. Powders were characterized in terms of granule size distribution, apparent density, flow rate and granule microstructure. Zinc recycled and new powders, produced in both laboratory and production sized mills, were rheologically tested at various particle sizes ranging from 1.3 μm to 4.1 μm and at 3 different alcohol fractions. Polymer breakdown did not occur during milling, and did not influence slurry rheology. Recycled powders exhibited more consistent zeta potentials compared to new powders however all of the slurries, recycled and new alike, displayed agglomerating tendencies. Grain size distribution was shown to be the dominant factor in the shear response and development of a slurry yield stress, which resulted in solid spray dried granules from slurries possessing finer grain size and a higher yield stress, compared to hollow granules resulting from slurries possessing a coarser grain size and a low yield stress. Finer slurries, regardless of recycling or not, displayed higher settling rates. Zinc recycled slurries settled less quickly than newslurries of similar particle size; however they required longermilling times to achieve the target grain size distribution. Both zinc recycled and new powder slurries can be tailored to produce ideal, solid granules. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Cemented carbides; Slurry rheology; Spray drying; Zinc recycling	Carbide tools; Carbides; Copolymers; Elasticity; Granulation; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Powders; Recycling; Size distribution; Slurries; Spray drying; Tungsten carbide; Yield stress; Zeta potential; Zinc; Milling (machining); Cemented carbides; Grain size distribution; Granule microstructure; Granule size distribution; Polymer molecular weight; Slurry rheology; Spray-dried granules; Spray-dried powders; Grain size and shape	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883445474	Performance of multi-packaging for table grapes based on airflow, cooling rates and fruit quality	Ngcobo M.E.K., Delele M.A., Opara U.L., Meyer C.J.	2013	Journal of Food Engineering	116	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.12.044	Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Perishable Product Export Control Board, 45 Silwerboom Avenue, Plattekloof, Parow 7500, South Africa	Ngcobo, M.E.K., Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Perishable Product Export Control Board, 45 Silwerboom Avenue, Plattekloof, Parow 7500, South Africa; Delele, M.A., Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Opara, U.L., Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Meyer, C.J., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	The performance of three table grapes multi-scale designs, namely the 4.5 kg box, 5 kg open-top punnet and 5 kg clamshell punnet, was studied. Results showed that vent-hole ratio of empty grape boxes had a significant influence on the resistance to airflow, where the 5 kg punnet box with a vent-hole ratio of 6.13 ± 0.04% had a lower pressure drop than the 4.5 kg boxes with a lower vent-hole ratio of 3.80 ± 1.74%. The addition of liner films and inner packages changed the pressure patterns, indicating that inner packaging had a great influence on airflow resistance and airflow patterns through multi-scale packages of grapes. Cooling rates of grapes in the 4.5 kg multi-packaging was significantly (P < 0.05) slower than that of grapes in 5 kg punnet multi-packaging, where the 4.5 kg box resulted in a seven-eighths cooling time of 30.30-46.14% and 12.69-25.00% more than that of open-top and clamshell punnet multi-packages, respectively. After 35 days in cold storage at -0.5°C, grape bunches in the 5 kg punnet box combination (open-top and clamshell) had a weight loss of 2.01-3.12%, while the bunches in the 4.5 kg box combination had only 1.08% weight loss. The bunch stem dehydration rates were also higher in the 5 kg punnet multi-package. These results were attributed to differences in vapour pressure deficit (VPD) measured between the three multi-scale packages, where the VPD inside the 4.5 kg multi-packaging was 40.95 Pa, while the VPD inside the 5 kg open-top and clamshell punnet packaging were 92.97 Pa and 100.71 Pa, respectively. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Forced air cooling; Moisture loss; Multi-packaging; Pressure drop; Table grape; Vapour pressure	Forced air cooling; Moisture loss; Multi-packaging; Table grapes; Vapour pressures; Cold storage; Cooling; Pressure drop; Vapors; Vents; Packaging; Vitaceae	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879365996	Evaluation of antidiabetic activity and associated toxicity of artemisia afra aqueous extract in Wistar rats	Sunmonu T.O., Afolayan A.J.	2013	Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine	2013	None	10.1155/2013/929074	Research Center for Phytomedicine, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Sunmonu, T.O., Research Center for Phytomedicine, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Research Center for Phytomedicine, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. is a widely used medicinal plant in South Africa for the treatment of diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity and possible toxicity effect of aqueous leaf extract of the herb administered at different dosages for 15 days in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Administration of the extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight, decreased blood glucose levels, increased glucose tolerance, and improved imbalance in lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. These are indications of antidiabetic property of A. afra with 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract showing the best hypoglycemic action by comparing favourably well with glibenclamide, a standard hypoglycemic drug. The extract at all dosages tested also restored liver function indices and haematological parameters to normal control levels in the diabetic rats, whereas the kidney function indices were only normalized in the diabetic animals administered with 50 mg/kg body weight of the extract. This investigation clearly showed that in addition to its hypoglycemic activity, A. afra may also protect the liver and blood against impairment due to diabetes. However, some kidney functions may be compromised at high dosages of the extract. © 2013 Taofik O. Sunmonu and Anthony J. Afolayan.	None	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; Artemisia afra extract; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; calcium; cholesterol; creatinine; gamma glutamyltransferase; glibenclamide; globulin; glucose; hemoglobin; high density lipoprotein; low density lipoprotein; plant extract; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; urea; uric acid; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antidiabetic activity; Artemisia; Artemisia afra; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; bilirubin blood level; body weight; calcium blood level; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; creatinine blood level; drug safety; eosinophil; erythrocyte; fluid intake; food intake; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; glucose blood level; glucose tolerance; hematocrit; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; hemoglobin determination; kidney function; leukocyte; lipid metabolism; lipoprotein blood level; liver function; liver protection; lymphocyte; male; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; neutrophil; nonhuman; plant leaf; priority journal; rat; renal protection; streptozocin diabetes; thrombocyte; triacylglycerol blood level; urea blood level; uric acid blood level	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896864796	Experimental evaluation of insect pollination versus wind pollination in leucadendron (proteaceae)	Welsford M.R., Midgley J.J., Johnson S.D.	2014	International Journal of Plant Sciences	175	3	10.1086/674449	School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Welsford, M.R., School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Midgley, J.J., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Johnson, S.D., School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Premise of research. Evolutionary transitions from insect to wind pollination are thought to have occurred many times during the angiosperm radiation. On the basis of floral features, several such transitions have been postulated for Leucadendron (Proteaceae), a dioecious genus of 96 taxa confined almost entirely to the Cape Floristic Region. To confirm whether these transitions took place, we carried out experimental tests for wind pollination and sampled insect flower visitors in 15 Leucadendron species, representing six clades in the genus. Methodology. In three clades in which an insect-wind shift has been inferred, we sampled species with traits suggestive of either wind or insect pollination. Plants were bagged with fine-mesh exclusion bags that excluded insects but allowed the passage of airborne pollen. Insects visiting female inflorescences were collected for identification and analysis of their pollen loads. Pivotal results. We found that insect exclusion had little effect on seed set of five species conforming to the wind pollination syndrome (L. rubrum, L. salicifolium, L. dubium, L. coniferum, and L. teretifolium), while seed set was strongly reduced by insect exclusion in the remaining 10 species conforming to an insect pollination syndrome. The most common pollinator of the insect-pollinated species was the nitidulid beetle Pria cinerascens. Conclusions. This study provides experimental verification of contrasting insect and wind pollination systems in Leucadendron and will thus enable formal phylogenetic tests of adaptive changes in floral traits, such as color and scent, that may be associated with pollination system transitions in this diverse lineage. © 2014 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.	Dioecy; Leucadendron; Nitidulid; Pria cinerascens; Wind pollination	angiosperm; beetle; Cape Floristic Region; color; dioecy; female; flower; insect; pollen; pollination; seed set; wind	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936890182	The impact of dialogic book-sharing training on infant language and attention: a randomized controlled trial in a deprived South African community	Vally Z., Murray L., Tomlinson M., Cooper P.J.	2015	Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines	56	8	10.1111/jcpp.12352	School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Vally, Z., School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Murray, L., School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Tomlinson, M., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Cooper, P.J., School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background Dialogic book-sharing is an interactive form of shared reading. It has been shown in high income countries (HICs) to be of significant benefit to child cognitive development. Evidence for such benefit in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is scarce, although a feasibility study of our own produced encouraging findings. Accordingly, we aimed to establish the impact on child language and attention of providing training in dialogic booksharing to carers of infants in an impoverished South African community. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Khayelitsha, an informal settlement in South Africa. Mothers of infants aged between 14 and 16 months were recruited and randomized to either 8 weeks of manualized training in dialogic book-sharing or a no-intervention control group. Independent assessments were made of infant language and attention at baseline and following training. The trial was registered (ISRCTN39953901). Results Ninety one carer-infant dyads were recruited and randomized to the intervention group (n = 49) or the control group (n = 42), 82 (90%) of whom were available for follow-up assessments. On a standardized carer report of infant vocabulary, compared to those in the control group, carers who received the intervention reported a significantly greater increase in the number of words understood by their infants as well as a larger increase in the number of words that their infant understood and could vocalize. Intervention group children also showed substantially greater gains on a measure of sustained attention. Conclusions In line with evidence from HICs, a dialogic book-sharing programme delivered to an impoverished South African sample was shown to be of considerable benefit to the development of child language and focussed attention. The training programme, which is simple and inexpensive to deliver, has the potential to benefit child cognitive development in LMIC contexts where such development is commonly compromised. © 2014 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.	attention; book-sharing; Dialogic; language	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920937508	Influence of cathode shape on vacuum arc thruster performance and operation	Lun J., Law C.	2015	IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science	43	1	10.1109/TPS.2014.2361439	South African National Space Agency, Hermanus, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lun, J., South African National Space Agency, Hermanus, South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Law, C., School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Vacuum arc thrusters (VATs) are a potentially useful technology for use as microthrusters, given their simplicity, low mass, and low-power requirements. However, further development is still needed to improve and mature their performance and operation. In an effort to improve thruster characteristics, we investigate the use of conically shaped convergent cathode surface profiles in a low-power coaxial VAT design. Experimental measurements of ion current density distribution, thrust, and erosion rate were taken for a range of cathode profiles and materials. Results show that modifying the profile of the cathode face can affect the plasma jet's plume distribution and even improve thrust production in certain cases. One likely cause of the thrust improvement is speculated to be increased charge exchange collisions resulting in a lower average ion charge state of the ejecting plasma. © 1973-2012 IEEE.	Cathode; diagnostics; ion charge state; ion current density distribution (ICDD); microthruster; plasma jet; propulsion; pulsed power; thrust stand; Vacuum arc thruster (VAT).	Cathodes; Charge transfer; Electrodes; Ion exchange; Ions; Plasma diagnostics; Plasma jets; Plasma sources; Propulsion; Vacuum applications; Vacuum technology; Ion charge state; Ion current density; Microthruster; Pulsed-power; Thrust stand; Vacuum arc thruster; Pulsed plasma thrusters	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883642337	Texting Africa: Writing as performance	Deumert A., Lexander K.V.	2013	Journal of Sociolinguistics	17	4	10.1111/josl.12043	University of Cape Town, South Africa; University of Oslo, Norway	Deumert, A., University of Cape Town, South Africa, University of Oslo, Norway; Lexander, K.V., University of Cape Town, South Africa, University of Oslo, Norway	This paper discusses African multilingual digital writing, focusing on one digital genre: texting. Our analysis draws on quantitative and qualitative data from five highly multilingual African countries: Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa. Writers are shown to draw on local as well as global linguistic resources in crafting their messages. Being a good texter requires the performance of 'textual linguistic dexterity': the ability to articulate meaning through the skillful use of both global and local forms. Good texters are valued by their audiences not only for the speed with which they reply, but also their ability to 'play with words'. The quantitative data shows such practices to be widespread, while the qualitative data allows us to understand writers' motivations and underlying linguistics ideologies. Texting is frequently used in intimate interactions, especially for expressions of love, affection and attraction. Through the juxtaposition of linguistic material, and drawing on the social meanings of different resources within their multilingual repertoires, writers are able to project particular personae and to negotiate various forms of emotional attachment. Eli phepha lixoxa ngendlela yokubhala ngeelwimi ezininzi zeseAfrika usebenzisa ubuxhakaxhaka beteknoloji, ligxile kudidi olunye lokusetyenziswa kobuxhakaxhaka beteknoloji: ubhalo-tekisi. Uphicotho-nkcukacha lwethu lolobalo (khwantithethivu) nolomgangatho (khwalitethivu) weenkcukacha-ngqangi eziqokelelwe kwawona mazwe abalaseleyo ngokusebenzisa iilwimi ezininzi eAfrika: iCôte d'Ivoire, iGhana, iNigeria, iSenegal noMzantsi Afrika. Ababhali baboniswa besebenzisa izixhobo zobunzulu-lwazi bolwimi zasekhaya (lokhali) nezehlabathi liphela ukuyila imiyalezo yabo. Ukuba ngumbhali-tekisi obalaseleyo kufunisa ukuba ukwazi ukusebenzisa le nto ibizwa ngouba 'yitextual linguistic dexterity': oko ke kukwazi ukuphimisela intsingiselo yomyalezo ngendlela ebonisa ubuchule bokusebenzisa iindlela zokuyila itekisi zasekhaya nezehlabathi. Ababhali-tekisi ababalaseleyo baxatyisiwe ngabafundi-miyalezo babo, hayi ngenxa yokuphendula msinya nje kuphela, koko nangenxa yobugcisa babo 'bokudlala ngamagama'. Iinkcukacha-ngqangi zobalo zikubonisa oko njengento esele inabe ngokubanzi, ngeli xa zona iinkcukacha-ngqangi zomgangatho zisenza simqonde ngcono oyena nobangela wokuba ababhali-miyalezo benze ngolu hlobo benza ngalo kwakunye neengcinga zobunzulu-lwazi bolwimi ekusekelwe phezu kwako oku. Ubhalo-tekisi ludla ngokwenziwa kwiinkcoko zobuhlobo, ingakumbi kwezo zothando, ezobubele nezokuthabatheka. Ngokulungelelanisa ezobunzulu-lwazi bolwimi nangokuyila iintsingiselo zezinto ezahlukeneyo kwingqokelela yokusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo, ababhali babanako ukubonisa 'ububona' obuthile kwanokubonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo abachukumiseka ngazo. [isiXhosa]. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	(non-standard) spelling; Africa; Intimacy; Multilingualism; Performance; Texting	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946547176	The effect of magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite and layered double hydroxide on the heat stability and fire performance of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)	Molefe D.M., Labuschagne J., Focke W.W., Van Der Westhuizen I., Ofosu O.	2015	Journal of Fire Sciences	33	6	10.1177/0734904115612501	University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; CSIR, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	Molefe, D.M., University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Labuschagne, J., University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Focke, W.W., University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Van Der Westhuizen, I., University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Ofosu, O., CSIR, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	Emulsion grade poly(vinyl chloride) was plasticized with 100 phr of diisononyl phthalate and filled with 30 phr of different hydrated filler-type flame-retardant additives. Static heat stabilities were determined at 200°C by following the time dependence of hydrogen chloride evolution. Fire-retardant performance was studied with a cone calorimeter at a radiant flux of 35 kW m-2. The layered double hydroxide outperformed the other fillers with regard to improving static heat stability and also with respect to most fire-retardant performance indices. © The Author(s) 2015.	heat stabilizer; Layered double hydroxide; poly(vinyl chloride); thermal analysis	Chlorine compounds; Emulsification; Fillers; Heat stabilizers; Polyvinyl chlorides; Thermoanalysis; Cone calorimeter; Di-isononyl phthalate; Fire performance; Flame-retardant additives; Hydrogen chloride; Layered double hydroxides; Magnesium hydroxide; Performance indices; Flame retardants	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896391005	In vivo and ex vivo evaluation of a multi-particulate composite construct for sustained transbuccal delivery of carbamazepine	Adeleke O.A., Choonara Y.E., Du Toit L.C., Pillay V.	2014	Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	103	4	10.1002/jps.23884	University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	Adeleke, O.A., University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Choonara, Y.E., University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Du Toit, L.C., University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pillay, V., University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a leading molecule in the management of epilepsy. Surveys have revealed that a sufficient lack of therapeutically efficient CBZ transbuccal formulation exists. Therefore, this investigation was directed toward designing multiparticulate composite construct (MCC) for the transbuccal delivery of CBZ. The MCC was formulated using interphase, coparticulate- cosolvent homogenization technique, and lyophilization. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo investigations were performed. The mesoporous (pore width = 80.1233 Å) MCC was mechanically stable (Cyrillic capital letter Ukrainian ie D = 0.0290 J, MF = 8.5490 N/mm) and resilient (M R = 5.5040%). It demonstrated distinctive controlled release (9.9800%/h), permeation enhancing (10.8730%/h), drug loading (90.0541%), and bioadhesive (ωadh = 0.0034 J, Fdet = 1.0751 N) capacities. In vivo studies on pigs showed the ability of the MCC to effectively initiate and regulate transbuccal permeation of CBZ as visualized by outcomes of the quantitative and qualitative assessments of isolated plasma samples. Furthermore, comparisons of in vitro and in vivo data of MCC with a conventional product highlighted its capability to attain higher bioavailability and more controlled release trends. Histological and cytological investigations confirmed that the MCC is biocompatible. The mathematical model produced relevant pharmacokinetics and in vitro/in vivo correlation information. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.	carbamazepine; controlled release; in vitro/in vivo correlation; mathematical model; permeation enhancer; polymeric drug delivery system; porous-structured; preclinical; preformulation; transbuccal	carbamazepine; placebo; adhesion; animal experiment; article; biocompatibility; cheek mucosa; composite material; controlled release formulation; controlled study; cytology; cytotoxicity assay; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug penetration; drug screening; drug solubility; drug stability; ex vivo study; experimental pig; female; freeze drying; histology; in vivo study; morphometrics; multiparticulate composite construct; nonhuman; particle size; physical parameters; qualitative analysis; surface property; sustained release preparation; weight; Administration, Buccal; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Biological Availability; Carbamazepine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Models, Biological; Mouth Mucosa; Porosity; Swine	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908042446	Knowledge management capabilities and firm performance: A test of universalistic, contingency and complementarity perspectives	Cohen J.F., Olsen K.	2014	Expert Systems with Applications	42	3	10.1016/j.eswa.2014.09.002	University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, Wits, South Africa	Cohen, J.F., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, Wits, South Africa; Olsen, K., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, Wits, South Africa	Competing theoretical perspectives regarding the effects of knowledge management (KM) on performance have underpinned past empirical studies. By explicitly surfacing and comparing three such perspectives, we contribute to the theoretical advancement of the KM field. We develop hypotheses consistent with the underlying logics of universalistic, complementarity and contingency theories and we empirically test these hypotheses to determine which is best supported. Data was collected from a sample of hospitality services firms operating in South Africa. Our results show that the universalistic perspective is less preferred. We find support for the complementarity perspective by revealing that codification and human capital KM capabilities interact to influence customer service outcomes. The contingency perspective also received support as the links between KM capabilities and performance were found to be contingent on the business strategy of the firm. Our results suggest that future researchers should explicitly acknowledge the theoretical perspective from which they are observing the performance impacts of KM and ensure that empirical tests are consistent with the logic of the selected perspective. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Complementarity; Contingency; Firm performance; Human capital; Knowledge management; Universalistic	Complementarity; Contingency; Firm Performance; Human capitals; Universalistic; Knowledge management	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919840894	Tackler characteristics associated with tackle performance in rugby union	Hendricks S., Matthews B., Roode B., Lambert M.	2014	European Journal of Sport Science	14	8	10.1080/17461391.2014.905982	UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Hendricks, S., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Matthews, B., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Roode, B., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Abstract: Tackling is an important skill for performance in rugby, yet little has been reported on tackler characteristics and its relationship to performance in competition. The aim of this study was to identify tackler characteristics and its association with tackle performance in matches. Eighteen matches of the 2010 Super 14 were analysed, which amounted to 2092 coded tackles. Tackler characteristics such as head position – in motion, up and forward, type of tackle – shoulder tackler, arm tackle or ball-carrier fend – absent, moderate, strong and leg drive–absent, moderate, strong or shoulder usage were coded and associated with tackle outcomes. Relative risk ratio (RRR), the ratio of the probability of an outcome occurring when a characteristic was observed (versus the non-observed characteristic) was determined using multinomial logistic regression. Having the head in motion decreased the tackler's chances of a successful tackle (RRR 2.24, 95% CI 1.72–2.92, p < 0.001) relative to an up and forward head position. Ball-carriers using a fend significantly decreased the tackler's probability of success (moderate fend RRR 2.97, 95% CI 2.04–4.31, p < 0.001). Moderate leg drive (RRR 0.36, 95% CI 0.26–0.50, p < 0.001) by the tackler increased the likelihood of tackle success. Head up and forward, counter-acting the ball-carrier fend, shoulder tackles targeted at the ball-carrier mid-torso, using the arms to wrap or pull, and leg driving were key tackler characteristics associated with positive tackle outcome in matches. Based on these findings, it is recommended that these technical characteristics are emphasised and incorporated into training to effectively prepare tacklers for competition. © 2014, © 2014 European College of Sport Science.	collision sports; contact skills; multinomial logistic regression; performance; Tackling; technique	athletic performance; football; human; image processing; physiology; statistical model; videorecording; Athletic Performance; Football; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Logistic Models; Video Recording	National Research Foundation; DAAD, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941259017	Cognitive performance during the first year of treatment in first-episode schizophrenia: A case-control study	Olivier M.R., Killian S., Chiliza B., Asmal L., Schoeman R., Oosthuizen P.P., Kidd M., Emsley R.	2015	Psychological Medicine	45	13	10.1017/S0033291715000860	Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Olivier, M.R., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa; Killian, S., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa; Chiliza, B., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa; Asmal, L., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa; Schoeman, R., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa; Oosthuizen, P.P., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa; Kidd, M., Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Emsley, R., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, South Africa	Background Several questions remain unanswered regarding the magnitude and time course of cognitive improvement in response to antipsychotic treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in cognitive performance in antipsychotic-naive or minimally medicated patients with first-episode schizophrenia during the first 12 months of treatment, in a case-control design. Patients were treated with flupenthixol decanoate depot injection, according to a standard algorithm. The primary outcome measure was change in MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Battery (MCCB) composite score over 12 months. Method The sample comprised 92 patients and 100 healthy controls matched for age, sex, ethnicity and educational status. Cognitive function was assessed by means of the MCCB. Results A mixed-effects model identified a significant group × time effect (p ≤ 0.0001) for the MCCB composite score, with patients showing a greater degree of change than the controls. For the other MCCB domains there were significant group × time effects at adjusted significance level for attention and vigilance (p ≤ 0.0001), visual learning (p ≤ 0.0001), verbal learning (p = 0.005) and working memory (p ≤ 0.0001), but not for reasoning and problem solving (p = 0.04), speed of processing (p = 0.03) and social cognition (p = 0.06). There were moderate correlations between change in MCCB composite score and change in symptomatology as assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale factor analysis-derived domains. Conclusions Substantial improvements in cognitive function were observed over and above a practice effect, and were significantly correlated with improvements in psychopathology and functionality. © 2015 Cambridge University Press.	Flupenthixol decanoate; neurocognition; outcome; psychosis	None	National Research Foundation; MRC, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939950343	Factors to consider when assessing diurnal variation in sports performance: the influence of chronotype and habitual training time-of-day	Rae D.E., Stephenson K.J., Roden L.C.	2015	European Journal of Applied Physiology	115	6	10.1007/s00421-015-3109-9	MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Rae, D.E., MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Stephenson, K.J., MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Roden, L.C., Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare morning and evening time-trial performance, RPE and mood state of trained swimmers, taking into account chronotype, habitual training time-of-day and PERIOD3 (PER3) variable number tandem repeat genotype.Methods: Twenty-six swimmers (18 males, age: 32.6 ± 5.7 years) swam 200 m time trials (TT) at 06h30 and 18h30 in a randomised order.Results: There was no difference between morning and evening performance when the swimmers were considered as a single group (06h30: 158.8 ± 22.7 s, 18h30: 158.5 ± 22.0 s, p = 0.611). However, grouping swimmers by chronotype and habitual training time-of-day allowed us to detect significant diurnal variation in performance, such that morning-type swimmers and those who habitually train in the morning were faster in the 06h30 TT (p = 0.036 and p = 0.011, respectively). This was accompanied by lower ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scores post-warm-up, higher vigour and lower fatigues scores prior to the 06h30 TT in morning-type swimmers or those who trained in the morning. Similarly, neither types and those who trained in the evenings had lower fatigue and higher vigour prior to the 18h30 TT.Conclusions: It appears that both chronotype and habitual training time-of-day need to be considered when assessing diurnal variation in performance. From a practical point of view, athletes and coaches should be aware of the potentially powerful effect of training time on shifting time-of-day variation in performance. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Chronobiology; Habitual training; Morning types; Neither types; PER3 VNTR	None	National Research Foundation; MRC, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924292420	Design, synthesis and evaluation of small molecule imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles as inhibitors of transforming growth factor-β type-I receptor kinase (ALK5)	Patel H.M., Sing B., Bhardwaj V., Palkar M., Shaikh M.S., Rane R., Alwan W.S., Gadad A.K., Noolvi M.N., Karpoormath R.	2015	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	93	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.002	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar), Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India; Faculty of Medical Sciences, EWMS Complex, Mt. Hope, University of the West Indies, West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim (Surat), Gujarat, India	Patel, H.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Sing, B., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar), Punjab, India; Bhardwaj, V., Department of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India; Palkar, M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Shaikh, M.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Rane, R., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Alwan, W.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Gadad, A.K., Faculty of Medical Sciences, EWMS Complex, Mt. Hope, University of the West Indies, West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago; Noolvi, M.N., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim (Surat), Gujarat, India; Karpoormath, R., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa	A new series of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 5(a-g), 6(a-g), 9(a-i) and 12(a-h) were synthesized as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type I receptor (also known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 or ALK5) inhibitors. These compounds were evaluated for their ALK5 inhibitory activity in an enzyme assay and their TGF-β -induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation inhibitory activity in a cell-based assay. Compound 6d, 2-(5-((2-cyclopropyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl) imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylene)-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acid, shows prominent ALK5 inhibition (IC50 Combining double low line 0.0012 μM) and elective inhibition (91%) against the P38αkinase at10 μM. The binding mode of compound 6d by XP docking studies shows that it fits well into the active site cavity of ALK5 by forming broad and tight interactions. Lipinski's rule and in silico ADME pharmacokinetic parameters are within the acceptable range defined for human use thereby indicating their potential as a drug-like molecules. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	ALK5; Lipinski's rule; Synthesis imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; XP docking	2 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)phenol; 2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl) 6 phenylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 2 (5 ((2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dihydroxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((2 cyclopropyl 6 phenylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (3 aminophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazoldin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (4 chlorophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4] thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dihydroxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4] thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 2 cyclopropyl 6 (4 fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldeyde; 2 cyclopropyl 6 phenylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 3 (2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)aniline; 3 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)aniline; 4 (2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)benzene 1,3 diol; 4 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)aniline; 4 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)benzene 1,3 diol; 6 (2,4 dichlorophenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (3 aminophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldeyde; 6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (4 chlorophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 6 (4 chlorophenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (4 methoxyphenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 phenyl 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; thiadiazole derivative; transforming growth factor beta receptor 1; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; protein kinase inhibitor; protein serine threonine kinase; TGF-beta type I receptor; thiadiazole derivative; transforming growth factor beta receptor; Article; cell assay; computer model; drug design; drug inhibition; drug synthesis; IC50; protein phosphorylation; antagonists and inhibitors; CACO 2 cell line; chemical structure; chemistry; drug design; human; protein conformation; synthesis; Caco-2 Cells; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Drug Design; Humans; Models, Molecular; Protein Conformation; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; Thiadiazoles	National Research Foundation; National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878959307	Integrated value function construction with application to impact assessments	Stewart T.J., Janssen R.	2013	International Transactions in Operational Research	20	4	10.1111/itor.12016	Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands	Stewart, T.J., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Janssen, R., Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands	In this article, an integrated structure is provided for processing various forms of imprecise preference information in the context of multicriteria impact assessments. Linear programing formulations generate best-fit value function models and associated ranking of alternatives, both when preferences are overdetermined (leading to potential inconsistencies) or when preference information is incomplete. In the latter context, the algorithm identifies a range of possible rank orders for the decision alternatives under consideration, consistent with the information provided. The approach is primarily aimed at structuring opinions of experts concerning the desirability of different actions in terms of technical aspects, intended as input into the final political decision-making process. It is demonstrated that the approach described here can be implemented with modest levels of effort by the experts. Experience is reported with the approach in the context of soil sanitation problem in the Netherlands, in which experts expressed satisfaction with the resulting rank ordering of alternatives. © 2013 International Federation of Operational Research Societies.	Environment; Multiple criteria decision analysis	Decision making process; Environment; Impact assessments; Integrated structure; Multiple criteria decision analysis; Preference information; Ranking of alternatives; Value function model; Operations research	National Research Foundation of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937253721	Integrating family planning and HIV services in western Kenya: The impact on HIV-infected patients' knowledge of family planning and male attitudes toward family planning	Onono M., Guzé M.A., Grossman D., Steinfeld R., Bukusi E.A., Shade S., Cohen C.R., Newmann S.J.	2015	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	27	6	10.1080/09540121.2014.999744	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA, United States	Onono, M., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kisumu, Kenya; Guzé, M.A., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Grossman, D., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA, United States; Steinfeld, R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Bukusi, E.A., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kisumu, Kenya; Shade, S., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Cohen, C.R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Newmann, S.J., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Little information exists on the impact of integrating family planning (FP) services into HIV care and treatment on patients' familiarity with and attitudes toward FP. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in 18 public HIV clinics with 12 randomized to integrated FP and HIV services and 6 to the standard referral-based system where patients are referred to an FP clinic. Serial cross-sectional surveys were done before (n = 488 women, 486 men) and after (n = 479 women, 481 men) the intervention to compare changes in familiarity with FP methods and attitudes toward FP between integrated and nonintegrated (NI) sites. We created an FP familiarity score based on the number of more effective FP methods patients could identify (score range: 0-6). Generalized estimating equations were used to control for clustering within sites. An increase in mean familiarity score between baseline (mean = 5.16) and post-intervention (mean = 5.46) occurred with an overall mean change of 0.26 (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.09, 0.45; p = 0.003) across all sites. At end line, there was no difference in increase of mean FP familiarity scores at intervention versus control sites (mean = 5.41 vs. 5.49, p = 0.94). We observed a relative decrease in the proportion of males agreeing that FP was "women's business" at integrated sites (baseline 42% to end line 30%; reduction of 12%) compared to males at NI sites (baseline 35% to end line 42%; increase of 7%; adjusted odds ration [aOR] = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.85). Following FP-HIV integration, familiarity with FP methods increased but did not differ by study arm. Integration was associated with a decrease in negative attitudes toward FP among men. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	Family planning; HIV treatment; integration; Kenya; knowledge; male attitudes	adult; age; Article; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; educational status; family planning; female; health service; health status; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; interpersonal communication; Kenya; major clinical study; male; marriage; outcome assessment; patient attitude; patient referral; priority journal; randomized controlled trial	NCATS, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; KL2TR000143, NIH, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893170587	Evaluation of encapsulated liver cell spheroids in a fluidised-bed bioartificial liver for treatment of ischaemic acute liver failure in pigs in a translational setting	Selden C., Spearman C.W., Kahn D., Miller M., Figaji A., Erro E., Bundy J., Massie I., Chalmers S.-A., Arendse H., Gautier A., Sharratt P., Fuller B., Hodgson H.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0082312	University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Department of Anaesthetics, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Department Neurosurgery, Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom	Selden, C., University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Spearman, C.W., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Kahn, D., Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Miller, M., Department of Anaesthetics, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Figaji, A., Department Neurosurgery, Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Erro, E., University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Bundy, J., University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Massie, I., University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Chalmers, S.-A., University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Arendse, H., Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Gautier, A., University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Sharratt, P., Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Fuller, B., Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom; Hodgson, H., University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom	Liver failure is an increasing problem. Donor-organ shortage results in patients dying before receiving a transplant. Since the liver can regenerate, alternative therapies providing temporary liver-support are sought. A bioartificial-liver would temporarily substitute function in liver failure buying time for liver regeneration/organ-procurement. Our aim: to develop a prototype bioartificial-liver-machine (BAL) comprising a human liver-derived cell-line, cultured to phenotypic competence and deliverable in a clinical setting to sites distant from its preparation. The objective of this study was to determine whether its use would improve functional parameters of liver failure in pigs with acute liver failure, to provide proof-of-principle. HepG2cells encapsulated in alginate-beads, proliferated in a fluidised-bed-bioreactor providing a biomass of 4-6×1010 cells, were transported from preparation-laboratory to point-of-use operating theatre (6000miles) under perfluorodecalin at ambient temperature. Irreversible ischaemic liver failure was induced in anaesthetised pigs, after portal-systemic-shunt, by hepatic-artery-ligation. Biochemical parameters, intracranial pressure, and functional-clotting were measured in animals connected in an extracorporeal bioartificial-liver circuit. Efficacy was demonstrated comparing outcomes between animals connected to a circuit containing alginate-encapsulated cells (Cell-bead BAL), and those connected to circuit containing alginate capsules without cells (Empty-bead BAL). Cells of the biomass met regulatory standards for sterility and provenance. All animals developed progressive liver-failure after ischaemia induction. Efficacy of BAL was demonstrated since animals connected to a functional biomass (+ cells) had significantly smaller rises in intracranial pressure, lower ammonia levels, more bilirubin conjugation, improved acidosis and clotting restoration compared to animals connected to the circuit without cells. In the +cell group, human proteins accumulated in pigs' plasma. Delivery of biomass using a short-term cold-chain enabled transport and use without loss of function over 3days. Thus, a fluidised-bed bioreactor containing alginate-encapsulated HepG2cell-spheroids improved important parameters of acute liver failure in pigs. The system can readily be up-scaled and transported to point-of-use justifying development at clinical scale. © 2013 Selden et al.	None	alginic acid; alpha 1 antitrypsin; prothrombin; acidosis; acute liver failure; animal experiment; animal model; article; bilirubin binding; bioartificial liver; blood clotting; cell encapsulation; cell proliferation; cell viability; controlled study; fluidized bed; hemodynamics; hepatic artery ligation; human; human cell; intracranial pressure; liver cell; liver function; nonhuman; pH; protein synthesis; spheroid cell; treatment response; Animals; Bioreactors; Cell Survival; Female; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Liver, Artificial; Spheroids, Cellular; Swine	NEAT L002, NIHR, National Institute for Health Research; Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891634336	Predicting the ecological impacts of a new freshwater invader: Functional responses and prey selectivity of the 'killer shrimp', Dikerogammarus villosus, compared to the native Gammarus pulex	Dodd J.A., Dick J.T.A., Alexander M.E., Macneil C., Dunn A.M., Aldridge D.C.	2014	Freshwater Biology	59	2	10.1111/fwb.12268	Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Department of the Environment, Food and Agriculture, Isle of Man Government, Thie Slieau Whallain, St. Johns, Isle of Man, United Kingdom; School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom	Dodd, J.A., Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom, Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Dick, J.T.A., Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Alexander, M.E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Macneil, C., Department of the Environment, Food and Agriculture, Isle of Man Government, Thie Slieau Whallain, St. Johns, Isle of Man, United Kingdom; Dunn, A.M., School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Aldridge, D.C., Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom	The ability to predict the likely ecological impacts of invasive species in fresh waters is a pressing research requirement. Whilst comparisons of species traits and considerations of invasion history have some efficacy in this respect, we require robust methods that can compare the effects of native and invasive species. Here, we utilise comparative functional responses and prey selectivity experiments to understand and predict the ecological impact of an invader as compared to a native. We compared the predatory functional responses of an emerging invasive species in Europe, the 'killer shrimp', Dikerogammarus villosus, and an analogous native species, Gammarus pulex, towards three representative prey species: Asellus aquaticus, Daphnia magna and Chironomus sp. Furthermore, as ecological impact may be greater for invasive species with more indiscriminate feeding habits, we compared the selectivity for the three prey types between the invasive and native species. In both the presence and absence of experimental habitats, large D. villosus, and those matched for body size with G. pulex, generally showed higher (Type II) functional responses than G. pulex, with the invasive species exhibiting higher maximum feeding rates. Further, D. villosus exhibited significantly more indiscriminate prey selection compared with G. pulex, a trait that became more evident as the invader increased in size. Differences in functional responses and prey selectivity were prey species specific, with higher to lower predicted impacts in the order A. aquaticus, D. magna and Chironomus sp. This is in accord with the impact of this invasive species on macroinvertebrates in the field. We thus provide understanding of the known ecological impact of D. villosus and discuss the utility of the phenomenological use of comparative functional responses and resource use as a tool through which the potential ecological impacts of invasive species may be identified. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Community ecology; Functional response; Invasion; Macroinvertebrate; Predation	Asellus aquaticus; Chironomus sp.; Daphnia magna; Decapoda (Crustacea); Dikerogammarus villosus; Gammarus pulex	NE/G01521X/1, NERC, Natural Environment Research Council; Leverhulme Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923096068	Testing the performance of state-of-the-art dust emission schemes using DO4Models field data	Haustein K., Washington R., King J., Wiggs G., Thomas D.S.G., Eckardt F.D., Bryant R.G., Menut L.	2015	Geoscientific Model Development	8	2	10.5194/gmd-8-341-2015	School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Cape Town, Environmental and Geographical Science, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France	Haustein, K., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Washington, R., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; King, J., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Wiggs, G., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Thomas, D.S.G., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Eckardt, F.D., University of Cape Town, Environmental and Geographical Science, Cape Town, South Africa; Bryant, R.G., Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Menut, L., Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France	Within the framework of the Dust Observations for Models (DO4Models) project, the performance of three commonly used dust emission schemes is investigated in this paper using a box model environment. We constrain the model with field data (surface and dust particle properties as well as meteorological parameters) obtained from a dry lake bed with a crusted surface in Botswana during a 3 month period in 2011. Our box model results suggest that all schemes fail to reproduce the observed horizontal dust flux. They overestimate the magnitude of the flux by several orders of magnitude. The discrepancy is much smaller for the vertical dust emission flux, albeit still overestimated by up to an order of magnitude. The key parameter for this mismatch is the surface crusting which limits the availability of erosive material, even at higher wind speeds. The second-most important parameter is the soil size distribution. Direct dust entrainment was inferred to be important for several dust events, which explains the smaller gap between modelled and measured vertical dust fluxes. We conclude that both features, crusted surfaces and direct entrainment, need to be incorporated into dust emission schemes in order to represent the entire spectra of source processes. We also conclude that soil moisture exerts a key control on the threshold shear velocity and hence the emission threshold of dust in the model. In the field, the state of the crust is the controlling mechanism for dust emission. Although the crust is related to the soil moisture content to some extent, we are not as yet able to deduce a robust correlation between state of crust and soil moisture. © Author(s) 2015.	None	atmospheric pollution; data set; dust; emission; magnitude; meteorology; numerical model; parameterization; performance assessment; pollutant source; size distribution; soil moisture; Botswana	NE/H021841/1, NERC, Natural Environment Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926169725	Ecological impacts of invasive alien species along temperature gradients: Testing the role of environmental matching	Iacarella J.C., Dick J.T.A., Alexander M.E., Ricciardi A.	2015	Ecological Applications	25	3	10.1890/14-0545.1.sm	Group for Interuniversity Research in Limnology and Aquatic Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Iacarella, J.C., Group for Interuniversity Research in Limnology and Aquatic Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada; Dick, J.T.A., Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Alexander, M.E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Ricciardi, A., Group for Interuniversity Research in Limnology and Aquatic Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada	Invasive alien species (IAS) can cause substantive ecological impacts, and the role of temperature in mediating these impacts may become increasingly significant in a changing climate. Habitat conditions and physiological optima offer predictive information for IAS impacts in novel environments. Here, using meta-analysis and laboratory experiments, we tested the hypothesis that the impacts of IAS in the field are inversely correlated with the difference in their ambient and optimal temperatures. A meta-analysis of 29 studies of consumptive impacts of IAS in inland waters revealed that the impacts of fishes and crustaceans are higher at temperatures that more closely match their thermal growth optima. In particular, the maximum impact potential was constrained by increased differences between ambient and optimal temperatures, as indicated by the steeper slope of a quantile regression on the upper 25th percentile of impact data compared to that of a weighted linear regression on all data with measured variances. We complemented this study with an experimental analysis of the functional response (the relationship between predation rate and prey supply) of two invasive predators (freshwater mysid shrimp, Hemimysis anomala and Mysis diluviana) across relevant temperature gradients; both of these species have previously been found to exert strong community-level impacts that are corroborated by their functional responses to different prey items. The functional response experiments showed that maximum feeding rates of H. anomala and M. diluviana have distinct peaks near their respective thermal optima. Although variation in impacts may be caused by numerous abiotic or biotic habitat characteristics, both our analyses point to temperature as a key mediator of IAS impact levels in inland waters and suggest that IAS management should prioritize habitats in the invaded range that more closely match the thermal optima of targeted invaders. ©2015 by the Ecological Society of America.	Environmental matching; Functional response; Impact; Inland waters; Meta-analysis; Nonnative species; Thermal optima	crustacean; ecological impact; experimental study; fish; functional response; growth rate; invasive species; meta-analysis; optimization; regression analysis; temperature gradient; Crustacea; Decapoda (Crustacea); Hemimysis anomala; Mysida; Mysis diluviana; Pisces; fresh water; animal; Crustacea; ecosystem; environmental monitoring; introduced species; meta analysis; physiology; procedures; statistical model; temperature; Animals; Crustacea; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Fresh Water; Introduced Species; Logistic Models; Temperature	NERC, Natural Environment Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898734945	Impact of HIV subtype on performance of the limiting antigen-Avidity enzyme immunoassay, the bio-rad avidity assay, and the BED capture immunoassay in Rakai, Uganda	Longosz A.F., Serwadda D., Nalugoda F., Kigozi G., Franco V., Gray R.H., Quinn T.C., Eshleman S.H., Laeyendecker O.	2014	AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses	30	4	10.1089/aid.2013.0169	Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Longosz, A.F., Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Franco, V., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Quinn, T.C., Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Eshleman, S.H., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Laeyendecker, O., Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Previous studies demonstrated that individuals with subtype D HIV infection who had been infected for 2 or more years were frequently misclassified as assay positive using cross-sectional incidence assays. Samples from 510 subjects (212 subtype A, 298 subtype D) who were infected for 2.2 to 14.5 years (median 5.4 years) and were not virally suppressed were tested using an LAg-Avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-Avidity EIA), Bio-Rad Avidity assay, and BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA). The performance of these three assays was evaluated using various assay cutoff values [LAg-Avidity EIA: <1.0 OD-n and <2.0 OD-n; Bio-Rad Avidity assay: <40% avidity index (AI) and <80% AI; BED-CEIA: <0.8 OD-n]. The mean LAg-Avidity EIA result was higher for subtype A than D (4.54±0.95 vs. 3.86±1.26, p<0.001); the mean Bio-Rad Avidity assay result was higher for subtype A than D (88.9%±12.5% vs. 75.1±30.5, p<0.001); and the mean BED-CEIA result was similar for the two subtypes (2.2±1.2 OD-n for subtype A, 2.2±1.3 OD-n for subtype D, p<0.9). The frequency of misclassification was higher for individuals with subtype D infection compared to those with subtype A infection, using either the LAg-Avidity EIA with a cutoff of <2.0 OD-n or the Bio-Rad Avidity assay with cutoffs of <40% or <80% AI. No subtype-specific differences in assay performance were observed using the BED-CEIA. Sex and age were not significantly associated with misclassification by any assay. The LAg-Avidity EIA with a cutoff <1.0 OD-n had the lowest frequency of misclassification in this Ugandan population. © 2014 Mary Ann Liebert Inc.	None	antigen; article; BED capture immunoassay; bio rad avidity assay; clinical article; enzyme immunoassay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; human tissue; immunoassay; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; male; performance; priority journal; Uganda; virus classification; virus typing; Adolescent; Adult; Antibody Affinity; Cohort Studies; Epidemiological Monitoring; Female; Genotype; HIV; HIV Antibodies; HIV Antigens; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Uganda; Young Adult	NIAID, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; NICHD, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; NIH, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; K22-AI092150-01, NIH, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; R01-A134265, NIH, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; R01-A134826, NIH, Bil
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892462560	Differential impact of magnitude, polyfunctional capacity, and specificity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses on HIV set point	Riou C., Burgers W.A., Mlisana K., Koup R.A., Roederer M., Abdool Karim S.S., Williamson C., Gray C.M.	2014	Journal of Virology	88	3	10.1128/JVI.02968-13	Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Riou, C., Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Burgers, W.A., Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Mlisana, K., Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Koup, R.A., Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Roederer, M., ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Abdool Karim, S.S., Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Williamson, C., Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Gray, C.M., Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Defining the characteristics of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses that lead to viral control is crucial for vaccine development. We evaluated the differential impact of magnitude, polyfunctional capacity, and specificity of the CD8+ response at approximately 6 months postinfection on the viral set point at 12 months in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals. High frequencies of Gag and Nef responses endowed with four functions were the best predictors of a low viral set point. © 2014, American Society for Microbiology.	None	Gag protein; gamma interferon; interleukin 2; lysosome associated membrane protein 1; macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta; Nef protein; virus envelope protein; virus RNA; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; cell specificity; controlled study; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; immune response; magnitude estimation method; nonhuman; priority journal; protein modification; viral phenomena and functions; virus load; virus replication; virus set point; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cohort Studies; env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Female; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Viral Load	NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; AI51794, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI084387, NIH, National Institutes of Health; 67385, National Research Foundation; D43TW00231, NIH, National Institutes of Health; Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897546757	Impact of viral load and the duration of primary infection on HIV transmission: Systematic review and meta-analysis	Blaser N., Wettstein C., Estill J., Vizcaya L.S., Wandeler G., Egger M., Keiser O.	2014	AIDS	28	7	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000135	Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Blaser, N., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Wettstein, C., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Estill, J., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Vizcaya, L.S., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Wandeler, G., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Egger, M., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Keiser, O., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland	OBJECTIVES:: HIV 'treatment as prevention' (TasP) describes early treatment of HIV-infected patients intended to reduce viral load and transmission. Crucial assumptions for estimating TasPÊ1/4s effectiveness are the underlying estimates of transmission risk. We aimed to determine transmission risk during primary infection, and describe the relation of HIV transmission risk to viral load. DESIGN:: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS:: We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies that established a relationship between viral load and transmission risk, or primary infection and transmission risk, in serodiscordant couples. We analysed assumptions about the relationship between viral load and transmission risk, and between duration of primary infection and transmission risk. RESULTS:: We found 36 eligible articles, based on six different study populations. Studies consistently found that higher viral loads lead to higher HIV transmission rates, but assumptions about the shape of this increase varied from exponential increase to saturation. The assumed duration of primary infection ranged from 1.5 to 12 months; for each additional month, the log10 transmission rate ratio between primary and asymptomatic infection decreased by 0.40. CONCLUSION:: Assumptions and estimates of the relationship between viral load and transmission risk, and the relationship between primary infection and transmission risk, vary substantially and predictions of TasPÊ1/4s effectiveness should take this uncertainty into account. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health.	acute disease; HIV; primary infection; systematic review,transmission; treatment as prevention; viral load	article; asymptomatic infection; CD4+ T lymphocyte; disease association; disease duration; disease transmission; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; primary infection; priority journal; risk assessment; systematic review; virus load; disease transmission; family size; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; meta analysis; statistics and numerical data; time; transmission; virology; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Family Characteristics; HIV Infections; Humans; Risk Assessment; Time Factors; Viral Load	NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894039576	HPTN 071 (PopART): A cluster-randomized trial of the population impact of an HIV combination prevention intervention including universal testing and treatment: Mathematical model	Cori A., Ayles H., Beyers N., Schaap A., Floyd S., Sabapathy K., Eaton J.W., Hauck K., Smith P., Griffith S., Moore A., Donnell D., Vermund S.H., Fidler S., Hayes R., Fraser C.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0084511	MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; ZAMBART, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Business School, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom; FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Cori, A., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ayles, H., ZAMBART, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Beyers, N., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Schaap, A., ZAMBART, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Floyd, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sabapathy, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Eaton, J.W., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Hauck, K., Business School, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom; Smith, P., Business School, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom; Griffith, S., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Moore, A., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Donnell, D., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Vermund, S.H., Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Fidler, S., Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Hayes, R., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Fraser, C., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: The HPTN 052 trial confirmed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) can nearly eliminate HIV transmission from successfully treated HIV-infected individuals within couples. Here, we present the mathematical modeling used to inform the design and monitoring of a new trial aiming to test whether widespread provision of ART is feasible and can substantially reduce population-level HIV incidence. Methods and Findings: The HPTN 071 (PopART) trial is a three-arm cluster-randomized trial of 21 large population clusters in Zambia and South Africa, starting in 2013. A combination prevention package including home-based voluntary testing and counseling, and ART for HIV positive individuals, will be delivered in arms A and B, with ART offered universally in arm A and according to national guidelines in arm B. Arm C will be the control arm. The primary endpoint is the cumulative threeyear HIV incidence. We developed a mathematical model of heterosexual HIV transmission, informed by recent data on HIV-1 natural history. We focused on realistically modeling the intervention package. Parameters were calibrated to data previously collected in these communities and national surveillance data. We predict that, if targets are reached, HIV incidence over three years will drop by.60% in arm A and.25% in arm B, relative to arm C. The considerable uncertainty in the predicted reduction in incidence justifies the need for a trial. The main drivers of this uncertainty are possible community-level behavioral changes associated with the intervention, uptake of testing and treatment, as well as ART retention and adherence. Conclusions: The HPTN 071 (PopART) trial intervention could reduce HIV population-level incidence by.60% over three years. This intervention could serve as a paradigm for national or supra-national implementation. Our analysis highlights the role mathematical modeling can play in trial development and monitoring, and more widely in evaluating the impact of treatment as prevention. © 2014 Cori et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; article; behavior change; CD4 lymphocyte count; cluster analysis; controlled study; disease course; heterosexuality; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; mathematical model; prevalence; prophylaxis; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; treatment failure; virus transmission; Zambia; cluster analysis; HIV Infections; randomized controlled trial; serodiagnosis; utilization; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Cluster Analysis; HIV Infections; Humans; South Africa; Zambia	NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIDA, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIMH, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881344101	The Impact of Choice of NNRTI on Short-Term Treatment Outcomes among HIV-Infected Patients Prescribed Tenofovir and Lamivudine in Johannesburg, South Africa	Shearer K., Fox M.P., Maskew M., Berhanu R., Long L., Sanne I.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0071719	Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Shearer, K., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fox, M.P., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Maskew, M., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Berhanu, R., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Long, L., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sanne, I., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa, Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Introduction:Recent WHO guidelines for resource-limited settings recommend tenofovir in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) yet there are suggestions that patients receiving nevirapine with tenofovir have worse outcomes than those receiving efavirenz. We sought to compare outcomes among those taking nevirapine vs. efavirenz with tenofovir and lamivudine.Methods:We analyzed data on ART naïve, non-pregnant patients, ≥18 years old without tuberculosis co-infection, initiating tenofovir with lamivudine and either nevirapine or efavirenz between April 1, 2010 and July 31, 2011 (when South Africa's public-sector use of tenofovir began) at Themba Lethu Clinic in South Africa. We measured virologic suppression (viral load <400 copies/ml), virologic failure (2 consecutive viral loads >1000 copies/ml), and attrition (death/loss to follow-up) all at 12 months after ART initiation. Modified Poisson regression with robust error estimation was used to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of each outcome.Results:2,254 patients were prescribed efavirenz, 131 nevirapine. Patients were followed a median (range) of 12.0 (0.1-12.0) person-months. 62.2% were female and median (IQR) age was 37.7 years (31.5-44.1). Patients prescribed efavirenz had similar initiating CD4 counts (median 132 for both regimens) but were somewhat more likely to be WHO Stage III or IV (39.6% vs. 33.6%) than those prescribed nevirapine. No difference in attrition was found (aRR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.49-1.41). Among patients with ≥1 viral load within 1 year on ART, those prescribed nevirapine were as likely to reach virologic suppression (aRR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.88-1.07) but more likely to experience virologic failure (aRR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.02-3.31) than those prescribed efavirenz.Conclusions:Our results support the notion that, among patients prescribed tenofovir and lamivudine, virologic failure is more common among those taking nevirapine than among those taking efavirenz. Longer-term follow up and larger studies will be needed to confirm this finding. © 2013 Shearer et al.	None	lamivudine; nevirapine; tenofovir; adult; article; controlled study; drug choice; drug efficacy; drug response; drug treatment failure; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; major clinical study; male; medical society; nonhuman; outcome assessment; patient assessment; prescription; risk assessment; risk factor; short course therapy; South Africa; virus load	NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897520378	Field evaluation of PIMA point-of-care CD4 testing in Rakai, Uganda	Galiwango R.M., Lubyayi L., Musoke R., Kalibbala S., Buwembo M., Kasule J., Serwadda D., Gray R.H., Reynolds S.J., Chang L.W.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0088928	Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Galiwango, R.M., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Lubyayi, L., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Musoke, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Kalibbala, S., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Buwembo, M., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Kasule, J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Serwadda, D., School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Gray, R.H., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Reynolds, S.J., Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Chang, L.W., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Objective: To assess the accuracy of PIMA Point-of-Care (POC) CD4 testing in rural Rakai, Uganda. Methods: 903 HIV positive persons attending field clinics provided a venous blood sample assessed on site using PIMA analyzers per manufacturer's specifications. The venous samples were then run on FACSCalibur flow cytometry at a central facility. The Bland-Altman method was used to estimate mean bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA). Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated for a CD4 threshold of <350 and <500 cells/uL for antiretroviral eligibility. Results: There was a high correlation between PIMA and FACSCalibur CD4 counts (r = 0.943, p<0.001). Relative to FACSCalibur, the PIMA POC CD4 had negative mean bias of -34.6 cells/uL (95% LOA: -219.8 to 150.6) overall. The dispersion at CD4<350 cells/uL was 5.1 cells/uL (95% LOA: -126.6 to 136.8). For a threshold of CD4<350 cells/uL, PIMA venous blood had a sensitivity of 88.6% (95%CI 84.8-92.4%), specificity of 87.5% (95%CI 84.9-90.1%), NPV of 94.9% (95%CI 93.1-96.7%), and PPV of 74.4% (95%CI 69.6-79.2%). PIMA sensitivity and PPV significantly increased to 96.1% and 88.3% respectively with increased threshold of 500 cells/uL. Conclusions: Overall, PIMA POC CD4 counts demonstrated negative bias compared to FACSCalibur. PIMA POC sensitivity improved significantly at a higher CD4 threshold of 500 than a 350 cells/uL threshold.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4 T cell count test; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; flow cytometer; flow cytometry; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; point of care testing; predictive value; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; very elderly; devices; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hospital information system; procedures; reference value; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Point-of-Care Systems; Predictive Value of Tests; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	NIAID, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922480936	Comparative performance of urinary lipoarabinomannan assays and Xpert MTB/RIF in HIV-infected individuals	Shah M., Ssengooba W., Armstrong D., Nakiyingi L., Holshouser M., Ellner J.J., Joloba M., Manabe Y.C., Dorman S.E.	2014	AIDS	28	9	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000264	Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Boston Medical Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States	Shah, M., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ssengooba, W., Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Armstrong, D., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nakiyingi, L., Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Holshouser, M., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ellner, J.J., Boston Medical Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Joloba, M., Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Manabe, Y.C., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Dorman, S.E., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Xpert MTB/RIF ('Xpert') and urinary lipoarabinomannan (LAM) assays offer rapid tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, but have suboptimal sensitivity when used individually in HIV-positive patients. The yield of these tests used in combination for the diagnosis of active TB among HIV-infected TB suspects is unknown. Design: Study of comparative diagnostic accuracy nested into a prospective study of HIV-infected individuals with signs and/or symptoms of TB in Uganda. Methods: Xpert testing of archived sputum was conducted for culture-confirmed TB cases and TB suspects in whom a diagnosis of TB was excluded. Additional testing included sputum smear microscopy, sputum culture (solid and liquid media), mycobacterial blood culture, and urinary testing for LAM using a lateral flow test ('LF-LAM') and an enzyme-linked immunosorbance assay ('ELISA-LAM'). Results: Among 103 participants with culture-confirmed TB, sensitivity of Xpert was 76% (95% confidence interval, CI 0.66-0.84), and was superior to that of LF-LAM (49%, 95% CI 0.39-0.59, P<0.001). Specificity was greater than 97% for both tests among 105 individuals without TB. The combination of smear microscopy and LF-LAM identified 67% (95% CI 0.57-0.76) of culture-confirmed TB cases and approached sensitivity of Xpert testing alone (P=0.15). The sensitivity of the combination of Xpert and LF-LAM was 85% (88/103 95% CI 0.77-0.92), which was superior to either test alone (P<0.05) and approached sensitivity of sputum liquid culture testing (94%, 95% CI 0.88-0.98, P=0.17). Conclusion: Sputum Xpert and urinary LAM assays were complementary for the diagnosis of active TB in HIV-infected patients, and sensitivity of the combination of these tests was superior to that of either test alone. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Diagnostics; HIV; Lipoarabinomannan; Tuberculosis; Xpert MTB/RIF	lipoarabinomannan; lipoarabinomannan; lipopolysaccharide; adult; Article; blood culture; CD4 lymphocyte count; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; fluorescence microscopy; hospital patient; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; immunosuppressive treatment; lipid analysis; major clinical study; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; outpatient; priority journal; prospective study; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; sputum analysis; sputum culture; sputum cytodiagnosis; sputum smear; tuberculosis; tuberculosis rapid test; Uganda; urinalysis; urinary lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assay; comparative study; complication; evaluation study; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoaffinity chromatography; microbiology; molecular diagnosis; procedures; saliva; tuberculosis; urine; Adult; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunochromatography; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Prospective Studies; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculosis; Uganda	NIAID, NIAID, National Institutes of Health; NIH, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887577609	Inequality in Health Status Among Older Adults in Africa: The Surprising Impact of Anti-Retroviral Treatment	Negin J., Nyirenda M., Seeley J., Mutevedzi P.	2013	Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology	28	4	10.1007/s10823-013-9215-4	Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	Negin, J., Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Nyirenda, M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Seeley, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Mutevedzi, P., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; Africa; article; health care disparity; health service; health status; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; socioeconomics; statistics; treatment outcome; Adult; Africa; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status; Healthcare Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Socioeconomic Factors; Treatment Outcome	NIA, National Institute on Aging; NIH, National Institutes of Health; MRC, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84956619412	The impact of prior information on estimates of disease transmissibility using bayesian tools	Moser C.B., Gupta M., Archer B.N., White L.F.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0118762	Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa	Moser, C.B., Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Gupta, M., Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Archer, B.N., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; White, L.F., Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States	The basic reproductive number (R0) and the distribution of the serial interval (SI) are often used to quantify transmission during an infectious disease outbreak. In this paper, we present estimates of R0 and SI from the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong and Singapore, and the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in South Africa using methods that expand upon an existing Bayesian framework. This expanded framework allows for the incorporation of additional information, such as contact tracing or household data, through prior distributions. The results for the R0 and the SI from the influenza outbreak in South Africa were similar regardless of the prior information (R 0 = 1.36 -1.46,μ = 2.0-2.7,μ = mean of the SI). The estimates of R0 and μ for the SARS outbreak ranged from 2.0-4.4 and 7.4-11.3, respectively, and were shown to vary depending on the use of contact tracing data. The impact of the contact tracing data was likely due to the small number of SARS cases relative to the size of the contact tracing sample. © 2015 Moser et al.	None	2009 H1N1 influenza; Article; basic reproduction number; Bayes theorem; contact examination; disease transmission; epidemic; Hong Kong; household; human; sample size; serial interval; severe acute respiratory syndrome; Singapore; South Africa; statistical model; statistical parameters; Bayes theorem; computer simulation; confidence interval; epidemic; Influenza A virus (H1N1); Influenza, Human; severe acute respiratory syndrome; statistics and numerical data; transmission; virology; Bayes Theorem; Computer Simulation; Confidence Intervals; Contact Tracing; Disease Outbreaks; Hong Kong; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Singapore; South Africa	NIGMS, National Institute of General Medical Sciences
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880620087	Poor early virologic performance and durability of abacavir-based first-line regimens for HIV-infected children	Technau K.-G., Lazarus E., Kuhn L., Abrams E.J., Sorour G., Strehlau R., Reubenson G., Davies M.-A., Coovadia A.	2013	Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal	32	8	10.1097/INF.0b013e31828c3738	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Technau, K.-G., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Lazarus, E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Kuhn, L., Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Abrams, E.J., Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Sorour, G., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Strehlau, R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Reubenson, G., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Davies, M.-A., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Coovadia, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Concerns about stavudine (d4T) toxicity have led to increased use of abacavir (ABC) in first-line pediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens. Field experience with ABC in ART-naïve children is limited. METHODS: Deidentified demographic, clinical and laboratory data on HIV-infected children initiating ART between 2004 and 2011 in a large pediatric HIV treatment program in Johannesburg, South Africa, were used to compare viral suppression at 6 and 12 months by initial treatment regimen, time to suppression (<400 copies/mL) and rebound (>1000 copies/mL after initial suppression). Adjusted logistic regression was used to investigate confounders and calendar effects. RESULTS: Two thousand thirty-six children initiated either d4T/3TC-or ABC/3TC-based first-line regimens in combination with either boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) or efavirenz (EFV). 1634 received d4T regimens (LPV/r n = 672; EFV n = 962) and 402 ABC regimens (LPV/r n = 192; EFV n = 210). At 6 and 12 months on ART, viral suppression rate was poorer in ABC versus d4T groups within both the LPV/r and EFV groups (P < 0.0001 for all points). In ABC groups, time to suppression was significantly slower (log-rank P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0092 for LPV/r-and EFV-based, respectively) and time to rebound after suppression significantly faster (log-rank P = 0.014 and P = 0.0001 for LPV/r-and EFV-based, respectively). Logistic regression confirmed the worse outcomes in the ABC groups even after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSION: Data from this urban pediatric ART service program show significantly poorer virological performance of ABC compared with d4T-based regimens, a signal that urgently warrants further investigation. Copyright © 2013 Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.	abacavir; children; first-line antiretroviral therapy; HIV	abacavir; abacavir plus lamivudine; antiretrovirus agent; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine plus stavudine; lopinavir; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; ritonavir; zidovudine; article; child; controlled study; demography; drug capsule; drug efficacy; drug formulation; drug safety; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; pediatrics; preschool child; priority journal; South Africa; syrup; tablet formulation; treatment duration; treatment outcome; treatment response; virology; virus load; virus strain; Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dideoxynucleosides; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891894752	Impact of helminth diagnostic test performance on estimation of risk factors and outcomes in HIV-positive adults	Arndt M.B., John-Stewart G., Richardson B.A., Singa B., Van Lieshout L., Verweij J.J., Sangaré L.R., Mbogo L.W., Naulikha J.M., Walson J.L.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0081915	Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Reproductive Health, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands	Arndt, M.B., Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; John-Stewart, G., Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Richardson, B.A., Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Singa, B., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Reproductive Health, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Van Lieshout, L., Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Verweij, J.J., Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Sangaré, L.R., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Mbogo, L.W., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Naulikha, J.M., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Walson, J.L., Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Traditional methods using microscopy for the detection of helminth infections have limited sensitivity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays enhance detection of helminths, particularly low burden infections. However, differences in test performance may modify the ability to detect associations between helminth infection, risk factors, and sequelae. We compared these associations using microscopy and PCR. Methods: This cross-sectional study was nested within a randomized clinical trial conducted at 3 sites in Kenya. We performed microscopy and real-time multiplex PCR for the stool detection and quantification of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Schistosoma species. We utilized regression to evaluate associations between potential risk factors or outcomes and infection as detected by either method. Results: Of 153 HIV-positive adults surveyed, 55(36.0%) and 20(13.1%) were positive for one or more helminth species by PCR and microscopy, respectively (p<0.001). PCR-detected infections were associated with farming (Prevalence Ratio 1.57, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.40), communal water source (PR 3.80, 95% CI: 1.01, 14.27), and no primary education (PR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.33), whereas microscopy-detected infections were not associated with any risk factors under investigation. Microscopy-detected infections were associated with significantly lower hematocrit and hemoglobin (means of -3.56% and -0.77 g/dl) and a 48% higher risk of anemia (PR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.88) compared to uninfected. Such associations were absent for PCR-detected infections unless infection intensity was considered, Infections diagnosed with either method were associated with increased risk of eosinophilia (PCR PR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.02, 5.76; microscopy PR 2.92, 95% CI: 1.29, 6.60). Conclusion: Newer diagnostic methods, including PCR, improve the detection of helminth infections. This heightened sensitivity may improve the identification of risk factors for infection while reducing ability to discriminate infections associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Quantitative assays can be used to differentiate infection loads and discriminate infections associated with sequelae. © 2013 Arndt et al.	None	albendazole; hemoglobin; praziquantel; adult; Ancylostoma duodenale; article; Ascaris lumbricoides; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; eosinophilia; feces analysis; female; helminth; helminthiasis; hematocrit; hemoglobin blood level; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Kenya; major clinical study; microscopy; Necator americanus; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; quantitative assay; real time polymerase chain reaction; risk factor; Schistosoma; sensitivity analysis; Strongyloides stercoralis; task performance; Adult; Animals; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; DNA, Helminth; Female; Helminthiasis; Helminths; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Risk Factors; Species Specificity; Treatment Outcome	NIH, National Institutes of Health; NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; NIDA, National Institute on Drug Abuse; NICHD, National Institute of Child Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884878053	Systematic Review of the Performance of Rapid Rifampicin Resistance Testing for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis	Arentz M., Sorensen B., Horne D.J., Walson J.L.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	10	10.1371/journal.pone.0076533	Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Arentz, M., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Sorensen, B., Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Horne, D.J., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Walson, J.L., Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Introduction:Rapid tests for rifampicin resistance may be useful for identifying isolates at high risk of drug resistance, including multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). However, choice of diagnostic test and prevalence of rifampicin resistance may both impact a diagnostic strategy for identifying drug resistant-TB. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the performance of WHO-endorsed rapid tests for rifampicin resistance detection.Methods:We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library through January 1, 2012. For each rapid test, we determined pooled sensitivity and specificity estimates using a hierarchical random effects model. Predictive values of the tests were determined at different prevalence rates of rifampicin resistance and MDR-TB.Results:We identified 60 publications involving six different tests (INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, Genotype MTBDR assay, Genotype MTBDRplus assay, Colorimetric Redox Indicator (CRI) assay, Nitrate Reductase Assay (NRA) and MODS tests): for all tests, negative predictive values were high when rifampicin resistance prevalence was ≤ 30%. However, positive predictive values were considerably reduced for the INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, the MTBDRplus assay and MODS when rifampicin resistance prevalence was < 5%.Limitations:In many studies, it was unclear whether patient selection or index test performance could have introduced bias. In addition, we were unable to evaluate critical concentration thresholds for the colorimetric tests.Discussion:Rapid tests for rifampicin resistance alone cannot accurately predict rifampicin resistance or MDR-TB in areas with a low prevalence of rifampicin resistance. However, in areas with a high prevalence of rifampicin resistance and MDR-TB, these tests may be a valuable component of an MDR-TB management strategy. © 2013 Arentz et al.	None	rifampicin; antibiotic resistance; article; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; drug resistant tuberculosis; human; intermethod comparison; meta analysis; predictive value; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; systematic review; tuberculosis rapid test; Antitubercular Agents; Bias (Epidemiology); Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	NIH, National Institutes of Health; World Health Organization
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889092904	The impact of childhood adversity on suicidality and clinical course in treatment-resistant depression	Tunnard C., Rane L.J., Wooderson S.C., Markopoulou K., Poon L., Fekadu A., Juruena M., Cleare A.J.	2014	Journal of Affective Disorders	None	1	10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.037	Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil	Tunnard, C., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Rane, L.J., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Wooderson, S.C., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Markopoulou, K., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Poon, L., National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Fekadu, A., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Juruena, M., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Cleare, A.J., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom	Background Childhood adversity is a risk factor for the development of depression and can also affect clinical course. We investigated this specifically in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods One hundred and thirty-seven patients with TRD previously admitted to an inpatient affective disorders unit were included. Clinical, demographic and childhood adversity (physical, sexual, emotional abuse; bullying victimization, traumatic events) data were obtained during admission. Associations between childhood adversity, depressive symptoms and clinical course were investigated. Results Most patients had experienced childhood adversity (62%), with traumatic events (35%) and bullying victimization (29%) most commonly reported. Childhood adversity was associated with poorer clinical course, including earlier age of onset, episode persistence and recurrence. Logistic regression analyses revealed childhood adversity predicted lifetime suicide attempts (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.14, 6.84) and childhood physical abuse predicted lifetime psychosis (OR 3.42; 95% CI 1.00, 11.70). Limitations The cross-sectional design and retrospective measurement of childhood adversity are limitations of the study. Conclusions Childhood adversity was common amongst these TRD patients and was associated with poor clinical course, psychosis and suicide attempts. Routine assessment of early adversity may help identify at risk individuals and inform clinical intervention. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Abuse; Childhood adversity; Childhood trauma; Early life stress; Refractory depression; Suicide; Treatment-resistant depression	anxiolytic agent; hypnotic agent; mood stabilizer; neuroleptic agent; adult; article; bipolar disorder; bullying; child abuse; child sexual abuse; childhood injury; depression; disease course; early life stress; emotional abuse; female; human; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; major depression; male; onset age; priority journal; psychosis; recurrent disease; suicidal behavior; suicide attempt; symptom; victim; cross-sectional study; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; life event; middle aged; psychologic test; psychological rating scale; psychology; risk factor; severity of illness index; treatment outcome; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Age of Onset; Bullying; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Female; Humans; Interview, Psychological; Life Change Events; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Suicide, Attempted; Treatment Outcome	NIHR, National Institute for Health Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923269425	First detection of extraterrestrial material in ca. 2.49 Ga impact spherule layer in Kuruman iron formation, South Africa	Simonson B.M., Goderis S., Beukes N.J.	2015	Geology	43	3	10.1130/G36225.1	Geology Department, Oberlin College, 52 W. Lorain Street, Oberlin, oH, United States; Earth System Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S12, Ghent, Belgium; Geology Department, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, South Africa	Simonson, B.M., Geology Department, Oberlin College, 52 W. Lorain Street, Oberlin, oH, United States; Goderis, S., Earth System Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S12, Ghent, Belgium; Beukes, N.J., Geology Department, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, South Africa	Thin layers rich in formerly molten spherules interpreted as distal ejecta from large impacts by extraterrestrial bodies have been found in 8 stratigraphic units deposited between ca. 2.63 Ga and 2.49 Ga and attributed to a minimum of 4 separate impacts. Here we report geochemical evidence of extraterrestrial material in the only one of these spherule layers where it has not been previously reported, the Kuruman spherule layer (KSL) in the Kuruman Iron Formation, a banded iron formation (BIF) in the Griqualand West Basin (South Africa). We identified the KSL in 3 drill cores separated by as much as ~350 km and analyzed 2 core samples that have a mean Ir concentration of ~12.9 ppb and nearly chondritic interelement ratios of platinum group elements Ir, Ru, Pt, and Rh. This suggests that the samples contain ~1%-3% by mass extraterrestrial material even though the spherules are highly diluted by ambient sediment. Our geochemical data strongly support the correlation of the KSL with the Dales Gorge spherule layer (DGSL) in a penecontemporaneous BIF in the Hamersley Basin (Western Australia). The KSL and DGSL are close matches in terms of major and various trace element contents and the DGSL has a comparable Ir content of ~11.5 ppb. Therefore it is very likely the KSL and DGSL are distal ejecta from a ca. 2.49 Ga impact by a single extraterrestrial object >10 km across. The lack of any significant changes in the stratigraphic succession in either basin also implies that large impacts alone are not sufficient to cause longterm changes in Earth's surface environments. © 2015 Geological Society of America.	None	Economic geology; Gallium; Geochemistry; Iron; Platinum; Ruthenium; Stratigraphy; Trace elements; Banded iron formations; Extraterrestrial bodies; Extraterrestrial material; Geochemical evidence; Platinum group elements; Stratigraphic units; Trace element content; Western Australia; Iridium; banded iron formation; ejecta; extraterrestrial matter; platinum group element; sediment chemistry; spherule; trace element; Australia; Griqualand West Basin; Hamersley Basin; Kuruman; Northern Cape; South Africa; Western Australia	NNX08AI29G, NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887528733	Evaluation of clear-sky incoming radiation estimating equations typically used in remote sensing evapotranspiration algorithms	Sun Z., Gebremichael M., Wang Q., Wang J., Sammis T.W., Nickless A.	2013	Remote Sensing	5	10	10.3390/rs5104735	National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Illinois State Water Survey, UIUC, 2204 Griffith, Champaign, IL 61820, United States; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Sun, Z., National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Gebremichael, M., Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Wang, Q., National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Wang, J., Illinois State Water Survey, UIUC, 2204 Griffith, Champaign, IL 61820, United States; Sammis, T.W., Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; Nickless, A., Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Net radiation is a key component of the energy balance, whose estimation accuracy has an impact on energy flux estimates from satellite data. In typical remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms, the outgoing shortwave and longwave components of net radiation are obtained from remote sensing data, while the incoming shortwave (R&lt;inf&gt;S&lt;/inf&gt; ↓) and longwave (R&lt;inf&gt;L&lt;/inf&gt; ↓) components are typically estimated from weather data using empirical equations. This study evaluates the accuracy of empirical equations commonly used in remote sensing ET algorithms for estimating R&lt;inf&gt;S&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ and R&lt;inf&gt;L&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ radiation. Evaluation is carried out through comparison of estimates and observations at five sites that represent different climatic regions from humid to arid. Results reveal (1) both R&lt;inf&gt;S&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ and R&lt;inf&gt;L&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ estimates from all evaluated equations well correlate with observations (R2 ≥ 0.92), (2) R&lt;inf&gt;S&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ estimating equations tend to overestimate, especially at higher values, (3) R&lt;inf&gt;L&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ estimating equations tend to give more biased values in arid and semi-arid regions, (4) a model that parameterizes the diffuse component of radiation using two clearness indices and a simple model that assumes a linear increase of atmospheric transmissivity with elevation give better R&lt;inf&gt;S&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ estimates, and (5) mean relative absolute errors in the net radiation (Rn) estimates caused by the use of R&lt;inf&gt;S&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ and R&lt;inf&gt;L&lt;/inf&gt; ↓ estimating equations varies from 10% to 22%. This study suggests that Rn estimates using recommended incoming radiation estimating equations could improve ET estimates. © 2013 by the authors.	Incoming longwave radiation; Incoming shortwave radiation; Net radiation	Arid and semi-arid regions; Atmospheric transmissivity; Empirical equations; Estimating equations; Long-wave radiation; Net radiation; Remote sensing data; Short-wave radiation; Algorithms; Arid regions; Evapotranspiration; Radiation; Remote sensing; Water supply; Estimation	NNX08AR31G, NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885752189	Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Test for the Detection and Discrimination of Theileria Species in the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)	Chaisi M.E., Janssens M.E., Vermeiren L., Oosthuizen M.C., Collins N.E., Geysen D.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	10	10.1371/journal.pone.0075827	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Therapeutic Systems Central Europe, Terumo, Ikaroslaan, Zaventm, Belgium	Chaisi, M.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho; Janssens, M.E., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Therapeutic Systems Central Europe, Terumo, Ikaroslaan, Zaventm, Belgium; Vermeiren, L., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Oosthuizen, M.C., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Collins, N.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Geysen, D., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay based on the cox III gene was evaluated for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of Theileria species in buffalo and cattle blood samples from South Africa and Mozambique using melting curve analysis. The results obtained were compared to those of the reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Theileria spp. in mixed infections, and to the 18S rRNA qPCR assay results for the specific detection of Theileria parva.Theileria parva, Theileria sp. (buffalo), Theileria taurotragi, Theileria buffeli and Theileria mutans were detected by the cox III assay. Theileria velifera was not detected from any of the samples analysed. Seventeen percent of the samples had non-species specific melting peaks and 4.5% of the samples were negative or below the detection limit of the assay. The cox III assay identified more T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) positive samples than the RLB assay, and also detected more T. parva infections than the 18S assay. However, only a small number of samples were positive for the benign Theileria spp. To our knowledge T. taurotragi has never been identified from the African buffalo, its identification in some samples by the qPCR assay was unexpected.Because of these discrepancies in the results, cox III qPCR products were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated extensive inter- and intra-species variations in the probe target regions of the cox III gene sequences of the benign Theileria spp. and therefore explains their low detection. The cox III assay is specific for the detection of T. parva infections in cattle and buffalo. Sequence data generated from this study can be used for the development of a more inclusive assay for detection and differentiation of all variants of the mildly pathogenic and benign Theileria spp. of buffalo and cattle. © 2013 Chaisi et al.	None	RNA 18S; article; buffalo; cattle; East Coast fever; gene sequence; hybridization; mixed infection; Mozambique; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; real time polymerase chain reaction; sequence analysis; South Africa; Syncerus caffer; Theileria; Theileria buffeli; theileria mutans; Theileria parva; theileria taurotragi; Theileria velifera; Animals; Base Sequence; Buffaloes; Cattle; Electron Transport Complex IV; Genetic Variation; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Typing; Mozambique; Nucleic Acid Denaturation; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Species Specificity; Theileria; Theileriasis	NRF ICD2006072000009, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900523660	Linking microhabitat structure, morphology and locomotor performance traits in a recent radiation of dwarf chameleons	Da Silva J.M., Herrel A., Measey G.J., Vanhooydonck B., Tolley K.A.	2014	Functional Ecology	28	3	10.1111/1365-2435.12210	Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, Paris Cedex 5, 75231, France; Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, B-2610, Belgium; Department of Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Da Silva, J.M., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Herrel, A., Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, Paris Cedex 5, 75231, France; Measey, G.J., Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Vanhooydonck, B., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, B-2610, Belgium; Tolley, K.A., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Summary: Evidence that morphological traits associated with particular environments are functionally adapted to those environments is a key component to determining the adaptive nature of radiations. Adaptation is often measured by testing how organisms perform in diverse habitats, with performance traits associated with locomotion thought to be among the most ecologically relevant. We therefore explored whether there are relationships between morphology, locomotor performance traits (sprint speed, forefoot and tail grip strength on broad and narrow dowels) and microhabitat use in five phenotypic forms of a recent radiation of dwarf chameleon - the Bradypodion melanocephalum-Bradypodion thamnobates species complex - to determine whether morphological differences previously identified between the forms are associated with functional adaptations to their respective habitats, which can be broadly categorized as open or closed-canopy vegetation. The results showed significant differences in both absolute and relative performance values between the phenotypic forms. Absolute performance suggests there are two phenotypic groups - strong (B. thamnobates and Type B) and weak (B. melanocephalum and Types A and C). Relative performance differences highlighted the significance of forefoot grip strength among these chameleons, with the closed-canopy forms (B. thamnobates, Types B and C) exceeding their open-canopy counterparts (B. melanocephalum, Type A). Little to no differences were detected between forms with respect to sprint speed and tail strength. These results indicate that strong selection is acting upon forefoot grip strength and has resulted in morphological adaptations that enable each phenotypic form to conform with the demands of its habitat. This study provides evidence for the parallel evolution of forefoot grip strength among dwarf chameleons, consistent with the recognition of open and closed-canopy ecomorphs within the genus Bradypodion. © 2013 British Ecological Society.	Chamaeleonidae; Lizards; Morphometrics; Perch diameter; South Africa	adaptive radiation; ecomorphology; functional role; habitat structure; habitat use; life history trait; lizard; microhabitat; morphometry; phenotypic plasticity; species complex; South Africa; Bradypodion; Bradypodion melanocephalum; Bradypodion thamnobates; Chamaeleonidae; Squamata	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865661795	The blast and impact loading of aluminium foam	Merrett R.P., Langdon G.S., Theobald M.D.	2013	Materials and Design	44	None	10.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.016	Blast Impact Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Merrett, R.P., Blast Impact Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Langdon, G.S., Blast Impact Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Theobald, M.D., Blast Impact Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This paper reports results from impact and blast loading experiments on aluminium foam. The impact tests covered the velocity range required to induce non-uniform strain, and the propagation of a densification front through the specimen (often referred to as 'shock'). In the direct impact tests, the velocity and test direction influenced the material response, with the stress tending to increase with velocity in the reverse direction. No significant increase in the stress was exhibited during the forward direction tests. This is in accordance with shock theory. Taylor test results confirmed the presence of shock in the foam specimens at impacts in excess of 60 m/s. For the blast tests, the impulse range produced by detonating plastic explosive did not result in shock loading of foam core cladding specimens. As strength enhancement due to shock may be undesirable in cladding structures due to the increased stress transfer to the protected structure, the cladding was considered acceptable. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Aluminium foam; Blast loading; Direct impact; Shock	Aluminium foam; Blast loading; Cladding structures; Direct impact; Impact and blast loadings; Non-uniform strain; Shock; Strength enhancement; Explosives; Metal cladding; Aluminum	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879555890	Potential impacts of afforestation on climate change and extreme events in Nigeria	Abiodun B.J., Salami A.T., Matthew O.J., Odedokun S.	2013	Climate Dynamics	41	2	10.1007/s00382-012-1523-9	Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Abiodun, B.J., Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Salami, A.T., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Matthew, O.J., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Odedokun, S., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Afforestation is usually thought as a good approach to mitigate impacts of warming over a region. This study presents an argument that afforestation may have bigger impacts than originally thought by previous studies. The study investigates the impacts of afforestation on future climate and extreme events in Nigeria, using a regional climate model (RegCM3), forced with global climate model simulations. The impacts of seven afforestation options on the near future (2031-2050, under A1B scenario) climate and the extreme events are investigated. RegCM3 replicates essential features in the present-day (1981-2000) climate and the associated extreme events, and adequately simulates the seasonal variations over the ecological zones in the country. However, the model simulates the seasonal climate better over the northern ecological zones than over the southern ecological zones. The simulated spatial distribution of the extreme events agrees well with the observation, though the magnitude of the simulated events is smaller than the observed. The study shows that afforestation in Nigeria could have both positive and negative future impacts on the climate change and extreme events in the country. While afforestation reduces the projected global warming and enhances rainfall over the afforested area (and over coastal zones), it enhances the warming and reduces the rainfall over the north-eastern part of the country. In addition, the afforestation induces more frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events (flooding) over the coastal region and more frequent occurrence of heat waves and droughts over the semi-arid region. The positive and negative impacts of the afforestation are not limited to Nigeria; they extend to the neighboring countries. While afforestation lowers the warming and enhances rainfall over Benin Republic, it increases the warming and lowers the rainfall over Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The result of the study has important implication for the ongoing climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in Nigeria. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.	Afforestation; Climate change; Extreme events; Geo-engineering; Monsoon; Nigeria	afforestation; climate change; climate modeling; extreme event; global warming; monsoon; rainfall; regional climate; seasonal variation; spatial distribution; Nigeria	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942874405	Exploring the use of financial capacity as a predictor of construction company corporate performance: Evidence from South Africa	Tucker G.C., Windapo A., Cattell K.S.	2015	Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology	13	4	10.1108/JEDT-10-2013-0074	Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Tucker, G.C., Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Windapo, A., Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cattell, K.S., Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the resilient operational variables that impact the corporate performance of construction companies in the South African construction industry and to explore whether financial capacity can be used as a predictor of construction company performance in the context of the South African construction industry. Design/methodology/approach – The operational variables of construction companies that impact their corporate performance were identified through an in-depth review of the extant literature. A combination of convenience and snowball sampling techniques were used in identifying 185 building and civil engineering construction companies based in four provinces of South Africa and registered in Grades 2-6 of the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) contractor grading register. The data used in the study were collected from this cohort of respondents through the use of structured questionnaires. At the end of the study period, 62 valid responses representing a response rate of 33.5 per cent were received. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings – The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between the financial capital and net assets of construction companies and their corporate performance in terms of turnover. The data collected did not support any significant relationship between other operating financial variables, such as Return on Capital Employed and profitability and financial performance. Research limitations/implications – A predictive model for predicting the financial performance of firms was developed from the data collected. The implication of this is that the more financial capital possessed by a construction company, the more the company’s financial performance in terms of turnover. The CIDB can use financial capacity as a measure when grading contractors, as a good number of contractors are not performing. The predictive model developed could be adopted by the CIDB as an instrument for predicting the corporate financial performance of construction companies that seek to be listed on their contractor grading register. Originality/value – This research will be of significance to researchers and members of the research community in providing new knowledge as well as to contractors in enabling them to understand the importance of having financial capital. It is also of importance to the CIDB in their quest for contractor and construction industry development. Further research to validate the results obtained in this study using a larger sample size across more provinces of South Africa will form the basis of future studies. © 2015, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Capability; Construction industry; Construction management; Corporate performance; Entrepreneurship; Financial capital; Financing; Human resources management; Information and knowledge management; Modeling; Net assets; Turnover	Construction; Construction industry; Contractors; Grading; Information management; Knowledge management; Models; Personnel; Project management; Surveys; Capability; Construction management; Corporate performance; Entrepreneurship; Financial capital; Financing; Human resources management; Information and knowledge managements; Net assets; Turnover; Finance	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939876734	The Impact of Community Support Initiatives on the Stigma Experienced by People Living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa	Masquillier C., Wouters E., Mortelmans D., le Roux Booysen F.	2015	AIDS and Behavior	19	2	10.1007/s10461-014-0865-1	Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Masquillier, C., Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium; Wouters, E., Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Mortelmans, D., Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium; le Roux Booysen, F., Department of Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	In the current context of human resource shortages in South Africa, various community support interventions are being implemented to provide long-term psychosocial care to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, it is important to analyze the unintended social side effects of such interventions in regards to the stigma felt by PLWHA, which might threaten the successful management of life-long treatment. Latent cross-lagged modeling was used to analyze longitudinal data on 294 PLWHA from a randomized controlled trial (1) to determine whether peer adherence support (PAS) and treatment buddying influence the stigma experienced by PLWHA; and (2) to analyze the interrelationships between each support form and stigma. Results indicate that having a treatment buddy decreases felt stigma scores, while receiving PAS increases levels of felt stigma at the second follow up. However, the PAS intervention was also found to have a positive influence on having a treatment buddy at this time. Furthermore, a treatment buddy mitigates the stigmatizing effect of PAS, resulting in a small negative indirect effect on stigma. The study indicates the importance of looking beyond the intended effects of an intervention, with the goal of minimizing any adverse consequences that might threaten the successful long-term management of HIV/AIDS and maximizing the opportunities created by such support. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Peer adherence support; South Africa; Stigma; Treatment buddy; Unintended social side effects	anti-retroviral agents; adolescent; adult; community health services; controlled study; Helping Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; organization and administration; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Peer Group; psychology; randomized controlled trial; Social Stigma; Social Support; South Africa; Stereotyping; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Community Health Services; Helping Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Peer Group; Social Stigma; Social Support; South Africa; Stereotyping	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942195174	Toxicopathological Evaluation of Hydroethanol Extract of Dianthus basuticus in Wistar Rats	Ashafa A.O.T., Kazeem M.I.	2015	Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine	2015	None	10.1155/2015/348519	Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa	Ashafa, A.O.T., Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa; Kazeem, M.I., Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa	Background. Dianthus basuticus is a commonly used medicinal plant in Basotho traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, but there is no report on its safety or toxicity. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity profile of the hydroethanol whole plant extract of Dianthus basuticus in Wistar rats. Methods. Acute toxicity test was performed with single oral administration of 100-3200 mg/kg body weight of D. basuticus extract to rats and the animals were observed for 14 days for signs of toxicity. The subacute toxicity experiment was conducted by oral administration of graded doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) of D. basuticus extract daily for 28 days. Behavioural changes as well as haematological, biochemical, and histological parameters were then evaluated. Results. There was no observable sign of toxicity in the acute toxicity test. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the feed and water intake as well as total cholesterol and triglycerides of the D. basuticus extract-treated rats in subacute toxicity study. There were no treatment related differences in the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations. Conclusions. Administration of hydroethanol extract of D. basuticus may be safe at the dosages tested in this study but its continuous usage can cause anorexia. © 2015 Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafa and Mutiu Idowu Kazeem.	None	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alcohol; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; calcium; chloride; creatinine; Dianthus basuticus extract; electrolyte; gamma glutamyltransferase; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; plant extract; potassium; protein; sodium; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; urea; uric acid; acute toxicity; animal cell; animal experiment; Article; behavior change; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; Dianthus; Dianthus basuticus; drug safety; eosinophil; female; hematological parameters; lymphocyte; male; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; monocyte; neutrophil; nonhuman; practice guideline; priority journal; rat; toxicity testing; triacylglycerol blood level	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84955664781	The language issue and academic performance at a South African University	van Rooy B., Coetzee-Van Rooy S.	2015	Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies	33	1	10.2989/16073614.2015.1012691	Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	van Rooy, B., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa; Coetzee-Van Rooy, S., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	Academic performance at universities in South Africa is a cause of concern. It is widely acknowledged that there are a variety of factors that contribute to poor academic performance, but language is regarded as one of the most important issues in this discussion. In this article, the relationship between language and academic performance at a South African university for the first-year group in 2010 (n = 900) is investigated, taking their performance in their second (2011) and third (2012) year into account. The authors review: (a) the relationships between measures of language ability (matric scores, and scores on university placement tests like the NBT and TALL/TAG); and (b) the relationship between these language measures, performance in courses offered by universities to support students and general academic success indicators to investigate the language issue and academic performance at university. The main findings of the study are: (a) matric average results above 65% are useful to predict academic success at university; matric average results below 65% cannot be used with confidence to predict success at university; (b) language measures (e.g. matric language marks, and scores on academic literacy tests used by some universities) are not good predictors of academic success at university; (c) there are strong positive relationships between the academic literacy components in the NBT and TALL/TAG; and (d) scores achieved in academic literacy modules are good predictors of academic success. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of strategic decisions that academic managers should consider when they reflect on the language issue and its impact on academic performance at South African universities. © 2015, NISC (Pty) Ltd.	None	None	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916939044	Impact of Varroa destructor on honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) colony development in South Africa	Strauss U., Pirk C.W.W., Crewe R.M., Human H., Dietemann V.	2015	Experimental and Applied Acarology	65	1	10.1007/s10493-014-9842-7	Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Research Station, Bern, Switzerland	Strauss, U., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Pirk, C.W.W., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Crewe, R.M., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Human, H., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Dietemann, V., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Research Station, Bern, Switzerland	The devastating effects of Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman on European honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) have been well documented. Not only do these mites cause physical damage to parasitised individuals when they feed on them, they also transmit viruses and other pathogens, weaken colonies and can ultimately cause their death. Nevertheless, not all honeybee colonies are doomed once Varroa mites become established. Some populations, such as the savannah honeybee, A. m. scutellata, have become tolerant after the introduction of the parasite and are able to withstand the presence of these mites without the need for acaricides. In this study, we measured daily Varroa mite fall, Varroa infestation rates of adult honeybees and worker brood, and total Varroa population size in acaricide treated and untreated honeybee colonies. In addition, honeybee colony development was compared between these groups in order to measure the cost incurred by Varroa mites to their hosts. Daily Varroa mite fall decreased over the experimental period with different dynamics in treated and untreated colonies. Varroa infestation rates in treated adult honeybees and brood were lower than in untreated colonies, but not significantly so. Thus, indicating a minimal benefit of treatment thereby suggesting that A. m. scutellata have the ability to maintain mite populations at low levels. We obtained baseline data on Varroa population dynamics in a tolerant honeybee over the winter period. Varroa mites appeared to have a low impact on this honeybee population, given that colony development was similar in the treated and untreated colonies. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Apis mellifera scutellata; Honeybee; Infestation; Mite; Tolerance; Varroa destructor	Acari; Apis mellifera; Apis mellifera scutellata; Varroa; Varroa destructor; acaricide; animal; bee; drug effects; growth, development and aging; parasitology; physiology; season; South Africa; time; Varroidae; Acaricides; Animals; Bees; Seasons; South Africa; Time Factors; Varroidae	NRF, National Research Foundation of Korea; UP, National Research Foundation of Korea
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900009340	Sulfur/gadolinium-codoped TiOnanoparticles for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance	Agorku E.S., Mamba B.B., Pandey A.C., Mishra A.K.	2014	Journal of Nanomaterials	2014	None	10.1155/2014/289150	Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Nanotechnology and Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India	Agorku, E.S., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Mamba, B.B., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Pandey, A.C., Nanotechnology and Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India; Mishra, A.K., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa	A series of S/Gd3+-codoped TiOphotocatalysts were synthesized by a modified sol-gel method. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Laboratory experiments with Indigo Carmine chosen as a model for organic pollutants were used to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of S/Gd3+-codoped TiOunder visible-light with varying concentrations of Gd3+ ions in the host material. XRD and Raman results confirmed the existence of anatase phase TiOwith particle size ranging from 5 to 12 nm. Codoping has exerted a great influence on the optical responses along with red shift in the absorption edge. S/Gd3+-codoped TiOshowed significant visible-light induced photocatalytic activity towards Indigo Carmine dye compared with S-TiOor commercial TiO TiOS/Gd3+ (0.6% Gd3+) degraded the dye (k a = 5.6 × 10-2 min-1) completely in 50 min. © 2014 Eric S. Agorku et al.	None	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Scanning electron microscopy; Sol-gel process; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray diffraction; Absorption edges; Indigo carmine dyes; Laboratory experiments; Modified sol-gel method; Optical response; Photocatalytic activities; Photocatalytic performance; UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; Energy dispersive spectroscopy	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929179810	Evaluation of six sample preparation methods for determination of trace metals in lubricating oils using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry	Tekie H.A., McCrindle R.I., Marais P.J.J.G., Ambushe A.A.	2015	South African Journal of Chemistry	68	None	10.17159/0379-4350/2015/v68a12	Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, South Africa	Tekie, H.A., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa; McCrindle, R.I., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa; Marais, P.J.J.G., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa; Ambushe, A.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, South Africa	Quantification of trace elements in used lubricating oil forms a vital part in monitoring engine conditions and impact on the environment. In this study, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was employed for the determination of Ag, Ba, Cu, Mn and Ni in used lubricating oils. Methodology was developed so as to minimize the oil's carbonaceous matter and its effect on viscosity. Accordingly, six oil sample preparation techniques (xylene dilution, detergent emulsion, microwave digestion, dry-ashing, wet-ashing and ultrasonic extraction) were investigated for their efficiency. Optimization of the factors influencing ultrasonic-assisted extraction and ICP-OES operating parameters enabled quantification of the trace metals in oils. Limits of detection (3S<inf>b</inf>/m), in the ng g-1 range, were obtained for each element of interest using each method investigated. The validity of the methodologies studied was confirmed through the analysis of quality control (QC) samples. Analyte recoveries, ranging from 48.3 to 106%, were obtained. Evaluation of the analytical methods studied with regard to accuracy, precision, LOD, linearity, applicability for routine analysis, preparation time and cost was made. Based on these evaluations, ultrasonic extraction has a clear advantage in terms of accuracy, applicability for routine analysis, time and cost of sample preparation. ©2015 South African Chemical Institute.	ICP-OES; Lubricating oil; Optimization	None	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940197167	ICP-OES monitoring of the instability of [OsCl<inf>6</inf>]2- and Evaluation of [OsO<inf>2</inf>(CN)<inf>4</inf>]2- as alternative standard for osmium quantification	Chiweshe T.T., Purcell W., Venter J.A.	2015	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan	88	8	10.1246/bcsj.20150025	Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Chiweshe, T.T., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Purcell, W., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Venter, J.A., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa	A spectrometric method using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the determination of Os and the stability of (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>[OsCl<inf>6</inf>] standard was developed. Results obtained from this study showed a gradual decrease in Os recovery in the liquid reference material (RM) within 96 h of having prepared the calibration standards. The instability of the Os standard (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>[OsCl<inf>6</inf>] resulted in the decrease in Os percentage recoveries. The Os calibration plots shifted (gained or lost sensitivity) after every 24 h. This gain or loss in sensitivity also varied, depending on acid or base used. In acidic medium, the gain in sensitivity of the calibration curves increased from HCl < HBr < HF whilst in the basic medium, the calibration plots decreased in sensitivity from NaOH < KOH < NH<inf>4</inf>OH. The stable Cs<inf>2</inf>[OsO<inf>2</inf>(CN)<inf>4</inf>] compound was synthesized and evaluated for its suitability as osmium standard and it was determined to be a good alternative standard for Os analysis due to its excellent stability in HCl matrix and at room temperature. The optimum storage conditions for both Os standards (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>[OsCl<inf>6</inf>] and Cs<inf>2</inf>[OsO<inf>2</inf>(CN)<inf>4</inf>] and the liquid RM analyte solutions were in the acidic medium (HCl), in the dark and at ca. 10°C. © 2015 The Chemical Society of Japan.	None	Calibration; Cesium; Inductively coupled plasma; Optical emission spectroscopy; Plasma diagnostics; Plasma stability; Spectrometry; Stability; Calibration curves; Calibration standard; Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry; Percentage recovery; Reference material; Room temperature; Spectrometric methods; Storage condition; Osmium	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892479381	Modelling the impacts of reforestation on the projected hydroclimatology of Niger River Basin, West Africa	Oguntunde P.G., Abiodun B.J., Lischeid G., Merz C.	2014	Ecohydrology	7	1	10.1002/eco.1343	Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany; Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Soil, Water and Environment Section, Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Oguntunde, P.G., Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany, Soil, Water and Environment Section, Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Abiodun, B.J., Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lischeid, G., Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany; Merz, C., Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany	This study simulates the impacts of reforestation on hydroclimatology of Niger River Basin (NRB) under enhanced greenhouse gases (GHGs). A regional climate model (RegCM3) was used to dynamically downscale hydroclimatological variables of NRB for present-day (PRS), and for future climate scenarios (with and without reforestation). The data were further analysed to detect changes in water balance components and the moisture recycling ratios. Under A1B scenario, warmer climate was projected over the entire basin in all seasons, a drier climate during the rainy season, and a wetter climate during the dry season. Reforestation along NRB (GBR) reduces the GHG warming over the basin both seasons, but increases it north-east of the basin in July-September (JAS). Both reforestation scenarios could enhance rainfall over the reforested area. With reforestation over Sahel (GSR), seasonal evapotranspiration increases between 3·6% and 14·4%; but with GBR, evapotranspiration reduces between -12·4% and -4·3%. The GSR option offsets the projected annual GHG effects on moisture recycling over the basin. Evaporation coefficient decreased by about 5% under elevated CO2 while runoff coefficient increased. Reforestation reduces the projected warming and drying over the reforested zones because of its influence on the monsoon flow (reduction in speed). Hence, with reforestation in summer, the onset of monsoon delays in bringing in the cool moist air over the area located downwind of the reforested zone; this increases the temperature and reduces rainfall amount over the area. © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	Climate change; Hydroclimatology; Mitigation; Niger River Basin; Reforestation	Evaporation coefficients; Future climate scenarios; Hydro climatologies; Mitigation; Regional climate models (RegCM3); River basins; Seasonal evapotranspirations; Water balance components; Atmospheric thermodynamics; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Evapotranspiration; Greenhouse gases; Moisture; Rain; Water recycling; Watersheds; Reforestation; climate change; climate modeling; climatology; dry season; evapotranspiration; future prospect; hydrometeorology; reforestation; water budget; Niger Basin	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942796538	Consumer preferences of Generation Y: Evidence from live music tourism event performances in South Africa	Kruger M., Saayman M.	2015	Journal of Vacation Marketing	21	4	10.1177/1356766715585903	North-West University, South Africa	Kruger, M., North-West University, South Africa; Saayman, M., North-West University, South Africa	Generation Y (born between 1982 and 2002) has caught the attention of researchers due to the sheer size of this consumer segment and also its significant spending power. The purpose of this exploratory research was to cluster Generation Y concertgoers to various concerts held in South Africa during 2012 and 2013 based on their age to identify and profile different market segments at the concerts. Data were collected at eight live music performances, during 2012 and 2013, by performers Linkin Park, Adam Lambert, Celtic Woman, Lady Gaga, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Bon Jovi, Justin Bieber and Rodriguez. This resulted in a total factor analysis conducted to identify the main motives of Generation Yers to attend live music performances. Generation Yers were then divided into three groups based on their age in order to give a better idea of the differences among these concertgoers. Three Generation Y clusters were identified, namely, Tweens, Twixters and Tweeds. Analyses of variance, two-way frequency tables and χ2 tests showed significant differences between the segments in terms of socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics as well as motives. Based on the results, it is evident that generation theory needs to be taken into consideration, and it can be a useful tool to segment markets. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.	Generation theory; Generation Y; live music performances; South Africa	None	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84909983185	Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of dihydroartemisinyl-chalcone esters	Smit F.J., Van Biljon R.A., Birkholtz L.-M., N'da D.D.	2014	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	90	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.016	Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Smit, F.J., Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Biljon, R.A., Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Birkholtz, L.-M., Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; N'da, D.D., Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	A series of dihydroartemisinyl-chalcone esters were synthesized through esterification of chalcones with dihydroartemisinin (DHA). The hybrids were screened against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive (3D7) and CQ resistant (W2) strains of intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites, and were all found to be active, with IC<inf>50</inf> values ranging between 1.5 and 11 nM against both strains, with SI values over 5800. The esters featuring oxygenated aryl rings (7, 10 and 11), were found to be equipotent to DHA, but were 2-3 times more active than artesunate against the 3D7 and W2 strains of the malaria parasites. They were also screened in vitro against a panel of three cancer cell lines consisting of TK-10, UACC-62 and MCF-7. Compound 7, bearing a furan ring, displayed the most potent overall antitumor activity against all three cancer cell lines. TGA revealed that the targeted hybrids were all thermally more stable than DHA, which may be beneficial to the high temperature storage conditions that prevail in malaria endemic countries. During this study, ester 7 was identified as the best candidate for further investigation as a potential drug in search for new, safe and effective antimalarial drugs. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.	Antitumor; Chalcone; Dihydroartemisinin; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum	10 aplha dihydroartemisinyl 4 [(1e) 3 (5 methylfuran 2 yl) 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 beta dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 oxo 3 (2,3,4 trichlorophenyl)]prop 1 en yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [(1e) 3 oxo 3 phenylprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 (2,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 (3 methoxy 4 nitrophenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 (3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 4 [(1e) 3 oxo 3 phenylprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (2,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (3 methoxy 4 nitrophenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (5 methylfuran 2 yl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 oxo 3 (2,3,4 trichlorophenyl)]prop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; antimalarial agent; antineoplastic agent; artesunate; chalcone derivative; chloroquine; dihydroartemisinin; dihydroartemisinin derivative; dihydroartemisinyl chalcone ester; ester derivative; furan; unclassified drug; antimalarial agent; antineoplastic agent; artemisinin derivative; chalcone; ester; antimalarial activity; antineoplastic activity; Article; cancer cell line; controlled study; drug screening; drug stability; drug storage; drug synthesis; high temperature; human; human cell; IC50; in vitro study; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; storage temperature; structure activity relation; cell proliferation; chemical structure; chemistry; dose response; drug effects; drug sensitivity; MCF 7 cell line; synthesis; tumor cell line; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Artemisinins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Chalcone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Esters; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Molecular Structure; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium falciparum; Structure-Activity Relationship	NRF, UID 76443, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946474311	The impact of ENSO on Southern African rainfall in CMIP5 ocean atmosphere coupled climate models	Dieppois B., Rouault M., New M.	2015	Climate Dynamics	45	42623	10.1007/s00382-015-2480-x	African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Oceanography, MARE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nansen-Tutu Center for Marine Environmental Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Dieppois, B., African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Oceanography, MARE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Rouault, M., Department of Oceanography, MARE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Nansen-Tutu Center for Marine Environmental Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; New, M., African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	We study the ability of 24 ocean atmosphere global coupled models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) to reproduce the teleconnections between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Southern African rainfall in austral summer using historical forced simulations, with a focus on the atmospheric dynamic associated with El Niño. Overestimations of summer rainfall occur over Southern Africa in all CMIP5 models. Abnormal westward extensions of ENSO patterns are a common feature of all CMIP5 models, while the warming of the Indian Ocean that happens during El Niño is not correctly reproduced. This could impact the teleconnection between ENSO and Southern African rainfall which is represented with mixed success in CMIP5 models. Large-scale anomalies of suppressed deep-convection over the tropical maritime continent and enhanced convection from the central to eastern Pacific are correctly simulated. However, regional biases occur above Africa and the Indian Ocean, particularly in the position of the deep convection anomalies associated with El Niño, which can lead to the wrong sign in rainfall anomalies in the northwest part of South Africa. From the near-surface to mid-troposphere, CMIP5 models underestimate the observed anomalous pattern of pressure occurring over Southern Africa that leads to dry conditions during El Niño years. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	CMIP5; Coupled model; El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO); Rainfall; Southern Africa; Teleconnection	atmosphere-ocean coupling; atmospheric convection; atmospheric dynamics; climate modeling; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; rainfall; teleconnection; Southern Africa	NRF, Water Research Commission; WRC, Water Research Commission
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884242233	Perceived Diving Impacts and Management Implications at a Popular South African Reef	Lucrezi S., Saayman M., van Der Merwe P.	2013	Coastal Management	41	5	10.1080/08920753.2013.822278	TREES-Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North-West, South Africa	Lucrezi, S., TREES-Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North-West, South Africa; Saayman, M., TREES-Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North-West, South Africa; van Der Merwe, P., TREES-Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North-West, South Africa	Coral reefs are threatened by impacts such as from scuba diving, and ongoing research is required to assess diving impacts, diver behavior and environmental knowledge. This study investigated perceived diving impacts, reef condition and norms among scuba divers at Sodwana Bay (South Africa). Divers viewed contact with coral as damaging, and perceived environmental degradation at dive sites. However, most divers saw activities such as photography as causing little or no damage to reefs. One meter or less was believed to be a safe distance from the reef or the wildlife to avoid contact or disturbance, and encounter norms were high. Age and experience influenced most perceptions, although cannot be accepted as reliable indicators of divers' perceptions or behavior, due to the heterogeneous conduct of divers of various experience and age as described in literature. The importance of human perceptions to understand what strategies need implementation in diving management is discussed. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	coral reefs; impacts; management; perceptions; scuba diving	Coral reef; Environmental knowledge; Human perception; impacts; Management implications; Management IS; Safe distance; Scuba diving; Coastal engineering; Management; Sensory perception; Reefs; coastal zone management; coral reef; environmental degradation; perception; scuba diving; KwaZulu-Natal; Sodwana Bay; South Africa	NSF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908032494	Evaluation of the Effects of Reduced Personal and Corporate Tax Rates on the Growth Rates of the U.S. Economy	Zellner A., Ngoie J.K.	2015	Econometric Reviews	34	None	10.1080/07474938.2014.944468	Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Zellner, A., Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Ngoie, J.K., Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Using several variants of a Marshallian Macroeconomic Model (MMM), see Zellner and Israilevich (2005) and Ngoie and Zellner (2010), this paper investigates how various tax rate reductions may help stimulate the U.S. economy while not adversely affecting aggregate U.S. debt. Variants of our MMM that are shown to fit past data and to perform well in forecasting experiments are employed to evaluate the effects of alternative tax policies. Using quarterly data, our one-sector MMM has been able to predict the 2008 downturn and the 2009Q3 upturn of the U.S. economy. Among other results, this study, using transfer and impulse response functions associated with our MMM, finds that permanent 5 percentage points cut in the personal income and corporate profits tax rates will cause the U.S. real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate to rise by 3.0 percentage points with a standard error of 0.6 percentage points. Also, while this policy change leads to positive growth of the government sector, its share of total real GDP is slightly reduced. This is understandable since short run effects of tax cuts include the transfer of tax revenue from the government to the private sector. The private sector is allowed to manage a larger portion of its revenue, while government is forced to cut public spending on social programs with little growth enhancing effects. This broadens private economic activities overall. Further, these tax rate policy changes stimulate the growth of the federal tax base considerably, which helps to reduce annual budget deficits and the federal debt. © 2015, Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Disaggregation; Impulse response functions; Marshallian macroeconomic model; Transfer functions; U.S. fiscal policy analysis	None	NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890669317	Ceramic water filters impregnated with silver nanoparticles as a point-of-use water-treatment intervention for HIV-positive individuals in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A pilot study of technological performance and human health benefits	Abebe L.S., Smith J.A., Narkiewicz S., Oyanedel-Craver V., Conaway M., Singo A., Amidou S., Mojapelo P., Brant J., Dillingham R.	2014	Journal of Water and Health	12	2	10.2166/wh.2013.185	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, 351 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Bliss Hall 213, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, Public Health Sciences Hospital West, University of Virginia, PO Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA 3181, United States; Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA, United States	Abebe, L.S., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, 351 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Smith, J.A., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, 351 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Narkiewicz, S., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Bliss Hall 213, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Oyanedel-Craver, V., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Bliss Hall 213, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Conaway, M., Department of Public Health Sciences, Public Health Sciences Hospital West, University of Virginia, PO Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA 3181, United States; Singo, A., Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Amidou, S., Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Mojapelo, P., Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Brant, J., Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Dillingham, R., Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA, United States	Waterborne pathogens present a significant threat to people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). This study presents a randomized, controlled trial that evaluates whether a household-level ceramic water filter (CWF) intervention can improve drinking water quality and decrease days of diarrhea in PLWH in rural South Africa. Seventy-four participants were randomized in an intervention group with CWFs and a control group without filters. Participants in the CWF arm received CWFs impregnated with silver nanoparticles and associated safe-storage containers. Water and stool samples were collected at baseline and 12 months. Diarrhea incidence was self-reported weekly for 12 months. The average diarrhea rate in the control group was 0.064 days/week compared to 0.015 days/week in the intervention group (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney). Median reduction of total coliform bacteria was 100% at enrollment and final collection. CWFs are an acceptable technology that can significantly improve the quality of household water and decrease days of diarrhea for PLWH in rural South Africa. © IWA Publishing 2014.	Ceramic water filters; Cryptosporidium parvum; HIV; Point-of-use; South Africa	drinking water; silver nanoparticle; ceramics; diarrheal disease; drinking water; human immunodeficiency virus; nanotechnology; public health; rural area; technological change; water treatment; water use; adult; article; ceramic water fillter; coliform bacterium; container; controlled study; Cryptosporidium; diarrhea; environmental sanitation; feces culture; female; filter; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; incidence; male; pilot study; randomized controlled trial; South Africa; water quality; water sampling; water supply; water treatment; Limpopo; South Africa; Adult; Ceramics; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Diarrhea; Drinking Water; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Feces; Female; Filtration; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Metal Nanoparticles; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rural Population; Silver; South Africa; Water Purification; Water Quality; Young Adult	NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940654698	Impact of an integrated community case management programme on uptake of appropriate diarrhoea and pneumonia treatments in Uganda: A propensity score matching and equity analysis study	Nanyonjo A., Ssekitooleko J., Counihan H., Makumbi F., Tomson G., Källander K.	2015	International Journal for Equity in Health	14	1	10.1186/s12939-015-0202-y	Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden; Malaria Consortium Uganda Office, Plot 25, Upper East Naguru, P.O. Box 8045Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard StreetLondon, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, New Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7062Kampala, Uganda; Medical Management Centre (MMC), Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden	Nanyonjo, A., Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden, Malaria Consortium Uganda Office, Plot 25, Upper East Naguru, P.O. Box 8045Kampala, Uganda; Ssekitooleko, J., Malaria Consortium Uganda Office, Plot 25, Upper East Naguru, P.O. Box 8045Kampala, Uganda; Counihan, H., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard StreetLondon, United Kingdom; Makumbi, F., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, New Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7062Kampala, Uganda; Tomson, G., Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden, Medical Management Centre (MMC), Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Källander, K., Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden, Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard StreetLondon, United Kingdom, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, New Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7062Kampala, Uganda	Introduction: Pneumonia and diarrhoea disproportionately affect children in resource-poor settings. Integrated community case management (iCCM) involves community health workers treating diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria. Studies on impact of iCCM on appropriate treatment and its effects on equity in access to the same are limited. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of integrated community case management (iCCM) as the first point of care on uptake of appropriate treatment for children with a classification of pneumonia (cough and fast breathing) and/or diarrhoea and to measure the magnitude and distribution of socioeconomic status related inequality in use of iCCM. Methods: Following introduction of iCCM, data from cross-sectional household surveys were examined for socioeconomic inequalities in uptake of treatment and use of iCCM among children with a classification of pneumonia or diarrhoea using the Erreygers' corrected concentration index (CCI). Propensity score matching methods were used to estimate the average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) for children treated under the iCCM programme with recommended antibiotics for pneumonia, and ORS plus or minus zinc for diarrhoea. Findings: Overall, more children treated under iCCM received appropriate antibiotics for pneumonia (ATT = 34.7 %, p < 0.001) and ORS for diarrhoea (ATT = 41.2 %, p < 0.001) compared to children not attending iCCM. No such increase was observed for children receiving ORS-zinc combination (ATT = -0.145, p < 0.05). There were no obvious inequalities in the uptake of appropriate treatment for pneumonia among the poorest and least poor (CCI = -0.070; SE = 0.083). Receiving ORS for diarrhoea was more prevalent among the least poor groups (CCI = 0.199; SE = 0.118). The use of iCCM for pneumonia was more prevalent among the poorest groups (CCI = -0.099; SE = 0.073). The use of iCCM for diarrhoea was not significantly different among the poorest and least poor (CCI = -0.073; SE = 0.085). Conclusion: iCCM is a potentially equitable strategy that significantly increased the uptake of appropriate antibiotic treatment for pneumonia and ORS for diarrhoea, but not the uptake of zinc for diarrhoea. For maximum impact, interventions increasing zinc uptake should be considered when scaling up iCCM programmes. © 2015 Nanyonjo et al.	Diarrhoea; Equity; Integrated community case management; Pneumonia; Treatment	antibiotic agent; oral rehydration solution; zinc; child health; community health worker; diarrheal disease; disease prevalence; disease treatment; equity; household survey; pneumonia; public health; socioeconomic status; antibiotic therapy; Article; community care; diarrhea; drug efficacy; drug response; health care delivery; health care disparity; integrated community case management; pneumonia; prevalence; priority journal; scoring system; social status; treatment indication; Uganda	OPP1002407, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920517954	Evaluation of a Community-Based Trapping Program to Collect Simulium ochraceum sensu lato for Verification of Onchocerciasis Elimination	Rodríguez-Pérez M.A., Adeleke M.A., Rodríguez-Luna I.C., Cupp E.W., Unnasch T.R.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	10	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003249	Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Public Health Entomology and Parasitology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State	Rodríguez-Pérez, M.A., Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Adeleke, M.A., Public Health Entomology and Parasitology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Rodríguez-Luna, I.C., Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Cupp, E.W., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Unnasch, T.R., Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States	Background:Collection of the black fly vectors of onchocerciasis worldwide relies upon human landing collections. Recent studies have suggested that the Esperanza Window Trap baited with a human scent lure and CO2 had the potential to replace human hosts for the collection of Simulium ochraceum sensu lato in Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico. The feasibility of utilizing these traps in a community-based approach for the collection of S. ochraceum s.l. was evaluated.Methodology/Principal findings:Local residents of a formerly endemic extra-sentinel community for onchocerciasis were trained to carry out collections using the traps. The residents operated the traps over a 60-day period and conducted parallel landing collections, resulting in a total of 28,397 vector black flies collected. None of the flies collected were found to contain parasite DNA when tested by a polymerase chain reaction assay targeting a parasite specific sequence, resulting in a point estimate of infection in the vectors of zero, with an upper bound of the 95% confidence interval 0.13 per 2,000. This meets the accepted criterion for demonstrating an interruption of parasite transmission.Conclusions/Significance:These data demonstrate that Esperanza Window Traps may be effectively operated by minimally trained residents of formerly endemic communities, resulting in the collection of sufficient numbers of flies to verify transmission interruption of onchocerciasis. The traps represent a viable alternative to using humans as hosts for the collection of vector flies as part of the verification of onchocerciasis elimination. © 2014 Rodríguez-Pérez et al.	None	carbon dioxide; animal trapping; Article; disease surveillance; ecological equipment; equipment design; Esperanza window trap; human; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; Onchocerca volvulus; onchocerciasis; parasite transmission; parasite vector; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; Simulium; Simulium ochraceum; vector control; animal; disease carrier; insect control; Mexico; onchocerciasis; procedures; Simuliidae; transmission; Animals; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Mexico; Onchocerciasis; Simuliidae	OPP1017870, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884622877	Association of the ANRS-12126 Male Circumcision Project with HIV Levels among Men in a South African Township: Evaluation of Effectiveness using Cross-sectional Surveys	Auvert B., Taljaard D., Rech D., Lissouba P., Singh B., Bouscaillou J., Peytavin G., Mahiane S.G., Sitta R., Puren A., Lewis D.	2013	PLoS Medicine	10	9	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001509	UMRS-1018, CESP, INSERM Villejuif, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France; University of Versailles-Saint Quentin, Versailles, France; Progressus, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Auvert, B., UMRS-1018, CESP, INSERM Villejuif, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France, University of Versailles-Saint Quentin, Versailles, France; Taljaard, D., Progressus, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rech, D., Progressus, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lissouba, P., UMRS-1018, CESP, INSERM Villejuif, France; Singh, B., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Bouscaillou, J., UMRS-1018, CESP, INSERM Villejuif, France; Peytavin, G., AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France; Mahiane, S.G., Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Sitta, R., UMRS-1018, CESP, INSERM Villejuif, France; Puren, A., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lewis, D., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background:Randomized controlled trials have shown that voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) reduces HIV infection by 50% to 60% in sub-Saharan African populations; however, little is known about the population-level effect of adult male circumcision (MC) as an HIV prevention method. We assessed the effectiveness of VMMC roll-out on the levels of HIV in the South African township of Orange Farm where the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the effect of VMMC on HIV acquisition was conducted in 2002-2005.Methods and Findings:The Bophelo Pele project is a community-based campaign against HIV, which includes the roll-out of free VMMC. A baseline cross-sectional biomedical survey was conducted in 2007-2008 among a random sample of 1,998 men aged 15 to 49 (survey response rate 80.7%). In 2010-2011, we conducted a follow-up random survey among 3,338 men aged 15 to 49 (survey response rate 79.6%) to evaluate the project. Participants were interviewed, blood samples were collected and tested for HIV and recent HIV infection (using the BED HIV incidence assay), and MC status was assessed through a clinical examination. Data were analyzed using multivariate and propensity statistical methods.Owing to the VMMCs performed in the context of the RCT and the Bophelo Pele project, the prevalence rate of adult MC increased from 0.12 (95% CI 0.10-0.14) to 0.53 (95% CI 0.51-0.55). Without these VMMCs, the HIV prevalence rate in 2010-2011 would have been 19% (95% CI 12%-26%) higher (0.147 instead of 0.123).When comparing circumcised and uncircumcised men, no association of MC status with sexual behavior was detected. Among circumcised and uncircumcised men, the proportion consistently using condoms with non-spousal partners in the past 12 months was 44.0% (95% CI 41.7%-46.5%) versus 45.4% (95% CI 42.2%-48.6%) with weighted prevalence rate ratio (wPRR) = 0.94 (95% CI 0.85-1.03). The proportion having two or more non-spousal partners was 50.4% (95% CI 47.9%-52.9%) versus 44.2% (95% CI 41.3%-46.9%) with wPRR = 1.03 (95% CI 0.95-1.10).We found a reduction of BED-estimated HIV incidence rate ranging from 57% (95% CI 29%-76%) to 61% (95% CI 14%-83%) among circumcised men in comparison with uncircumcised men.Conclusions:Findings suggest that the roll-out of VMMC in Orange Farm is associated with a significant reduction of HIV levels in the community. The main limitation of the study is that it was not randomized and cannot prove a causal association. The roll-out of VMMC among adults in sub-Saharan Africa should be an international priority and needs to be accelerated to effectively combat the spread of HIV.Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. © 2013 Auvert et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adolescent; adult; article; circumcision; condom use; controlled study; cross-sectional study; disease association; evaluation; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection rate; male; outcome assessment; prevalence; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; sexual behavior; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Circumcision, Male; Cross-Sectional Studies; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Follow-Up Studies; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Time Factors; Young Adult	OPP1021324, BandMGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885418119	The impact of stressful life events, symptom status, and adherence concerns on quality of life in people living with HIV	Corless I.B., Voss J., Guarino A.J., Wantland D., Holzemer W., Jane Hamilton M., Sefcik E., Willard S., Kirksey K., Portillo C., Mendez M.R., Rosa M.E., Nicholas P.K., Human S., Maryland M., Moezzi S., Robinson L., Cuca Y.	2013	Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care	24	6	10.1016/j.jana.2012.11.005	MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Rutgers University School of Nursing, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States; Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States; Harris Health System, Houston, TX, United States; School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences, Campus School of Nursing, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Universidad del Turabo School of Health Sciences, Gurabo, Puerto Rico; School of Nursing, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States; University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Illinois Division, American Cancer Society, Chicago, IL, United States; Middle East Center University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States	Corless, I.B., MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States; Voss, J., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Guarino, A.J., MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States; Wantland, D., Rutgers University School of Nursing, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States; Holzemer, W., Rutgers University School of Nursing, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States; Jane Hamilton, M., Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States; Sefcik, E., Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States; Willard, S., Rutgers University School of Nursing, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States; Kirksey, K., Harris Health System, Houston, TX, United States; Portillo, C., School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Mendez, M.R., University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences, Campus School of Nursing, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rosa, M.E., Universidad del Turabo School of Health Sciences, Gurabo, Puerto Rico; Nicholas, P.K., School of Nursing, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States; Human, S., University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Maryland, M., Illinois Division, American Cancer Society, Chicago, IL, United States; Moezzi, S., Middle East Center University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Robinson, L., University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Cuca, Y., School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Studies concerning persons living with HIV (PLWH) report that stressful life events (SLEs) contribute to an exacerbation of symptoms and reduced antiretroviral (ARV) adherence and quality of life (QOL). Little is known about whether these findings are site-specific. Our study's aims were to characterize the type and frequency of SLEs for PLWH in Puerto Rico, South Africa, and the United States, and to assess the impact of SLEs by national site, symptoms, and ARV adherence concerns on QOL. The sample consisted of 704 participants. The total number of SLEs correlated significantly with the total number of symptoms, adherence concerns, and QOL (p ≤ .001). Overall, 27.2% of the variance in QOL was explained by the aforementioned variables. Although SLEs were of concern to PLWH, worries about ARV adherence were of even greater concern. Routine assessment of ARV concerns and SLEs can promote ongoing ARV adherence and improved QOL. © 2013 Association of Nurses in AIDS Care.	Adherence; HIV; Quality of life; Stressful life events; Symptoms	antiretrovirus agent; adaptive behavior; ADHERENCE; adult; aged; article; cultural factor; ethnology; female; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life event; male; medication compliance; mental stress; middle aged; psychological aspect; Puerto Rico; quality of life; questionnaire; Sickness Impact Profile; socioeconomics; South Africa; stressful life events; symptoms; United States; young adult; adherence; HIV; quality of life; stressful life events; symptoms; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Aged; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Life Change Events; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Puerto Rico; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Sickness Impact Profile; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Stress, Psychological; United States; Young Adult	P20 NR08359, NIH, National Institutes of Health; P20 NR08342, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879099534	Evaluation of impact of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and point-of-use water filters on HIV-1 disease progression in Kenya	Walson J.L., Sangaré L.R., Singa B.O., Naulikha J.M., Piper B.K.S., Yuhas K., Onchiri F.M., Otieno P.A., Mermin J., Zeh C., Richardson B.A., John-Stewart G.	2013	AIDS	27	9	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835ecba9	Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States	Walson, J.L., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Sangaré, L.R., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States; Singa, B.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Naulikha, J.M., Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Piper, B.K.S., Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Yuhas, K., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Onchiri, F.M., Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Otieno, P.A., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Mermin, J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Zeh, C., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Richardson, B.A., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States; John-Stewart, G., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Objectives: Among HIV-1-infected individuals in Africa, coinfection with malaria and diarrhoeal disease may be associated with more rapid HIV-1 disease progression. We sought to determine whether the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and simple point-of-use water filters can delay HIV-1 disease progression. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Two HIV care sites in Kenya. Participants: HIV-1-infected adults not yet meeting criteria for antiretroviral therapy. Interventions: One group received the standard of care, whereas the other received long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and water filters. Individuals were followed for up to 24 months. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measures were time to CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/μl and a composite endpoint of time to CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/|μl and nontraumatic death. Time to disease progression was compared using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Of 589 individuals included, 361 received the intervention and 228 served as controls. Median baseline CD4 cell counts were similar (P= 0.36). After controlling for baseline CD4 cell count, individuals receiving the intervention were 27% less likely to reach the endpoint of a CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/μl (hazard ratio 0.73; 95% confidence interval 0.57-0.95). CD4 cell count decline was also significantly less in the intervention group (-54 vs. - 70 cells/|μl per year, P=0.03). In addition, the incidence of malaria and diarrhoea were significantly lower in the intervention group. Conclusion: Provision of a long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net and water filter was associated with a delay in CD4 cell count decline and may be a simple, practical and cost-effective strategy to delay HIV-1 progression in many resource-limited settings. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Bed nets; Coinfection; Diarrhoeal disease; HIV; Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets; Malaria; Water filters	insecticide; water; adult; article; bed net; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical evaluation; cohort analysis; controlled study; death; diarrhea; disease course; female; filter; health care quality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; incidence; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; male; mixed infection; priority journal; proportional hazards model; prospective study; randomized controlled trial; treatment outcome; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diarrhea; Disease Progression; Female; Filtration; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Prospective Studies; Regression Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Viral Load; Water; Water Purification	P30 AI027757, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919741164	Evaluation of the chemical and antioxidant properties of wild and cultivated mushrooms of Ghana	Obodai M., Ferreira I.C.F.R., Fernandes Â., Barros L., Narh Mensah D.L., Dzomeku M., Urben A.F., Prempeh J., Takli R.K.	2014	Molecules	19	12	10.3390/molecules191219532	CSIR, Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, Bragança, Portugal; Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Parque Estação Biológica, Final Av. W5 Norte, Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, Brazil	Obodai, M., CSIR, Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, Bragança, Portugal; Fernandes, Â., Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, Bragança, Portugal; Barros, L., Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, Bragança, Portugal; Narh Mensah, D.L., CSIR, Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Dzomeku, M., CSIR, Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Urben, A.F., Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB - Parque Estação Biológica, Final Av. W5 Norte, Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Prempeh, J., CSIR, Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Takli, R.K., CSIR, Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana	Knowledge of the chemical composition of both wild and cultivated edible mushrooms in Ghana is limited. This study reports their nutritional value, composition in lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules, minerals and antioxidant properties. The samples were found to be nutritionally rich in carbohydrates, ranging from 64.14 ± 0.93 g in Pleurotus ostreatus strain EM-1 to 80.17 ± 0.34 g in Lentinus squarrosulus strain LSF. The highest level of proteins (28.40 ± 0.86 g) was recorded in the mentioned P. ostreatus strain. Low fat contents were registered in the samples, with Auricularia auricula recording the lowest value. High levels of potassium were also observed with the following decreasing order of elements: K > P ∼ Na > Mg > Ca. High levels of antioxidants were also observed, thus making mushrooms suitable to be used as functional foods or nutraceutical sources. Furthermore, this study provides new information regarding chemical properties of mushrooms from Ghana, which is very important for the biodiversity characterization of this country. © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	Antioxidant potential; Cultivated mushrooms; Macro- and micro-elements; Nutritional value; Wild mushrooms	antioxidant; element; lipid; mineral; Agaricales; agriculture; chemical phenomena; chemistry; Ghana; nutritional value; Agaricales; Agriculture; Antioxidants; Elements; Ghana; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Lipids; Minerals; Nutritive Value	PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011, FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908664748	Marine fisheries catches in Ghana: Historic reconstruction for 1950 to 2010 and current economic impacts	Nunoo F.K.E., Asiedu B., Amador K., Belhabib D., Lam V., Sumaila R., Pauly D.	2014	Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture	22	4	10.1080/23308249.2014.962687	Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana; School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana; Marine Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, Tema, Ghana; Sea Around Us Project, University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada	Nunoo, F.K.E., Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Asiedu, B., School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana; Amador, K., Marine Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, Tema, Ghana; Belhabib, D., Sea Around Us Project, University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Lam, V., Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Sumaila, R., Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Pauly, D., Sea Around Us Project, University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada	Ghana has a long fishing tradition, including industrial fishing. After many of the countries where Ghanaian fleets were actively fishing declared an Exclusive Economic Zone in the 1980s, the distant-water fleet of Ghana returned to its home waters, precipitating a collapse of some local stocks. While official catches reported to the FAO document this decline, the catches of other sectors (artisanal, subsistence, and recreational fishing) were not reported, their contribution to the livelihoods of Ghanaians was simply not documented, and their impact on fish stocks overlooked. Herein, total catches were estimated at 20.8 million tonnes between 1950 and 2010 compared to 11.8 million tonnes reported to the FAO. Subsistence catches, notably from coastal lagoons represented the bulk of unreported catches and seemed to have increased overall during this period, while the artisanal and large-scale sector catches decreased. Furthermore, the economic contribution of artisanal fisheries to Ghana is declining mainly due to use of non-sophisticated technology and activities of industrial fisheries making already poor communities poorer while industrial (particularly tuna) fisheries are increasing their profitability margin due to high technology being adopted and operating in less exploited parts of the continental shelf of Ghana. Accurate catch statistics and a better understanding of the contribution of the marine fisheries sector are needed for sustainable management of the fishing industry in Ghana and its contribution to the Ghanaian economy. © 2014 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	catch; economic; Ghana; industrial; marine fisheries; reconstructed; small-scale fisheries	None	PEW, Pew Charitable Trusts
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942767778	A century of tuberculosis epidemiology in the northern and southern hemisphere: The differential impact of control interventions	Hermans S., Horsburgh C.R., Jr., Wood R.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0135179	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Hermans, S., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Horsburgh, C.R., Jr., Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Cape Town has one of the highest TB burdens of any city in the world. In 1900 the City of Cape Town, New York City and London had high mortality of tuberculosis (TB). Throughout the 20th century contemporaneous public health measures including screening, diagnosis and treatment were implemented in all three settings. Mandatory notification of TB and vital status enabled comparison of disease burden trajectories. Methods: TB mortality, notification and case fatality rates were calculated from 1912 to 2012 using annual TB notifications, TB death certifications and population estimates. Notification rates were stratified by age and in Cape Town by HIV status (from 2009 onwards). Results: Pre-chemotherapy, TB mortality and notification rates declined steadily in New York and London but remained high in Cape Town. Following introduction of combination chemotherapy, mean annual case fatality dropped from 45-60% to below 10% in all three settings. Mortality and notification rates subsequently declined, although Cape Town notifications did not decline as far as those in New York or London and returned to pre-chemotherapy levels by 1980. The proportional contribution of childhood TB diminished in New York and London but remained high in Cape Town. The advent of the Cape Town HIV-epidemic in the 1990s was associated with a further two-fold increase in incidence. In 2012, notification rates among HIV-negatives remained at pre-chemotherapy levels. Conclusions: TB control was achieved in New York and London but failed in Cape Town. The TB disease burden trajectories started diverging before the availability of combination chemotherapy in 1952 and further diverged following the HIV epidemic in 1990. Chemotherapy impacted case fatality but not transmission, evidenced by on-going high childhood TB rates. Currently endemic TB results from high on-going transmission, which has been exacerbated by the HIV epidemic. TB control will require reducing transmission, which is inexorably linked to prevailing socio-economic factors.	None	age distribution; Article; bacterial load; bacterial transmission; BCG vaccination; chemotherapy; childhood disease; death certificate; disease association; disease exacerbation; fatality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; incidence; mortality; Northern Hemisphere; social status; South Africa; Southern Hemisphere; survival; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; United Kingdom; United States; vital statistics	R01AI058736-02, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922257720	The impact of the 2013 WHO antiretroviral therapy guidelines on the feasibility of HIV population prevention trials	Ross E., Tanser F., Pei P., Newell M.-L., Losina E., Thiebaut R., Weinstein M., Freedberg K., Anglaret X., Scott C., Dabis F., Walensky R.	2014	HIV Clinical Trials	15	5	10.1310/hct1505-185	Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Facultyof Medicine, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University, Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; CentreINSERM U897 for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux, France; Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie, et de Développement (ISPED), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA, United States; Programme PAC-CI/ANRS, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France	Ross, E., Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Tanser, F., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pei, P., Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Newell, M.-L., Facultyof Medicine, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Losina, E., Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University, Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Thiebaut, R., CentreINSERM U897 for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux, France, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie, et de Développement (ISPED), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Weinstein, M., Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Freedberg, K., Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University, Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA, United States; Anglaret, X., CentreINSERM U897 for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux, France, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie, et de Développement (ISPED), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Programme PAC-CI/ANRS, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Scott, C., Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Dabis, F., CentreINSERM U897 for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux, France, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie, et de Développement (ISPED), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Programme PAC-CI/ANRS, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Walensky, R., Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University, Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA, United States	Background: Several cluster-randomized HIV prevention trials aim to demonstrate the population-level preventive impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART). 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines raising the ART initiation threshold to CD4 <500/μL could attenuate these trials' effect size by increasing ART usage in control clusters. Methods: We used a computational model to simulate strategies from a hypothetical cluster-randomized HIV prevention trial. The primary model outcome was the relative reduction in 24-month HIV incidence between control (ART offered with CD4 below threshold) and intervention (ART offered to all) strategies. We assessed this incidence reduction using the revised (CD4 <500/μL) and prior (CD4 <350/μL) control ART initiation thresholds. Additionally, we evaluated changes to trial characteristics that could bolster the incidence reduction. Results: With a control ART initiation threshold of CD4 <350/μL, 24-month HIV incidence under control and intervention strategies was 2.46/100 person-years (PY) and 1.96/100 PY, a 21% reduction. Raising the threshold to CD4 <500/μL decreased the incidence reduction by more than one-third, to 12%. Using this higher threshold, moving to a 36-month horizon (vs 24-month), yearly control-strategy HIV screening (vs biannual), and intervention-strategy screening every 2 months (vs biannual), resulted in a 31% incidence reduction that was similar to effect size projections for ongoing trials. Alternate assumptions regarding cross-cluster contamination had the greatest influence on the incidence reduction. Conclusions: Implementing the 2013 WHO HIV treatment threshold could substantially diminish the incidence reduction in HIV population prevention trials. Alternative HIV testing frequencies and trial horizons can bolster this incidence reduction, but they could be logistically and ethically challenging. The feasibility of HIV population prevention trials should be reassessed as the implementation of treatment guidelines evolves. © 2014 Thomas Land Publishers, Inc.	Highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Prevention; Randomized controlled trials	CD4 antigen; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Article; computer model; effect size; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; practice guideline; prevention study; priority journal; randomized controlled trial (topic); sample size; simulation; world health organization; biological model; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical trial (topic); computer simulation; HIV Infections; sensitivity and specificity; time; world health organization; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Clinical Trials as Topic; Computer Simulation; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Models, Biological; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors; World Health Organization	R01 AI058736, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; R01 AI093269, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; R01 HD058482, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; UM1 AI068636, NIAID, Nation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84918592939	Impact of HLA-driven HIV adaptation on virulence in populations of high HIV seroprevalence	Payne R., Muenchhoff M., Mann J., Roberts H.E., Matthews P., Adland E., Hempenstal A., Huang K.-H., Brockman M., Brumme Z., Sinclair M., Miura T., Frater J., Essex M., Shapiro R., Walker B.D., Ndung'u T., McLean A.R., Carlson J.M., Goulder P.J.R.	2014	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	111	50	10.1073/pnas.1413339111	Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; ViiV Healthcare K. K, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Microsoft Research, eScience Group, Los Angeles, CA, United States	Payne, R., Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Muenchhoff, M., Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mann, J., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Roberts, H.E., Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Matthews, P., Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Adland, E., Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hempenstal, A., Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Huang, K.-H., Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Brockman, M., Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Brumme, Z., Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Sinclair, M., Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Miura, T., ViiV Healthcare K. K, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Frater, J., Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Essex, M., Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Shapiro, R., Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Walker, B.D., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Ndung'u, T., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; McLean, A.R., Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Carlson, J.M., Microsoft Research, eScience Group, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Goulder, P.J.R., Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	It is widely believed that epidemics in new hosts diminish in virulence over time, with natural selection favoring pathogens that cause minimal disease. However, a tradeoff frequently exists between high virulence shortening host survival on the one hand but allowing faster transmission on the other. This is the case in HIV infection, where high viral loads increase transmission risk per coital act but reduce host longevity. We here investigate the impact on HIV virulence of HIV adaptation to HLA molecules that protect against disease progression, such as HLA-B∗57 and HLA-B∗58:01. We analyzed cohorts in Botswana and South Africa, two countries severely affected by the HIV epidemic. In Botswana, where the epidemic started earlier and adult seroprevalence has been higher, HIV adaptation to HLA including HLA-B∗57/58:01 is greater compared with South Africa (P = 7 × 10-82), the protective effect of HLA-B∗57/58:01 is absent (P = 0.0002), and population viral replicative capacity is lower (P = 0.03). These data suggest that viral evolution is occurring relatively rapidly, and that adaptation of HIV to the most protective HLA alleles may contribute to a lowering of viral replication capacity at the population level, and a consequent reduction in HIV virulence over time. The potential role in this process played by increasing antiretroviral therapy (ART) access is also explored. Models developed here suggest distinct benefits of ART, in addition to reducing HIV disease and transmission, in driving declines in HIV virulence over the course of the epidemic, thereby accelerating the effects of HLA-mediated viral adaptation. HLA, HIV, adaptation, antiretroviral therapy, virulence. © 2014, National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.	None	HLA antigen; HLA B antigen; HLA B39 antigen; HLA B42 antigen; HLA B57 antigen; HLA B58 antigen; HLA B81 antigen; nevirapine; unclassified drug; virus RNA; zidovudine; HLA B antigen; adaptation; adult; antiviral therapy; Article; Botswana; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; disease course; epidemic; female; HLA system; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; major clinical study; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; virus adaptation; virus load; virus mutation; virus replication; virus virulence; adaptation; cohort analysis; DNA sequence; genetics; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus; immunology; molecular evolution; molecular genetics; pathogenicity; South Africa; transmission; virulence; Adaptation, Biological; Adult; Base Sequence; Botswana; Cohort Studies; Evolution, Molecular; HIV; HIV Infections; HLA-B Antigens; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Seroepidemiologic Studies; South Africa; Virulence	R01AI46995, NIH, National Institutes of Health; National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919398475	The impact of school subsidies on HIV-related outcomes among adolescent female orphans	Hallfors D.D., Cho H., Rusakaniko S., Mapfumo J., Iritani B., Zhang L., Luseno W., Miller T.	2015	Journal of Adolescent Health	56	1	10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.004	Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Beltsville, MD, United States	Hallfors, D.D., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Cho, H., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Rusakaniko, S., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mapfumo, J., Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Iritani, B., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Zhang, L., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Luseno, W., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Miller, T., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Beltsville, MD, United States	Purpose We examine effects of school support as a structural HIV prevention intervention for adolescent female orphans in Zimbabwe after 5 years.Methods Three hundred twenty-eight orphan adolescent girls were followed in a clustered randomized controlled trial from 2007 to 2010. The experimental group received school fees, uniforms, and school supplies and were assigned a school-based "helper." In 2011-2012, the control group received delayed partial treatment of school fees only. At the final data point in 2012, survey, HIV, and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) biomarker data were collected from approximately 88% of the sample. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on end point outcomes, controlling for age, religious affiliation, and baseline socioeconomic status.Results The two groups did not differ on HIV or HSV-2 biomarkers. The comprehensive 5-year intervention continued to reduce the likelihood of marriage, improve school retention, improve socioeconomic status (food security), and marginally maintain gains in quality of life, even after providing school fees to the control group.Conclusions Paying school fees and expenses resulted in significant improvements in life outcomes for orphan adolescent girls. Biological evidence of HIV infection prevention, however, was not observed. Our study adds to the growing body of research on school support as HIV prevention for girls in sub-Saharan Africa, but as yet, no clear picture of effectiveness has emerged. © 2015 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.	HIV prevention; Orphan; Randomized Control Trial; Sub-Saharan Africa	biological marker; adolescent; adolescent disease; Article; child; controlled study; female; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; major clinical study; orphanage; outcome assessment; primary school; quality of life; randomized controlled trial (topic); rural area; school; school subsidy; social status; Zimbabwe	R01HD55838, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896697922	Traumatic events and their relative PTSD burden in Northern Ireland: A consideration of the impact of the 'Troubles'	Ferry F., Bunting B., Murphy S., O'Neill S., Stein D., Koenen K.	2014	Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology	49	3	10.1007/s00127-013-0757-0	Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Northland Road, Londonderry BT48 7JL, United Kingdom; Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Ulster, Londonderry, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States	Ferry, F., Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Northland Road, Londonderry BT48 7JL, United Kingdom; Bunting, B., Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Ulster, Londonderry, United Kingdom; Murphy, S., Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Ulster, Londonderry, United Kingdom; O'Neill, S., Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Ulster, Londonderry, United Kingdom; Stein, D., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Koenen, K., Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States	Purpose: Over a 30-year period in its recent history, daily life in Northern Ireland (NI) was characterised by civil violence, colloquially termed as the 'Troubles'. The current report examines exposure to 29 traumatic event types and the associated conditional prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the Northern Ireland population, with a focus on the impact of traumatic events that were characteristic of the NI 'Troubles'. Method: Results presented are based on analysis of data from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress (NISHS). The NISHS is a representative epidemiological study of mental health among the NI adult population (N = 4,340) and part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Results: Perpetration of violence, physical assault by a spouse or partner and private events were the event types associated with the highest conditional prevalence of PTSD. Despite this elevated risk, collectively these events accounted for just 16.8 % of the overall public burden of PTSD, given their low prevalence among the general population. Events that were characteristic of civil conflict, including unexpected death of a loved one, witnessing death or a dead body or someone seriously injured and being mugged or threatened with a weapon accounted for the highest proportion of the overall public health burden of PTSD (18.6, 9.4 and 7.8 %, respectively). These findings are a feature of the higher prevalence of these events among the general population coupled with their moderate to above average risk of PTSD. Conclusions: Despite the formal end to conflict in NI in 1999, a substantial proportion of the adult population continue to suffer the adverse mental health effects of chronic trauma exposure. Given rates of recovery of PTSD in the absence of evidence-based treatments, it is likely that the legacy of mental ill health associated with conflict, if not adequately addressed, will endure for many years. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Conflict; Mental health; Northern Ireland; PTSD; Trauma	adult; aged; article; cost of illness; female; human; male; mental health; mental stress; middle aged; posttraumatic stress disorder; prevalence; psychological aspect; statistics; United Kingdom; violence; Adult; Aged; Cost of Illness; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Northern Ireland; Prevalence; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological; Violence	R01 MH070884, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; R01 MH093612-01, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; R03- TW006481, FIC, Fogarty International Center
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899887387	Mobile HIV screening in Cape Town, South Africa: Clinical impact, cost and cost-effectiveness	Bassett I.V., Govindasamy D., Erlwanger A.S., Hyle E.P., Kranzer K., Van Schaik N., Noubary F., Paltiel A.D., Wood R., Walensky R.P., Losina E., Bekker L.-G., Freedberg K.A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0085197	Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Bassett, I.V., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States; Govindasamy, D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Erlwanger, A.S., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Hyle, E.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Kranzer, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Van Schaik, N., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noubary, F., Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Losina, E., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background: Mobile HIV screening may facilitate early HIV diagnosis. Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of adding a mobile screening unit to current medical facility-based HIV testing in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods and Findings: We used the Cost Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications International (CEPAC-I) computer simulation model to evaluate two HIV screening strategies in Cape Town: 1) medical facility-based testing (the current standard of care) and 2) addition of a mobile HIV-testing unit intervention in the same community. Baseline input parameters were derived from a Cape Town-based mobile unit that tested 18,870 individuals over 2 years: prevalence of previously undiagnosed HIV (6.6%), mean CD4 count at diagnosis (males 423/μL, females 516/μL), CD4 count-dependent linkage to care rates (males 31%-58%, females 49%-58%), mobile unit intervention cost (includes acquisition, operation and HIV test costs, $29.30 per negative result and $31.30 per positive result). We conducted extensive sensitivity analyses to evaluate input uncertainty. Model outcomes included site of HIV diagnosis, life expectancy, medical costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the intervention compared to medical facility-based testing. We considered the intervention to be "very cost-effective" when the ICER was less than South Africa's annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ($8,200 in 2012). We projected that, with medical facility-based testing, the discounted (undiscounted) HIV-infected population life expectancy was 132.2 (197.7) months; this increased to 140.7 (211.7) months with the addition of the mobile unit. The ICER for the mobile unit was $2,400/year of life saved (YLS). Results were most sensitive to the previously undiagnosed HIV prevalence, linkage to care rates, and frequency of HIV testing at medical facilities. Conclusion: The addition of mobile HIV screening to current testing programs can improve survival and be very costeffective in South Africa and other resource-limited settings, and should be a priority. © 2014 Bassett et al.	None	adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical effectiveness; cost effectiveness analysis; female; gross national product; health care cost; health care utilization; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; laboratory diagnosis; life expectancy; male; mobile HIV screening; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; survival rate; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; cost benefit analysis; economics; epidemiology; HIV Infections; mass screening; outcome assessment; prevalence; preventive health service; procedures; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; survival; young adult; antiretrovirus agent; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Mass Screening; Mobile Health Units; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Prevalence; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Young Adult	R01 MH073445, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; R01 MH090326, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906654194	Rapid impact of effective treatment on transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis	Dharmadhikari A.S., Mphahlele M., Venter K., Stoltz A., Mathebula R., Masotla T., Van Der Walt M., Pagano M., Jensen P., Nardell E.	2014	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	18	9	10.5588/ijtld.13.0834	Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Dharmadhikari, A.S., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Mphahlele, M., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Venter, K., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Stoltz, A., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mathebula, R., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Masotla, T., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Van Der Walt, M., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Pagano, M., Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Jensen, P., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Nardell, E., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	BACKGROUND: Effective treatment for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) rapidly renders patients non-infectious, long before conversion of sputum acid-fast smear or culture to negative. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients on treatment are currently assumed to remain infectious for months. While the resources required for prolonged hospitalization are a barrier to the scale-up of MDR-TB treatment, the safety of community treatment is clear. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact of treatment on infectiousness among MDR-TB patients. METHODS: A series of five human-to-guinea pig TB transmission studies was conducted to test various interventions for infection control. Guinea pigs in adjacent chambers were exposed to exhaust air from a hospital ward occupied by mostly sputum smear- and culture-positive MDR-TB patients. The guinea pigs then underwent tuberculin skin testing for infection. Only the control groups of guinea pigs from each study (no interventions used) provide the data for this analysis. The number of guinea pigs infected in each study is reported and correlated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility relative to treatment. RESULTS: Despite exposure to presumably infectious MDR-TB patients, infection percentages among guinea pigs ranged from 1% to 77% in the five experiments conducted. In one experiment in which guinea pigs were exposed to 27 MDR-TB patients newly started on effective treatment for 3 months, there was minimal transmission. In four other experiments with greater transmission, guinea pigs had been exposed to patients with unsuspected extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis who were not on effective treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In this model, effective treatment appears to render MDR-TB patients rapidly non-infectious. Further prospective studies on this subject are needed. © 2014 The Union.	Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; Impact of treatment; Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; Transmission	ethambutol; ethionamide; kanamycin; levofloxacin; protionamide; adult; aged; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; disease transmission; drug sensitivity; exhaust gas; female; guinea pig; human; infection control; major clinical study; male; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; pilot study; priority journal; sputum smear; treatment duration; tuberculin test; ward	R01OH009050, NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893848107	Push by a net, pull by a cow: Can zooprophylaxis enhance the impact of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria control?	Iwashita H., Dida G.O., Sonye G.O., Sunahara T., Futami K., Njenga S.M., Chaves L.F., Minakawa N.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-52	Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa, Costa Rica	Iwashita, H., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Dida, G.O., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Sonye, G.O., ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Sunahara, T., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Futami, K., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Chaves, L.F., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa, Costa Rica; Minakawa, N., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan	Background: Mass insecticide treated bed net (ITN) deployment, and its associated coverage of populations at risk, had "pushed" a decline in malaria transmission. However, it is unknown whether malaria control is being enhanced by zooprophylaxis, i.e., mosquitoes diverted to feed on hosts different from humans, a phenomenon that could further reduce malaria entomological transmission risk in areas where livestock herding is common. Methods. Between May and July 2009, we collected mosquitoes in 104 houses from three neighboring villages with high ITN coverage (over 80%), along Lake Victoria. We also performed a census of livestock in the area and georeferenced tethering points for all herds, as well as, mosquito larval habitats. Bloodmeal contents from sampled mosquitoes were analyzed, and each mosquito was individually tested for malaria sporozoite infections. We then evaluated the association of human density, ITN use, livestock abundance and larval habitats with mosquito abundance, bloodfeeding on humans and malaria sporozoite rate using generalized linear mixed effects models. Results: We collected a total of 8123 mosquitoes, of which 1664 were Anopheles spp. malaria vectors over 295 household spray catches. We found that vector household abundance was mainly driven by the number of householders (P < 0.05), goats/sheep tethered around the house (P < 0.05) and ITNs, which halved mosquito abundance (P < 0.05). In general, similar patterns were observed for Anopheles arabiensis, but not An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus s.s., whose density did not increase with the presence of livestock animals. Feeding on humans significantly increased in all species with the number of householders (P < 0.05), and only significantly decreased for An. arabiensis in the presence of cattle (P < 0.05). Only 26 Anopheles spp. vectors had malaria sporozoites with the sporozoite rate significantly decreasing as the proportion of cattle feeding mosquitoes increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that cattle, in settings with large ITN coverage, have the potential to drive an unexpected "push-pull" malaria control system, where An. arabiensis mosquitoes "pushed" out of human contact by ITNs are likely being further "pulled" by cattle. © 2014 Iwashita et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles; Bed net; Bloodfeeding; Plasmodium falciparum; Zooprophylaxis	Animals; Culicidae; Feeding Behavior; Geography; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Kenya; Larva; Livestock; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Public Health Surveillance	R03TW008237, NIH, National Institutes of Health; D43TW009527, NIH, National Institutes of Health; U19AI089672, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910079893	Principals’ perceptions about performance agreements as motivational action: Evidence from South Africa	Heystek J.	2014	Educational Management Administration and Leadership	42	6	10.1177/1741143214549425	Northwest University, South Africa	Heystek, J., Northwest University, South Africa	Principals, as one of the professional leaders in a school, are accountable for the quality of education in the school. This is a part of the normal job description and expectations for the person in such a post. In the South African context with a large number of underperforming schools, there is an intention to have an additional performance agreement as a part of performance management, to be signed by principals to hold them accountable for the expected examination results. This article investigated the understanding of principals of the possible motivational implications if the performance agreement is implemented. It also focuses on the issue of what may motivate principals to improve their performance towards sustainable quality education. Motivational theories are used as the lens to understand the principals’ perceptions of this performance agreement process. The focus group interviews indicated that most principals are not in favour of the intended implementation and that it may rather have a negative influence on their motivation levels. © The Author(s) 2014.	accountability; leadership; motivation; Performance management; professional	None	R 40 000, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928818404	Pyrethroid Treatment of Cattle for Tsetse Control: Reducing Its Impact on Dung Fauna	Vale G.A., Hargrove J.W., Chamisa A., Grant I.F., Torr S.J.	2015	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	9	3	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003560	Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Division of Tsetse Control, Harare, Zimbabwe; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom	Vale, G.A., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Hargrove, J.W., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Chamisa, A., Division of Tsetse Control, Harare, Zimbabwe; Grant, I.F., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom; Torr, S.J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom	African trypansomiases of humans and animals can be controlled by attacking the vectors, various species of tsetse fly. Treatment of cattle with pyrethroids to kill tsetse as they feed is the most cost-effective method. However, such treatments can contaminate cattle dung, thereby killing the fauna which disperse the dung and so play an important role in soil fertility. Hence there is a need to identify cost-effective methods of treating cattle with minimal impact on dung fauna. We used dung beetles to field bioassay the levels of dung contamination following the use of spray and pour-on formulations of deltamethrin, applied to various parts of the body of cattle in Zimbabwe. Results suggested that dung was contaminated by contact with insecticide on the body surface as the cattle defecated, and by ingestion of insecticide as the cattle licked themselves. Death of dung beetles was reduced to negligible levels by using only the spray and applying it to the legs and belly or legs alone, i.e., places where most tsetse feed. The restricted applications suitable for minimising the impact on dung fauna have the collateral benefits of improving the economy and convenience of cattle treatments for tsetse control. The demonstration of collateral benefits is one of the surest ways of promoting environmentally friendly procedures. © 2015 Vale et al.	None	deltamethrin; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; pyrethroid; Article; bioassay; bullock; cattle farming; economic aspect; Glossinidae; insect control; leg; microbial contamination; mortality; nonhuman; stomach; animal; beetle; bovine; drug effects; feces; insect control; parasitology; procedures; Zimbabwe; Animals; Beetles; Cattle; Feces; Insect Control; Insecticides; Nitriles; Pyrethrins; Zimbabwe	R7539, DFID, Department for International Development; R7987, DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898677507	Cultural Bases for Self-Evaluation: Seeing Oneself Positively in Different Cultural Contexts	Becker M., Vignoles V.L., Owe E., Easterbrook M.J., Brown R., Smith P.B., Bond M.H., Regalia C., Manzi C., Brambilla M., Aldhafri S., González R., Carrasco D., Paz Cadena M., Lay S., Schweiger Gallo I., Torres A., Camino L., Özgen E., Güner Ü.E., Yamakoǧl	2014	Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin	40	5	10.1177/0146167214522836	University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, China; Catholic University of Milan, Italy; Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; Yasar University, Turkey; Bilkent University, Turkey; Federal University of Pará, Brazil; Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia; Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines; Salgado de Oliveira University, Brazil; Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Université de Lorraine, France; Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; American University of Beirut, Lebanon; University of Gdansk, Poland; University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; Free University of Tbilisi, Georgia; West University of Timisoara, Romania; University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; University of Tartu, Estonia; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QH, United Kingdom	Becker, M., University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Vignoles, V.L., University of Sussex, United Kingdom, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QH, United Kingdom; Owe, E., University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Easterbrook, M.J., University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Brown, R., University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Smith, P.B., University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Bond, M.H., Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, China; Regalia, C., Catholic University of Milan, Italy; Manzi, C., Catholic University of Milan, Italy; Brambilla, M., Catholic University of Milan, Italy; Aldhafri, S., Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; González, R., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Carrasco, D., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Paz Cadena, M., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Lay, S., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Schweiger Gallo, I., Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Torres, A., Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; Camino, L., Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; Özgen, E., Yasar University, Turkey; Güner, Ü.E., Bilkent University, Turkey; Yamakoǧlu, N., Bilkent University, Turkey; Silveira Lemos, F.C., Federal University of Pará, Brazil; Trujillo, E.V., Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia; Balanta, P., Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia; Macapagal, M.E.J., Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines; Cristina Ferreira, M., Salgado de Oliveira University, Brazil; Herman, G., Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; de Sauvage, I., Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Bourguignon, D., Université de Lorraine, France; Wang, Q., Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Fülöp, M., Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; Harb, C., American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Chybicka, A., University of Gdansk, Poland; Mekonnen, K.H., University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Martin, M., University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; Nizharadze, G., Free University of Tbilisi, Georgia; Gavreliuc, A., West University of Timisoara, Romania; Buitendach, J., University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Valk, A., University of Tartu, Estonia; Koller, S.H., Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	Several theories propose that self-esteem, or positive self-regard, results from fulfilling the value priorities of one's surrounding culture. Yet, surprisingly little evidence exists for this assertion, and theories differ about whether individuals must personally endorse the value priorities involved. We compared the influence of four bases for self-evaluation (controlling one's life, doing one's duty, benefitting others, achieving social status) among 4,852 adolescents across 20 cultural samples, using an implicit, within-person measurement technique to avoid cultural response biases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed that participants generally derived feelings of self-esteem from all four bases, but especially from those that were most consistent with the value priorities of others in their cultural context. Multilevel analyses confirmed that the bases of positive self-regard are sustained collectively: They are predictably moderated by culturally normative values but show little systematic variation with personally endorsed values. © 2014 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.	culture; identity; self-esteem; self-evaluation; values	adolescent; cultural anthropology; cultural factor; female; human; male; questionnaire; self concept; self evaluation; Adolescent; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Culture; Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Self Concept; Self-Assessment	RES-062-23-1300, ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925655100	Evaluating the impact of the community-based health planning and services initiative on uptake of skilled birth care in Ghana	Johnson F.A., Frempong-Ainguah F., Matthews Z., Harfoot A.J.P., Nyarko P., Baschieri A., Gething P.W., Falkingham J., Atkinson P.M.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0120556	Division of Social Statistics and Demography, Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; GeoData Institute, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Ghana Statistical Service, Head Office Building, Accra, Ghana; Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom; Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom	Johnson, F.A., Division of Social Statistics and Demography, Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Frempong-Ainguah, F., Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Matthews, Z., Division of Social Statistics and Demography, Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Harfoot, A.J.P., GeoData Institute, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Nyarko, P., Ghana Statistical Service, Head Office Building, Accra, Ghana; Baschieri, A., Division of Social Statistics and Demography, Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Gething, P.W., Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom; Falkingham, J., Division of Social Statistics and Demography, Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom; Atkinson, P.M., Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom	Background: The Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) initiative is a major government policy to improve maternal and child health and accelerate progress in the reduction of maternal mortality in Ghana. However, strategic intelligence on the impact of the initiative is lacking, given the persistant problems of patchy geographical access to care for rural women. This study investigates the impact of proximity to CHPS on facilitating uptake of skilled birth care in rural areas. Methods and Findings: Data from the 2003 and 2008 Demographic and Health Survey, on 4,349 births from 463 rural communities were linked to georeferenced data on health facilities, CHPS and topographic data on national road-networks. Distance to nearest health facility and CHPS was computed using the closest facility functionality in ArcGIS 10.1. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the effect of proximity to health facilities and CHPS on use of skilled care at birth, adjusting for relevant predictors and clustering within communities. The results show that a substantial proportion of births continue to occur in communities more than 8 km from both health facilities and CHPS. Increases in uptake of skilled birth care are more pronounced where both health facilities and CHPS compounds are within 8 km, but not in communities within 8 km of CHPS but lack access to health facilities. Where both health facilities and CHPS are within 8 km, the odds of skilled birth care is 16% higher than where there is only a health facility within 8km. Conclusion: Where CHPS compounds are set up near health facilities, there is improved access to care, demonstrating the facilitatory role of CHPS in stimulating access to better care at birth, in areas where health facilities are accessible. © 2015 Johnson et al.	None	adolescent; adult; Article; child health care; community care; demography; female; Ghana; health care; health care availability; health care facility; health care planning; health care policy; health care quality; human; maternal care; public health problem; rural health care; skilled birth care; social status; cross-sectional study; factual database; health care planning; male; maternity ward; middle aged; newborn; pregnancy; questionnaire; utilization; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Birthing Centers; Community Health Planning; Cross-Sectional Studies; Databases, Factual; Female; Ghana; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Rural Health Services; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult	Res-167-25-0343, ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890419515	Prospective cohort study of the impact of antiretroviral therapy on employment outcomes among HIV clients in Uganda	Linnemayr S., Glick P., Kityo C., Mugyeni P., Wagner G.	2013	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	27	12	10.1089/apc.2013.0139	RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States; Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda	Linnemayr, S., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States; Glick, P., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States; Kityo, C., Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda; Mugyeni, P., Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda; Wagner, G., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States	This study evaluates the impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on employment-related outcomes using prospective, longitudinal analysis. Starting in January 2008, 602 treatment-naïve clients in one rural clinic and in one clinic in the capital Kampala were interviewed about their medical history, and psychosocial and socioeconomic adjustment at baseline and at months 6 and 12. Half of the sample was eligible to receive ART, while the other half was also in HIV care, but not yet eligible for ART, therefore providing a comparison group that is similar to the treatment group in that its members are HIV-positive and have made the decision to enroll in HIV care. We found improvements in general health, reduction in the incidence of pain and health interfering with work, as well as improvements in work-related self-efficacy for both groups over time, but significantly more so for the group receiving ART treatment. At baseline, less than half of the people in the ART group worked, but after 6 months more than three quarters of them were working, surpassing the fraction of people working in the control group after 1 year. Another key finding of the study was the importance of mental health as a key mediator for employment-related outcomes. These data indicate that ART clients experience greater improvements compared to pre-ART clients, and not only with regard to general health, but also in restoring confidence in their ability to work, as well as actual work status. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; antiretroviral treatment; antiviral therapy; article; clinical trial; cohort analysis; employment; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; prospective study; self concept; Uganda; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Employment; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Socioeconomic Factors; Treatment Outcome; Uganda; Young Adult	Rockefeller Foundation; HE 007, Rockefeller Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936880227	Impact of bioaccessible pyrene on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes during Sphingobium sp.- and sophorolipid-enhanced bioremediation in soil	Sun M., Ye M., Wu J., Feng Y., Shen F., Tian D., Liu K., Hu F., Li H., Jiang X., Yang L., Kengara F.O.	2015	Journal of Hazardous Materials	300	None	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.065	Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya	Sun, M., Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Ye, M., State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Wu, J., Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Feng, Y., Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Shen, F., Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Tian, D., Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Liu, K., Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Hu, F., Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Li, H., Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiang, X., State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Yang, L., Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Kengara, F.O., Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya	Soils are exposed to various types of chemical contaminants due to anthropogenic activities; however, research on persistent organic pollutants and the existence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is limited. To our knowledge, the present work for the first time focused on the bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with pyrene and tetracycline/sulfonamide-resistance genes. After 90 days of incubation, the pyrene concentration and the abundance of the four ARGs (tetW, tetM, sulI, and sulII) significantly decreased in different treatment conditions (p<0.05). The greatest pyrene removal (47.8%) and greatest decrease in ARG abundance (from 10-7 to 10-8 ARG copies per 16S rRNA copy) were observed in microcosms with a combination of bacterial and sophorolipid treatment. Throughout the incubation, pyrene bioaccessibility constantly declined in the microcosm inoculated with bacteria. However, an increased pyrene bioaccessibility and ARG abundance at day 40 were observed in soil treated with sophorolipid alone. Tenax extraction methods and linear correlation analysis indicated a strong positive relationship between the rapidly desorbing fraction (F<inf>r</inf>) of pyrene and ARG abundance. Therefore, we conclude that bioaccessible pyrene rather than total pyrene plays a major role in the maintenance and fluctuation of ARG abundance in the soil. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Antibiotic resistance genes; Bioaccessible pyrene; Sophorolipid; Sphingobium sp. PHE3	Antibiotics; Bioremediation; Biotechnology; Fluorine; Genes; Organic pollutants; Pollution; Pyrene; RNA; Soils; Anthropogenic activity; Antibiotic resistance genes; Chemical contaminants; Enhanced bioremediation; Linear correlation analysis; Persistent organic pollutant (POP); Sophorolipids; Sphingobium; Soil pollution; antibiotic agent; antibiotic resistant protein; bacterial protein; lipid; multidrug resistance protein; pyrene; RNA 16S; sophorolipid; sulfanilamide; tetracycline; unclassified drug; abundance; antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; bacterium; bioremediation; chemical pollutant; human activity; lipid; organic pollutant; pollutant removal; pyrene; soil pollution; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; bacterium culture; bioaccumulation; bioremediation; controlled study; correlation analysis; desorption; extraction; fractionation; incubation time; microcosm; nonhuman; soil; soil pollution; Sphingobacteria; Sphingobium; waste component removal; Bacteria (microorganisms); Sphingobium	SEPR2014-01, CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902537145	Evaluation of cryoanalysis as a tool for analyzing elemental distribution in "live" tardigrades using micro-PIXE	Nilsson E.J.C., Pallon J., Przybylowicz W.J., Wang Y.D., Jönsson K.I.	2014	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms	332	None	10.1016/j.nimb.2014.02.057	Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; School of Education and Environment, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden	Nilsson, E.J.C., Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Pallon, J., Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Przybylowicz, W.J., Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; Wang, Y.D., Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Jönsson, K.I., School of Education and Environment, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden	Although heavy on labor and equipment, thus not often applied, cryoanalysis of frozen hydrated biological specimens can provide information that better reflects the living state of the organism, compared with analysis in the freeze-dried state. In this paper we report a study where the cryoanalysis facility with cryosectioning capabilities at Materials Research D