"evaluation_db_articles"."source"	"evaluation_db_articles"."eid"	"evaluation_db_articles"."title"	"evaluation_db_articles"."authors"	"evaluation_db_articles"."year"	"evaluation_db_articles"."source_title"	"evaluation_db_articles"."volume"	"evaluation_db_articles"."issue"	"evaluation_db_articles"."doi"	"evaluation_db_articles"."affiliations"	"evaluation_db_articles"."authors_with_affiliations"	"evaluation_db_articles"."abstract"	"evaluation_db_articles"."author_keywords"	"evaluation_db_articles"."index_keywords"	"evaluation_db_articles"."funding_details"
Scopus	2-s2.0-10044280158	Chemical evaluation of the seeds of Milletia obanensis	Umoren U.E., Essien A.I., Ukorebi B.A., Essien E.B.	2005	Food Chemistry	91	2	10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.029	Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, A.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Ukorebi, B.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, E.B., Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	A study was conduced to evaluate the nutritional potential of Milletia obanensis "Odudu" as a possible food or feedstuff and to assess the effect of various processing methods on its nutritional quality. Results of proximate analysis showed that the raw seeds contained 26.7% crude protein, 23.5% ether extract, 3.47% crude fibre, 4.37% ash and 42.0% nitrogen free extract. The protein was well supplied with essential and non-essential amino acids, though the values were low when compared with popular seed legumes. Minerals were in fair supply: P 3.10, Mg 92.30, K 45.25 and Fe 2.20 mg/100 g. Processing methods significantly (p<0.05) affected the nutritional composition. While autoclaving, boiling and toasting (heat treatment) increased the protein content, it reduced the levels of anti-nutritional factors-phytate, tannins, oxalates, cyanogenic glycosides and (slightly) saponin. Thus, it was concluded that M. obanensis seeds, if properly processed, could serve as livestock feed or food for man. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Amino acids; Antinutritional factors; Chemical evaluation; Milletia obanensis; Nutritional potential; Processing methods	essential amino acid; ether; glycoside; iron; magnesium; mineral; nitrogen; oxalic acid; phosphorus; phytate; potassium; saponin; tannin derivative; vegetable protein; analytic method; animal food; article; ash; autoclave; biochemical composition; controlled study; cooking; food; food processing; heat treatment; heating; intermethod comparison; legume; livestock; milletia obanensis; nonhuman; nutritional value; plant; plant fiber; plant seed; protein content; statistical significance; Fraxinus; Millettia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10244219995	Studies of the chemical composition and protein quality evaluation of differently processed Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens seed flours	Agbede J.O., Aletor V.A.	2005	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	18	1	10.1016/j.jfca.2003.10.011	Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Agbede, J.O., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Aletor, V.A., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Differently processed seed flours of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens were characterized with respect to their proximate composition, gross energy, mineral and amino acid contents. The anti-nutrients typified by phytin, lectin, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), tannin and cyanide were also quantified and this was followed by protein quality evaluation with the rat. The result showed that C. ensiformis contained on the average: crude protein 24.2±2.2, ash 3.1±0.6 and ether extract 11.1±0.9 g/100 g DM while M. pruriens contained on the average: CP 25.7±1.4, ash 4.1±1.4 and EE 9.6±2.8 g/100 g DM. The gross energy varied from 1.65 to 2.07 MJ/100 g for C. ensiformis with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.74% while it varied from 1.66 to 2.07 MJ/100 g with a CV of 6.19% for M. pruriens due to processing. The seed flours contained a good array of amino acids but were low in cystine and methionine. Also the two flours contained appreciable levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P as well as some minor minerals such as Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. The levels of these minerals were higher in the raw flours and tended to be low, in most cases, in dehulled flours. Processing significantly reduced and in some cases eliminated the anti-nutrients quantified. The protein quality evaluation of the legume seeds clearly indicated their unsuitability even in the processed forms, as sole sources of dietary protein in human nutrition. However, given their high yield potentials these seeds could play valuable roles as supplemental nutrient sources to some farm products used in food formulation for man in most developing countries where hunger is endemic. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Anti-nutrients; Canavalia Ensiformis; Mucuna pruriens; Nutrient; Processing	calcium; copper; cyanide; cysteine; iron; lectin; magnesium; manganese; methionine; phosphorus; potassium; sodium; tannin; trypsin inhibitor; zinc; amino acid analysis; amino acid composition; article; Canavalia; chemical composition; chemical procedures; controlled study; cooking; flour; food composition; food processing; high performance liquid chromatography; nonhuman; plant seed; protein quality; statistical analysis; statistical significance; velvet bean; Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Fraxinus; Mucuna; Mucuna pruriens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10444240254	Exposure to 2,4-decadienal negatively impacts upon marine invertebrate larval fitness	Caldwell G.S., Lewis C., Olive P.J.W., Bentley M.G.	2005	Marine Environmental Research	59	5	10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.06.005	Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Dept. of Biodiv. and Conserv. Biol., Intl. Ocean Inst.-Southern Africa, Univ. of the W. Cape, South Africa, South Africa	Caldwell, G.S., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Lewis, C., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom, Dept. of Biodiv. and Conserv. Biol., Intl. Ocean Inst.-Southern Africa, Univ. of the W. Cape, South Africa, South Africa; Olive, P.J.W., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Bentley, M.G., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom	Diatoms liberate volatile, biologically active unsaturated aldehydes following cell damage, which negatively impact upon invertebrate reproductive processes such as fertilization, embryogenesis and larval survival. 2,4-Decadienal is frequently identified among the aldehydes produced and is one of the more biologically active. The majority of studies which have examined the toxic effects of diatom aldehydes to invertebrate reproduction have scored egg production and/or hatching success as indicators of biological impacts. There are very few studies which have dealt specifically with the impacts of diatom-derived aldehydes on larval fitness. Larval stages of the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Nereis virens and the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Psammechinus miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at sub 1 μg ml -1 concentrations suffered reduced survival over the incubation period (day 1-8 post fertilization) with detectable differences for the polychates at a concentration of 0.005 and 0.01-0.1 μg ml -1 for the echinoderms. Susceptibility of larval N. virens was investigated using stage specific 24 h exposures at 2,4-decadienal concentrations up to 1.5 μg ml -1. A clear stage specific effect was found, with earlier larval stages most vulnerable. Nectochaete larvae (9-10 d) showed no reduction in survival at the concentrations assayed. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry, was used to analyse fitness of larval P. miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μg ml -1. The degree and frequency of asymmetrical development increased with increasing 2,4-decadienal concentration. Equally, as FA increased larval survival decreased. These results provide further support for the teratogenic nature of 2,4-decadienal and its negative impact on invertebrate larval fitness. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Aldehyde; Algal toxins; Decadienal; Developmental abnormality; Fluctuating asymmetry; Larval bioassay; Larval fitness; Marine invertebrates	2,4-decadienal; Cell damage; Embryogenesis; Fertilization; Aldehydes; Cells; Marine biology; Radon; Toxicity; Radiation hazards; 2,4 decadienal; aldehyde derivative; unclassified drug; aldehyde; biogenic emission; diatom; fitness; fluctuating asymmetry; interspecific interaction; invertebrate; larval development; toxin; article; concentration (parameters); environmental exposure; environmental impact; invertebrate; larva; larval stage; nonhuman; survival rate; teratogenesis; Abnormalities; Aldehydes; Animals; Diatoms; Environmental Exposure; Female; Larva; Male; Polychaeta; Population Dynamics; Reproduction; Survival Analysis; algae; Arenicola; Arenicola marina; Asterias; Asterias rubens; Bacillariophyta; Echinodermata; Invertebrata; Nereis; Nereis virens; Polychaeta; Psammechinus miliaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10444282107	Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana	Mbaiwa J.E.	2005	Tourism Management	26	2	10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005	H. Oppenheimer Okavango Res. Centre, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana	Mbaiwa, J.E., H. Oppenheimer Okavango Res. Centre, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana	This paper draws on the dependency paradigm to explain the development of enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both primary and secondary data source, the study indicates that international tourists, foreign safari companies and investors dominate the tourism industry in the Okavango Delta. The foreign domination and ownership of tourism facilities has led to the repatriation of tourism revenue, domination of management positions by expatriates, lower salaries for citizen workers, and a general failure by tourism to significantly contribute to rural poverty alleviation in the Okavango region. Tourism as a result has a minimal economic impact on rural development mainly because it has weak linkages with the domestic economy, particularly agriculture. Because of its nature, tourism in the Okavango Delta cannot be described as being sustainable from a socio-economic perspective. In order to address problems of enclave tourism development and promote more inclusive and beneficial tourism development in the Okavango, there is need to adopt policies and strategies that will ensure that substantial amounts of tourism revenue are retained in the Okavango and Botswana. These strategies should also ensure that tourism development in the Okavango Delta has strong linkages with the rest of the economy in Botswana. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dependency paradigm; Enclave tourism; International and domestic tourism; Okavango Delta; Poverty; Sustainable development	international tourism; rural economy; socioeconomic impact; sustainable development; tourism development; Africa; Botswana; Eastern Hemisphere; Okavango Delta; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10644291886	Impact of preservation and different packaging conditions on the microbial community and activity of Kefir grains	Witthuhn R.C., Schoeman T., Cilliers A., Britz T.J.	2005	Food Microbiology	22	4	10.1016/j.fm.2004.09.001	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Schoeman, T., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Cilliers, A., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa	Kefir is a cultured milk product that is produced by a mixed acidic and alcoholic fermentation by microbes found within Kefir grains. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different packaging materials in their ability to retain the viability and activity of the grains over an extended storage period. The impact of the different packaging and storage conditions on the microbial community of the grains was also determined. Kefir grains were lyophilized, packaged in three different packaging materials, including low-density polyethylene film (LDPE), oriented polyester film (OPET), and methallized oriented polyester film (MOPET) and stored for 3 months at room temperature. Activity tests, including pH, titratable acidity (%TA), lactose and lactic acid content over a 10 and 18 h fermentation period were used to evaluate the acidification activity of the lyophilized grains. Selective media, morphology and physiological characteristics were used to obtain the enumeration values and to identify the microbes present in the packaged and stored grains. Overall, the best retention of the fermentation activity was found for the MOPET film. The OPET packaging film provided the best preservation of the microbial composition. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Fermentation; Kefir grains; Lactic acid bacteria; Packaging; Preservation	Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12144265481	Impact of African herbal medicines on antiretroviral metabolism	Mills E., Foster B.C., Van Heeswijk R., Phillips E., Wilson K., Leonard B., Kosuge K., Kanfer I.	2005	AIDS	19	1	None	Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mills, E., Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Foster, B.C., University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Van Heeswijk, R., Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Phillips, E., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Wilson, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Leonard, B., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kosuge, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	We examined the effects of two African herbal medicines recommended for HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral metabolism. Extracts from Hypoxis and Sutherlandia showed significant effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism and activated the pregnane X receptor approximately twofold. P-glycoprotein expression was inhibited, with Hypoxis showing 42-51% and Sutherlandia showing 19-31% of activity compared with verapamil. Initiating policies to provide herbal medicines with antiretroviral agents may put patients at risk of treatment failure, viral resistance or drug toxicity.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cytochrome P450 3A4; glycoprotein P; Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; nelfinavir; plant extract; pregnane X receptor; rifampicin; Sutherlandia extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; controlled study; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; enzyme activation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Hypoxis; priority journal; protein expression; treatment failure; virus resistance; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Fabaceae; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hypoxis; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; P-Glycoprotein; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Verapamil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344249998	Evaluation of microbial diversity of different soil layers at a contaminated diesel site	Maila M.P., Randima P., Surridge K., Drønen K., Cloete T.E.	2005	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation	55	1	10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.06.012	Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway	Maila, M.P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Randima, P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Surridge, K., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Drønen, K., Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Cloete, T.E., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, we evaluated the hydrocarbon removal efficiency and microbial diversity of different soil layers. The soil layers with high counts of recoverable hydrocarbon degrading bacteria had the highest hydrocarbon removal rate compared with soil layers with low counts of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Removal efficiency was 48% in the topsoil, compared with 31% and 11% at depths of 1.5 and 1 m, respectively. In the 1 and 1.5 m soil layers, there was no significant difference between total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal in nutrient amended treatments and controls. The respiration rate reflected the difference in the number of bacteria in each soil layer and the availability of nutrients. High O2 consumption corresponded positively with high TPH removal. Analysis of the microbial diversity in the different soil layers using functional diversity (community-level physiological profile, via Biolog) and genetic diversity using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rDNA revealed differences in, respectively, substrate utilisation patterns and DGGE profiles of 16S rDNA fragments. Microbial diversity as revealed by DNA fragments was lower in the highly contaminated soil layer (1.5 m) than in the topsoil and at 1 m. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Biodegradation; Biodiversity; Contamination; Hydrocarbons; Nutrition; Soils; Microbial diversity; Nutrients; Respiration rate; Soil layers; Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH); Bacteria; biodegradation; diesel; hydrocarbon; soil microorganism; soil pollution; species diversity; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344270876	In-vitro evaluation of khaya and albizia gums as compression coatings for drug targeting to the colon	Odeku O.A., Fell J.T.	2005	Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology	57	2	10.1211/0022357055362	Dept. of Pharmaceut./Indust. Pharm., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sch. of Pharm. and Pharmaceut. Sci., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom	Odeku, O.A., Dept. of Pharmaceut./Indust. Pharm., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fell, J.T., Sch. of Pharm. and Pharmaceut. Sci., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom	Khaya and albizia gums were evaluated as compression coatings for target drug delivery to the colon using indometacin (a water insoluble drug) and paracetamol (a water soluble drug) as model drugs. The core tablets were compression-coated with 300 and 400 mg of 100% khaya gum, 100% albizia gum and a mixture of khaya and albizia gum (1:1). Drug release studies were carried out in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) for 2 h, Sorensen's buffer (pH 7.4) for 3 h and then in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 6.8) or in simulated colonic fluid for the rest of the experiment to mimic the physiological conditions from the mouth to colon. The results indicated that khaya and albizia gums were capable of protecting the core tablet in the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine, with albizia gum showing greater ability than khaya gum. The release from tablets coated with the mixture of khaya and albizia gums was midway between the two individual gums, indicating that there was no interaction between the gums. Studies carried out using rat caecal matter in phosphate-buffered saline at pH 6.8 (simulated colonic fluid) showed that the gums were susceptible to degradation by the colonic bacterial enzymes, leading to release of the drug. The results demonstrate that khaya gum and albizia gum have potential for drug targeting to the colon.	None	albizia gum; bacterial enzyme; indometacin; khaya gum; paracetamol; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; cecum; colon; controlled study; drug coating; drug degradation; drug manufacture; drug mixture; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; drug targeting; in vitro study; intestine flora; intestine fluid; male; nonhuman; pH; rat; small intestine; stomach; tablet; Acetaminophen; Adhesives; Albizzia; Animals; Cecum; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Colon; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Excipients; Indomethacin; Male; Meliaceae; Nigeria; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344276549	Evaluation of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa	Stevens W., Wiggill T., Horsfield P., Coetzee L., Scott L.E.	2005	Journal of Virological Methods	124	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.009	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Wiggill, T., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Horsfield, P., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Coetzee, L., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	We compared the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay (bioMerieux) combined with the manual NucliSens miniMag extraction methodology to the Roche Cobas Ampliprep/Standard Amplicor Monitor methodology (Roche Diagnostics) for HIV-1 RNA quantitation in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa. Plasma samples (284) from HIV sero-positive patients at different stages of infection were analyzed. The distribution of results was typical of the clinical samples received at the laboratory where 20% have viral load results &lt;400 copies/ml (2.6 log) and 18% have viral load results &gt;750 000 copies/ml (5.8 log) using the Roche Amplicor Monitor standard assay. All statistical analyses were performed using log10-transformed values for all the variables in the analyses, i.e. log10EasyQIU/ml, and log10RNA (log 10 copies/ml, Amplicor). Roche values were converted from RNA copies per ml to IU/ml by multiplying the Roche value by 0.51. HIV RNA levels quantitated by the NucliSens EasyQ assay correlated significantly with those of the Roche Cobas Amplicor Monitor assay (r = 0.874, p &lt; 0.0001). Reproducibility of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in the log 6 IU range yielded CV variance of 1.3-2.84% for two well-trained technologists. In addition, a retrospective evaluation of the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in 102 runs (2448) samples was conducted in the laboratory over a 4-month interval. Factors considered during this evaluation included time taken to perform the assay, volume requirements, number of required repeats, potential for contamination. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	HIV viral load laboratory measurement; Method comparison; NucliSens EasyQ; Resource limited setting; Roche Amplicor	virus RNA; article; assay; blood sampling; controlled study; correlation analysis; extraction; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; priority journal; quantitative analysis; reproducibility; South Africa; statistical analysis; virus load; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV-1; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344282103	Long-term effect of tillage and manure application on soil organic fractions and crop performance under Sudano-Sahelian conditions	Mando A., Ouattara B., Sédogo M., Stroosnijder L., Ouattara K., Brussaard L., Vanlauwe B.	2005	Soil and Tillage Research	80	02-Jan	10.1016/j.still.2004.03.002	Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya; An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo	Mando, A., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo; Ouattara, B., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Sédogo, M., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Stroosnijder, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Ouattara, K., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Brussaard, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Vanlauwe, B., Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya	Human-induced degradation of natural resources in general and of soil in particular, is a major problem in many regions, including the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The combined effects of tillage and manure application on Lixisol properties and on crop performance were investigated at Saria, Burkina Faso, to find efficient soil management practices to improve soil fertility. A randomized block design with four treatments (hand hoeing only, hand hoeing+manure, ploughing only, oxen ploughing+manure) in three replications was started in 1990. Ten years later, total soil organic (SOC), particulate organic matter and C mineralization were measured. Initial SOC concentration was 4 mg/g and dropped to 2.1 mg/g soil in ploughed plots without manure and to 2.5 mg/g soil in hoed plots without manure. Manure addition mitigated the decrease of SOC in ploughed plots and even built up SOC in hoed plots, where it increased to 5.8 mg/g soil. Manure had a large effect on the fractions in which SOC was stored. In ploughed plots, a large amount of SOC was stored in physical particles >0.25 mm, while in hand hoed plots the maximum SOC was stored in finer fractions. In the topsoil, hoeing and manure resulted in a higher SOC than ploughing with no manure. However, in the 15-25 cm layer, particularly in September, particulate organic matter was greater in ploughed plots with manure than in hoed plots with manure. Crop yields were highest on ploughed+manure plots and lowest on ploughed plots with no manure. We conclude that applying manure annually mitigates the negative effect of ploughing and hand hoeing on SOC and related properties and therefore can contribute to the sustainability of the agricultural system in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crop performance; Manure; Organic C; Particulate organic matter; Ploughing	Agriculture; Crops; Degradation; Manures; Natural resources; Organic compounds; Sustainable development; Manure applications; Particulate organic matter; Tillage; Topsoil; Soils; crop performance; manure; soil organic matter; tillage; Agriculture; Degradation; Farm Crops; Manure; Natural Resources; Organic Matter; Soil; Sustained Yield; Africa; Burkina Faso; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Bos; Bovinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344310119	Radionuclide method for evaluating the performance of hemodialysis in vivo	Bihl G.K., Bird N.J., Peters C., Bradley J.M., Peters A.M.	2005	Kidney International	67	2	10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67133.x	Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Winelands Kidney and Dialysis Centre, Sir Lowries Pass Road, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Palmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, United Kingdom	Bihl, G.K., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Winelands Kidney and Dialysis Centre, Sir Lowries Pass Road, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Bird, N.J., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Peters, C., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Bradley, J.M., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Peters, A.M., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Palmer, Brighton, United Kingdom, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, United Kingdom	Background. Specifications of dialyzer performance are generally based on in vitro measurements. There is, however, a shortage of data on dialyzer performance in vivo. The aim of this study was to use continuous measurement of technetium-99m-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid (Tc-99m-DTPA) blood concentration as a means of continuously monitoring dialyzer function in vivo in patients undergoing routine hemodialysis. Methods. The study population comprised 15 patients (45 to 80 years old; 13 males). Tc-99m-DTPA was administered intravenously 90 minutes before obtaining a blood sample and starting dialysis. Blood Tc-99m-DTPA activity was continuously monitored by passing the line carrying blood from the patient to the dialyzer close to a scintillation probe mounted in a shielded housing. At the end of hemodialysis, lasting 180 to 300 minutes, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-51-EDTA) was given intravenously and a blood sample taken 90 minutes later. Baseline dialyzer blood flow (Qb) and dialysate flow (Qd) were 250 to 350 mL/min and 500 mL/min, respectively. The rate constant, α, of the decrease in blood Tc-99m-DTPA activity was used as the measure of moment-to-moment dialyzer function. Pre- and postdialysis extracellular fluid volumes were calculated from the blood Tc-99m-DTPA and Cr-51-EDTA concentrations (VDTPA and VEDTA) before and after dialysis. Tc-99m-DTPA clearance was measured as the product of α and VDTPA. Dialyzer urea clearance was calculated from pre- and postdialysis urea nitrogen concentrations and the time of dialysis. The effects of brief changes in Qb and Qd on dialyzer function were assessed from the associated changes in α. Results. The Tc-99m-DTPA clearance profile was biexponential, becoming monoexponential about 1 hour after starting hemodialysis, with α remaining constant for as long as dialysis continued in five patients in whom Qb and Q d were left unaltered. Mean (SEM) plasma Tc-99m-DTPA clearance averaged over the entire period of dialysis in all 15 patients was 110 (3.1) mL/min. It correlated with urea clearance (r = 0.71) (F &lt; 0.01) which was 225 (9.5) mL/min based on a total body water of 2.5 that of VDTPA and 212 (13) mL/min scaled to 40 L/1.73 m2. Extracellular fluid volume decreased by 1.73 (0.74) 1 over dialysis, which was comparable to the change in weight [1.48 (0.57) kg]. The extraction fraction of Tc-99m-DTPA across the artificial kidney, directly measured from afferent and efferent blood samples under baseline Qb and Qd, was 0.5 (0.013). Average extraction fraction indirectly estimated from Tc-99m-DTPA blood clearance and Qb was 0.54 (0.019). These two measurements of extraction fraction correlated with each other under conditions of varying Qb and Q d (r = 0.74) (N = 27) (P &lt; 0.001). Changes in α resulting from changes in Qb and Qd were similar to changes predicted from computerized modeling. The ratio of mass transfer coefficients of urea and Tc-99m-DTPA with respect to the dialyzer, calculated as if they were permeability-surface area products, was 3.3, similar to the ratio, obtained from the literature, in continuous capillary endothelium. Conclusion. Tc-99m-DTPA is a useful agent for continuously monitoring dialyzer function in vivo and provides a platform for the use of other radio-pharmaceuticals of different molecular sizes that could be used in an analogous fashion.	Hemodialysis; Scintillation counting; Tc-99m-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid; Urea clearance	edetate chromium cr 51; pentetate technetium tc 99m; urea; adult; aged; article; artificial kidney; blood flow; capillary endothelium; comparative study; controlled study; dialysate; dialysate level; drug clearance; evaluation; extracellular fluid; female; hemodialysis; human; human experiment; male; nitrogen concentration; normal human; performance; plasma clearance; priority journal; productivity; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chromium Radioisotopes; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate; Ultrafiltration; Urea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12744278222	'The impact of the aids epidemic' articles by Paul Bennell: Some comments	Kinghorn A., Kelly M.J.	2005	Journal of Development Studies	41	3	10.1080/0022038042000313345	Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Luwisha House, Lusaka, Zambia	Kinghorn, A., Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kelly, M.J., Luwisha House, Lusaka, Zambia	[No abstract available]	None	academic research; acquired immune deficiency syndrome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12844253759	Evaluation of yeast strains as possible agents for trace enrichment of metal ions in aquatic environments	Mapolelo M., Torto N., Prior B.	2005	Talanta	65	4	10.1016/j.talanta.2004.08.020	Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Mapolelo, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Torto, N., Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Prior, B., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Sorption properties of six yeast strains were evaluated for trace enrichment of metal ions; Cd2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous environments. Metal concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed that trace enrichment of the metals under study with yeast, was dependent on the pH and available metal ions. Enrichment time of 30 min gave an optimum metal uptake. The presence of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ suppressed the uptake of Pb by less than 5%, but suppressed the uptake of Zn by between 15 and 25%. Mg2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cr3+ Cr6+, Cd2+, and Zn 2+ suppressed the uptake of Pb by between 25 and 35%, and that of Zn by between 15 and 25%. For both Pb and Zn, Cd had the highest suppression of 35 and 30%, respectively for baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Baker's yeast achieved enrichment factors (EF) of 23, 4, 100, and 1 for dam water, stream water, treated wastewater, and industrial effluent samples for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr, respectively. The recoveries of optimised Cd and Cr samples spiked with 2 μg ml-1 of the metal could reach up to 90%, but never exceeded 66% for 10 μg ml-1 samples. For Cu and Pb, the recoveries generally increased independent of concentration, however they were not as high as those for Zn, which exceeded 90% for all the samples spiked with 10 μg ml-1 of the metal. S. cerevisiae PR 61/3 had the highest EF for Cr as compared to the other yeast strains. S. cerevisiae PRI 60/78 was the only yeast strain which was able to enrich Cd in all the samples. Baker's yeast had the highest EFs for Cu and Zn as compared to the other yeast strains without pH adjustment of the water samples. Candida tropicalis attained the highest EFs for Pb as compared to the other yeast strains. The results indicate that all the yeast strains used had a high affinity for Zn based on the EF values achieved. The results from these studies demonstrate that yeast is a viable trace metal enrichment agent that can be used freely suspended in solution to enrich metal ions at relatively low concentrations. This has ramifications on the traditional methods of sampling, sample collection, and transportation from remote sampling sites. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Aquatic environment; Trace metal enrichment; Yeast strains	pH effects; Positive ions; Sorption; Strain; Aqueous environments; Metal concentration; Sampling sites; Yeast strains; Yeast; cadmium; calcium ion; chromium; copper ion; industrial effluent; lead; magnesium ion; metal ion; potassium ion; sodium ion; water; zinc ion; aquatic environment; article; atomic absorption spectrometry; Candida tropicalis; controlled study; fungal strain; metal extraction; nonhuman; pH; reaction time; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; species comparison; stream (river); waste water; water sampling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244263032	Targeting education: The politics of performance and the prospects of 'Education For All'	Jansen J.D.	2005	International Journal of Educational Development	25	4 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.04.009	University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Jansen, J.D., University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	This article offers a critical examination of the public claims about the potential, reach and impact of "target setting in education" within the context of developing countries. The argument is made that the target - setting enterprise is undermined by three fallacies-conceptual, methodological and organizational - with negative consequences for the achievement of education quality in poor countries. While acknowledging the logic of targets on the part of international development agencies, the article nevertheless suggests that target setting could be seen as a transnational system of surveillance that takes measures of control, measurement and accountability beyond the confines of national borders. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Comparative education; Curriculum; Development; Education policy; Educational administration; International education; Literacy	curriculum; education policy; performance assessment; targeting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244273800	Evaluation of syphilis in patients with HIV infection in Nigeria	Nnoruka E.N., Ezeoke A.C.J.	2005	Tropical Medicine and International Health	10	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01344.x	Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01	Nnoruka, E.N., Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria; Ezeoke, A.C.J., Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria	OBJECTIVE: To document the manifestations of syphilis among patients with concurrent HIV infection over a 12-month period. METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study of all adult patients with syphilis and HIV infection who attended the skin clinic of the University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Enugu, between July 2000 and June 2001. A standardized questionnaire was used to record age, sex, marital status, occupation and risk factor for HIV infection; initial site of onset of rash/ulcers, duration of the illness, any concomitant affection of mucosa, hair and nails as well as treatments received by each patient prior to presentation. Morphological distribution of lesions, mucosal surface (conjuctival, vulval and rectal) examinations and documentation of concomitant disorders with HIV were noted by the examining dermatologist. Lesional biopsy and dark-field microscopy were undertaken to confirm diagnosis where serologic (non-treponemal and treponemal specific) tests for syphilis were inconsistent with clinical suspicion. Each patient had a routine chest x-ray, mantoux and purified protein derivative (PPD) status taken. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (21 males) with concurrent syphilis and HIV were seen during the study period. Primary syphilis was diagnosed in nine (29%), secondary syphilis in 20 (64.5%) and latent syphilis in two (6.5%). Neurosyphilis was not observed. Prevalence of syphilis for these patients with concurrent HIV was 2.1%. Mean duration of syphilis was 3.9 months ± 1.4 and lesions of greatest concern occurred mainly on the genitalia. The glans penis was affected in 10 (32.3%) cases, the penile shaft in seven (22.6%), the oral cavity in five (16.1%), the rectum in six (19.4%) and the vulva in three (0.9%) cases. Nine (29.1%) patients had a history of primary syphilitic chancre, 19 (61.3%) had a past history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) - particularly genital ulcers - while three (9.7%) could not recall any past history of STD. Eighteen (59.3%) had a history of unprotected sex, 16 (51.7%) had multiple sexual partners, four (13.3%) had had oral sex, and one anal sex (3.3%); none admitted to being bisexual. Other relevant risk factors for HIV transmission were blood transfusion within 5 years for three (9.7%) and intravenous drug use in two (6.5%). Some patients had more than one condition as a potential source of exposure. Serological tests were weakly reactive in 17 (48.4%), strongly reactive in nine (29%) and non-reactive in five (16.1%) patients. Three patients exhibited prozone phenomenon. Treatment comprised the syndromic approach, which currently is advocated for use in primary healthcare centres without facilities for aetiological diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: Our cases with concurrent syphilis and HIV/AIDS had unusual manifestations, responded to treatment more slowly and died sooner than cases described in Western literature due to generally lower levels of health.	HIV/AIDS; Serology; Syndromic management; Syphilis associations; West Africa	benzathine penicillin; tuberculin; disease prevalence; disease transmission; human immunodeficiency virus; syphilis; adolescent; adult; article; biopsy; bisexuality; blood transfusion; clinical article; clinical feature; comorbidity; controlled study; disease association; disease duration; disease severity; female; fluorescent treponema antibody test; genital system disease; genital ulcer; hair disease; health care facility; health center; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intravenous drug abuse; male; medical documentation; microscopy; mortality; mouth cavity; mouth inflammation; mucosa inflammation; nail disease; neurosyphilis; Nigeria; penis glans; physical examination; prevalence; primary health care; questionnaire; rash; recall; rectum disease; risk factor; safe sex; serodiagnosis; serology; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; skin ulcer; syphilis; teaching hospital; thorax radiography; Treponema pallidum; tuberculin test; unprotected sex; venereal disease reaction test; vulva disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chancre; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Penicillin G, Benzathine; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Syphilis; Treatment Outcome; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Glans; Human immunodeficiency virus; RNA viruses; Treponema; Treponema pallidum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244291492	Performance analysis of the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm-based multiuser detector	Whitehead J.B., Takawira F.	2005	IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing	53	2 I	10.1109/TSP.2004.840781	Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa	Whitehead, J.B., Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; Takawira, F., Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa	This paper quantifies the adaptive performance of a blind adaptive multiuser detector (MUD) based on the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) in both a stationary and nonstationary channel. A framework is developed to apply the feedback analysis method to analyzing adaptive MUD schemes. A closed-form expression for the excess mean square error (EMSE) of LCCMA blind adaptive MUD in a CDMA communications system is derived for both of the steady-state and tracking cases. The effects of additive noise and multiple access interference are considered. A transient analysis is performed that predicts the learning curve of the adaptive filter. Computer simulation is used to verify the accuracy of the analysis. © 2005 IEEE.	Blind adaptive multiuser detection; Code division multiple access; Constant modulus algorithm; Excess mean square error; Feedback analysis; Steady-state analysis; Tracking analysis	Adaptive algorithms; Adaptive filtering; Approximation theory; Code division multiple access; Communication channels (information theory); Computer simulation; Mathematical models; Signal interference; Signal receivers; Transmitters; Vectors; White noise; Adaptive filter; Additive white Gaussian noise; Blind adaptive multiuser detection; Constant modulus algorithm; Excess mean square error; Feedback analyis; Steady state analysis; Tracking analysis; Signal detection	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13444305415	Studies on bambara groundnut flour performance in Okpa preparation	Barimalaa I.S., Agoha G., Oboh C.A., Kiin-Kabari D.B.	2005	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	85	3	10.1002/jsfa.1996	Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Barimalaa, I.S., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Agoha, G., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Oboh, C.A., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Kiin-Kabari, D.B., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Bambara groundnut flours of different particle sizes were prepared after bean seeds had been cold-soaked and/or germinated, dried, milled and sieved. The flours were used to prepare okpa (local dish prepared by steaming mashed bambara groundnut) and their sensory properties determined. Viscosity of the flour pastes, before steaming, were also determined. Results showed that bambara groundnut flours from both germinated and cold-soaked beans could be used in preparing good quality okpa and, therefore, remove all the problems involved in preparing the raw beans for okpa-making as is done traditionally. Particle size appeared to play a major role in obtaining good okpa; therefore flours intended for okpa preparation should be such that 66, 86 and 96%, respectively, of cold-soaked bean flour or 58, 78 and 91%, respectively, of germinated bean flour, after 1, 3 and 5 milling passes, should be in the particle range 1.5-4.5 × 10-4 m. Slightly higher amounts of the coarse (6.0 × 10~4m) particles are needed in the germinated bean flours to compensate for the breakdown of starch and proteins, the gelling agents in bambara groundnut. © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.	Bambara groundnut flour; Okpa preparation; Particle size	Arachis hypogaea; Phaseolus (angiosperm)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13644262402	The negative and positive impacts of HIV/AIDS on democracy in South Africa	Butler A.	2005	Journal of Contemporary African Studies	23	1	10.1080/0258900042000329439	Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Butler, A., Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This article first sets out the reasoning of those who fear that the implications of HIV/AIDS for democratic consolidation in South Africa are profoundly negative. However, the remainder of the text argues that the politics of HIV/AIDS has in fact strengthened democratic institutions and practices over the past decade. Given the immediate threats to democratic consolidation that exist in South Africa today - challenges that I will argue derive from internal dominant party politics, the nature of knowledge creation in the African National Congress (ANC), and a shrinking space for policy contestation - the epidemic may contribute further to the endurance of democracy over coming years. I conclude that scholars should address the pandemic's positive, as well as its inevitably negative, consequences for democracy and governance. © 2005 Journal of Contemporary African Studies.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; democracy; governance approach; human immunodeficiency virus; political development; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13744262400	Evaluation of lead equivalence of patient and hardware materials in medical diagnostic X-ray shielding	Okunade A.A.	2005	Health Physics	88	2 SUPPL. 1	10.1097/01.HP.0000147791.11446.0a	Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	In the estimation of additional shielding requirements for primary beam apart from that provided by patient and hardware in the x-ray beam, there is the need to distinguish between attenuation and hardening properties of materials in comparison. In this work, numerical comparison of attenuation and hardening properties of phantom (Lucite, soft tissue, water) and hardware (aluminum and steel) materials with those of lead have been carried out. Results presented show that the shielding affordable by lead attenuation equivalent thicknesses (LAE) and lead hardening equivalent thicknesses (LHE) is not strictly equivalent to that affordable by thicknesses of substitutes (phantom materials, aluminum and steel) when there are differences in attenuation and hardening properties. Even though beams through LAE that are not "exact" have equal exposure values, the half value layers are higher than those through thicknesses of lead substitutes. Example calculations show that the use of lead thickness (LAE) that are not "exact" to account for the shielding afforded by the thickness of the patient (water phantom) produces lesser reduction of the primary radiation level in the area indicated for shielding. The "exact" LAE that will reduce the primary radiation level equally as the patient and radiographic table may be higher by close to 20% or more of that which is not "exact."vk ©2005 Health Physics Society.	Attenuation; Operational topic; Shielding; X rays	aluminum; lead; steel; article; mathematical analysis; priority journal; radiation beam; radiation dose; radiation exposure; radiation protection; radiation safety; radiation shield; radioactivity; X ray; evaluation; human; image quality; protective equipment; radiography; regression analysis; standard; statistics; Aluminum; Humans; Lead; Least-Squares Analysis; Phantoms, Imaging; Protective Devices; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography; Steel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844264443	Evaluation of the phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper double backcross resource population: Indoor trickle challenge with Haemonchus contortus	Mugambi J.M., Audho J.O., Njomo S., Baker R.L.	2005	Veterinary Parasitology	127	04-Mar	10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.017	Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Mugambi, J.M., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; Audho, J.O., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Njomo, S., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Baker, R.L., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Six F1 Dorper (D) × Red Maasai (R) rams were mated to both D and R ewes to produce backcross lambs. These six double backcross resource families are being analysed to identify quantitative trait loci that may be controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites, mainly Haemonchus contortus. After assessing the phenotypic performance of the lambs following exposure to natural infections, the surviving lambs were drenched and moved indoors for an artificial challenge with H. contortus along with straightbred D and R lambs. A total of 1317 lambs were included in the analyses consisting of 523 3/4D, 580 3/4R, 87 D and 127 R. The D lambs were significantly and consistently heavier than R lambs and 3/4D were significantly heavier than the 3/4R lambs. The difference between the backcrosses was about half of that between the straightbreds. Resistance was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) at necropsy while packed cell volume (PCV) was used to assess resilience to weekly oral doses of 2500 infective larvae of H. contortus. No significant breed differences were observed for log transformed FEC (LFEC). A significant breed difference in PCV was recorded. The backcrosses had the higher values and while no differences were observed between the straightbreds, 3/4D had significantly higher PCV than the 3/4R. Despite the absence of breed differences in FEC the R and the 3/4R had significantly fewer worms than the D and the 3/4D. The D had significantly longer worms than the R and the 3/4D had significantly longer worms than the 3/4R. Worms recovered from D had more eggs than those recovered from R. Similarly worms from 3/4D contained more eggs than those from 3/4R. Thus, on a breed basis the breed with more worms had longer worms. In contrast, when, in a small part of the experiment two doses of larvae were used to check for any breed by dose interactions, worms from the low dose (and hence fewer worms) animals were longer. We postulate that in fast growing hosts like the D, worms also have a better potential for growth and reproduction than in hosts that have less potential for growth. The overall correlation coefficient between PCV and LFEC was -0.67 while that between LFEC and LTWC was 0.72. From these results it is clear that the R do not respond to the artificial challenge the way they do to natural infection suggesting that phenotyping of R and R cross lambs for purposes of selecting those that are resistant or susceptible is best done under natural challenge. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease resistance; Haemonchus contortus; Resilience; Sheep-Nematoda	animal experiment; article; autopsy; disease predisposition; egg laying; feces analysis; female; Haemonchus contortus; host parasite interaction; infection resistance; lamb; male; nonhuman; parasitosis; phenotype; provocation; quantitative trait locus; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Crosses, Genetic; Feces; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Haemonchiasis; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Phenotype; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844272012	Practical process for the air oxidation of cresols: Part B. evaluation of the laboratory-scale oxidation process	Barton B., Logie C.G., Schoonees B.M., Zeelie B.	2005	Organic Process Research and Development	9	1	10.1021/op049844j	Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Barton, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Logie, C.G., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Schoonees, B.M., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Zeelie, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Mechanistic proposals and predictions made in a preceding paper (Part A) were evaluated by carrying out the catalytic air oxidation of p-cresol in an alternative solvent system, comprising either a mixture of ethylene glycol and acetic acid (for oxidations under acidic conditions) or ethylene glycol and water (for oxidations under basic conditions). The results obtained in these experiments confirmed that ethylene glycol acts as a nucleophile in these solvent systems, thereby stabilizing the quinomethide intermediate and resulting in highly efficient oxidations in both alkaline and acidic media. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, the desired product, was thus obtained in isolated yields of up to 98% and purities >99%. The inherent draw-backs associated with alkaline methanol and aqueous acetic acid solutions were thus circumvented, and the result is a highly efficient process for the production of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.	None	acetic acid; cresol; ethylene glycol; quinone derivative; water; acidity; alkalinity; article; catalysis; chemical reaction; molecular mechanics; molecular stability; oxidation kinetics; prediction; reaction analysis; scale up	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844280917	Evaluation of two commercially available, inexpensive alternative assays used for assessing viral load in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected patients from South Africa	Stevens G., Rekhviashvili N., Scott L.E., Gonin R., Stevens W.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	2	10.1128/JCM.43.2.857-861.2005	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Stevens, G., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa, Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Rekhviashvili, N., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Gonin, R., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa	Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA is the acknowledged "gold standard" marker for monitoring disease activity in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), it remains unaffordable in resource-constrained settings. The present study investigated two commercially available kits for the detection of HIV-1 viral load markers as more affordable alternatives to HIV-1 RNA quantitation. The greatly improved heat-denatured, signal-boosted HiSens HW-1 p24 Ag Ultra kit (Perkin-Elmer) and the ExaVir Load Quantitative HIV-RT kit (Cavidi Tech AB) were compared with the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (version 1.5) assay (Roche Molecular Systems Inc.). A total of 117 samples containing HIV-1 subtype C were analyzed by all three methodologies. Eighty-nine of these samples represented serial measurements from 20 patients receiving HAART. The remaining samples analyzed were from a group of treatment-naïve patients. The association between the p24 antigen assay and the RNA assay was fairly strong (R2 = 0.686). The association between the reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitation assay and the RNA assay was strong (R2 = 0.810). Both alternative assays seemed most useful for the serial monitoring of patients receiving HAART (n = 89 plasma samples from 20 patients), as all assays showed a statistically significant downward trend over time, with the trend being either linear or curvilinear. In addition, all three assays showed negative correlations with the CD4 count (CD4 count versus RNA load, r = -0.336 and P = 0.001; CD4 count versus p24 antigen level, r = -0.541 and P &lt; 0.0001; CD4 count versus RT level, r = -0.358 and P = 0.0006). Still of major concern are both the lack of sensitivity and the wide degrees of variability of both assays. However, both assays provide a less expensive alternative to the Roche viral load assay and demonstrate the same trends during treatment.	None	antigen p24; antivirus agent; RNA directed DNA polymerase; virus RNA; article; assay; cell count; controlled study; correlation analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; disease activity; disease marker; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; priority journal; RNA analysis; sensitivity and specificity; statistical significance; virus load; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; RNA, Viral; South Africa; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; RNA viruses	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13944250383	Evaluation of different preservation techniques on the storage potential of Kefir grains	Witthuhn R.C., Cilliers A., Britz T.J.	2005	Journal of Dairy Research	72	1	10.1017/S0022029904000652	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Cilliers, A., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	[No abstract available]	Air-dried; Freezing; Kefir grains; Lyophilisation; Microbial activity; Refrigeration	alcoholic beverage; animal; article; cattle; cereal; dairying; fermentation; food preservation; methodology; milk; South Africa; Alcoholic Beverages; Animals; Cattle; Cereals; Dairying; Fermentation; Food Preservation; Milk; South Africa; Kefir	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13944266749	Reproductive performance of South African indigenous goats following oestrous synchronisation and AI	Lehloenya K.C., Greyling J.P.C., Schwalbach L.M.J.	2005	Small Ruminant Research	57	42403	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.05.004	Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Lehloenya, K.C., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Greyling, J.P.C., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Schwalbach, L.M.J., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The reproductive performance following oestrous synchronisation and artificial insemination (AI) was evaluated during the natural breeding season (autumn) in 90 indigenous (Boer and Nguni) South African goats. All does were synchronised for 16 days with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) followed by an IM injection of 300 IU PMSG at progestagen withdrawal. Cervical inseminations were performed at a fixed time (48 h and 60 h) with fresh diluted Boer goat semen. No significant differences between Boer and Nguni goats were recorded with respect to oestrous response (98% and 93%) and the onset of oestrus (29.1 ± 0.9 h and 30.7 ± 0.8 h), respectively. The duration of oestrus in the Nguni goats (29.9 ± 2.0 h) was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than in Boer goats (37.0 ± 2.1 h). Conception rates were 52% and 53%, litter size averaged 2.2 ± 0.2 and 2.0 ± 0.2 and the gestation period an average of 148.6 ± 0.9 days and 149.1 ± 0.8 days for Boer and Nguni goats, respectively, these differences being non-significant. Does with quadruplets had a significantly (P < 0.05) shorter gestation length (142.7 ± 2.1 days) than does with singles, twins and triplets (150.0 ± 0.9 days, 148.8 ± 1.0 days and 150.0 ± 1.1 days, respectively). The mean kid birth weight was 2.7 ± 0.5 kg with males being (2.8 ± 0.1 kg) significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than females (2.5 ± 0.1 kg) and crossbred kids (2.9 ± 0.1 kg) significantly (P < 0.01) heavier than pure Boer goat kids (2.4 ± 0.1 kg). Kid birth weight decreased with an increase in litter size, resulting in all birth weights for singles, twins, triplets and quadruplets being significantly (P < 0.01) different from each other (3.6 ± 0.4 kg, 3.1 ± 0.5 kg, 2.3 ± 0.6 kg and 1.6 ± 0.3 kg, respectively). The overall neonatal loss rate within 48 h postpartum was 22.2%, which increased significantly with an increase in litter size and was significantly (P < 0.01) higher for Boer goats (34.2%) than for crossbred kids (12.7%). The results indicate that oestrous synchronisation with progestagen is efficient and the duration of the induced oestrus is shorter in Nguni does than in Boer goat does. The conception rates obtained following oestrous synchronisation and AI were, however, very low and this aspect needs more attention. Litter size reduces birth weight and survival rate of indigenous South African goat kids. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Indigenous goats; Litter size; Neonatal loss; Oestrous synchronisation	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14044269447	Performance evaluation of an Oil Palm Fruit Screen	Badmus G.A., Adeyemi N.A., Owolarafe O.K.	2005	Journal of Food Engineering	69	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.011	Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Badmus, G.A., Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Adeyemi, N.A., Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Owolarafe, O.K., Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Pre-sterilization cleaning of fruit by the removal of calyx is a common practice by Nigeria Small Scale Palm Oil producers. They manually pick palm fruits or repose fruits along inclined wire gauze to achieve the separation of calyx from fruits. These manual methods are slow, labour demanding and arduous. An Oil Palm Fruit Screen was designed (in the Research Engineering Division of NIFOR) to separate calyx from oil palm fruits (prior to fruit sterilization) and to clean fruits thereby improving oil palm fruit quality in the Small Scale Processing Engineering (SSPE) outfit used at NIFOR. In the evaluation of the machine, harvested oil palm fruit naturally containing calyx was screened. Known weights of palm fruit and calyx mixed in various proportions were also screened in the machine. Consistently, over 80% separation was obtained whenever a mixture of fruit and calyx is subjected to the machine. This result shows that the incorporation of this screen in the SSPE enhances pre-sterilization cleaning of palm fruits thereby improving the overall efficiency of the Small Scale Processing Equipment in terms of oil yield and quality. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	Calyx; Effectiveness; Oil palm fruits; Oil-yield; Quality; Screen	Crude petroleum; Harvesting; Heating; Hoppers; Quality control; Rotating machinery; Separation; Sterilization (cleaning); Calyx; Effectiveness; Oil palm fruits; Oil-yeild; Fruits; Crude Oil; Fruits; Harvesting; Heating; Hoppers; Rotary Machines; Separation; Sterilization; Calyx; Elaeis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544289513	Evaluation of a photo-poster on nurses' perceptions of teething problems in South-western Nigeria	Bankole O.O., Aderinokun G.A., Denloye O.O.	2005	Public Health	119	4	10.1016/j.puhe.2004.05.019	Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Bankole, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aderinokun, G.A., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Denloye, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Health problems commonly associated with the eruption of teeth in babies continue to pose problems in Nigeria. Even nurses who should be well informed have misconceived views. In order to enlighten mothers and healthcare workers on this issue, a photo-poster was developed as a health-education tool. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the poster, displayed in the workplace for 18 months, on the knowledge, attitude and reported practice of nurses. The study also aimed to assess the outcome of the inclusion of the photo-poster in training materials in a workshop setting. Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, 542 nurses working in children's units within the city of Ibadan, South-western Nigeria were selected using a stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to gather information on their perceptions of teething problems at baseline. Photo-posters were displayed in the nurses' workplaces for 18 months, and a follow-up survey was conducted using the same questionnaire. In the second part of the study, two groups of nurses (n=21 and n=18 nurses) working in similar healthcare facilities in Ibadan participated in two separate workshops. One workshop used the photo-poster in addition to the standard educational materials, and the other workshop did not. Percentage differences between pre- and postintervention responses to perceived health problems were calculated. Intervention effects were the differences between the percentage changes in the intervention (with poster) and comparison (without poster) groups. Statistical differences were determined by Chi-squared test or one-tailed t-test, as appropriate. Results: Five hundred and forty-two nurses (519 female and 23 male) completed the questionnaire survey at baseline and 403 (371 female and 32 male) at follow-up. Their ages ranged between 23 and 56 years, with the greatest percentage aged 25-40 years. At baseline, many respondents indicated that several of the listed health problems were a consequence of tooth eruption. After exposure to the posters at their workplace for 18 months, there were slight changes in their opinions but most were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The use of posters in a workshop setting revealed percentage changes ranging from -11 to 61% for the different associated health problems. Many of these changes were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Displaying photo-posters in the workplace did little to change nurses' perceptions of teething problems; the posters had more influence when they were used in an instructional, interactive atmosphere. It is recommended that the use of photo-posters in health education for such culturally entrenched health issues should be accompanied by discussion of the same subject wherever possible. © 2004 The Royal Institute of Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Evaluation; Infants; Photo-poster; Teething	adult; article; calculation; chi square test; city; controlled study; female; health care facility; health education; hospital department; human; literature; male; Nigeria; nurse attitude; pediatrics; questionnaire; sampling; staff training; statistical analysis; statistical significance; tooth eruption; workshop; Adult; Audiovisual Aids; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Nigeria; Nurses; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Tooth Eruption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544296163	Effect of feeding cassava fruit coat meal on the nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers	Iyayi E.A., Fayoyin F.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Fayoyin, F.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The replacement value of a by-product of cassava harvesting - cassava fruit coat (CFC) meal - for wheat bran for broiler production was investigated. CFC was produced by milling dried cassava fruits often discarded after harvesting the roots and stems. The CFC meal was used to replace 25, 50, 75 and 100% wheat bran (w/w) in a basal diet for broilers. Seventy-five one-week old broiler chicks were distributed into 15 pens each holding 5 birds. Each of the 5 experimental diets was allocated at random to 3 pens. At the end of the first 4 weeks (starter phase), the diets were switched to finisher diets for a further 4-week period. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Data were recorded and analysed on pen basis. CFC meal had a crude protein of 44 g/kg and crude fibre of 149 g/kg. All production parameters, other than mortality, deteriorated as the degreed of substitution of wheat bran by CFC was increased. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by dietary increase in level of CFC. It is concluded that CFC can replace up to 50% of the wheat bran requirement for feeding broilers in the finisher phase, but higher levels markedly reduce performance.	Broilers; Cassava fruit coat meal; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14644414253	Persistence and impact on microorganisms of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins in some Zimbabwean soils	Muchaonyerwa P., Waladde S., Nyamugafata P., Mpepereki S., Ristori G.G.	2005	Plant and Soil	266	42371	10.1007/s11104-005-5979-9	Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Istituto Genesi Ecologia Suolo, CNR Firenze, Italy	Muchaonyerwa, P., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Waladde, S., Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Nyamugafata, P., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mpepereki, S., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ristori, G.G., Istituto Genesi Ecologia Suolo, CNR Firenze, Italy	The persistence of the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) toxin (Cry1Ab protein) from Bt maize (MON810, Yieldgard®) residues incorporated in a vertisol (739 g clay kg-1) was investigated. The maize residues were incubated in the soil for 4 weeks, and activity of the toxin in the residues was bioassayed using larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Corrected mortality of P. xylostella in the bioassays decreased from 76% to 30% in less than a week of incubation in the soil. In addition to the above observations, the effects of Btk, Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti), and Bt subsp. tenebrionis (Btt) proteins on the soil microbiota were examined using a vertisol, an alfisol, and an oxisol. The pre-incubated soils (7 days after moisture adjustment) were treated with crystal proteins of Btk, Bti, and Btt and incubated for further a 7-day period. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and counts of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined. The proteins did not show effects on MBC or bacterial and fungal counts, possibly as a result of adsorption of the proteins on soil particles, which could have rendered the proteins inaccessible for microbial utilization. Microbial biomass carbon and counts arranged in decreasing order were vertisol&gt;oxisol&gt;alfisol, similar to the amounts of organic C and clay in the soils. However, bacteria and fungi counts were higher in the vertisol than in the alfisol and the oxisol soils. Our observations suggest that larvicidal proteins produced by different subspecies of Bt and Bt maize could persist in tropical soils as a result of adsorption on soil clays but that there were no observable effect on the soil microbiota. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.	Bacillus thuringiensis; Bioassays; Crystal proteins; Microorganisms; Persistence; Plutella xylostella	ecological impact; genetically modified organism; maize; persistence; protein; soil microorganism; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki; Bacteria (microorganisms); Fungi; Lepidoptera; Microbiota; Plutella xylostella; Yponomeutidae; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744274444	Do organizational and spatial proximity impact on firm performance?	Oerlemans L.A.G., Meeus M.T.H.	2005	Regional Studies	39	1	10.1080/0034340052000320896	Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands; Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Oerlemans, L.A.G., Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands, Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Meeus, M.T.H., Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Recent theoretical developments in organizational science, economic geography and regional economics have emphasized the importance of organizational and geographical proximity for the performance of firms. Empirical evidence on these relationships is scarce, though. The paper asks to what extent firm-specific resources, network activity, proximity and industry factors influence innovative and economic outcomes. We used a theoretical synthesis of regional and organizational science, and economic geography to build a research model that enabled us to derive several hypotheses on the influence of different forms of proximity on outcomes, taking other relevant predictors for performance into account. The empirical findings specify the importance of proximity especially for innovative outcomes. We found that in particular intraand interregional relations with buyers and suppliers are conducive for firm performance. Moreover, innovation strategy (dis)similarity has interesting effects on relative firm performance. Finally, sectoral research and development spillovers influence outcomes in a positive way. © 2005 Regional Studies Association.	Enquête; Enterprise; Geographical proximity; Innovation; Performance; Theory of the dependence of resources	industrial performance; industrial practice; innovation; regional economy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744297710	Groundwater resource evaluation of urban Bulawayo aquifer	Rusinga F., Taigbenu A.E.	2005	Water SA	31	1	None	Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rusinga, F., Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taigbenu, A.E., Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Judicious management of a groundwater system requires an understanding of its hydrogeology and response to various recharge and pumping stresses. However, in developing countries, groundwater resource evaluations are hampered by a lack of adequate data that will allow for ils complete characterisation. Under such circumstances it is not uncommon for ad hoc groundwater management measures to be embarked upon, especially during drought conditions. These were the conditions that existed during the 1991/92 drought when the CSIR Stellenbosch evaluated the groundwater resource of an urban aquifer in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Their recommendations revealed that about 3.5×106 m 3/a could be safely abstracted from the aquifer. In this work, a more comprehensive hydrogeological investigation was carried out which included pumping tests, estimation of abstraction rates and recharge, and numerical modelling of the aquifer. The investigations indicate that the aquifer is unconfined with hydraulic conductivity and specific yield ranging from 0.1 m/d to 2.09 m/d and 0.02 to 0.11, respectively. Recharge estimates indicate an annual recharge of 105.5 mm with 38.4%, 52.1% and 9.5% accounting respectively for direct recharge, water mains and sewer leakages. Furthermore, a long-term sustainable annual abstraction of 6.1×106 m3 or 15% of current city water demand can be obtained from the aquifer.	Groundwater flow; Groundwater resource evaluation; Numerical modelling; Pumping tests; Urban groundwater	Aquifers; Drought; Hydraulic conductivity; Hydrogeology; Mathematical models; Sewers; Abstraction rates; Pumping stresses; Pumping tests; Recharge estimates; Groundwater; aquifer; groundwater; resource assessment; aquifer; groundwater; hydrogeology; modeling; recharge; resource assessment; Africa; Bulawayo [Zimbabwe]; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844282075	The effects of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion on ultra-endurance exercise performance	Goedecke J.H., Clark V.R., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V.	2005	International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism	15	1	None	Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	Goedecke, J.H., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Clark, V.R., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	The aims of the study were to determine if medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT), ingested in combination with carbohydrate (CHO), would alter substrate metabolism and improve simulated competitive ultra-endurance cycling performance. Eight endurance-trained cyclists took part in this randomized, single-blind crossover study. On two separate occasions, subjects cycled for 270 min at 50% of peak power output, interspersed with four 75 kJ sprints at 60 min intervals, followed immediately by a 200 kJ time-trial. One hour prior to the exercise trials, subjects ingested either 75 g of CHO or 32 g of MCT, and then ingested 200 mL of a 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution or a 4.3% MCT + 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution every 20 min during the CHO and MCT trials, respectively. During the constant-load phases of the 270 min exercise trial, VO2 RER, and heart rate were measured at 30 min intervals and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded. There was no difference in VO2 or RER between the MCT and CHO trials (P = 0.40). Hourly sprint (P = 0.03 for trial x time interaction) and time-trial times (14:30 ± 0.58 vs. 12:36 ± 1:6, respectively, P &lt; 0.001) were slower in the MCT than the CHO trial. Half the subjects experienced GI symptoms with MCT ingestion. In conclusion, MCTs ingested prior to exercise and co-ingested with CHO during exercise did not alter substrate metabolism and significantly compromised sprint performance during prolonged ultra-endurance cycling exercise. © 2005 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.	Carbohydrate oxidation; Fat oxidation; Respiratory exchange ratio; Sports nutrition; Sprint performance	carbohydrate; medium chain triacylglycerol; adult; article; carbohydrate intake; carbohydrate metabolism; clinical article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; crossover procedure; cycling; endurance; exercise; gastrointestinal symptom; heart rate; human; lung gas exchange; male; oxidation; randomized controlled trial; single blind procedure; Adult; Basal Metabolism; Bicycling; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Tract; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Single-Blind Method; Time Factors; Triglycerides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844309691	Joint modelling of repeated measurements and event time: Application to performance traits and survival of lambs bred in sub-humid tropics	Nguti R., Burzykowski T., Rowlands J., Renard D., Janssen P.	2005	Genetics Selection Evolution	37	2	10.1051/gse:2004043	Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Nguti, R., Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Burzykowski, T., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Rowlands, J., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Renard, D., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Janssen, P., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium	We considered the analysis of a study for Dorper, Red Maasai and crossbred lambs born over a period of 6 years at the Diani Estate, Kenya. The study was designed to compare survival and performance traits of genotypes with differing susceptibilities to helminthiasis. The available data include information on time to death and repeated measurements of body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and faecal egg count (FEC) of the animals. In the paper, we consider joint modelling of the survival time and the repeated measurements. Such an approach allows to account for the possible association between the survival and repeated measurement processes. The advantages and limitations of the joint modelling are discussed and illustrated using the Diani Estate study data. © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2005.	Helminthiasis; Joint modelling; Repeated measurements; Sheep; Time-to-event	parasite resistance; selective breeding; sheep; survival; animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; article; biological model; body weight; comparative study; cross breeding; genetic predisposition; genetics; genotype; hematocrit; Kenya; mortality; parasite identification; parasitology; sheep; sheep disease; tropic climate; Animals; Body Weight; Crosses, Genetic; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Helminthiasis, Animal; Hematocrit; Kenya; Models, Biological; Parasite Egg Count; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tropical Climate; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844329903	Mongoose rabies in southern Africa: A re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology	Nel L.H., Sabeta C.T., Von Teichman B., Jaftha J.B., Rupprecht C.E., Bingham J.	2005	Virus Research	109	2	10.1016/j.virusres.2004.12.003	University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Nel, L.H., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Sabeta, C.T., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Von Teichman, B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Jaftha, J.B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Bingham, J., Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Relative to the developed world, rabies has been poorly studied in the vast African continent. The southern African countries of Zimbabwe and South Africa, however, are known to sustain a great diversity of lyssaviruses, with large biological variations amongst genotype 1 (rabies viruses) at present more apparent here than elsewhere on the continent. One recognized biotype of rabies virus in the subcontinent appears to be specifically adapted to a variety of mongooses, belonging to the Viverrinae subfamily (family Herpestidae) and are commonly referred to as viverrid viruses, although the term mongoose rabies would be more correct, considering the taxonomic status of the host species involved. It was our objective to study the genetic relationships of 77 rabies virus isolates of this mongoose biotype, isolated in South Africa and Zimbabwe, towards elucidation of the molecular epidemiology of this interesting group of African viruses. In our study of a 592 nucleotide sequence encompassing the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein and the G-L intergenic region of the viral genomes, we provide the first comprehensive data on the molecular epidemiology of these viruses and indicate a history of extended evolutionary adaptation in this geographical domain. The molecular epidemiological observations reported here are highly unlikely to be limited to the small geographical areas of South Africa and Zimbabwe and illustrate the need for lyssavirus surveillance in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa and throughout the entire continent. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Glycoprotein; Intergenic region; Lyssaviruses; Mongoose rabies	glycoprotein; nucleotide; Africa; article; biotype; cytoplasm; epidemiological data; genetic association; genome; molecular biology; mongoose rabies; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; protein domain; rabies; Rabies virus; viral genetics; virus isolation; Zimbabwe; Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Antigens, Viral; DNA, Complementary; DNA, Intergenic; DNA, Viral; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Epidemiology, Molecular; Evolution; Glycoproteins; Herpestidae; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Rabies; Rabies virus; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; South Africa; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Proteins; Zimbabwe; Herpestidae; Lyssavirus; Rabies virus; Viverridae; Viverrinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044348909	Cooling tower performance evaluation: Merkel, Poppe, and e-NTU methods of analysis	Kloppers J.C., Kröger D.G.	2005	Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power	127	1	10.1115/1.1787504	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Kloppers, J.C., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	The heat rejected and water evaporated in mechanical and natural draft cooling towers are critically evaluated by employing the Merkel, Poppe, and e-number-of-transfer-units (e-NTU) methods of analysis, respectively, at different operating and ambient conditions. The importance of using a particular method of analysis when evaluating the performance characteristics of a certain fill material and subsequently employing the same analytical approach to predict cooling tower performance is stressed. The effect of ambient humidity and temperature on the performance of cooling towers employing the Merkel, e-NTU, and Poppe methods of analysis are evaluated. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.	None	Atmospheric humidity; Computational methods; Cooling systems; Evaporation; Cooling tower performance evaluation; Heat rejection; Water evaporation; Cooling towers; cooling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044364080	Evaluation of the xerovac process for the preparation of heat tolerant contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine	Litamoi J.K., Ayelet G., Rweyemamu M.M.	2005	Vaccine	23	20	10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.031	PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	Litamoi, J.K., PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Ayelet, G., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; Rweyemamu, M.M., AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the xerovac process as a method for preparing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine with increased heat resistance. The thermo-protective effects of various concentrations of trehalose in mycoplasma growth medium, various concentrations of trehalose in the dehydration stabilizer and the importance of some divalent cations were assessed. The results obtained indicate that a rapid dehydration of CBPP vaccine following the xerovac method and in an excipient composed of a high concentration of trehalose, renders the product more heat tolerant than a similar vaccine prepared using a regular or an extended freeze drying regime. It was also demonstrated that the addition of chitosan as a mycoplasma precipitating agent conferred additional heat resistance to the vaccine. It is suggested that the application of the xerovac process in the dehydration of CBPP vaccine offers the advantages of a faster, cheaper and easier process over the conventional dehydration methods like freeze drying. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	CBPP vaccine; Heat tolerance; Lyophilization; Xerovac	bacterial vaccine; chitosan; contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine; trehalose; unclassified drug; article; bacterial growth; concentration response; contagious pleuropneumonia; culture medium; freeze drying; heat tolerance; human; medical assessment; Mycoplasma; precipitation; priority journal; promoter region; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cations, Divalent; Cattle; Chitosan; Drug Compounding; Drug Stability; Excipients; Freeze Drying; Heat; Indicators and Reagents; Mycoplasma mycoides; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Quality Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15244344272	Fast heated ballast furnace atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry: Part 2. Experimental assessment of performances	Katskov D.A., Sadagov Y.M., Banda M.	2005	Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry	20	3	10.1039/b413345e	Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Cortech Ltd., Ozernaya St. 46, Moscow 119361, Russian Federation	Katskov, D.A., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Sadagov, Y.M., Cortech Ltd., Ozernaya St. 46, Moscow 119361, Russian Federation; Banda, M., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The theoretical predictions concerning atomization efficiency in the fast heated ballast furnace atomizer were examined by determination of Pb in the organic and inorganic matrices using a Quantum Z.ETA atomic absorption spectrometer. The instrument provided fast heating of the tube atomizer (10 K ms-1) and temperature stabilization on the pre-set level. In the experiments the tube was furnished with compact ballast (e.g., a graphite rod 1 mm in diameter and 5-9 mm in length or other refractive materials of similar volume and configuration). The samples were injected into the tube, disregarding their exact location on the wall or ballast. It is shown that in the employed ballast furnace for the sampling volumes below 10-15 μ1 the vapor release into the gas phase occurs after interim condensation on the ballast. For the samples of tetraethyllead, base oil and lead nitrate respective analytical signals are observed after stabilization of tube temperature (below 2673 K), independent of the volatility of the analyte and level of temperature setting. High gas phase temperature provides, for those samples, complete recovery of the analyte without involvement of chemical modifiers. The reduction of spectral background from sea-water matrix at Pb determination and behavior of analytical signals for In and Cr confirm common mechanism of sample vapor release via interim condensation on the ballast. The optimization of material for the ballast is still needed taking into consideration physical properties and the chemical activity of its surface towards the sample vapor. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2005.	None	Absorption; Condensation; Data acquisition; Graphite; Lead compounds; Magnetic field effects; Magnets; Porosity; Problem solving; Quantum theory; Reaction kinetics; Sensitivity analysis; Signal to noise ratio; Spectroscopic analysis; Vaporization; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Ballast furnaces; Fast heated ballast furnaces; Gas phases; Refractive materials; Furnaces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15244345565	Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa	Bomhard B., Richardson D.M., Donaldson J.S., Hughes G.O., Midgley G.F., Raimondo D.C., Rebelo A.G., Rouget M., Thuiller W.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	9	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00997.x	Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany	Bomhard, B., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Donaldson, J.S., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Hughes, G.O., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Midgley, G.F., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Raimondo, D.C., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rebelo, A.G., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rouget, M., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Thuiller, W., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best- to worst-case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche-based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2-16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low-lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biodiversity conservation; Cape Floristic Region; Climate change; Extinction risk; IUCN Red List; Land use change; Niche-based models; Proteaceae; Threatened species	biodiversity; Cape Floristic Region; climate change; extinction risk; land use change; Red List; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15344344089	Sex-specific performance of routine TB diagnostic tests	Kivihya-Ndugga L.E.A., Van Cleeff M.R.A., Ng'ang'a L.W., Meme H., Odhiambo J.A., Klatser P.R.	2005	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	9	3	None	Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Kivihya-Ndugga, L.E.A., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Van Cleeff, M.R.A., Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ng'ang'a, L.W., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Meme, H., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Odhiambo, J.A., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Klatser, P.R., Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, Netherlands	SETTING: City Council Chest Clinic, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine to what extent the performance of smear microscopy is responsible for sex differences in notification rates. METHODOLOGY: Three sputum samples from TB suspects were subjected to smear microscopy with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and auramine (FM) staining. Löwenstein-Jensen culture was used as the gold standard. RESULTS: Of 998 suspects, 600 (60%) were men and 398 (40%) women. The odds of detecting culture-positive patients with ZN was lower for women (OR 0.67). By examining the first spot specimen, ZN detected 35% of culture-positive males and 26% of culture-positive females. These proportions increased to respectively 63% and 53% when examining three specimens, and to 79% and 74% when using FM. The sex difference reduced and became non-significant (P = 0.19) when adjusted for HIV; however, the numbers involved for HIV stratification were low. CONCLUSION: The performance of a diagnostic tool contributes to sex differences in notification rates and influences male/female ratios. Women were less likely to be diagnosed (P = 0.08), and when ZN was used they were less likely to be labelled as smear-positive TB (P < 0.01). The application of more sensitive diagnostic tools such as FM is to the advantage of women. © 2005 The Union.	Gender; Sensitivity/specificity; Sex; Smear microscopy; Tuberculosis	adult; article; auramine stain; bacterium culture; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; lowenstein jensen culture; major clinical study; male; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; sex ratio; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; tuberculosis; ziehl neelsen stain; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteriological Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Regression Analysis; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15444380490	Evaluation of a home-based voluntary counselling and testing intervention in rural Uganda	Wolff B., Nyanzi B., Katongole G., Ssesanga D., Ruberantwari A., Whitworth J.	2005	Health Policy and Planning	20	2	10.1093/heapol/czi013	Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; MRC; Intl. Activities the Wellcome Trust; Medical Research Council, P.O. 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Wolff, B., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, Medical Research Council, P.O. 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Nyanzi, B., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Katongole, G., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; Ssesanga, D., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Ruberantwari, A., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Whitworth, J., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, Intl. Activities the Wellcome Trust	Background: Uptake of HIV test results from an annual serosurvey of a population study cohort in rural southwestern Uganda had never exceeded 10% in any given year since inception in 1989. An intervention offering counselling and HIV results at home was conducted in four study villages following the 2001 serosurvey round, and followed by a qualitative evaluation exploring nature of demand and barriers to knowing HIV status. Methods: Data from annual serosurveys and counsellor records are analyzed to estimate the impact of the intervention on uptake of HIV test results. Textual data are analyzed from 21 focus group discussions among counsellors, and men and women who had received HIV test results, requested but not yet received, and never requested; and 34 in-depth interviews equally divided among those who had received test results either from counselling offices and homes. Results: Offering HIV results at home significantly increased uptake of results from 10 to 37% for all adults aged 15 (p < 0.001), and 46% of those age 25 to 54. Previous male advantage in uptake of test results was effectively eliminated. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews highlight substantial non-monetary costs of getting HIV results from high-visibility public facilities prior to intervention. Inconvenience, fear of stigmatization, and emotional vulnerability of receiving results from public facilities were the most common explanations for the relative popularity of home-based voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). It is seen as less appropriate for youth and couples with conflicting attitudes toward testing. Conclusions: Home delivery of results revealed significantly higher demand to know HIV status than stubbornly low uptake figures from the past would suggest. Integrating VCT into other services, locating testing centres in less visible surroundings, or directly confronting stigma surrounding testing may be less expensive ways to reproduce increased uptake with home VCT. © Oxford University Press, 2005; all rights reserved.	Clients; HIV; Home care; Providers; Qualitative; Stigma; VCT uptake	adolescent; adult; article; attitude; cohort analysis; data analysis; emotion; evaluation; fear; female; health care facility; health survey; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; interview; male; medical record; patient counseling; population research; qualitative analysis; reproducibility; rural health care; Uganda; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Cohort Studies; Counseling; Fear; Female; Focus Groups; HIV Infections; Home Care Services; Humans; Interviews; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Rural Population; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15544364477	Correcting for frictional pressure drop in horizontal-well inflow-performance relationships	Archer R.A., Agbongiator E.O.	2005	SPE Production and Facilities	20	1	None	Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	Archer, R.A., Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Agbongiator, E.O., ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper presents the development of a correlation that corrects for error in single-phase horizontal-well productivity calculations made by neglecting frictional pressure drop in the wellbore. Frictional pressure drop within the wellbore is frequently a controlling factor on the performance of long horizontal wells. Frictional pressure drop could be especially significant in wells completed with screens and slotted liners. This pressure loss is neglected in traditional inflow-performance (IPR) calculations, such as those developed by S.D. Joshi and by D.K. Babu and A.S. Odeh. This study develops a correction that can be added to these analytical IPR relationships to account for friction. This correction is based on a dimensionless group that combines well and reservoir information. It is easy to evaluate and can be readily used in nodal analysis. The correction was developed on the basis of more than 5,000 finite-difference-simulation runs, using a simulator with the capability to model wellbore friction. These runs spanned a wide range of well and reservoir parameters. The results are presented in terms of productivity errors (PEs); that is, the flow rate without friction minus the flow rate when friction is included in the model, divided by the flow rate reported without friction. The study found PEs as high as 90% in some cases (usually long wells with a small wellbore radius). These errors could lead to poor decisions on field development and production facilities. This paper presents a simple way to improve well-productivity predictions without requiring a reservoir-simulation model to take account of frictional where pressure drops in the wellbore. Copyright © 2005 Society of Petroleum Engineers.	None	Computer simulation; Correlation methods; Error correction; Friction; Oil well production; Petroleum reservoirs; Pressure drop; Frictional pressure drop; Inflow performance (IPR); Productivity errors (PE); Reservoir-simulation; Horizontal wells; horizontal drilling; hydrocarbon reservoir; pressure drop; well technology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15544372783	Evaluation of an oligonucleotide ligation assay for detection of mutations in HIV-1 subtype C individuals who have high level resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors	Wallis C.L., Mahomed I., Morris L., Chidarikire T., Stevens G., Rekhviashvili N., Stevens W.	2005	Journal of Virological Methods	125	2	10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.004	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa	Wallis, C.L., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; Mahomed, I., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; Morris, L., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Chidarikire, T., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Stevens, G., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Rekhviashvili, N., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa	The oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) has been proposed as an affordable alternative to sequence-based HIV-1 drug resistance testing in resource poor settings. The aim was to evaluate OLA for detecting mutations K103N, Y181C, K65R, Q151M, M184V and T215Y/F in subtype C. Forty-four subtype C and 8 subtype B HIV-1 positive individuals were analysed using the ViroSeq™ HIV-1 genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). A one-step RT-PCR and nested PCR were performed using subtype B specific primers from the OLA kit (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program). Seventy-eight subtype C sequences were used to design subtype C specific primers. Ligation and detection steps were followed according to OLA kit protocol. For codons, K103N, Y181C, K65R, Q151M, M184V and T215Y/F, four or more mismatches compared to the probe or mismatches less than four bases from the ligation site were not tolerated. Results revealed accurate identification of mutations in 2/10, 4/9 3/9, 6/7, 2/7 and 6/7 VQA samples and 5/20, 4/17 0/20, 18/24, 5/24 and 13/24 subtype C positive individuals, respectively. It was concluded that the probes and primers in the NIH reference kit would need modification to optimize detection of mutations in subtype C individuals. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Drug resistance; HIV-1; OLA; Subtype C	RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; article; codon; genotype; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nonhuman; oligonucleotide ligation assay; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; serotype; virus mutation; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Biology; Mutation; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Oligonucleotide Probes; Oligonucleotides; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15744373001	The simultaneous determination of selected flavonol glycosides and aglycones in Ginkgo biloba oral dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry	Dubber M.-J., Sewram V., Mshicileli N., Shephard G.S., Kanfer I.	2005	Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis	37	4	10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.052	Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa	Dubber, M.-J., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Sewram, V., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Mshicileli, N., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Shephard, G.S., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	An accurate, precise and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the determination of two flavonol glycosides, rutin and quercitrin, together with the algycone markers, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in several Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. In addition, a novel quercetin glycoside, not yet reported in Ginkgo extracts, was identified. Liquid chromatography was performed using a minibore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column (150 mm × 2.0 mm i.d.) and a one step gradient of acetonitrile-formic acid (0.3%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Baseline separation of the five selected flavonol marker compounds was achieved within 20 min at 45°C. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed using electrospray ionisation (ESI) in the negative ion mode. The marker compounds exhibited linearity over the range of 3-26 μg/ml and intra- and inter-day standard deviations were better than 7% and 16%, respectively. All Ginkgo products investigated were found to contain varying amounts of target analytes. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; LC-MS-MS; Validation	acetonitrile; anion; flavonoid glycoside; flavonol derivative; formic acid; Ginkgo biloba extract; isorhamnetin; kaempferol; quercetin; quercitrin; rutoside; accuracy; article; drug administration route; drug determination; drug dose regimen; electrospray mass spectrometry; flow rate; high performance liquid chromatography; priority journal; separation technique; tandem mass spectrometry; temperature; time; Calibration; Capsules; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; Glycosides; Indicators and Reagents; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15844375196	Ultraviolet protective performance of photoprotective lipsticks: Change of spectral transmittance because of ultraviolet exposure	Maier H., Schauberger G., Martincigh B.S., Brunnhofer K., Hönigsmann H.	2005	Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine	21	2	10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00143.x	Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria	Maier, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Schauberger, G., Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Martincigh, B.S., School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Brunnhofer, K., Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria; Hönigsmann, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Background: Photoinstability of sunscreens because of ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a well-known and common phenomenon. Recently, it was also shown that sunscreens with complex filter combinations are photo-inactivated by UV exposures, which can easily be acquired by solar exposure over several hours. Objectives: To assess the change of the spectral transmission after UV exposure (UV-challenged protective performance) of 27 commercially available photoprotective lipsticks. Methods: Quartz slides were covered with a lipstick layer (area density 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/cm2 ) and irradiated with increasing doses of solar-simulated radiation. The spectral transmission (T) was measured spectrophotometrically before and after 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 standard erythema doses (SED) of exposure. We calculated the change in transmission (photoinstability) as the difference between the spectral transmission before and after a defined UV exposure, ΔT, and the arithmetic mean, for both the UVA (ΔTA) and UVB (ΔTB) ranges. A product was labelled as photounstable if the mean photoinstability in the UVA, ΔTA, or UVB range, ΔTB, was higher than 5% for an UV exposure of 12.5 SED. Results: Eleven products showed a significant photoinstability in the UVA range (ΔTA between 6% and 27%), only one product in the UVB range (ΔTB = 13%), and one product in both the UVA (ΔTA = 31%) and UVB (ΔTB = 9%) range. In one product photoinstability became significant in the UVA range at higher UV exposures. Conclusions: Out of 27 lipsticks only 13 products showed a photostable performance (ΔTA&lt;5% and ΔTB&lt;5% for 12.5 SED). We propose therefore that only products, which fulfil these UV photostability criteria should be marketed. Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2005.	Lipstick; Photoinactivation; Photoprotection; Photostability; Solar-simulated radiation; Sunscreen; Ultraviolet radiation; UV; UVA; UVB	cosmetic; sunscreen; article; controlled study; erythema; in vitro study; mathematical computing; priority journal; radiation exposure; radiation protection; spectrophotometry; ultraviolet A radiation; ultraviolet B radiation; ultraviolet radiation; Humans; Lip; Photochemistry; Radiation Protection; Skin; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15944398699	Assessment of pepper seed performance using desiccation sensitivity	Modi A.T.	2005	Seed Science and Technology	33	1	None	Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Modi, A.T., Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	During priming, seeds are subjected to hydration followed by dehydration and re-hydration is resumed during germination. It is postulated that the ability of seeds to withstand the effects of hydration and dehydration could be used to determine seed quality. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds from different production seasons (1998, 2000 and 2002) were hydroprimed for 2 h and then desiccated for 72 h over saturated salt solutions at 12% RH (20°C), 33% RH (23°C) and 52% RH (23°C). Seed membrane integrity was determined by a comparison of desiccated seeds with non-desiccated seeds, with respect to cation (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) content of steep water after imbibition. Seed desiccation sensitivity was determined by the total germination of desiccated seeds relative to control seeds that were neither hydrated nor desiccated over saturated salts. Desiccation sensitivity increased with the lowering of desiccation relative humidity. This effect was correlated with an increase in electrolyte leakage and reduction in seed germination, emergence and stand establishment. Fresh seeds were more resistant to desiccation than older seeds. A better correlation between desiccation sensitivity and seed quality compared with seed germination suggested that desiccation sensitivity could be used as a seed vigour test.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-16344366747	Assessing the suitability of the epic crop model for use in the study of impacts of climate variability and climate change in West Africa	Adejuwon J.	2005	Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography	26	1	10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00203.x	Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adejuwon, J., Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model, developed by scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been successfully applied to the study of erosion, water pollution, crop growth and production in the US but is yet to be introduced for serious research purposes in other countries or regions. This paper reports on the applicability of the EPIC 8120 crop model for the assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop productivity in sub-Saharan West Africa, using Nigeria as the case study. Among the crops whose productivity has been successfully simulated with this model are five of West Africa's staple food crops: maize, millet, sorghum (guinea corn), rice and cassava. Thus, using the model, the sensitivities of maize, sorghum and millet to seasonal rainfall were demonstrated with coefficients of correlation significant at over 98 per cent confidence limits. The validation tests were based on a comparison of the observed and the model-generated yields of rice and maize. The main problems of validation relate to the multiplicity of crop varieties with contrasting performances under similar field conditions. There are also the difficulties in representing micro-environments; in the model. Thus, some gaps appear between the observed and the simulated yields, arising from data or model deficiencies, or both. Based on the results of the sensitivity and validation tests, the EPIC crop model could be satisfactorily employed in assessing the impacts of and adaptations to climate variability and climate change. Its use for the estimation of production and the assessment of vulnerabilities need to be pursued with further field surveys and field experimentation. © Copyright 2005 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore and Blackwell Publishers. Ltd.	Adaptations; Climate change; Climate variability; Crop model; Impacts; West Africa	climate change; climate variation; crop production; crop yield; rainfall; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17044417199	Problem-based learning improves the academic performance of medical students in South Africa	Iputo J.E., Kwizera E.	2005	Medical Education	39	4	10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02106.x	WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, UNITRA, Post-bag X1, Transkei 5117, South Africa	Iputo, J.E., WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, UNITRA, Post-bag X1, Transkei 5117, South Africa; Kwizera, E., WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa	OBJECTIVES: To compare the academic performance of students on the previous, classical, discipline- and lecture-based, traditional curriculum with that of subsequent students who followed an innovative, problem- and community-based curriculum. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that analysed the records of students who enrolled on the doctor training programme between 1985 and 1995, and the records of students who graduated from the programme between 1989 and 2002. OUTCOMES: The educational outcomes assessed were the attrition and graduation rates on the traditional curriculum and those on the innovative curriculum. RESULTS: A total of 149 students on the traditional curriculum and 145 students on the innovative curriculum were studied. Overall, 23% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 10.3% of the innovative cohort dropped out of the course (P = 0.0041) and 55% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 67% of the innovative cohort graduated within the minimum period of 6 years (P < 0.001). The mean throughput period was 6.71 (0.09) years in the traditional cohort and 6.44 (0.07) years in the innovative cohort (P = 0.014) CONCLUSION: The introduction of the problem-based learning/community-based education (PBL/CBE) curriculum coincided with improved academic performance. The PBL/CBE approach to medical education may have contributed to this improvement.	Curriculum; Education, medical, undergraduate/ *methods; Educational measurement; Problem-based learning/*methods; Retrospective study; Students, medical	academic achievement; adult; article; cohort analysis; community; controlled study; curriculum; education program; educational technology; female; human; intermethod comparison; learning; male; medical education; medical student; normal human; outcomes research; problem based learning; problem solving; retrospective study; South Africa; teaching; Curriculum; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Male; Problem-Based Learning; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Students, Medical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144408765	Geophysical evidence for a pre-impact Sudbury dome, southern Superior Province, Canada	Prevec S.A., Cowan D.R., Cooper G.R.J.	2005	Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences	42	1	10.1139/E04-097	Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa; Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Prevec, S.A., Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa, Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Cooper, G.R.J., Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	New filtering of aeromagnetic images of the Sudbury area indicates the existence of a large, elliptical feature that appears to underlie the deformed Sudbury Structure in the region of the exposed Levack Gneiss Complex, such that the two features have long axes which are significantly orthogonal to one another. A north-south-oriented ellipse appears to be crosscut by that of the Sudbury Structure and does not correspond to known local lithological or structural trends. The magnetic images, combined with existing tectonic, petrological, geothermometric and geobarometric, and geochronological data, are used to suggest the existence of a pre-impact crustal dome in the southernmost Abitibi subprovince,probably related to ca.2450 Ma rifting and magmatism in the area. This is consistent with existing petrological and tectonic evidence from a variety of sources. Although the doming is itself unrelated to the ca. 1850 Ma Sudbury event, it may have affected the thermal regime existing at the time of impact, which would have profound implications for the subsequent evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. © 2005 NRC Canada.	None	Earth sciences; Geochronology; Geophysical prospecting; Lithology; Petrology; Tectonics; Aeromagnetic images; Crustal domes; Geothermometry; Magmatism; Domes; aeromagnetic survey; dome; geological structure; Canada; North America; Ontario; Sudbury Structure; Western Hemisphere; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144423262	Impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, Northern KwaZulu-Natal from January to August 2003	Vaughan Williams C.H.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	1	None	Mosvold Hospital, South Africa; Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	Vaughan Williams, C.H., Mosvold Hospital, South Africa, Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	An analysis of the causes of death certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma demonstrates the impact of HIV/AIDS in the region. HIV/AIDS appears to be responsible for about 45% of registered deaths in both males and females after the age of nine years. There is a significant difference in the mean age at death between males and females succumbing to the disease after the age of nine years: the average age at death of females from HIV/AIDS is 35 years, and the average age for males is 40 years. The younger average age of death from HIV/AIDS in females, together with a higher expected age of death from non-HIV causes, means that females lose considerably more years of life due to HIV/AIDS than males. The figures for this part of northern KwaZulu-Natal indicate a higher impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths than in previous assessments for South Africa as a whole.	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Mortality; South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; cause of death; child; death certificate; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; mortality; sex difference; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444377595	Performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Obioha F.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	3	None	Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted with 150 black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets. Pullets were fed 10% PSM-based diets for 8 weeks. The seeds were either raw or processed (toasted for 30 minutes, boiled for 30 minutes, or soaked in water for 24 hours). Each treatment was replicated three times, with 10 pullets per replicate. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain and feed cost. The results showed that pullets fed 10% raw or processed PSM diets did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in all the performance parameters. PSM diets significantly (P<0.05) reduced total feed cost. It was concluded that PSM is a good protein source for pullets and that 10% raw or processed PSM could be incorporated into pullet chick diets.	Performance; Pigeon pea; Processsing; Pullets; Raw seeds	Cajan; Cajanus cajan; Columba; Gallus gallus; Pisum sativum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444385257	Performance of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis variables in statistical downscaling of daily precipitation	Cavazos T., Hewitson B.C.	2005	Climate Research	28	2	None	Departmento de Oceanografia Fisica, CICESE, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico; Environmental/Geograghical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Cavazos, T., Departmento de Oceanografia Fisica, CICESE, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico; Hewitson, B.C., Environmental/Geograghical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	The urgent need for realistic regional climate change scenarios has led to a plethora of empirical downscaling techniques. In many cases, widely differing predictors are used, making comparative evaluation difficult. Additionally, it is not clear that the chosen predictors are always the most important. These limitations and the lack of physics in empirical downscaling highlight the need for a systematic assessment of the performance of physically meaningful predictors and their relevance in surface climate parameters. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are 2-fold: to examine the skill and errors of 29 individual atmospheric predictors of daily precipitation in 15 locations that encompass diverse climate regimes, and to evaluate the best combination of predictors that are able to capture different sources of variation. The predictors utilized are from the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis. Mid-tropospheric geopotential heights and mid-tropospheric humidity were the 2 most relevant controls of daily precipitation in all the locations and seasons analyzed. The role of the tropospheric thickness, and the surface and 850 hPa meridional wind components appear to be regionally and seasonally dependent. The predictors showed low performance in the near-equatorial and tropical locations analyzed where convective processes dominate and, possibly, where the reanalysis data sets are most deficient. Summer precipitation was characterized by the largest errors, likely also due to the enhanced role of convection and sub-grid scale processes. Nevertheless, the model was able to reproduce the seasonal precipitation and the phase of daily events in the mid-latitude locations analyzed. In general, the proposed downscaling models tended to underestimate (overestimate) large (small) rainfall events, which reveal the sensitivity of the downscaling to the spatial resolution of the predictors. © Inter-Research 2005.	Artificial neural networks; Climate downscaling; Daily precipitation; Skill of predictors	climate modeling; downscaling; precipitation (climatology); prediction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444386363	Production and quality evaluation of a nonfermented beverage prepared from dehydrated plantain pulp	Akubor P.I.	2005	European Food Research and Technology	220	2	10.1007/s00217-004-1019-x	Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, PMB 1037, Idah, Nigeria	Akubor, P.I., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, PMB 1037, Idah, Nigeria	Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) pulp was cut into thin slices, oven dried (70°C, 6 h), milled, and sieved to produce flour. A beverage was formulated from the plantain flour at 1:7 (flour:water) ratio and 4% (w/v) sucrose addition level. The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the beverage were evaluated. The effect of addition of various flavors on the sensory quality of the beverage was studied. The microbial status of the beverage was also assessed. The results showed that the plantain beverage contained 1.5% protein, 0.4% fat, 1.7% ash, 81% moisture, 15% total carbohydrate, 14 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid, and had pH 4.8. The sensory quality scores showed that the beverage was generally acceptable. Flavoring of the beverage did not significantly (p>0.05) improve its sensory quality attributes and overall acceptability preference. Total aerobic bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts were <100 cfu/ml. Yeast, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in the plantain beverage. © Springer-Verlag 2004.	Beverage; Composition; Dehydration; Microbial status; Plantain; Sensory quality	Beverages; Composition; Crops; Dehydration; Fruits; pH effects; Sensors; Microbial status; Plantain; Ripe plantain; Sensory quality; Pulp; Beverages; Dehydration; Farm Crops; Formulations; Fruits; Ph; Pulps; Sensors; Bacteria (microorganisms); Enterobacteriaceae; Musa x paradisiaca; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444426126	Pollen morphological features and impact of temperature on pollen germination of various Pinus species	Nel A., Van Staden J.	2005	South African Journal of Botany	71	1	None	Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Nel, A., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Van Staden, J., Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The aim of this study was to determine if differences in pollen morphology and response to temperature treatments were apparent among seven Pinus species used in an inter-specific hybridisation programme. The seven species included were: P. caribaea, P. elliottii, P. greggii, P. oocarpa, P. patula, P. radiata and P. tecunumanii. This study showed that pollen from the seven Pinus species displays the structure typical of the Pinaceae, having no visibly distinguishing structural characteristics. Differences in pollen grain diameter, measured across the distal region of the grain, were found among species and among different clones of Pinus patula. The mean grain diameters ranged from 42μm (P. patula) to 50μm (P. radiata). Within P. patula they ranged between 42μm and 47μm. Different species responded differently to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated germinating pollen. Pollen stored at low humidity (below 10%) could tolerate relatively high temperatures up to 80°C, and still maintain some level of viability. P. caribaea and P. greggii maintained viability of 19 and 33%, respectively, after treatment at 80°C. The 90°C treatment resulted in zero viability for the three species investigated: P. caribaea, P. greggii and P. patula. In contrast to dry-stored pollen, re-hydrated pollen germinated in vitro at different temperatures, had lower levels of tolerance. Optimal germination occurred at 32°C and steadily declined for all species as the temperature was increased until 44°C at 2°C increments. P. caribaea, P. patula and P. tecunumanii still germinated, albeit at low levels at 40°C, but no germination occurred above 42°C. Differences in pollen tube length were observed between different species incubated at 30°C for 72h. P. caribaea displayed the longest tube length (242μm) while some clones of P. patula had the shortest pollen tubes (92μm). Morphological features cannot be used to distinguish among the species studied, but there were differences in tolerance levels to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated pollen among these species. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	coniferous tree; pollen; temperature effect; Pinaceae; Pinus caribaea; Pinus elliottii; Pinus greggii; Pinus oocarpa; Pinus patula; Pinus radiata; Pinus tecunumanii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444426719	What do we know about the perception educators have of HIV/AIDS and its impact on the holistic development of adolescent learners?	De Lange N., Greyling L., Leslie G.B.	2005	International Journal of Adolescence and Youth	12	42371	None	Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Faculty of Education, Vista University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Parkside Primary School, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	De Lange, N., Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Greyling, L., Faculty of Education, Vista University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Leslie, G.B., Parkside Primary School, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	HIV/AIDS is part of the South African reality to such an extent that more than half the children admitted to South Africa's second largest hospital are HIV-positive or have full-blown AIDS. This has implications for the education sector, as HIV/AIDS has also infiltrated and affected schools and education institutions and calls for the role of the educator to exceed that of teaching. It is now more than ever necessary that educators pay close attention to the holistic development of the learner, infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS. This research attempted to determine what perceptions senior phase educators have regarding HIV/AIDS and its impact on the holistic development of adolescent learners within their ecosystem and then to formulate recommendations based on the findings. To achieve these aims a qualitative, descriptive and contextual research design was chosen. The first theme regarding the educators' perceptions of HIV/AIDS revealed various categories, i.e an awareness of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS; medical knowledge of HIV/AIDS; causes of HIV/AIDS; feelings about it as well as views on what is needed for stopping the spread. The second theme regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS on the holistic development of the learners showed the following categories: understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the holistic development of the adolescent (physically, cognitively, emotionally, socially and morally), on the family, on the peer group, on the school and on the community. © 2005 A B Academic Publishers.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644375483	Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase	Bessong P.O., Obi C.L., Andréola M.-L., Rojas L.B., Pouységu L., Igumbor E., Meyer J.J.M., Quideau S., Litvak S.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	99	1	10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.056	Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela	Bessong, P.O., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa, Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; Obi, C.L., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Andréola, M.-L., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Rojas, L.B., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France, Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela; Pouységu, L., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Igumbor, E., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Meyer, J.J.M., Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Quideau, S., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Litvak, S., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France	Seventeen aqueous and methanol extracts from nine South African medicinal plants, ethnobotanically selected, were screened for inhibitory properties against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Isolated compounds were additionally evaluated on HIV-1 integrase (IN). The strongest inhibition against the RNA-dependent-DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity of RT was observed with the methanol extract of the stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum Sond. (Fabaceae) (IC50 3.5 μg/ml), while the methanol extract of the roots of Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don (Combretaceae) was the most inhibitory on the ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity (IC50 9.7 μg/ml). The known compounds bergenin and catechin, and a red coloured gallotannin composed of meta-depside chains of gallic and protocatechuic acids esterified to a 1-O-isobutyroly-β-d-glucopyranose core, were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots and stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum. The gallotannin inhibited the RDDP and RNase H functions of RT with IC50 values of 6.0 and 5.0 μM, respectively, and abolished the 3′-end processing activity of IN at 100 μM. Catechin showed no effect on RT but had a moderate activity on HIV-1 IN. Bergenin was inactive on both enzymes. The aqueous and methanol extracts were non-toxic in a HeLaP4 cell line at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Gallotannins; HIV-1; Integrase; Plant phenols; Reverse transcriptase; South African medicinal plants	bergenin; bridelia micranthra extract; catechin; combretum molle extract; elaodendron transvaalensis extract; Euphorbia extract; gallic acid; integrase; methanol; mucuna coriacea extract; peltophorum africanum extract; plant extract; protocatechuic acid; ribonuclease H; Ricinus communis extract; RNA directed DNA polymerase; sutherlandia frutescens extract; tannin; unclassified drug; vernonia stipulacea extract; virus enzyme; ziziphus mucronata extract; antiviral activity; article; Asteraceae; Celastraceae; Combretaceae; Combretum; controlled study; drug isolation; drug screening; enzyme activity; esterification; Euphorbia; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; jujube; legume; medicinal plant; Rhamnaceae; Ricinus communis; South Africa; velvet bean; Vernonia; Anti-HIV Agents; Cell Survival; Combretum; DNA, Viral; Ethanol; HIV Integrase; HIV Integrase Inhibitors; HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase; Humans; Medicine, African Traditional; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Solvents; South Africa; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Water; Combretaceae; Combretum; Combretum molle; Fabaceae; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Peltophorum; Peltophorum africanum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644389229	Evaluation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) for utilisation in energy production in developing countries	Fobil J.N., Carboo D., Armah N.A.	2005	International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management	5	1	10.1504/IJETM.2005.006508	School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana; UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	Fobil, J.N., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana, Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Carboo, D., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Armah, N.A., UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana, Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	In countries such as Ghana, which are still undergoing restructuring in their economies, low-cost energy supplies are most vital for development initiatives and may not only be the main constraint to their economic growth, but a principal source of conflicts in this century. But whether a meaningful and sustainable economic growth would be achieved or not rests exclusively on the removal of these energy constraints either by way of substitution for increasingly expensive conventional energy sources or new discoveries of cheaper alternatives that would power their industries. Such alternative sources should not only be cheap with great capability of promoting viable economies of scale, but also should be eco-efficient. Today, the traditional energy sources such as hydroelectric power, wood fuel, and oils are increasingly less attractive with a grown knowledge of their effects on the natural environment. This paper discusses research experiences gathered during a study that was undertaken in Accra, Ghana, to explore the potential for utilising municipal solid waste (MSW) for energy generation in a low-income economy and at the same time, address worsening MSW problems in the major cities. The results show that MSW in a typical low-income country is wet with low calorific values between 14 MJ/kg and 20 MJ/kg and an average energy recovery efficiency of about 40%. Copyright © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Conventional energy sources; Eco-efficient; Low-cost; Low-income economy; Scale of economies; Standing crop	Economic growth; Low-cost energy; Municipal solid wastes (MSW); Restructuring; Cost effectiveness; Energy utilization; Industrial economics; Municipal engineering; Social aspects; Sustainable development; Solid wastes; economy of scale; electricity supply; municipal solid waste; power generation; Accra; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ghana; Greater Accra; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644391738	Instantaneous angular speed monitoring of gearboxes under non-cyclic stationary load conditions	Stander C.J., Heyns P.S.	2005	Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing	19	4	10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.10.006	Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa	Stander, C.J., Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa; Heyns, P.S., Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa	Recent developments in the condition monitoring and asset management market have led to the commercialisation of online vibration-monitoring systems. These systems are primarily utilised to monitor large mineral mining equipment such as draglines, continuous miners and hydraulic shovels. Online monitoring systems make diagnostic information continuously available for asset management, production outsourcing and maintenance alliances with equipment manufacturers. However, most online vibration-monitoring systems are based on conventional vibration-monitoring technologies, which are prone to giving false equipment deterioration warnings on gears that operate under fluctuating load conditions. A simplified mathematical model of a gear system was developed to illustrate the feasibility of monitoring the instantaneous angular speed (IAS) as a means of monitoring the condition of gears that are subjected to fluctuating load conditions. A distinction is made between cyclic stationary load modulation and non-cyclic stationary load modulation. It is shown that rotation domain averaging will suppress the modulation caused by non-cyclic stationary load conditions but will not suppress the modulation caused by cyclic stationary load conditions. An experimental investigation on a test rig indicated that the IAS of a gear shaft could be monitored with a conventional shaft encoder to indicate a deteriorating gear fault condition. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Condition monitoring; Deterioration; Hydraulic tools; Loads (forces); Mathematical models; Natural frequencies; Online systems; Shovels; Speed; Vibration measurement; Asset management; Gearboxes; Hydraulic shovels; Instantaneous angular speed (IAS); Non-cyclic stationary load conditions; Structural response; Gears	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644398419	Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisae fermented cassava flour	Oboh G., Akindahunsi A.A.	2005	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	18	7	10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.013	Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Oboh, G., Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria; Akindahunsi, A.A., Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Pure strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae was used to ferment cassava pulp for 72 h with the aim of increasing the protein content of the cassava product. The mash obtained was processed to cassava flour, one of the forms in which cassava product is commonly consumed in Nigeria. The nutritional and toxicological potentials of the fungus fermented cassava flour were evaluated using rat bioassay. S. cerevisae fermented cassava flour (40%) fed to albino rat for 21 days had high feed conversion and digestibility (apparent and dry matter). Moreover, this level of cassava incorporation had no negative haematological (packed cell volume, red blood cell counts and white blood cell counts) effect. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) rise in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activities indicating a possible damage to the liver (hepatotoxic) and/or heart (cardiotoxic), while there was no significant (P > 0.05) rise in the serum albumin and bilirubin. Further pathological investigation revealed that the spleen showed some dark red colouration while the liver had some necrotic lesion. The possible cause of this damage is the theme of further investigation in our laboratory. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Cassava flour; Fermentation; Nutrition; S. cerevisae; Toxicology	alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; protein; serum albumin; alanine aminotransferase blood level; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; cardiotoxicity; cassava; controlled study; digestion; fermentation; flour; food analysis; food poisoning; food processing; food quality; liver necrosis; liver toxicity; Nigeria; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein content; rat; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; spleen; Fungi; Manihot esculenta; Saccharomyces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644420032	Impact of predator pursuit and prey evasion on synchrony and spatial patterns in metapopulation	Li Z.-Z., Gao M., Hui C., Han X.-Z., Shi H.	2005	Ecological Modelling	185	42404	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.12.008	Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Spatial, Physiological Conserv. E., Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China	Li, Z.-Z., Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gao, M., Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Hui, C., Spatial, Physiological Conserv. E., Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Han, X.-Z., State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Shi, H., Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China	Spatial synchrony, a normal self-organized spatial pattern in the predator-prey and host-parasitoid systems, can increase risk of regional extinction and hence, shrink metapopulation persistence. Coupled patch models, based on a within-patch Ronsenzweig-MacArthur Model, are adopted to investigate the impact of predator pursuit (PP) and prey evasion (PE) on the spatial synchrony and pattern formation in metapopulation framework. PP indicates that predators migrate not only from patches of higher predator density to those of lower predator density but also from patches of lower prey density to those of higher prey density; while, PE describes that prey migrate not only from patches of higher prey density to those of lower prey density but also from patches of higher predator density to those of lower predator density. Results show that either PP or PE can reduce spatial synchrony and result in the improvement of metapopulation persistence. Spatially explicit predator-prey system with local migration but without PP and PE can produce self-organized spatial patterns such as circular waves. The effect of PP and PE on spatial predator-prey system can decrease the spatial synchrony and change the circular waves to spatial chaos; therefore, these factors increase the spatial complexity and improve the metapopulation persistence. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Coupled patch model; Dynamical complexity; Pattern formation; Predator-prey metapopulation; Spatial chaos; Spatial wave	Chaos theory; Mathematical models; Population statistics; Self organizing maps; Host-parasitoid system; Metapopulation; Predator pursuit (PP); Predator-prey system; Ecosystems; ecological modeling; metapopulation; patch dynamics; persistence; predator-prey interaction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844394974	Evaluation of microbial communities colonizing stone ballasts at diesel depots	Maila M.P., Cloete T.E.	2005	Environmentalist	24	3	10.1007/s10669-005-6053-0	Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Maila, M.P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Cloete, T.E., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, we evaluated the heterotrophic microbial communities colonising stone ballasts at diesel depots. The number of bacteria (both total culturable heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria) was proportional to the level of hydrocarbon contamination. However, there was no significant difference in the level of total culturable heterotrophs (TCHs) and the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Addition of nutrients to the ballast stimulated the biological activity and possibly the removal of hydrocarbons. However, this was only evident in the highly contaminated stone ballasts samples. The biological activity was evaluated using CO2 production. The production of CO2 was higher in nutrient amended treatments in which high numbers of TCHs were present. Characterisation of heterotrophic communities using Biolog revealed differences in the microbial metabolic profiles for the different sites. The results suggest that the heterotrophic microbial communities at different diesel depots are different. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Diesel depots; Heterotrophic microbial communities; Hydrocarbons; Stone ballasts; Total culturable heterotrophs (TCHs)	ballast water; bioactivity; hydrocarbon; microbial community; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844407191	Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS peer education programme in a South African workplace	Sloan N.M., Myers J.E.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	4	None	Department of Public Health, National Health Service Ayrshire and Arran, United Kingdom; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Sloan, N.M., Department of Public Health, National Health Service Ayrshire and Arran, United Kingdom; Myers, J.E., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objectives. To evaluate a South African workplace HIV/AIDS peer-education programme running since 1997. Methods. In 2001 a cross-setional study was, done of 900 retail-section employees in three geographical areas, The study measured HIV/AIDS knowledge,,attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS, belief about self-risk of infection, and condom use as a practice indicator. The impact of an HIV/AIDS peer-education programme on these outcomes was examined. Results. Training by peer educators had no significant impact on any outcome. Fifty-nine per cent of subjects had a good knowledge score, 62% had positive attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS, 34% used condoms frequently, and the majority of participants (73%) believed they were at low risk of infection. Logistical regression showed that a very small proportion of the variance in the four outcomes was explained by potential determinants of interest (8% for knowledge, 6% for attitude, 7% for risk and 17% for condom use). Conclusions. The HIV peer-education programme was found to be ineffective and may have involved an opportunity cost. The programme contrast with more costly comprehensive care that includes antiretrovirals. The private sector appears to have been as tardy as the public sector in addressing the epidemic effectively.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; awareness; condom; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; education program; employee; epidemic; female; frequency analysis; geography; health behavior; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; logistic regression analysis; male; occupational health; outcomes research; private practice; public health service; risk assessment; scoring system; South Africa; statistical significance; workplace; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Condoms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peer Group; Risk Factors; South Africa; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844409094	Utility of rapid on-site evaluation of transbronchial needle aspirates	Diacon A.H., Schuurmans M.M., Theron J., Louw M., Wright C.A., Brundyn K., Bolliger C.T.	2005	Respiration	72	2	10.1159/000084050	Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 19063, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa	Diacon, A.H., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 19063, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa; Schuurmans, M.M., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Theron, J., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Louw, M., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Wright, C.A., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Brundyn, K., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Bolliger, C.T., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Rapid on-site evaluation has been proposed as a method to improve the yield of transbronchial needle aspiration. Objectives: This study investigated whether on-site analysis facilitates routine diagnostic bronchoscopy in terms of sampling, yield and cost. Methods: Patients with lesions accessible for transbronchial needle aspiration on computed tomography were investigated. A cytopathologist screened the needle aspirates on site for the presence of diagnostic material. The bronchoscopic sampling process was adjusted according to the results. In 90 consecutive patients with neoplastic disease (n = 70; 78%), non-neoplastic disease (n = 16; 18%) or undiagnosed lesions (n = 4; 4%) we aspirated 162 lung tumours or lymph node sites (mediastinal: 7%; tracheobronchial: 68%; other: 25%). In 90 consecutive patients with neoplastic disease (n = 70; 78%), non-neoplastic disease (n = 16; 18%) or undiagnosed lesions (n = 4; 4%) we aspirated 162 lung lesions (paratracheal tumours or lymph nodes: 7%; tracheobronchial lymph nodes: 68%; other: 25%). Results: The diagnostic yield of needle aspiration was 77 and 25% in patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, respectively. Sampling could be terminated in 64% of patients after needle aspiration had been performed as the only diag-nostic modality, and on-site analysis identified diagnostic material from the first site aspirated in 50% of patients. Only in 2 patients (2%) diagnostic aspirates were not recognized on site. On-site analysis was cost effective due to savings for disposable diagnostic tools, which exceeded the extra expense for the on-site cytology service provided. Conclusions: Rapid on-site analysis of transbronchial aspirates is a highly useful, accurate and cost-effective addition to routine diagnostic bronchoscopy. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG.	Bronchoscopy; Cytodiagnosis; Fine-needle biopsy; Lung neoplasms; Transbronchial needle aspiration	adolescent; adult; aged; article; bronchoscopy; cancer diagnosis; computer assisted tomography; cost benefit analysis; cytopathology; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; female; human; human tissue; lung cancer; lymph node; major clinical study; male; needle biopsy; priority journal; sampling; tracheobronchial tree; transbronchial biopsy; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Bronchi; Bronchoscopy; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844411492	Impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on non-communicable disease prevention	Puoane T., Hughes G.D.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	4	None	School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Oxford, MS, United States	Puoane, T., School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Hughes, G.D., Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Oxford, MS, United States	[No abstract available]	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; awareness; behavior modification; cardiovascular disease; cultural factor; diabetes mellitus; health behavior; health care policy; health education; health program; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hypertension; lifestyle; mortality; obesity; risk factor; South Africa; stroke; wasting syndrome; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Cultural Characteristics; Health Behavior; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18044368489	Impact of different pasteurization temperatures on the survival of microbial contaminants isolated from pasteurized milk	Dumalisile P., Witthuhn R.C., Britz T.J.	2005	International Journal of Dairy Technology	58	2	10.1111/j.1471-0307.2005.00189.x	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Dumalisile, P., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The thermal inactivation of selected microbes was studied using the low temperature long time (LTLT), high temperature short time (HTST) and 'pot' pasteurization methods. Survivors were enumerated after heating for up to 40 min for the LTLT and HTST pasteurization methods and after heating for up to 30 min for the 'pot' pasteurization method. With the exception of the Bacillus cereus strain, the selected microbes did not survive the LTLT and HTST pasteurization methods. The results from the 'pot' pasteurizer showed that B. cereus, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli strains survived the pasteurization conditions applied, showing that the 'pot' pasteurizer does not pasteurize effectively. © 2005 Society of Dairy Technology.	'Pot' pasteurization; Bacillus; Microbial survival; Spoilage microbes	article; Bacillus cereus; bacterial strain; bacterium identification; bacterium isolate; Chryseobacterium meningosepticum; heating; low temperature procedures; microbial contamination; milk; nonhuman; pasteurization; priority journal; Pseudomonas putida; survival; temperature dependence; Acinetobacter baumannii; Bacillus cereus; Chryseobacterium meningosepticum; Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas putida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18144391576	Utilization of cellobiose by recombinant β-glucosidase-expressing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characterization and evaluation of the sufficiency of expression	McBride J.E., Zietsman J.J., Van Zyl W.H., Lynd L.R.	2005	Enzyme and Microbial Technology	37	1	10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.01.034	Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	McBride, J.E., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Zietsman, J.J., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Zyl, W.H., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Lynd, L.R., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States	Two recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the BGL1 (β-glucosidase) gene originating from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were characterized with respect to gene expression and growth on cellobiose under air and nitrogen gas phases. The laboratory strain Y294[ySF1], with β-glucosidase expression from a multi-copy plasmid, grew at comparable rates on cellobiose and glucose under both air and nitrogen gas phases. By contrast, strain N96[ySF1] grew at a much slower rate on cellobiose than on glucose under both gas phases. For the various strain and substrate combinations tested, cell-specific enzyme activity was significantly higher under a nitrogen gas phase as compared to an air gas phase. The ability of these strains to grow on cellobiose, a non-native substrate, was evaluated in terms of a dimensionless 'sufficiency' parameter, S, consisting of the ratio of the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose production from cellobiose to the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose consumption. At sufficiency values substantially less than one, specific growth rates were found to be limited by heterologous enzyme expression, whereas for values of sufficiency near and greater to one, specific growth rates on cellobiose approached their values on glucose. The concept of sufficiency appears to have general utility for work aimed at growth enablement on non-native substrates by virtue of heterologous enzyme expression. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	β-Glucosidase; Cellobiose; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sufficiency	Cell culture; Genes; Glucose; Microorganisms; Strain; Substrates; Cellobiose; Gas phase; Gene expression; Saccharomycel cerevisiae; Enzymes; beta glucosidase; cellobiose; nitrogen; air; article; controlled study; culture medium; fungal metabolism; fungal strain; fungus growth; gene expression; glucose metabolism; growth rate; nonhuman; protein expression; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomycopsis fibuligera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18244370507	The impact of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the public health burden of pneumonia in HIV-infected and -uninfected children	Madhi S.A., Kuwanda L., Cutland C., Klugman K.P.	2005	Clinical Infectious Diseases	40	10	10.1086/429828	National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Old Nurses Home, West Wing, PO Bertsham, Bertsham, Gauteng, 2013, South Africa	Madhi, S.A., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Old Nurses Home, West Wing, PO Bertsham, Bertsham, Gauteng, 2013, South Africa; Kuwanda, L., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cutland, C., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Klugman, K.P., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States	Introduction. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PnCV) may be used as a probe to define the burden of pneumococcal disease and better characterize the clinical presentation of pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods. This study used a 9-valent PnCV to define different end points of vaccine efficacy and the preventable burden of pneumococcal pneumonia in 39,836 children who were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in South Africa. Results. Whereas the point-estimate of vaccine efficacy was greatest when measured against the outcome of vaccine-serotype specific pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia (61%; P = .01), the sensitivity of blood culture to measure the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented by vaccination was only 2.6% in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected children and 18.8% in HIV-infected children. Only 37.8% of cases of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented by PnCV were detected by means of chest radiographs showing alveolar consolidation. A clinical diagnosis of pneumonia provided the best estimate of the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented through vaccination in HIV-uninfected children (267 cases prevented per 100,000 child-years) and HIV-infected children (2573 cases prevented per 100,000 child-years). Conclusion. Although outcome measures with high specificity, such as bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, provide a better estimate as to vaccine efficacy, the burden of disease prevented by vaccination is best evaluated using outcome measures with high sensitivity, such as a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia. © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	Pneumococcus vaccine; article; blood culture; child; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; pneumonia; priority journal; public health; randomized controlled trial; sensitivity and specificity; serotype; Streptococcus pneumoniae; thorax radiography; vaccination; Double-Blind Method; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; South Africa; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18644383332	The impact of social environments on the effectiveness of youth HIV prevention: A South African case study	Campbell C., Foulis C.A., Maimane S., Sibiya Z.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	4	10.1080/09540120412331319705	London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom	Campbell, C., London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom, HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Foulis, C.A., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Maimane, S., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sibiya, Z., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Few would disagree that 'social context' shapes the effectiveness of HIV-prevention programmes. However much work remains to be done in developing systematic conceptualisations of HIV/AIDS-relevant aspects of social environments in vulnerable communities. This paper contributes to this challenge through a case study (44 interviews, 11 focus groups with 55 people and fieldworker diaries) of the impact of social context on a participatory peer education programme involving young people in a peri-urban community in South Africa. Three interacting dimensions of context undermine the likelihood of effective HIV-prevention. Symbolic context includes stigma, the pathologisation of youth sexuality (especially that of girls) and negative images of young people. Organisationall network context includes patchy networking amongst NGOs, health, welfare and education representatives and local community leaders and groups. This is exacerbated by different understandings of the causes of HIV/AIDS and how to manage it. These challenges are exacerbated in a material-political context of poverty, unemployment and crime, coupled with the exclusion of young people from local and national decision-making and politics. HIV-prevention initiatives seeking to promote health-supporting social environments should work closely with social development programmes-to promote young peoples' social and political participation, increase opportunities for their economic empowerment, challenge negative social representations of youth, and fight for greater recognition of their sexuality and their right to protect their sexual health. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; community; crime; education program; group psychology; health care organization; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; infection prevention; politics; poverty; priority journal; sexuality; social environment; social isolation; South Africa; unemployment; urban area; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Body Image; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Object Attachment; Peer Group; Sex Education; Social Environment; Social Identification; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844369087	Combined effects of discharge, turbidity, and pesticides on mayfly behavior: Experimental evaluation of spray-drift and runoff scenarios	Dabrowski J.M., Bollen A., Schulz R.	2005	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry	24	6	10.1897/04-222R.1	Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Im Fort 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Dabrowski, J.M., Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Bollen, A., Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Schulz, R., Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Im Fort 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany	The effects of the pyrethroid-insecticide cypermethrin (CYP), increased flow speed (Flow), and increased suspended particles (Part) on drift behavior and activity of mayfly nymphs (Baetis harrisoni) were investigated both individually and in combination in a laboratory stream microcosm. Spray-drift trials were performed by exposing the nymphs to 1 μg/L of CYP. During runoff trials (CYP X Part), contaminated sediment containing 2,000 μg/kg of CYP was introduced to the microcosm at a concentration of 500 mg/L. Both trials were carried out under high-flow (CYP X Flow and CYP X Part X Flow) and low-flow (CYP and CYP X Part) conditions, and for all cases, control experiments were performed. Drift rate, drift density (for any treatments with increased flow), and activity were used as behavioral endpoints. Multifactorial analysis of variance shows that CYP exposure significantly increased the drift, whereas Part and Flow trials significantly decreased the drift (p < 0.05). In addition, activity decreased significantly under high-flow conditions. The CYP X Part and CYP X Flow treatments resulted in increased drift rate and drift density, respectively, whereas Part X Flow and CYP X Part X Flow treatments resulted in decreased drift density. The CYP X Part and CYP X Flow trials had a significant antagonistic, interactive effect on drift rate and drift density, respectively, with measured levels being lower than expected levels. The reduction in bioavailability of CYP in the presence of increased flow and sediment levels suggests that mayflies are more likely to be affected by spray-drift exposure (CYP) than by runoff exposure (CYP X Part X Flow). Results indicate that mayflies reacted actively in response to flow conditions and passively in response to pesticide exposure. © 2005 SETAC.	Drift; Flow; Microcosms; Pesticides; Suspended sediment	Contamination; Environmental protection; Flow patterns; Microorganisms; Sediments; Turbidity; Cypermethrins; High flow conditions; Mayfly nymphs; Multifactorial analysis; Pesticides; cipermethrin; pesticide; runoff; insecticide; analysis of variance; arthropod; article; bioavailability; concentration (parameters); flow rate; microcosm; nonhuman; particle resuspension; priority journal; sediment; solubility; turbidity; water contamination; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Insecticides; Insects; Nymph; Pyrethrins; South Africa; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Baetis; Baetis harrisoni; Ephemeroptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844374175	Performance of diverse maize genotypes under nitrogen deficiency in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria	Kamara A.Y., Menkir A., Ajala S.O., Kureh I.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	2	10.1017/S0014479704002479	Department of Plant Science, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Kamara, A.Y.; Menkir, A.; Ajala, S.O.; Kureh, I., Department of Plant Science, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	The Guinea savannas of Nigeria have a high potential for the production of maize because of favourable environmental conditions. Despite this high potential, the yields obtained in farmers' fields are still very low. This is due to soil degradation and nutrient depletion arising from intensification of land use. Nitrogen (N) is the major nutrient limiting maize production in the Guinea savannas where the use of inorganic fertilizers is low. One strategy for improving the productivity of maize is to select varieties that perform well under suboptimal soil N conditions. This study assessed the performance of diverse maize germplasm under a range of N levels. Growth and grain yields differed significantly between the genotypes at all N levels. These variations were more pronounced at zero and 30 kg N ha-1 than at 90 kg N ha -1. Grain yield under N-deficicnt conditions was correlated with an increased number of ears per plant, stay-green rating, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf area index, reduced anthesis-silking interval and reduced days to silking suggesting that these traits are linked to tolerance to N deficiency. One hybrid (Oba Super 2), the drought-tolerant genotypes and four maize genotypes previously selected for tolerance to N-deficient conditions performed better than the widely grown adapted controls under zero and 30 kg N ha-1. At zero N, the grain yield of maize decreased with advances in cycles of selection for tolerance to suboptimal N conditions suggesting that N deficiency in the selection environment was not sufficient to discriminate between genotypes. The good performance of drought-tolerant varieties under suboptimal N conditions suggests that selection for drought tolerance may confer tolerance to N-deficient conditions. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844437026	Enhancing the capacity of national scientists to generate and transfer maize technology in West and Central Africa: Research implementation, monitoring and evaluation	Badu-Apraku B., Fakorede M.A.B., Menkir A., Marfo K.A., Akanvou L.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	2	10.1017/S0014479704002492	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, c/o Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crops Research Institute, Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; CNRA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, c/o Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Department of Plant Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Marfo, K.A., Crops Research Institute, Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Akanvou, L., CNRA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire	The West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network (WECAMAN) was established in 1987 to strengthen the capacity and capability of national programmes of West and Central Africa (WCA) to tackle regional constraints to maize production. The Network created several mechanisms for implementing, monitoring and evaluating maize research and development activities, including research project development and implementation, attendance and quality of paper presentation at technical conferences organized by the Network, scientific monitoring tours, consultation visits, mid-term reviews, and end-of-project reviews and impact assessment. WECAMAN's approach to the system of allocating research responsibilities and competitive grants resulted in increased research efficiency and the generation of susiainable technologies that have catalysed increased maize production in the region. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844452979	Radiosynthesis and evaluation of two novel 123I-labeled 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole derivatives as potential infection imaging agents	Rossouw D.D., Lötter M.G., Du Raan H., Jansen S.E., Höhn A., Burger B.V.	2005	Nuclear Medicine and Biology	32	4	10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.02.001	iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Rossouw, D.D., iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Lötter, M.G., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Du Raan, H., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Jansen, S.E., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Höhn, A., iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Burger, B.V., Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Introduction: The inflammation- and infection-seeking properties of 131I-labeled ornidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole derivative, have recently been reported. Whole-body images in rabbits showed a more rapid uptake in inflamed areas compared to 67Ga. In the present study, two novel 123I-labeled 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole derivatives were synthesized and their infection-seeking properties compared with those of 67Ga and 123I-labeled ornidazole. Methods: Radiolabeling was carried out by means of iodide-for-tosylate, triflate or halogen exchange. Various methods were utilized in order to synthesize the labeling precursors for the 123I-labeled novel compounds. Serum stability studies on all of the 123I-labeled tracers were followed by gamma camera imaging studies on rabbits artificially infected with Escherichia coli bacteria. Results and Conclusions: The 123I-labeled tracers were obtained in moderate to good radiochemical yields (34-80%) and acceptable radiochemical purities (93-99%). In contrast to 123I-labeled ornidazole, 1-[(1-hydroxy-3-[123I]iodoprop-2-yloxy)methyl]-2-methyl-4- nitroimidazole (2) and 1-[(1-[123I]iodoprop-2-yloxy)methyl]-2-methyl- 4-nitroimidazole (3) showed high serum stability. Compared to noninfected controls, all of the 123I-labeled tracers showed increased uptake at the area of induced infection after 6 and 24 h, but the uptake was significantly lower than in the case of 67Ga over the same period. Tracer 3 showed a slightly superior uptake after 6 h than the other 123I-labeled tracers over the same period. The advantage of the initially slightly faster rate at which nitroimidazole tracers appear to accumulate in the infection area in comparison to 67Ga might not outweigh the advantage of the eventual higher target to nontarget ratio displayed by 67Ga. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	2-Methyl-4-nitroimidazoles; 123I; Imaging; Infection; Radiosynthesis	1 [(1 hydroxy 3 iodoprop 2 yloxy)methyl] 2 methyl 4 nitroimidazole i 123; 1 [(1 iodoprop 2 yloxy)methyl] 2 methyl 4 nitroimidazole i 123; gallium 67; halogen; iodide; nitroimidazole derivative; ornidazole i 123; tracer; trifluoromethanesulfonic acid; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; bacterial infection; controlled study; drug accumulation; drug screening; drug stability; drug synthesis; drug uptake; Escherichia coli; female; isotope labeling; male; nonhuman; rabbit; radioiodination; rat; scintillation camera; Animals; Citrates; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Escherichia coli Infections; Feasibility Studies; Female; Gallium; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Nitroimidazoles; Ornidazole; Rabbits; Radiopharmaceuticals; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844458301	Integrating LCIA and LCM: Evaluating environmental performances for supply chain management in South Africa	Brent A.C.	2005	Management of Environmental Quality	16	2	10.1108/14777830510583146	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Brent, A.C., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - Evaluations of environmental performances are of increasing importance for environmental management systems. In the automotive sector of South Africa, suppliers of components lack the ability to provide customers in the value chain with the necessary information to assess and compare environmental performances. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in South Africa have systematically commenced to obtain limited process information from first-tier suppliers. However, the information is not an accurate reflection of the true environmental burdens associated with the supplied components. Based on the available process information, this paper introduces a performance evaluation methodology that is applicable for South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach - The LCA methodology, as stipulated by ISO 14040, has been applied to obtain quantified environmental performance resource impact indicators (EPRIIs) associated with limited process parameters in the South African context. Three first-tier suppliers of an OEM are used as a case study to demonstrate the application of the indicator methodology. Findings - The EPRII procedure considers the spatially differentiated ambient environmental state of the South African natural environment for normalisation factors of typical LCIA categories. The procedure further incorporates costs in order to compare supplied components (and companies) equally. Originality/value - The EPRII procedure provides the means for OEMs to obtain a first approximate of environmental concerns in the supply chain, based on three basic process parameters. Thereby, tiers can be prioritised to determine where assistance is required to improve environmental performances. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Automotive industry; Environmental management; Life cycle costs; South Africa; Supply chain management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18944396088	The Lewis factor and its influence on the performance prediction of wet-cooling towers	Kloppers J.C., Kröger D.G.	2005	International Journal of Thermal Sciences	44	9	10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2005.03.006	Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X1034, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Kloppers, J.C., Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X1034, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	The effect of the Lewis factor, or Lewis relation, on the performance prediction of natural draft and mechanical draft wet-cooling towers is investigated. The Lewis factor relates the relative rates of heat and mass transfer in wet-cooling towers. The history and development of the Lewis factor and its application in wet-cooling tower heat and mass transfer analyses are discussed. The relation of the Lewis factor to the Lewis number is also investigated. The influence of the Lewis factor on the prediction of wet-cooling tower performance is subsequently investigated. The Poppe heat and mass transfer analysis of evaporative cooling are considered as the Lewis factor can be explicitly specified. It is found that if the same definition or value of the Lewis factor is employed in the fill test analysis and in the subsequent cooling tower performance analysis, the water outlet temperature will be accurately predicted. The amount of water that evaporates, however, is a function of the actual value of the Lewis factor. If the inlet ambient air temperature is relatively high, the influence of the Lewis factor, on tower performance diminishes. It is very important, in the view of the Lewis factor that any cooling tower fill test be conducted under conditions that are as close as possible to the conditions specified for cooling tower operating conditions. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.	Evaporation; Lewis factor; Lewis number; Poppe; Wet-cooling tower	Atmospheric humidity; Diffusion; Evaporation; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Nusselt number; Pressure effects; Specific heat; Velocity measurement; Viscosity; Lewis factor; Lewis number; Poppe; Wet-cooling tower; Cooling towers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19044392238	Evaluation of risk factors for advanced glaucoma in Ghanaian patients	Ntim-Amponsah C.T., Amoaku W.M.K., Ewusi R.K., Idirisuriya-Khair R., Nyatepe-Coo E., Ofosu-Amaah S.	2005	Eye	19	5	10.1038/sj.eye.6701533	Ophthalmology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Academic Division of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Centre, University Hospital Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Ntim-Amponsah, C.T., Ophthalmology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Amoaku, W.M.K., Academic Division of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Centre, University Hospital Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Ewusi, R.K., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Idirisuriya-Khair, R., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Nyatepe-Coo, E., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ofosu-Amaah, S., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Purpose: This study was to determine factors associated with individuals presenting late with advanced glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Methods: A case-control study recruiting 123 patients with early features of primary open angle glaucoma (control) and 93 patients with advanced glaucoma (cases) was carried out for risk-factor analysis. Exposures of interest included those already established as major risk factors for glaucoma. These were initial intraocular pressure (IOP), age, and family history. In addition, occupation, ethnic origin, history of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sickle cell disease, and previous eye examination were of interest. Results: Univariate analysis showed that initial IOP>31mmHg, age of > 60 years, absence of family history of glaucoma, occupational grouping, ethnicity, and male sex were associated with advanced glaucoma at presentation. Adjusted odds ratio or by multiple logistic regression model showed that initial IOP>31mmHg in a patient was more likely to present with advanced glaucoma (OR 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45, 4.91; P-value 0.0017) than lower pressures. Patients aged 60-69 years (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.01, 6.31; P-value 0.0473) and 70-90 years (OR 5.16, 95% CI 1.97, 13.51; P-value 0.0008) were more likely to present with advanced glaucoma than younger ones. Conclusions: Subjects with initial IOP>31 mmHg were nearly three times more likely to present with advanced glaucoma than those with IOP<32mmHg. Subjects over the age of 60 years were more than two times likely to present with advanced glaucoma than younger subjects. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.	Advanced glaucoma; Glaucoma in black patients; Glaucoma in Ghanaian African; Glaucoma risk	adult; age; aged; anamnesis; article; case control study; clinical feature; confidence interval; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; disease activity; ethnology; family history; female; Ghana; glaucoma; human; hypertension; intraocular pressure; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; male; multiple regression; occupation; open angle glaucoma; optic nerve injury; risk factor; sickle cell anemia; visual system examination; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Case-Control Studies; Developing Countries; Female; Ghana; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Risk Factors; Sex Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19144362045	The impact of adult mortality on the living arrangements of older people in rural South Africa	Hosegood V., Timæus I.M.	2005	Ageing and Society	25	3	10.1017/S0144686X0500365X	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Hosegood, V., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Timæus, I.M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	This paper examines changes in households with older people in a northern rural area of KwaZulu Natal province, South Africa, between January 2000 and January 2002. The focus is the impact of adult deaths, especially those from AIDS, on the living arrangements of older people. The longitudinal data are from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System. In 2000, 3,657 older people (women aged 60 years or older, men 65 years or older) were resident in the area, and 3,124 households had at least one older member. The majority (87%) of older people lived in three-generation households. Households with older people were significantly poorer, more likely to be headed by a woman, and in homesteads with poorer quality infrastructure than households without older members. By January 2002, 316 (8%) of the older people in the sample had died. Of all the households with an older person, 12 per cent experienced at least one adult death from AIDS. The paper shows that older people, particularly those living alone or with children in the absence of other adults, were living in the poorest households. They were also coping with an increasing burden of young adult deaths, the majority of which were attributable to AIDS. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	Adult children; AIDS; Children; HIV; Household composition; Mortality; Older people; South Africa	elderly population; household structure; mortality; rural area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19344373478	Impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral therapy on protease and reverse transcriptase genotype: Results of a global collaboration	Kantor R., Katzenstein D.A., Efron B., Carvalho A.P., Wynhoven B., Cane P., Clarke J., Sirivichayakul S., Soares M.A., Snoeck J., Pillay C., Rudich H., Rodrigues R., Holguin A., Ariyoshi K., Bouzas M.B., Cahn P., Sugiura W., Soriano V., Brigido L.F., Gros	2005	PLoS Medicine	2	None	10.1371/journal.pmed.0020112	Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Statistics, Division of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University College London, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States	Kantor, R., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Katzenstein, D.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Efron, B., Department of Statistics, Division of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Carvalho, A.P., Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; Wynhoven, B., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Cane, P., Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Clarke, J., Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Sirivichayakul, S., Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Soares, M.A., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Snoeck, J., Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; Pillay, C., National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rudich, H., Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Rodrigues, R., Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Holguin, A., Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Ariyoshi, K., National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Bouzas, M.B., Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cahn, P., Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Sugiura, W., National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Soriano, V., Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Brigido, L.F., Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Grossman, Z., Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Morris, L., National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Vandamme, A.-M., Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; Tanuri, A., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Phanuphak, P., Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Weber, J.N., Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Pillay, D., University College London, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom; Harrigan, P.R., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Camacho, R., Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; Schapiro, J.M., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Shafer, R.W., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States	Background: The genetic differences among HIV-1 subtypes may be critical to clinical management and drug resistance surveillance as antiretroviral treatment is expanded to regions of the world where diverse non-subtype-B viruses predominate. Methods and Findings: To assess the impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral treatment on the distribution of mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase, a binomial response model using subtype and treatment as explanatory variables was used to analyze a large compiled dataset of nonsubtype-B HIV-1 sequences. Non-subtype-B sequences from 3,686 persons with well characterized antiretroviral treatment histories were analyzed in comparison to subtype B sequences from 4,769 persons. The non-subtype-B sequences included 461 with subtype A, 1,185 with C, 331 with D, 245 with F, 293 with G, 513 with CRF01_AE, and 618 with CRF02_AG. Each of the 55 known subtype B drug-resistance mutations occurred in at least one non-B isolate, and 44 (80%) of these mutations were significantly associated with antiretroviral treatment in at least one non-B subtype. Conversely, of 67 mutations found to be associated with antiretroviral therapy in at least one non-B subtype, 61 were also associated with antiretroviral therapy in subtype B isolates. Conclusion: Global surveillance and genotypic assessment of drug resistance should focus primarily on the known subtype B drug-resistance mutations. Copyright: © 2005 Kantor et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; proteinase; RNA directed DNA polymerase; antiretrovirus agent; peptide hydrolase; article; comparative study; gene mutation; gene sequence; genetic association; genetic difference; genotype phenotype correlation; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medical assessment; mutational analysis; nucleotide sequence; virus gene; virus isolation; amino acid sequence; antiviral resistance; classification; genetics; health; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; molecular genetics; pathogenicity; Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Retroviral Agents; DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Viral; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptide Hydrolases; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444377376	Phylogenetic and morphological re-evaluation of the Botryosphaeria species causing diseases of Mangifera indica	Slippers B., Johnson G.I., Crous P.W., Coutinho T.A., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J.	2005	Mycologia	97	1	None	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands	Slippers, B., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Johnson, G.I., ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Crous, P.W., Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands; Coutinho, T.A., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, B.D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Species of Botryosphaeria are among the most serious pathogens that affect mango trees and fruit. Several species occur on mangoes, and these are identified mainly on the morphology of the anamorphs. Common taxa include Dothiorella dominicana, D. mangiferae (= Natrassia mangiferae), D. aromatica and an unidentified species, Dothiorella 'long'. The genus name Dothiorella, however, is acknowledged as a synonym of Diplodia. This study aimed to characterize and name the Botryosphaeria spp. associated with disease symptoms on mangoes. To achieve this isolates representing all four Dothiorella spp. mentioned above were compared with the anamorphs of known Botryosphaeria spp., based on conidial morphology and DNA sequence data. Two genomic regions were analyzed, namely the ITS rDNA and β-tubulin regions. The morphological and molecular results confirmed that the fungi previously identified from mango as species of Dothiorella belong to Fusicoccum. Dothiorella dominicana isolates were identical to isolates of F. parvum (teleomorph = B. parva). A new epithet, namely F. mangiferum, is proposed for isolates previously treated as D. mangiferae or N. mangiferae. Isolates of D. aromatica were identified as F. aesculi (teleomorph = B. dothidea). A fourth Fusicoccum sp. also was identified as those isolates previously known as Dothiorella 'long'. A key is provided to distinguish these species based on anamorph morphology in culture. This study provides a basis for the identification of Botryosphaeria species from mango, which is important for disease control and to uphold quarantine regulations. © 2005 by The Mycological Society of America.	Conidia; Dieback; Fusicoccum; Identification; Mango; Phylogeny; Soft rot; Stem-end rot; Taxonomy	fungal DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; RNA 5.8S; tubulin; fungal disease; identification method; phylogeny; taxonomy; article; Ascomycetes; classification; DNA sequence; genetics; mango; microbiological examination; microbiology; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; pathogenicity; phylogeny; plant disease; RNA gene; species difference; ultrastructure; Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Genes, rRNA; Mangifera; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycological Typing Techniques; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Tubulin; Botryosphaeria; Botryosphaeria dothidea; Diplodia; Dothidea; Dothiorella; Fungi; Fusicoccum; Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444385244	Evaluation of the F1 and backcrosses of Nigerian local pigs and the Large White for litter characteristics in Southwest Nigeria	Oseni S.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	4	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oseni, S., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	A total of 823 farrowing records representing five genetic groups of pigs - Nigerian local pigs (NP), the Large White (LW), NPxLW, (NPxLW) xLW, and (NPxLW) xNP - were used to investigate the effect of pig genotype on litter performance under the humid tropical conditions of Southwestern Nigeria. Past data records spanning a period of 12 years (1979 - 1990) were collected from the Swine Unit of the University Research Farm, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using least squares procedures. Effects in the model included genetic group of litter, year and season of farrowing, and genetic group x season of farrowing interaction. Traits evaluated included litter sizes and weights at farrowing and at weaning, including pre-weaning viability. Results showed significant effect of genetic group for all the litter traits studied. The crossbred groups were superior in most of the litter traits studied except litter birth weight where the LW purebred group recorded the heaviest litter weights. Season of farrowing affected litter performance traits in LWxLW, NPxLW and (NPxLW)xLW groups. In terms of pre-weaning viability, litters from the (NPxLW) xLW had 13.8% and 8.0% greater liveability at 42 days than litters from purebred NP and LW respectively.	Crossbreeding; Large White; Litter traits; Nigerian local pigs; Season	Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444387573	Estimating the impact of establishing family housing on the annual risk of HIV infection in South African mining communities	Gebrekristos H.T., Resch S.C., Zuma K., Lurie M.N.	2005	Sexually Transmitted Diseases	32	6	10.1097/01.olq.0000154496.61014.10	Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Community Health, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States; 1372 Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, United States	Gebrekristos, H.T., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States, 1372 Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, United States; Resch, S.C., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Zuma, K., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Lurie, M.N., Department of Community Health, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States	Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the HIV-related epidemiologic impact of establishing family-style housing in mining communities in South Africa. Methods: Modeling sex acts as independent Bernoulli trials, the estimated impact of converting to family housing arrangements on the annual risk of HIV infection is calculated and the differential effects on migrants and their partners is explored. Results: Family housing could reduce HIV transmission among migrants and their partners in South Africa. Given baseline estimates, the predicted net reduction in the annual risk of HIV infection with family housing is 0.0254 and 0.0305 for short- and long-stay couples respectively. A reduction in the annual risk of HIV infection under family housing depends on the proportion of HIV negative concordance among couples. HIV-negative concordance among couples above 22% provides reductions in the annual risk of HIV infection under family housing. Conclusions: The results indicate that family housing could decrease HIV transmission among HIV-negative concordant couples, indicating that this policy alternative should be examined closely to assess its viability and use as a prevention method. Copyright © 2005, American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association All rights reserved.	None	article; family; female; housing; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection prevention; infection risk; male; migration; mining; policy; risk reduction; sexual behavior; South Africa; virus transmission; Disease Transmission, Horizontal; Family; Female; HIV Infections; Housing; Humans; Male; Mining; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Transients and Migrants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19544379146	Comparative reliability evaluation of lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers	Afolayan J.O., Nwaiwu C.M., Osinubi K.J.	2005	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering	23	5	10.1007/s10706-004-1199-y	Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria	Afolayan, J.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Nwaiwu, C.M., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Osinubi, K.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	A numerical investigation to determine the existence or otherwise of congruence between laboratory-based and field-based models for predicting hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay liners has been conducted. The comparisons here are based on values of the reliability index estimated with the use of the two models for cases when hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be normally and lognormally distributed. The laboratory reduced Proctor and modified Proctor compactive efforts were assumed to correspond to the lowest and highest compactor weights (165 kN and 338 kN for sheepsfoot rollers only from literature) respectively. The standard Proctor compactive effort was assumed to correspond to the mean compactor weight of 261.4 kN. Reliability estimates from the laboratory-based model were consistently higher than the corresponding values from the field-based model for each of the variables common to the two models. As laboratory samples usually involve small samples which are often unrepresentative of field situations, it is considered that reliability levels estimated with the use of the field-based model provide more realistic assessment of compacted lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers. Compactor weight of 300 kN and above may be needed for effective compaction of lateritic soil liners. Reliability-based designs of lateritic soil liners should incorporate appropriate probability distribution types for variables in the field-based model. © Springer 2005.	Compactor weights; Congruence of laboratory and field models; Hydraulic conductivity; Laboratory compactive efforts; Lateritic soil liners; Reliability index	Clay; Compaction; Hydraulic conductivity; Mathematical models; Parabolic antennas; Probability distributions; Clay liners; Hydraulic barriers; Lateritic soils; Soil liners; Soils; geotechnical engineering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19744380189	Performance evaluation of a mango stone decorticator	Jekayinfa S.O., Durowoju M.O.	2005	Nutrition and Food Science	35	2	10.1108/00346650510585903	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Jekayinfa, S.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Durowoju, M.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Purpose - In Nigeria, the mango fruits consumption rate is high during its peak period and this has always resulted in environmental sanitation problem because the mango seeds are thrown to the surroundings immediately the fruits are eaten. Finding more useful application of the kernel would be a way to reduce the environmental pollution. Mechanical decortication of the leathery mango stone remains the only viable option that can support any prospected commercial uses of the mango kernel. Design/methodology/approach - The decorticator consists of a hopper, a decorticating chamber, spiked shaft, screen shaker and discharge spout. The machine performance was evaluated in terms of decorticating efficiency, mechanical damage and sieve loss. Findings - Results of the evaluation show that the optimum performance of the decorticator was at a speed of 900rpm, feed rate of 250kg/h and power requirement of 2.50 kW. Originality/value - Mango stones are useful as substitute for maize in finishing broiler diets. The kernel is also used for medicinal purposes in moderation of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Therefore, the designed mango stone decorticator enhances the complete mechanization processes of mango products. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Food products; Fruits; Nigeria	agriculture; animal food; article; environmental sanitation; equipment design; feeding behavior; food decorticator; food intake; machine; maize; mango; Nigeria; pollution; recycling; waste disposal; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mangifera indica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944389566	Rapid measurement and evaluation of the effect of drying conditions on harpagoside content in Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) root	Joubert E., Manley M., Gray B.R., Schulz H.	2005	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	53	9	10.1021/jf047930c	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Institute for Plant Analysis, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Neuer Weg 22-23, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	Joubert, E., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Manley, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Gray, B.R., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Schulz, H., Institute for Plant Analysis, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Neuer Weg 22-23, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	The effect of drying conditions on harpagoside (HS) retention, as well as the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapid quantification of the iridoids, HS, and 8-ρ-coumaroyl harpagide (8ρCHG) and moisture, in dried Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) root was investigated. HS retention was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in sun-dried samples as compared to tunnel-dried (60 °C, 30% relative humidity) and freeze-dried samples. The best retention of HS was obtained at 50 °C when evaluating tunnel drying at dry bulb temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C and 30% relative humidity. NIRS can effectively predict moisture content with a standard error of prediction (SEP) and correlation coefficient (r) of 0.24% and 0.99, respectively. The HS and 8ρCHG NIRS calibration models established for both iridoid glucosides can be used for screening purposes to get a semiquantitative classification of devil's claw roots (for HS: SEP = 0.236%, r = 0.64; for 8ρCHG: SEP = 0.048%, r = 0.73). © 2005 American Chemical Society.	8-ρ-coumaroyl harpagide; Controlled drying; Devil's claw; Harpagophytum procumbens; Harpagoside; HPLC; Moisture content; NIRS	glycoside; harpagoside; pyran derivative; article; chemistry; comparative study; desiccation; freeze drying; Harpagophytum; methodology; pharmaceutics; plant root; sunlight; temperature; Desiccation; Freeze Drying; Glycosides; Harpagophytum; Plant Roots; Pyrans; Sunlight; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Temperature; Harpagophytum; Harpagophytum procumbens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944416234	Monitoring the oceanic flow between Africa and Antarctica: Report of the first GoodHope cruise	Ansorge I.J., Speich S., Lutjeharms J.R.E., Göni G.J., Rautenbach C.J.D.W., Froneman P.W., Rouault M., Garzoli S.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42371	None	Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; LPO/UBO UFR Sciences, 6 ave. Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France; NOAA/AOML, U.S. Department of Commerce, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Southern Ocean Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Physical Oceanography Division, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States	Ansorge, I.J., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Speich, S., LPO/UBO UFR Sciences, 6 ave. Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France; Lutjeharms, J.R.E., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Göni, G.J., NOAA/AOML, U.S. Department of Commerce, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Rautenbach, C.J.D.W., Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Froneman, P.W., Southern Ocean Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Rouault, M., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Garzoli, S., Physical Oceanography Division, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States	THE SOUTHERN OCEAN PLAYS A MAJOR role in the global oceanic circulation, as a component of the Meridional Overturning Circulation, and it is postulated that it has a great influence on present-day climate. However, our understanding of its complex three-dimensional dynamics and of the impact of its variability on the climate system is rudimentary. The newly constituted, international GoodHope research venture aims to address this knowledge gap by establishing a programme of regular observations across the Southern Ocean between the African and Antarctic continents. The objectives of this programme are fivefold: (1) to improve understanding of Indo-Atlantic inter-ocean exchanges and their impact on the global thermohaline circulation and thus on global climate change; (2) to understand in more detail the influence these exchanges have on the climate variability of the southern African subcontinent; (3) to monitor the variability of the main Southern Ocean frontal systems associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current; (4) to study air-sea exchanges and their role on the global heat budget, with particular emphasis on the intense exchanges occurring within the Agulhas Retroflection region south of South Africa, and (5) to examine the role of major frontal systems as areas of elevated biological activity and as biogeographical barriers to the distribution of plankton. We present here preliminary results on the physical and biological structure of the frontal systems using the first GoodHope transect that was completed during February-March 2004.	None	oceanic circulation; oceanic regions; Southern Ocean; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944420487	Evaluation of diagnostic PCR for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products	Gouws P.A., Liedemann I.	2005	Food Technology and Biotechnology	43	2	None	Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Gouws, P.A., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Liedemann, I., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Conventional methods for the detection of Listeria in foodstuffs are generally cumbersome and time consuming. The use of primary enrichment in 1/2 strength Fraser broth and the use of Oxford and RAPID′L. mono agars were assessed in comparison with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for their ability to accurately detect and confirm the presence of L. monocytogenes in food products. Of the 27 food samples tested, 74 % were presumptively positive for Listeria on Oxford agar, while 44 % were presumptively positive for L. monocytogenes on RAPID′L. mono. Only 37 % of samples were confirmed to be positive for L. monocytogenes by PCR amplification of the hly gene (732 bp). PCR was able to eliminate the false positives and detect all L. monocytogenes in the food products, unlike the conventional methods used in the industry. In addition to the fact that the incidence of Listeria species was higher than L. monocytogenes on selective media, there was also the presence of Listeria-like organisms. These organisms had the typical appearance of Listeria on selective media, but were non-Listeria species, as confirmed by the PCR and API Listeria (bio-Mérieux). PCR proves to be a sensitive and rapid technique to be included in the procedure of detection of L. monocytogenes in food products.	Diagnostic; Food products; Listeria monocytogenes; PCR	Diagnostic; Gram-positive pathogens; Listeria monocytogenes; PCR; Cells; Diagnosis; Diseases; Food additives; Hydrolysis; Pathology; Polymers; Microorganisms; Listeria monocytogenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944431405	Determinants of the impact of sexually transmitted infection treatment on prevention of HIV infection: A synthesis of evidence from the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka intervention trials	Korenromp E.L., White R.G., Orroth K.K., Bakker R., Kamali A., Serwadda D., Gray R.H., Grosskurth H., Habbema J.D.F., Hayes R.J.	2005	Journal of Infectious Diseases	191	SUPPL. 1	10.1086/425274	Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Med. Res. Cncl. Prog. AIDS Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Pub. Hlth., Dept. of Pop. and Fam. Hlth. Sci., Baltimore, MD, United States; HIV, TB, and Malaria Cluster, Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Dept. of Infect. and Trop. Diseases, London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Korenromp, E.L., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, HIV, TB, and Malaria Cluster, Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; White, R.G., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Orroth, K.K., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Bakker, R., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Kamali, A., Med. Res. Cncl. Prog. AIDS Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Pub. Hlth., Dept. of Pop. and Fam. Hlth. Sci., Baltimore, MD, United States; Grosskurth, H., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Habbema, J.D.F., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Hayes, R.J., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom, Dept. of Infect. and Trop. Diseases, London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Community-randomized trials in Mwanza, Tanzania, and Rakai and Masaka, Uganda, suggested that population characteristics were an important determinant of the impact of sexually transmitted infection (STI) treatment interventions on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We performed simulation modeling of HIV and STI transmission, which confirmed that the low trial impact in Rakai and Masaka could be explained by low prevalences of curable STI resulting from lower-risk sexual behavior in Uganda. The mature HIV epidemics in Uganda, with most HIV transmission occurring outside core groups with high STI rates, also contributed to the low impact on HIV incidence. Simulated impact on HIV was much greater in Mwanza, although the observed impact was larger than predicted from STI reductions, suggesting that random error also may have played some role. Of proposed alternative explanations, increasing herpetic ulceration due to HIV-related immunosuppression contributed little to the diminishing impact of antibiotic treatment during the Ugandan epidemics. The strategy of STI treatment also was unimportant, since syndromic treatment and annual mass treatment showed similar effectiveness in simulations of each trial population. In conclusion, lower-risk behavior and the mature HIV epidemic explain the limited impact of STI treatment on HIV incidence in Uganda in the 1990s. In populations with high-risk sexual behavior and high STI rates, STIs treatment interventions may contribute substantially to prevention of HIV infection.	None	antibiotic agent; antibiotic therapy; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; disease simulation; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; immunosuppressive treatment; infection risk; priority journal; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; Uganda; ulcer; virus transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gonorrhea; Herpes Genitalis; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syndrome; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044361824	Caudal fin allometry in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias: Implications for locomotory performance and ecology	Lingham-Soliar T.	2005	Naturwissenschaften	92	5	10.1007/s00114-005-0614-4	Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Lingham-Soliar, T., Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Allometric scaling analysis was employed to investigate the consequences of size evolution on hydrodynamic performance and ecology in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Discriminant analysis using the power equation y=ax b was negative for caudal fin span (S) versus fork length (FL) in C. carcharias. In contrast in two delphinid species, Delphinus capensis and Tursiops aduncus, the span of the flukes versus fork length rises in positive allometric fashion, and strong positive allometry of S versus √A (area) was also recorded. The latter reflects a high lift/drag ratio. S versus √A in C. carcharias displays negative allometry and consequently a lower lift/drag ratio. A lower aspect ratio (AR) caudal fin in C. carcharias compared to that of the delphinids (mean 3.33 and 4.1, respectively) and other thunniform swimmers provides the potential for better maneuverability and acceleration. The liver in sharks is frequently associated with a buoyancy function and was found to be positively allometric in C. carcharias. The overall findings suggest that the negatively allometric caudal fin morphometrics in C. carcharias are unlikely to have deleterious evolutionary fitness consequences for predation. On the contrary, when considered in the context of positive liver allometry in C. carcharias it is hereby suggested that buoyancy may play a dominant role in larger white sharks in permitting slow swimming while minimizing energy demands needed to prevent sinking. In contrast hydrodynamic lift is considered more important in smaller white sharks. Larger caudal fin spans and higher lift/drag ratio in smaller C. carcharias indicate greater potential for prolonged, intermediate swimming speeds and for feeding predominantly on fast-moving fish, in contrast to slow-swimming search patterns of larger individuals for predominantly large mammalian prey. Such data may provide some answers to the lifestyle and widespread habitat capabilities of this still largely mysterious animal. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	None	allometry; locomotion; morphology; shark; allometry; article; controlled study; discriminant analysis; ecology; energy metabolism; evolution; hydrodynamics; lifestyle; liver; locomotion; mammal; morphometrics; motor performance; nonhuman; predation; prey; shark; species difference; swimming; Animal Structures; Animals; Body Size; Ecosystem; Motor Activity; Sharks; Animalia; Carcharodon carcharias; Chondrichthyes; Delphinidae; Delphinus capensis; Lamnidae; Mammalia; Tursiops aduncus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044380190	Reproductive performance of fogera heifers treated with prostaglandin F2α for synchronization of oestrus	Bekana M., Gizachew A., Regassa F.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	5	10.1007/s11250-005-1862-1	Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; PO Box 150307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Bekana, M., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, PO Box 150307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gizachew, A., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Regassa, F., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	[No abstract available]	Fogera cattle; Oestrus; Prostaglandin	prostaglandin F2 alpha; animal; article; cattle; drug effect; estrus; estrus cycle; Ethiopia; female; fertility; male; methodology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; reproduction; Animals; Cattle; Dinoprost; Estrus Detection; Estrus Synchronization; Ethiopia; Female; Fertility; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Reproduction; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044390062	Reproductive disorders of crossbred dairy cows in the central highlands of Ethiopia and their effect on reproductive performance	Shiferaw Y., Tenhagen B.-A., Bekana M., Kassa T.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	5	10.1007/s11250-005-7050-5	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Free University of Berlin, Clinic for Reproduction, Section of Production Medicine and Quality Management, Koenigsweg 65, Hs 27, 14163 Berlin, Germany	Shiferaw, Y., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tenhagen, B.-A., Free University of Berlin, Clinic for Reproduction, Section of Production Medicine and Quality Management, Koenigsweg 65, Hs 27, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Bekana, M., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Kassa, T., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia	The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop-livestock production system (38.6%.) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (> 3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems. © 2005 Springer.	Crossbred cattle; Ethiopia; Reproductive disorders; Reproductive performance	anestrus; animal; animal disease; article; body constitution; cattle; cattle disease; comparative study; cross breeding; dairying; Ethiopia; female; lactation; methodology; pathophysiology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; puerperal disorder; puerperium; reproduction; risk factor; time; Anestrus; Animals; Body Constitution; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Crosses, Genetic; Dairying; Ethiopia; Female; Lactation; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Puerperal Disorders; Reproduction; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20144361977	Valuing the impacts of climate change on protected areas in Africa	Velarde S.J., Malhi Y., Moran D., Wright J., Hussain S.	2005	Ecological Economics	53	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.07.024	Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom	Velarde, S.J., Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Malhi, Y., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Moran, D., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Wright, J., Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Hussain, S., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom	This study quantifies the economic costs of climate change impacts on protected areas in Africa. Downscaled results from four Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are used to classify different ecosystems in accordance with the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) system. A benefits transfer approach is then used to place an economic value on the predicted ecosystem shifts resulting from climate change in protected areas. The results provide approximations for the impacts on biodiversity in Africa under the "business-as-usual" scenario established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the middle and end of the 21st century. The geographical analysis shows that there are twenty HLZs in Africa and all of them are represented in the protected area network. Three of these HLZs do not change in extent as a result of climate change. Assuming initially that the willingness to pay (WTP) values and the preferences for different ecosystem services remain constant, three of the GCM models show an (undiscounted) negative economic impact of climate change for protected areas in Africa for the year 2100. The worst-case damage scenario totals USD 74.5 million by 2100. However, the model for the year 2065 shows a higher undiscounted value than the present. The finding of positive net impacts from warming is consistent with the predictions of other macro models that show potential gains from warming scenarios. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	African protected areas; Benefits transfer; Climate change; Ecosystem shifts; Holdridge life zones	climate change; economic impact; environmental impact; protected area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20144371727	Impact of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation on an alluvial soil in south eastern Botswana	Aweto A.O., Moleele N.M.	2005	International Journal of Environmental Studies	62	2	10.1080/0020723042000275141	Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana	Aweto, A.O., Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Moleele, N.M., Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana	This paper examines the impact of a 33-year plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on an alluvial soil in Gaborone, south eastern Botswana, by comparing the soil under the plantation with similar soil under an adjoining native savanna woodland dominated by Acacia karoo. Soil clay content was significantly higher in the plantation soil in both the 0-10cm and 10-20cm layers. There were no significant differences between soil under the two ecosystems with respect to the levels of organic matter, exchangeable potassium and available phosphorus. Despite the higher clay contents of the plantation soil, exchangeable calcium and magnesium and pH were higher in soil under the native woodland. This suggests that E. camaldulensis immobilizes soil nutrients faster and that plantation nutrient cycles are less efficient than in the native Acacia woodland. Consequently, soil nutrient deficiency will limit plantation productivity after the first few rotations. It is important to adopt tree harvesting techniques that reduce drain on soil nutrients at the end of a plantation rotation. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	Acacia karoo; Botswana; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Savanna; Soil nutrients	Clay; Ecosystems; Hardwoods; Harvesting; Phosphorus; Alluvial soil; Organic matters; Soil nutrient; Woodlands; Soils; Clay; Ecosystems; Eucalyptus; Harvesting; Phosphorus; Soil; Acacia; Eucalyptus camaldulensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344392413	Cycling time trial performance during different phases of the menstrual cycle	Oosthuyse T., Bosch A.N., Jackson S.	2005	European Journal of Applied Physiology	94	3	10.1007/s00421-005-1324-5	School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Oosthuyse, T., School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; Bosch, A.N., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Jackson, S., Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Submaximal exercise performance has not previously been assessed in the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which is associated with a pre-ovulatory surge in oestrogen. Therefore, we compared cycling time trial performance during the early follicular (EF), late follicular (LF) and mid-luteal (ML) phase of the menstrual cycle in trained and untrained eumenorrhoeic women who cycled 30 and 15 km, respectively, in a non-fasted state. The women completed the three cycling time trials on a conventional racing bicycle mounted on an air-braked ergometer. We required resting oestrogen to increase by at least twofold above EF phase values in both the LF and ML phases and this resulted in a number of exclusions reducing the sample size of each group. No significant difference was noted in the finishing time between the different menstrual phases in trained (n = 5) or untrained (n = 8) group, albeit limited by sample size. However, analysis of the combined trained and untrained group data (n = 13) revealed a trend for a faster finishing time (P=0.027) in the LF phase compared to the EF phase as 73% of the subjects showed improvements with an average of 5.2±2.9% (or 2.1±1.1 min) in the LF phase (for α=0.05 requires P < 0.017). Combined group analysis yielded no difference between performance in the EF and ML phase or between the LF and ML phase. Thus, further research is encouraged to confirm the tendency for a faster time trial in the LF phase, which coincides with the pre-ovulatory surge in oestrogen. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	Endurance performance; Eumenorrhoeic women; Ovarian hormones	estrogen; luteinizing hormone; adult; article; bicycle ergometry; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; estrogen blood level; exercise; female; follicular phase; heart rate; human; human experiment; luteal phase; luteinizing hormone blood level; menstrual cycle; normal human; oxygen consumption; physical capacity; priority journal; progesterone blood level; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Adult; Bicycling; Estrogens; Exercise Test; Female; Follicular Phase; Humans; Luteal Phase; Menstrual Cycle; Physical Education and Training; Task Performance and Analysis; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344395331	The impact of acid rain deposition resulting from natural gas flaring on the socio-economic life of the people of Afiesere community, in Nigeria's Niger delta	Oghenejoboh K.M.	2005	Journal of Industrial Pollution Control	21	1	None	Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Oghenejoboh, K.M., Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Air and rainwater analyses were carried out within Afiesere, an oil producing community in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria to acertain the deposition of acid rain resulting from gas flaring in the area. The analysis showed that the pH of rainwater some distance away from the flare was 6.13, which is less than the pH of normal rainwater, while that within the oil facilities was 6.58. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr etc) and anions (SOx, NOx, Co etc) in the air were considerably low. However, the presence of extra H+ in the rainwater through diffusional effect of trans-atmospheric aerosol and other gaseous pollutants from the gas flare results in acid rain. The physical effects of acid rain are evident in the deteriorating health conditions and general economic life of the inhabitants of the community. © Enviromedia Printed in India. All rights reserved.	Acid rain; Anions; Atmosphere; Cations; Emission; Gas flaring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344400117	Determination of midazolam and its major metabolite 1′- hydroxymidazolam by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in plasma from children	Muchohi S.N., Ward S.A., Preston L., Newton C.R.J.C., Edwards G., Kokwaro G.O.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	821	1	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.015	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Ward, S.A., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Preston, L., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	We have developed a sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) for the simultaneous quantification of midazolam (MDZ) and its major metabolite, 1′-hydroxymidazolam (1′-OHM) in a small volume (200 μl) of human plasma. Midazolam, 1′-OHM and 1′-chlordiazepoxide (internal standard) were extracted from alkalinised (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase HyPURITY™ Elite C18 (5 μm particle size; 100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) analytical column using an acidic (pH 2.8) mobile phase (water-acetonitrile; 75:25% (v/v) containing formic acid (0.1%, v/v)) delivered at a flow-rate of 200 μl/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode at the protonated-molecular ions [M + l] + of parent drug and metabolite. Calibration curves in spiked plasma were linear (r2 ≥ 0.99) from 15 to 600 ng/ml (MDZ) and 5-200 ng/ml (1′-OHM). The limits of detection and quantification were 2 and 5 ng/ml, respectively, for both MDZ and 1′-OHM. The mean relative recoveries at 40 and 600 ng/ml (MDZ) were 79.4 ± 3.1% (n = 6) and 84.2 ± 4.7% (n = 8), respectively; for 1′-OHM at 30 and 200 ng/ml the values were 89.9 ± 7.2% (n = 6) and 86.9 ± 5.6% (n = 8), respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for MDZ were less than 8%, and for 1′-OHM were less than 13%. There was no interference from other commonly used antimalarials, antipyretic drugs and antibiotics. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of MDZ and 1′-OHM in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of MDZ either intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly (i.m.). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	1′-Hydroxymidazolam; Midazolam; Pharmacokinetics in children	Assays; Drug products; Ionization; Mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Solvent extraction; Antimalarials; Electrospray ionization (ESI); Midazolam; Protonated molecular ions; High performance liquid chromatography; 1' chlordiazepoxide; alpha hydroxymidazolam; analgesic agent; antibiotic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; ceftriaxone; chloramphenicol; chlordiazepoxide; chloroquine; cycloguanil; deethylchloroquine; midazolam; midazolam maleate; paracetamol; penicillin G; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; unclassified drug; accuracy; alkalinity; analytic method; anticonvulsant activity; antimalarial activity; article; blood sampling; child; controlled study; device; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; electrospray mass spectrometry; high performance liquid chromatography; human; liquid liquid extraction; malaria; priority journal; reliability; seizure; Anticonvulsants; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Midazolam; Reproducibility of Results; Seizures; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444428729	Chronic cough in primary health care attendees, Harare, Zimbabwe: Diagnosis and impact of HIV infection	Munyati S.S., Dhoba T., Makanza E.D., Mungofa S., Wellington M., Mutsvangwa J., Gwanzura L., Hakim J., Nyakabau M., Mason P.R., Robertson V., Rusakaniko S., Butterworth A.E., Corbett E.L.	2005	Clinical Infectious Diseases	40	12	10.1086/429912	National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Munyati, S.S., National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Dhoba, T., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Makanza, E.D., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mungofa, S., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Wellington, M., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutsvangwa, J., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gwanzura, L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hakim, J., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyakabau, M., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mason, P.R., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, V., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rusakaniko, S., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Butterworth, A.E., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Corbett, E.L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Background. Cough lasting for ≥3 weeks (i.e., chronic cough) indicates that a patient has suspected tuberculosis (TB). At the primary health care level, the spectrum of disease that causes chronic cough has not been previously investigated in a setting with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods. A total of 544 adults with chronic cough were recruited systematically from 2 primary health care clinics, and they were evaluated using preset first- and second-line investigations and diagnostic case definitions. Results. The overall prevalence of HIV infection among the study cohort was 83%. TB was the most common diagnosis, with 207 HIV-positive patients (46%) and 27 HIV-negative patients (30%) having confirmed or probable TB. Of these, 145 HIV-positive patients with TB (70%) and 20 HIV-negative patients with TB (74%) had smear-positive cases of TB. Only 17 HIV-positive and 2 HIV-negative patients had smear-negative but culture-positive cases of TB. Lower respiratory tract infections (n = 178; HIV prevalence, 79%) and pneumonia (n = 87; HIV prevalence, 89%) were the next most common diagnoses. Asthma (n = 26; HIV prevalence, 46%), posttuberculous disease and other fibrotic lung disease (n = 34; HIV prevalence, 88%), and cardiac disease (n = 15; HIV prevalence, 93%) were more common than were Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and cryptococcosis (n = 8 and n = 5, respectively; HIV prevalence, 100%), and we found no cases of nocardiosis or histoplasmosis. Conclusions. TB was diagnosed for 43% of patients who presented with chronic cough to primary health care clinics in Harare, with 71% having smear-positive disease. The findings of TB culture added relatively little to the findings of fluorescent microscopy of concentrated sputum specimens. The prevalence of HIV infection was high across a range of diagnoses, suggesting that an HIV test should be recommended in the initial investigation of chronic cough. © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	article; asthma; bacterium culture; chronic disease; coughing; cryptococcosis; fluorescence microscopy; heart disease; histoplasmosis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; lung fibrosis; nocardiosis; Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary health care; priority journal; sputum smear; tuberculosis; Zimbabwe; Adolescent; Adult; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Cough; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444440776	Effects of two pheromone trap densities against banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, populations and their impact on plant damage in Uganda	Tinzaara W., Gold C.S., Kagezi G.H., Dicke M., Van Huis A., Nankinga C.M., Tushemereirwe W., Ragama P.E.	2005	Journal of Applied Entomology	129	5	10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00962.x	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Tinzaara, W., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Gold, C.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kagezi, G.H., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Dicke, M., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Van Huis, A., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Nankinga, C.M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Tushemereirwe, W., National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Ragama, P.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda	An on-farm study to evaluate the effect of pheromone trap density on the population of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Col., Curculionidae) was conducted in Masaka district, Uganda. The pheromone used was Cosmolure+, a commercially available weevil aggregation pheromone. Forty-two farms were assigned to one of three treatments: 0, 4 and 8 pheromone traps/ha. Pheromone lures were changed monthly at which time the traps were moved to a different location within the stand. Adult weevil population densities were estimated by using mark and recapture methodology at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months, while damage to the banana corm was assessed at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months since the start of the experiment. Pheromone trap captures were generally low: about 10 weevils per trap per month. There were no significant differences in mean catches of C. sordidus per trap per month except for February 2002 when doubling the pheromone trap density decreased weevil catches. Although not significant, decreased efficiency was also the trend in higher trap densities over all the data sets. Doubling the number of traps increased the number of weevils caught per hectare per month from 0.4 to 0.6%. There was no significant difference in plant damage between the pheromone treatments in low-compared with high-trap densities. There were generally no significant differences in weevil populations and plant damage between pheromone-treated and control farms. Possible reasons for the low-trap efficacy in this study are discussed. © 2005 Blackwell Verlag.	Aggregation pheromone; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae; Pheromone-baited trap; Trap density	beetle; performance assessment; pest control; pest damage; pheromone trap; spacing; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Masaka District; South Buganda; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; World; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444456737	The perceptions of students and lecturers of some factors influencing academic performance at two South African universities	Fraser W., Killen R.	2005	Perspectives in Education	23	1	None	Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	Fraser, W., Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Killen, R., Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	This article presents the results of two recent empirical investigations at universities in South Africa (University of Pretoria and University of South Africa) where an attempt was made to identify the pre- and post-enrolment factors that lecturers and students perceived as having the most important influence on students' success in their university studies. The opinions of lecturers were compared with those of various groups of undergraduate students within and across the two universities. Different genders, different years of study, different home languages, different languages of instruction, and different modes of study (contact and distance education) were considered. The investigations revealed a strong level of agreement between lecturers and students concerning most factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' academic success. However, there was considerable diversity in the opinions of lecturers and students concerning the factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' failure at university. These differences were more pronounced at the distance education institution than at the contact university. At both universities the results of the studies pointed to a number of instructional practices that seem to be limiting the opportunities for students to develop the levels of understanding and insight that lecturers expect of undergraduates. The studies also showed that some students were taking counter-productive approaches to their study.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444480278	Bank privatization and performance: Empirical evidence from Nigeria	Beck T., Cull R., Jerome A.	2005	Journal of Banking and Finance	29	8-9 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.03.018	The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Beck, T., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Cull, R., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Jerome, A., Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	We assess the effect of privatization on performance in a panel of Nigerian banks for the period 1990-2001. We find evidence of performance improvement in nine banks that were privatized, which is remarkable given the inhospitable environment for true financial intermediation. Our results also suggest negative effects of the continuing minority government ownership on the performance of many Nigerian banks. Finally, our results complement aggregate indications of decreasing financial intermediation over the 1990s; banks that focused on investment in government bonds and non-lending activities enjoyed a relatively better performance. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bank performance; Bank privatization; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444503401	Asset life cycle management: Towards improving physical asset performance in the process industry	Schuman C.A., Brent A.C.	2005	International Journal of Operations and Production Management	25	6	10.1108/01443570510599728	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Schuman, C.A., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - Asset management is often one of the last options to maximise cost savings in a competitive global economy due to its intrinsic complexity, especially in many developing countries. Asset management in the process industry must consider the commissioning, operational and end-of-life phases of physical assets when commencing a design and implementation project. However, current asset management models show inefficiencies in terms of addressing life cycle costs comprehensively, as well as other aspects of sustainable development. An asset life cycle management (ALCM) model is subsequently proposed for assets in the process industry, which integrates the concepts of generic project management frameworks and systems engineering with operational reliability in order to address these inefficiencies. Design/methodology/approach - Experiences within a large petrochemical company in South Africa are used as a case study to demonstrate and discuss the different components of the proposed ALCM model. Findings - Operational reliability and systems engineering are the means to achieve optimum value from physical assets over a facility's lifetime. Thereby, activities are identified that should be completed during each stage of the project life cycle. The application of performance measurements for the operation and support stages is proposed to influence decision making in the process industry. Originality/ value - Specific issues pertaining to the ALCM model are highlighted to ensure optimal practicality and incorporation of the model with other management practices in the process industry. © Emerald Group publishing Limited.	Assets; Assets management; Maintenance; Project management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20544455616	Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise & endurance performance	Bosch A.N., Noakes T.D.	2005	Indian Journal of Medical Research	121	5	None	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa	Bosch, A.N., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	carbohydrate; glucose; insulin; article; carbohydrate intake; carbohydrate metabolism; concentration (parameters); endurance; energy consumption; energy metabolism; exercise; fatigue; glucose blood level; glycogen muscle level; glycogenolysis; human; insulin blood level; medical research; oxidation; oxygen consumption; physical activity; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Exercise; Glucose; Humans; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644441793	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. II. Stand establishment, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Seed coating is commonly used to supply fungicides and micronutrients to enhance seed quality. The primary reason for using mineral elements in seed priming is to regulate water absorption. Osmopriming and seed coating were compared for their effect on crop stand establishment, seedling chlorophyll fluorescence and seed yield in six green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ('Imbali', 'Sodwana', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua'). Three calcium salts (CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2) at five molarities (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM) were also compared as constituents of the priming solutions and seed coatings. Control seeds were not primed or coated. Osmopriming and seed coating improved crop stand establishment, reduced seedling stress as determined by chlorophyll fluorescence, and resulted in increased seed yield. However, seed coating was a better seed enhancement technique than osmopriming, regardless of calcium salt used. Both stand establishment and reduction of seedling stress were better with CaSO4 compared to CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 seed coating, which did not significantly differ. Crop yield, however, showed an equal response to CaSO4 and Ca(NO3)2), which was better than the response to CaCl2- Significant differences between cultivars were observed. However, no clear evidence was found to suggest that cultivar differences were not merely genotype related. It is suggested that the molarity of calcium salts in osmopriming and seed coating should not exceed 50 mM.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Osmopriming; Seed; Stand establishment	fungicide; seedling emergence; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644442246	Effectiveness of cattle manure and nitrogen fertilizer application on the agronomic and economic performance of maize	Nyamangara J., Mudhara M., Giller K.E.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	Nyamangara, J., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudhara, M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Giller, K.E., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	The effects of N fertilizer and aerobically composted cattle manure, applied separately or in combination, on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields and net benefits were determined over three seasons. A field experiment was established on a moderately leached sandy loam soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Manure was a poor source of N. In the first year, increase in grain yield was much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (40% and 25.1%, respectively), and a relatively smaller further increase of 17.5% was recorded for the 37.5 t ha-1 rate while there was a decrease of 3.7% for the 12.5 t ha-1 rate, when mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1. In the third season increase in grain yield was also much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (66.2% and 16%, respectively) and relatively smaller further increases were recorded when the mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1 (21.4% and 15.1%, respectively). Net benefit indications are that residual effects of cattle manure last for at least three seasons and thus farmers could apply up to 40 t ha-1 in the first season and benefit from its residual fertility in subsequent seasons. It was concluded that smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa could positively exploit the combined application of manure and N fertilizer to increase maize yield and net benefits.	Manure; N fertilizer; N mineralization; N uptake; Net benefits	agricultural economics; fertilizer application; manure; nitrogen; yield; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644465197	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. I. Cotyledonal cracking	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Cotyledonal cracking is a physiological disorder, which appears as one or a few transverse fissures across legume seed cotyledons early during seed germination or seedling emergence. The fissures hinder translocation of nutrients to the developing seedling and cause stunted seedling growth and low yield. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of calcium, applied as a seed coat or priming osmoticum, on cotyledonal cracking in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions. Seeds of six green bean cultivars ('Imbali', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Sodwana', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua') were primed or coated with CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 solutions (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM). Control seeds were not primed or coated. Dried (∼ 10% moisture content on fresh mass basis) seeds were planted in the field at three sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A significant reduction in cotyledonal cracking occurred in response to increased calcium molarity, however, no effect of the anions of the calcium salts was observed. Coated seeds performed significantly better than primed seeds with respect to reduction of cotyledonal cracking. Cultivars differed significantly in their sensitivity to cotyledonal cracking. Hence, across all sites, cultivar response to calcium treatments was also correlated to the extent of cotyledonal cracking. There were no significant differences between sites with respect to cotyledonal cracking or calcium effects. This study provided evidence that cotyledonal cracking on green beans can be alleviated by seed calcium treatment.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Priming; Seeds	seedling emergence; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20744436885	Evaluation of aluminium phosphide against house mice (Musmusculus) in Ghana	Adu-Acheampong R., Sarfo J.E., Avemegah R., Odzawo V.	2005	Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars	None	26	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana	Adu-Acheampong, R., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Sarfo, J.E., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Avemegah, R., Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana; Odzawo, V., Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana	[No abstract available]	Aluminium phosphide; Control; Gastoxin; House mice	Mus musculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20744437324	The effectiveness of media use in health education: Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS television campaign in Ethiopia	Farr A.C., Witte K., Jarato K., Menard T.	2005	Journal of Health Communication	10	3	10.1080/10810730590934244	Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States	Farr, A.C., Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States; Witte, K., Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jarato, K., Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Menard, T., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States	An effective vehicle to change behaviors is entertainment education. To demonstrate entertainment education effects, researchers must first indicate that participants have been exposed to their program. Exposure to effective programs has been associated with increases in knowledge about program topics, attitude change, and self-efficacious perceptions. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new exposure technique that accurately and precisely determines direct exposure levels to Ethiopia's Journey of Life. Overall, the study found very high listenership, storyline recall, liking of the program, and strong desire to change behavior while maintaining low error rates in terms of verbatim recall of storylines and reported listener ship to a fictitious program. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	None	accuracy; adult; article; controlled study; error; Ethiopia; female; health education; human; male; mass medium; recall; television; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Ethiopia; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Radio; Television	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442444	Impact of mass media campaigns on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant Nigerian women towards HIV/AIDS	Etuk S.J., Ekanem E.I.	2005	Tropical Doctor	35	2	10.1258/0049475054037039	Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	Etuk, S.J., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria; Ekanem, E.I., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	A total of 508 women coming for antinatal care had a structured interview about the risk factors for HIV/AIDS. While most knew about HIV and that it could be transmitted sexually, knowledge of mother-to-child transmission was poor. Only 23% knew that HIV could be transmitted by breast milk. In all, 85% would not care for a relative with AIDS.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; attitude; awareness; breast milk; female; health hazard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; mass medium; Nigeria; patient education; pregnancy; prenatal care; sexually transmitted disease; vertical transmission; Adult; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Mass Media; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442793	The impact of macroeconomic risk on asset prices in Ghana, 1997-2002	Twerefou D.K., Nimo M.K.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00111.x	Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Twerefou, D.K., Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Nimo, M.K., Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	The dwindling nature of overseas development assistance in the early part of the 1990s called for the establishment of capital markets in some African countries, including Ghana, with the view to increasing foreign direct investments and achieving sustainable inflows, growth and development. One important factor which affects the determination of prices and the growth of capital markets is macroeconomic risk which is quite high in developing countries. Following works done on advanced stock markets, this study seeks to investigate the impact of six macroeconomic risk factors on asset pricing in the various industrial classification - financial, manufacturing, food and beverages, distribution and mining under the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) for the period January 1997 to December 2002. Using the arbitrage pricing methodology developed by Ross (1976) and Chen et al. (1986), the study revealed that investors in Ghana considered three main macroeconomic risk factors - short-term interest rate risk, inflation risk and the term structure of the country's interest rate in the determination of the various industrial asset prices during the period under consideration. Analysis of the risks and returns profile of the industries also shows that financial assets made the best gains on the market. Both general and specific policy recommendations aimed at improving the performance of the GSE are explored. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	capital market; foreign direct investment; interest rate; macroeconomics; price determination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844446464	Impact of economic reforms on economics issues: A study of Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan A.M., Iyappan T., Selvam J.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00109.x	PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan, A.M., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Iyappan, T., Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Selvam, J., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	This paper is an attempt to investigate the impact of economic reforms on the economic issues in Ethiopia. Different economic issues - parameters determining the effectiveness of economic reforms - are separately discussed to measure how far Ethiopia has benefited from the reform policy. A simple and comparative analysis of various economic indicators between the pre-reform and post-reform, that is, between 1985/ 86-1991/92 and 1992/93-2001/02, reveals that those economic reforms have revamped the economy by moving its GDP from its long-standing poor record to a respectful growing state. Nevertheless, the reforms have failed in attaining other direct economic objectives, such as standard of living, external debt, trade balance deficit and current account deficit. Economic reforms have, no doubt, attracted a significant amount of private investment, but its volume started declining within the reform period and so were privatization proceeds. This study suggests that a full-fledged and committed reform is indispensable at the earliest to attaining the full benefits of reform policy. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	economic reform; Gross Domestic Product; investment; poverty; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21044432356	Improving home-based care in Southern Africa: An analysis of project evaluations	Rosenberg A., Mabude Z., Hartwig K., Rooholamini S., Oracca-Tetteh D., Merson M.	2005	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	19	None	Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rosenberg, A., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Mabude, Z., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hartwig, K., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Rooholamini, S., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Oracca-Tetteh, D., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Merson, M., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States	We describe lessons learned from independent evaluations of nine home-based care (HBC) projects in Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. Projects were funded through Bristol-Myers Squibb's Secure the Future (STF) initiative and evaluated through the STF Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (MEU) at Yale University. The objectives of this study were to: ■ Assess the management capacity of the HBC organisations reviewed, concentrating on monitoring and supervision mechanisms. ■ identify innovations in responding to the challenges of delivering care in resource-poor settings, and ■ explore the nature of linkages between HBC projects and governments. Specific strategies to assure quality are discussed, as are policy changes necessary to provide system-wide improvements in quality and the integration of HBC. These are particularly important as governments seek ways to use existing resources to make antiretroviral (ARV) roll-outs successful.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; caregiver; drug industry; government; health care access; health care delivery; health care management; health care organization; health care planning; health care policy; health care quality; health care system; health program; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Lesotho; medical assessment; resource allocation; South Africa; Swaziland	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244432664	Impact of refined petroleum spills on water quality, macro-invertebrate and microbial communities of a tropical aquatic environment	Chukwu L.O., Nwachukwu S.C.U.	2005	Journal of Environmental Biology	26	3	None	Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Chukwu, L.O., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, S.C.U., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Water quality characteristics, benthic macro-invertebrates and microbial communities of three first order streams in South West Nigeria were investigated to assess the effects of refined petroleum five months after spillage. All physical and chemical conditions except temperature and pH were significantly different (P<0.01) at the upstream control stations and impacted stations reflecting the perturbational stress. The benthic macro-invertebrate fauna were dominated by arthropods, but the faunal spectrum was dissimilar at all the stations studied. Sampling stations at the epicentre of the spill showed considerable reduction in faunal compositions and relative abundance. Generally, the microbial density and diversity were highest in both soil and water samples from impacted sites than in control sites. There was a significantly higher proportion (P < 0.05) of hydrocarbon utilizers in soil than in water samples in all stations except in samples from stations (P<0.05).	Petroleum spill; Toxicity; Tropical river	hydrocarbon; petroleum; petroleum; water quality; aquatic environment; arthropod; article; benthos; controlled study; environmental impact assessment; fauna; macroinvertebrate; microbial diversity; microflora; Nigeria; nonhuman; oil spill; physical chemistry; soil; stream (river); tropics; water quality; water sampling; Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Disasters; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Invertebrates; Iron; Nigeria; Petroleum; Population Dynamics; Seawater; Soil Microbiology; Sulfur; Temperature; Water Microbiology; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Arthropoda; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244483602	Long-term integrated soil fertility management in South-western Nigeria: Crop performance and impact on the soil fertility status	Vanlauwe B., Diels J., Sanginga N., Merckx R.	2005	Plant and Soil	273	02-Jan	10.1007/s11104-005-0194-2	Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Vanlauwe, B., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Merckx, R., Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Crop response, tree biomass production and changes in soil fertility characteristics were monitored in a long-term (1986-2002) alley-cropping trial in Ibadan, Nigeria. The systems included two alley cropping systems with Leucaena leucocephala and Senna siamea on the one hand and a control (no-trees) system on the other hand, all cropped annually with a maize-cowpea rotation. All systems had a plus and minus fertilizer treatment. Over the years, the annual biomass return through tree prunings declined steadily, but more drastically for Leucaena than for Senna. In 2002, the nitrogen contribution from Leucaena residues stabilized at about 200 kg N/ha/year, while the corresponding value for Senna was about 160 kg N/ha/year. On average, the four Leucaena prunings were more equal in biomass as well as in amounts of N, P and cations, while the first Sennapruning was always contributing up to 60% of the annual biomass or nutrient return. Maize crop yields declined steadily in all treatments, but the least so in the Senna + fertilizer treatment where in 2002 still 2.2 tonnes/ha of maize were obtained. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was usually higher in the Senna treatment compared to the control or the Leucaena treatment. Added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer N and organic matter additions were observed only for the Sennatreatment and only in the last 6 years. At all other times, they remained absent or were even negative in the Leucaenatreatments for the first 3 years. Most chemical soil fertility parameters decreased in all the treatments, but less so in the alley cropping systems. The presence of trees had a positive effect on remaining carbon stocks, while they were reduced compared to the 1986 data. Trees had a positive effect on the maintenance of exchangeable cations in the top soil. Exchangeable Ca, Mg and K - and hence ECEC - were only slightly reduced after 16 years of cropping in the tree-based systems, and even increased in the Senna treatments. In the control treatments, values for all these parameters reduced to 50% or less of the original values after 16 years. All the above points to the Senna-based alley system with fertilizers as the more resilient one. This is reflected in all soil fertility parameters, in added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer nitrogen and organic residue application and in a more stable maize yield over the years, averaging 2.8 tonnes/ha with maximal deviations from the average not exceeding 21%. © Springer 2005.	Added benefits; Alley cropping; Leucaena leucocephala; Maize; Nitrogen use efficiency; Senna siamea	alley cropping; biomass; crop performance; fertilizer application; soil fertility; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Leucaena; Leucaena leucocephala; Senna; Senna siamea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21444456142	Cross-national performance of the RAPS4/RAPS4-QF for tolerance and heavy drinking: Data from 13 countries	Cherpitel C.J., Ye Y., Bond J., Borges G., Cremonte M., Marais S., Poznyak V., Sovinova H., Moskalewicz J., Swiatkiewicz G.	2005	Journal of Studies on Alcohol	66	3	None	Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; National Institute of Psychiatry, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland	Cherpitel, C.J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Ye, Y., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Bond, J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Borges, G., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National Institute of Psychiatry, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Cremonte, M., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Marais, S., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Poznyak, V., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Sovinova, H., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Moskalewicz, J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Swiatkiewicz, G., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland	Objective: There are little data available on the performance of brief screening instruments for alcohol-use disorders cross-nationally; therefore, we analyzed the performance of one such instrument in a number of countries. Method: Performance of the RAPS4 for tolerance and the RAPS4-QF for heavy drinking are analyzed from emergency room data across 13 countries included in the combined Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP) and the World Health Organization Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injuries, Results: The RAPS4 showed good sensitivity and specificity for tolerance across most of the countries, but was higher in countries that were higher on societal-level detrimental drinking patterns. Prevalence of tolerance was also higher in those countries with high detrimental drinking pattern scores. Sensitivity of the RAPS4-QF for heavy drinking was uniformly high across countries, while maintaining good specificity, and did not vary by detrimental drinking patterns. Conclusions: Findings suggest the RAPS4 and RAPS4-QF may hold promise cross-nationally. Future research should more fully address the performance of brief screening instruments for alcohol-use disorders (using standard diagnostic criteria) cross-nationally, with consideration of the impact of societal drinking patterns.	None	alcohol; adult; alcohol consumption; alcoholism; article; diagnostic accuracy; drinking behavior; emergency ward; human; screening test; Alcoholism; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; International Cooperation; Mass Screening; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21544456925	The impact of incident and prevalent herpes simplex virus-2 infection on the incidence of HIV-1 infection among commercial sex workers in South Africa	Ramjee G., Williams B., Gouws E., Van Dyck E., De Deken B., Karim S.A.	2005	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	39	3	10.1097/01.qai.0000144445.44518.ea	HIV-1 Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Natal, Durban, South Africa; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; 16 rue de la Canonnière, 1202 Genève 27, Switzerland	Ramjee, G., HIV-1 Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Williams, B., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland, 16 rue de la Canonnière, 1202 Genève 27, Switzerland; Gouws, E., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland; Van Dyck, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; De Deken, B., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Karim, S.A., University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States	This study investigated the impact of prevalent and incident HSV-2 infection on the incidence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of female commercial sex workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Prior to a vaginal microbicide trial, 416 women were screened for antibodies to HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections and a questionnaire was used to establish behavioral, social, and demographic characteristics. A total of 187 HIV-1-seronegative women were followed up at monthly intervals when blood was drawn and used to detect HIV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies. The median duration of follow-up was 2.2 years. At screening 50% of the women were HIV-1 seropositive and 84% were HSV-2 seropositive. The hazards of HIV-1 among women who were HSV-2 seropositive or seronegative throughout, or among those who seroconverted during the study, were not significantly different. When HSV-2 seroconversion was analyzed as a time-dependent covariate, the hazard ratio for HIV-1 seroconversion was 6.0 (95% CI: 2.6-14.0) times greater among women with incident than among women with prevalent HSV-2 infections. Drawing on other recent studies these data suggest that incident HSV-2 infection increases the risk of HIV-1 infection; the effect wanes with time since infection; and the effect is significantly greater for men than it is for women. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	AIDS; Herpes simplex virus; HIV; Incidence; Sex worker; South Africa	herpes simplex virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; unclassified drug; virus antibody; adult; antibody detection; article; clinical article; cohort analysis; female; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection risk; male; prevalence; priority journal; prostitution; seroprevalence; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Middle Aged; Nonoxynol; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostitution; Risk Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21544477256	Quantitative determination of the group of flavonoids and saponins from the extracts of the seeds of Glinus lotoides and tablet formulation thereof by high-performance liquid chromatography	Endale A., Kammerer B., Gebre-Mariam T., Schmidt P.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography A	1083	42371	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.095	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 45, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Endale, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Kammerer, B., Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 45, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Gebre-Mariam, T., Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schmidt, P.C., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany	The total flavonoids and saponins of the seeds of Glinus lotoides in the crude extracts and tablet formulation thereof were quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods with UV detection. The saponins were analyzed after acid hydrolysis in 3 M HCl at 100°C for 1 h. Vicenin-2 and mollugogenol B were isolated and used as reference substances for the quantification of total flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The identity and purity (&gt;97%) of the standards were confirmed by spectroscopic (UV, MS, and NMR) and chromatographic (HPLC) methods. The flavonoids and saponins of the crude extract of the seeds and tablet formulation were separated by RP-HPLC (Nucleosil RP-18 column, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) using linear gradient elution systems of acetonitrile-water-0.1 M H3PO4 for flavonoids and methanol-water for saponins. Satisfactory separation of the compounds was obtained in less than 30 and 25 min, for the flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The methods were validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). Repeatability (inter- and intra-day, n = 6 and 9, respectively) showed less than 2% relative standard deviation (RSD). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.075 and 0.225 mg/mL, respectively, for vicenin-2 and 0.027 and 0.082 mg/100 mL, respectively, for mollugogenol B. The content of flavonoids and saponins of six single tablets was between 95 and 103% for flavonoids and 94-98% for saponins. The validated HPLC methods were employed to standardize a fingerprint of a laboratory produced purified extract, which could be used as a secondary standard for the routine quality control. Accordingly, the purified extract was found to contain 21.3% flavonoids (vicenin-2, 10%) and 25.4% saponins (glinuside G, 14.2%). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Glinus lotoides; Glinuside G; Mollugogenol B; Quantitative determination; RP-HPLC; Vicenin-2	Acetonitrile; Aromatic compounds; Extraction; Hydrolysis; Mass spectrometry; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Purification; Seed; Ultraviolet radiation; Ultraviolet spectroscopy; Crude extracts; Limits of detection (LOD); Limits of quantification (LOQ); Relative standard deviation (RSD); Tablet formulation; High performance liquid chromatography; acetonitrile; flavonoid; Glinus lotoides extract; glinuside G; hydrochloric acid; methanol; mollugogenol B; plant extract; saponin derivative; unclassified drug; vicenin 2; vitexin 2'' o glucoside; water; analytical equipment; article; drug purity; elution; glinus lotoides; high performance liquid chromatography; hydrolysis; mass spectrometry; medicinal plant; nuclear magnetic resonance; plant seed; priority journal; quality control; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; separation technique; standard; tablet formulation; temperature; ultraviolet radiation; ultraviolet spectroscopy; validation process; Apigenin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Molluginaceae; Reference Standards; Saponins; Seeds; Tablets; Extractives; Flavonoids; Liquid Chromatography; Saponins; Seeds; Ultraviolet Radiation; Glinus lotoides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21644441914	Performance of Pullet chicks fed graded levels of Raw Bambarra groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc) offal diets as replacement for Soybean meal and Maize	Amaefule K.U., Osuagwu F.M.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	5	None	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Osuagwu, F.M., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	One hundred and eighty day-old Lohmann brown pullet chicks were used to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal and maize with Bambarra groundnut offal (BGO) in pullet chick diets. The experiments were in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments, each replicated three times, with nine pullets per replicate. The inclusion levels of BGO in the diets were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Parameters measured were daily weight gain, final live weight at 8th weeks, daily feed and protein intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, mortality and feed cost. The result showed that the performance of chicks fed diet containing 5% BGO did not differ significantly (P&gt;0.05) from that of the control. Pullets fed 10, 15, 20 and 25% BGO diets showed no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in their daily weight gain and final live weight. Pullets fed 20% BGO diet had significantly lower feed intake than others. The inclusion of Bambara groundnut offal in the diets significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the cost per kg of feed. The conclusion was that the BGO could be a valuable feedstuff in pullet chick diets which could be included up to 5% of the pullet diet.	Bambarra groundnut offal; Diets; Performance; Pullet chicks	Arachis hypogaea; Bambara; Glycine max; Vigna subterranea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21744451534	Evaluation of subjectively assessed nodule traits of ostrich skins as influenced by slaughter age	Van Schalkwyk S.J., Cloete S.W.P., Hoffman L.C., Meyer A.	2005	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	35	1	None	Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa	Van Schalkwyk, S.J., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Cloete, S.W.P., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Meyer, A., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa	Ostrich skins (n = 214) were assessed by 28 participants involved in the ostrich leather production and marketing chain. The participants were from various sectors in the ostrich industry, including producers, skin graders, leather marketers, agents and process managers. Skins were evaluated during two occasions, firstly without any knowledge of slaughter age and thereafter with prior knowledge of slaughter age. Nodule acceptability and distribution for each skin were scored on a linear scale of 1 to 10. Slaughter age, as estimated by the participants during the first evaluation, was regressed on the actual age of the birds at slaughter. The derived regression indicated that actual slaughter age accounted for approximately 46% of the variation found in estimated slaughter age. Nodule acceptability scores generally increased with slaughter age. Average scores of at least moderately acceptability were found only in skins from birds slaughtered at 11 months of age and older. A corresponding trend with increase in slaughter age was found for nodule distribution scores. Between skin variance ratios were comparatively low for nodule acceptability (0.09-0.10, depending on prior knowledge of slaughter age or not) and nodule distribution (0.05-0.06). The between scorer variance ratio was generally higher, exceeding 0.35. Scores for nodule acceptability with or without prior knowledge of the age of individual skins at slaughter were essentially the same, as judged from a near unity covariance ratio between individual skins. A similar trend was observed for nodule distribution score. The need for practical methods for the objective assessment of the acceptability of nodules and ostrich leather quality was expressed. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Linear scale; Nodule acceptability; Nodule distribution; Repeatability	Aves; Struthio camelus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21844462077	Demographic features, beliefs and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris among its sufferers in two towns in Nigeria	Ikaraoha C.I., Taylor G.O.L., Anetor J.I., Igwe C.U., Ukaegbu Q.O., Nwobu G.O., Mokogwu A.T.H.	2005	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	4	1	None	Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambros	Ikaraoha, C.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University, Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Nigeria; Taylor, G.O.L., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Anetor, J.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Igwe, C.U., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukaegbu, Q.O., Divine Touch Clinical Laboratory, Research Centre, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Nwobu, G.O., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Mokogwu, A.T.H., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	There is paucity of reports in the demographic knowledge, belief and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris sufferers towards the disorder in a black population. This is the first study from Nigeria designed to address this issue. A total of 174 facial acne sufferers completed a self-administered questionnaire, which contained several items mentioning different areas in their belief, knowledge, perception, severity, sociopsychological impact and medication attention. The findings were discussed and compared to those of the Caucasians. The occurrence of the disorder was higher in females (65.0%) compared to the males (35.0%). About 54.0% of the female subjects indicated increase in severity of the disorder during their pre-menstrual period. Also 64.9% of acne sufferers indicated increase in severity during the rainy season, while 93.1% of the population implicated stress to perpetuate the severity of the disorder. Most (75.7%) of the acne sufferers believed that it is caused by oily diet, 40.8% thought that it is hereditary, while barely 5.2% had at sometime sought doctor's attention. Non-prescription products used by acne sufferers were cleansers and cream/lotions. Psychological abnormalities experienced by the sufferers included social inhibition, depression and anxiety. Pain and discomfort are the psychomatic symptoms. No major differences were found in the beliefs, misconception and socio-psychological impact of acne sufferers in a black population (Nigeria) compared to the Caucasians. There is need to improve the understanding of the disorder in Nigeria through health education programmes.	Acne vulgaris; Beliefs; Nigeria; Perceptions; Severity	acne vulgaris; adult; anxiety; article; Caucasian; demography; depression; disease severity; female; genetic disorder; health education; human; incidence; lipid diet; male; menstrual cycle; Negro; Nigeria; perception; population research; prevalence; psychosomatic disorder; puberty; questionnaire; race difference; seasonal variation; sex difference; sex ratio; social isolation; social psychology; stress	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144440169	Developing a competence framework and evaluation tool for primary care nursing in South Africa	Strasser S., London L., Kortenbout E.	2005	Education for Health	18	2	10.1080/13576280500145615	Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Nursing, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; 4702 Tahoe Circle, Martinez, CA 94553, United States	Strasser, S., Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 4702 Tahoe Circle, Martinez, CA 94553, United States; London, L., Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kortenbout, E., Department of Nursing, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Context: Nurses provide the bulk of primary care services in South Africa. Post-apartheid health legislation envisions the provision of comprehensive primary services at all public clinics, which implies the need for a cadre of primary care nurses able to render such services. Objectives: To identify core competencies of clinic nurses and develop an evaluation tool for primary care nursing in South Africa. Methods: The descriptive and exploratory techniques used included two meetings of a reference group of South African primary care professionals, followed by a consensus-building exercise. Using the Delphi technique expert opinion was solicited from South Africa, Canada and the USA. Findings: The reference group meetings yielded a list of nine core competencies. Infrastructure issues, such as the supermarket (one-stop shopping) approach to service delivery, communication and transport systems, and the quality of supervision still cause concern. These issues underscore that competence cannot be measured in a vacuum. Input from Delphi participants affirmed the nine core competencies and the need to assess the impact of core competency training. One possible way to measure the nine core competencies would be to use proxy indicators. Discussion/Conclusions: Identifying core competencies is a complex process. There is a need to process a wide range of views and ideas. Also, balancing academic concerns with service delivery needs and constraints is an ongoing challenge. A potential limitation of the Delphi technique is participant selection bias and fatigue. Accessing a diverse international panel and making numerous follow up attempts via phone, mail and email were used to attempt to ameliorate these inherent limitations. Although the process is cumbersome, providing "experts" with a venue to wrestle with these ideas can be fruitful. Future studies would help to assess the reliability of the findings. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	Competence; Nursing; Primary care; Training	article; competence; controlled study; health care delivery; health care personnel; health care quality; human; medical profession; nursing; nursing education; primary medical care; priority journal; professional practice; professional standard; reliability; South Africa; Clinical Competence; Community Health Nursing; Delphi Technique; Guidelines; Humans; Nursing Evaluation Research; Primary Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144449944	The performance of Orma Boran and Maasai Zebu crossbreeds in a trypanosomosis endemic area of Nguruman, south western Kenya	Maichomo M.W., Ndung'u J.M., Ngare P.M., Ole-Mapenay I.M.	2005	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	72	1	None	Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Maichomo, M.W., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ndung'u, J.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ngare, P.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ole-Mapenay, I.M., University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Studies on the trypanotolerance of Orma Boran X Maasai Zebu (Orma Zebu) crossbred cattle (F1 progeny) and pure-bred Maasai Zebu contemporaries were carried out in Nguruman, south western Kenya. The two groups were monitored from birth for a period of 2 years. The incidence of trypanosomosis, parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), body mass and average daily mass gain were monitored. During the study period, overall trypanosomosis incidence was low (3%). The crossbred cattle had a higher incidence of infection (61% vs 39%). The mean PCV and mean mass gain for the crossbred cattle was higher than that of the Maasai Zebu. The mean calf body mass at weaning (8 months) for the Orma Zebu and Maasai Zebu was 72 kg and 64 kg, respectively, while at 18 months of age their mean body mass was 164 kg and 123 kg, respectively. During the rainy season significant differences in average daily mass gains were noted (P&lt;0.05). The superior mass gain of the Orma Zebu observed during the rainy season, despite higher infection rates, indicate an enhanced trypanotolerance. Moreover, the better performance of the Orma Zebu is an attribute that could be exploited in the adoption of the trypanotolerance genotype, as a sustainable trypanosomosis control strategy.	Cattle; Maasai Zebu; Orma Boran; Orma Zebu; Productivity; Trypanotolerance	animal; animal disease; article; breeding; cattle; cattle disease; cross breeding; female; genetic predisposition; genetics; growth, development and aging; hematocrit; Kenya; male; prevalence; season; weight gain; Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Crosses, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hematocrit; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Seasons; Trypanosomiasis, Bovine; Weight Gain; Bos indicus; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144479818	Technical article: A fuzzy-logic-based approach to cleaner production evaluation for surface finishing plants	Telukdarie A., Brouckaert C., Huang Y.	2005	Plating and Surface Finishing	92	5	None	Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban Institute of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States	Telukdarie, A., Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban Institute of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Brouckaert, C., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Huang, Y., Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States	The evaluation of environmental cleanliness of an electroplating facility, as compared to the best available practice, has been a challenge, particularly in small or mid-sized plants. This is mainly due to the fact that the detailed plant data necessary for evaluation is always difficult to obtain completely and precisely. To alleviate the data-scarce and lack-of-skill related problems in environmental performance evaluation for cleaner production, a fuzzy-logic-based decision analysis approach is introduced in this paper. The attractiveness of the approach is illustrated by the analysis of rinse system management. The approach is general and thus is suitable for any type of environmental cleanliness problems in the electroplating industry.	None	Clean rooms; Decision theory; Evaluation; Fuzzy sets; Metal cleaning; Metal finishing; Plating; Production engineering; Waste management; Waste treatment; Cleaner production evaluation; Electroplating industry; Fuzzy logic based approach; Rinse system management; Surface finishing plants; Electroplating shops	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22344457990	Evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes for multiple resistance to angular and floury leaf spot diseases	Lemessa F., Tesfaye A.	2005	Tropical Science	45	2	10.1002/ts.50	Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany	Lemessa, F., Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Tesfaye, A., Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia	Angular leaf spot and floury leaf spot are the major bean diseases in hot and humid parts of Ethiopia. Of 70 genotypes evaluated, EMP-233, EMP-212, G-10843 and Dicta-65 were consistently resistant to both diseases and the first three were also high yielding. For angular leaf spot, disease severity was positively correlated with seed size and 100-seed weight.	Bean; Leaf spot; Multiple resistance; Phaseolus vulgaris	Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22344458038	Non-standard finite-difference methods for vibro-impact problems	Dumont Y., Lubuma J.M.-S.	2005	Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences	461	2058	10.1098/rspa.2004.1425	IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Dumont, Y., IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; Lubuma, J.M.-S., IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Impact oscillators are non-smooth systems with such complex behaviours that their numerical treatment by traditional methods is not always successful. We design non-standard finite-difference schemes in which the intrinsic qualitative parameters of the system - the restitution coefficient, the oscillation frequency and the structure of the nonlinear terms - are suitably incorporated. The schemes obtained are unconditionally stable and replicate a number of important physical properties of the involved oscillator system such as the conservation of energy between two consecutive impact times. Numerical examples, including the Duffing oscillator that develops a chaotic behaviour for some positions of the obstacle, are presented. It is observed that the cpu times of computation are of the same order for both the standard and the non-standard schemes. © 2005 The Royal Society.	Energy-preserving schemes; Impact oscillators; Non-smooth mechanics; Non-standard finite-difference method; Qualitative stability; Vibro-impact scheme	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22444440988	Synthesis and evaluation of metal-ligand complexes for selective olefin solubilization in reactive solvents	Wentink A.E., Kuipers N.J.M., De Haan A.B., Scholtz J., Mulder H.	2005	Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research	44	13	10.1021/ie0487890	Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa	Wentink, A.E., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Kuipers, N.J.M., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; De Haan, A.B., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Scholtz, J., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands, Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa; Mulder, H., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands, Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa	The separation of 1-hexene from Fischer-Tropsch streams is an expensive and difficult separation because of the low relative volatilities encountered. Applying metal-ligand complexes, which π-complex olefins, can increase the selectivity and capacity of these separations. In this paper, potential metal-ligand combinations are screened for this purpose using ethylene as the olefin. Ethylene solubility measurements with the metal-ligand complexes show a qualitative relationship between the stability and ability of the metal-ligand complex. The ligands LIX 26 (a hydroxyquinoline) and LEX 54 (a diketone) do not easily extract silver, and the resulting metalligand complex is unstable as silver precipitates. In contrast, Cyanex 301 and 302, thiophosphoric acids, easily extract silver and are very stable, but here the silver ion no longer forms π complexes. The ligands, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, result in a stable metal-ligand complex that can also selectively complex ethylene relative to ethane. © 2005 American Chemical Society.	None	Ethane; Olefins; Phosphoric acid; Precipitation (chemical); Separation; Silver; Solubility; Solvents; Ethylene solubility; Fischer-Tropsch streams; Metal-ligand complexes; Selectivity; Complexation; solvent	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22444447492	Breeding efficiency, lifetime lactation and calving performance of Friesian-Boran crossbred cows at Cheffa farm, Ethiopia	Goshu G.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	7	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Goshu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Records of 602 cows maintained at Cheffa farm from 1976 to 1997 were used to analyze the variables breeding efficiency, herd life, and effective productive herd life, number of parity completed, number of calves produced and lifetime milk yield. The fixed factors considered were four levels of Friesian inheritance, three levels of season of birth or calving, nine levels of parity and 21 levels of year. General Linear Model was used to estimate the effect of independent factors. The overall mean for breeding efficiency was 66.3±0.49 and affected significantly (P&lt;0.001) by all factors. The overall mean for herd life and effective productive herd life were 2858±57.3 and 1301±47.6 days, respectively. Level of Friesian inheritance and year of birth effected significantly (P&lt;0.001) both traits. The overall mean for initiated parity and number of calves produced were 4.23±0.12 and 3.58±0.13, respectively and affected (P&lt;0.001) by level of inheritance and birth year of the cow but not by season of birth. Lifetime milk yield was 12749±483kg and significantly affected (P&lt;0.001) by level of inheritance and year of birth. Season of birth did not affect the trait significantly. The study showed that the F1 and 3/4Friesian inheritance cows had performed better than 15/16 groups. Breeding efficiency and lifetime productivity can be improved by placing efficient reproduction, feeding and health management at the farm.	Breeding efficiency; Cattle; Crossbreeds; Herd life; Season	Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544436439	Contextual factors at the school and classroom level related to pupils' performance in mathematics in South Africa	Howie S.J.	2005	Educational Research and Evaluation	11	2	10.1080/13803610500110703	Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Howie, S.J., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	South African pupils performed well below the TIMSS international average in 1995 and 1999 and significantly below all other countries (including the other African countries) in the 1999 study. Path analysis, namely Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, was applied to the South African TIMSS-R data to explore the effect of contextual factors at school level and classroom level within South African schools on the aggregated pupils' performance in mathematics. The results from the combined school- and classroom-level model revealed a relationship between the location of the schools, teachers' attitudes and beliefs, teaching load, lesson planning, and class size; all of which had direct effects on the South African pupils' aggregated performance in mathematics and in total explained 27% of the variance in the mathematics scores. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544463371	Critical evaluation of two models for entrepreneurial education: An improved model through integration	Pretorius M., Nieman G., Van Vuuren J.	2005	International Journal of Educational Management	19	5	10.1108/09513540510607743	Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Pretorius, M., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Nieman, G., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Van Vuuren, J., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - This paper focuses on the comparison of two models for entrepreneurial education with the aim of potential integration. At this juncture when entrepreneurial development is seen as the core contributor to enhance start-ups of new ventures and hence facilitate economic growth and development, the best possible education model is required. The creation of more entrepreneurs is at least partially dependent on the creation and advancement of efficient educational models. Design/methodology/approach - First, this paper briefly describes the two independently developed models for entrepreneurial education. Second, an in-depth qualitative analysis of the individual model constructs is presented to evaluate the contributions and limitations of each. Third, this paper proposes an integrated model that identifies certain weaknesses of each of its building-blocks, which are eliminated by the integration. Findings - The paper concludes that the integrated model for entrepreneurial education enhances the body of knowledge and highlights the key role of facilitators of entrepreneurial education programmes. Originality/value - Suggests that research should be conducted into the facilitation skills, entrepreneurial and business experience of existing facilitators and potentially those of business advisers that act as mentors. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Educational development; Entrepreneurialism; Training	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544475944	Effect of constant photoperiods on the laying performance of broiler breeders allowed conventional or accelerated growth	Lewis P.D., Backhouse D., Gous R.M.	2005	Journal of Agricultural Science	143	1	10.1017/S0021859605005010	Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom	Lewis, P.D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa, Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom; Backhouse, D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	An experiment was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal to assess the effect of constant photoperiods on sexual maturity and egg-laying performance in broiler breeders given two levels of control-feeding during the rearing phase. Cobb broiler breeder females were grown to reach 2.1 kg body weight at 17 or 21 weeks, and maintained on 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 16-h photoperiods from 2 days to 68 weeks of age. There were no significant interactions between photoperiod and growth rate for any production parameter. The time required reaching 2.1 kg increased proportionally with photoperiod but, because of delayed sexual development, birds on longer photoperiods consumed more feed to, and were heavier at, sexual maturity than shorter daylengths. The longer-photoperiod birds also had inferior rates of lay in the first half of the cycle, but superior in the second, which, together with the photoperiodic effects on maturity, resulted in birds on 11, 13 or 14 h producing most eggs to 68 weeks, and those on 16 h fewest. It is possible that the pattern of egg production was due to some of the birds on ≥ 13-h photoperiods becoming photorefractory, having a mid-cycle pause, and then spontaneously resuming egg production in the latter half of the cycle. However, a hinge-analysis of current and other data to the more usual depletion age of 60 weeks showed that the combined effects of photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production resulted in constant 10-h birds producing the highest number of eggs, with numbers decreasing by 3.6 eggs/h of photoperiod above the hinge and 7.8 eggs/h of photoperiod below it. Mean egg weight increased by 0.4 g/h of photoperiod, but the proportion of abnormally large and floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were unaffected by daylength. For each photoperiod, accelerated growth resulted in body weights being heavier than controls at sexual maturity, despite the mean age at maturity being 10 days earlier for the faster-growing birds. Body weights for the two growth groups were not significantly different at 68 weeks. Faster-growth birds consumed 1 kg less feed to 2.1 kg body weight, but 1.3 kg more feed to sexual maturity and 2.7 kg more to 68 weeks, and produced 6 more eggs than, but had similar patterns of egg production to, the conventionally managed controls. Mean egg weight, the proportion of floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were similar for both groups. Notwithstanding that the overall production of abnormally large eggs was low (1.1 eggs per bird); the faster-growing birds produced significantly more than the controls. Egg weight was positively influenced by age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity and photoperiod, but was unaffected by rate of growth to 2.1 kg per se. These findings show that there are differences between broiler breeders and egg-type pullets in their response to constant photoperiods. It is likely that the factors responsible for these differences, particularly in terms of sexual development, are the exhibition of photorefractoriness by, and the retardational effects of controlled feeding on, broiler breeders. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	photoperiod; poultry; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22644443519	The impact of immigration on health systems: A legal analysis from a three-country perspective	Blum J., Carstens P., Talib N.	2005	Medicine and Law	24	2	None	Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Blum, J., Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States; Carstens, P., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Talib, N., University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	The focus of this paper will be on how health care systems in three countries, Malaysia, South Africa and the United States, are responding to the health needs of immigrants with a strong focus on the legal aspects of the respective national responses. The Malaysia portion emphasizes legal immigration and analyses as to how the country's Ministry of Health and the delivery system itself is responding to the demands of immigrant's health. In the context of South Africa, the paper explores implications of the South African Constitution, which establishes a right to access health care, and explores whether such a right can be extended to non-citizens, or can be tempered by economic constraints. In the American discussion the focus is on whether publicly supported health care programs can be accessed to provide coverage for undocumented residents, and highlights recent constraints in using government monies in this area. © Yozmot 2005.	Health care resources; Immigration; Malaysia; South Africa; United States of America	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; budget; economic aspect; emergency health service; government; health care access; health care delivery; health care facility; health care need; health care policy; health care system; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; immigrant; immigration; legal aspect; malaria; Malaysia; medicaid; refugee; resource allocation; South Africa; tuberculosis; United States; Health Care and Public Health; Delivery of Health Care; Emigration and Immigration; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Malaysia; South Africa; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22744456563	Tryptic digests of sorghum malt sprouts: Evaluation of their stimulatory roles during very-high-gravity ethanol fermentation	Ezeogu L.I., Okolo B.N., Ogbonna J.C.	2005	Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists	63	3	10.1094/ASBCJ-63-0121	Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Ezeogu, L.I., Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Okolo, B.N., Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ogbonna, J.C., Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan	Tryptic digests of sprouts from two Nigerian sorghum cultivars were evaluated for their effects on very-high-gravity-fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae WY1006. Yeast growth, fermentation vigor, and ethanol production were considerably (P &lt; 0.05) enhanced by small amounts (1.25 to 6.25 g/L) of digests. CO2 emission rates after 24 hr were 48.3 to 69.2 mg/hr (Local White [TDSS-LW] digest) and 67.1 to 89.2 mg/hr (Local Red [TDSS-LR] digest) compared with 41.3 mg/hr in the unsupplemented control. Yeast growth increased 1.6- to 2.0- and 1.7- to 2.2-fold, respectively with TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR. At 83.7 to 105.0 and 102.0 to 128.8 g/L, respectively, TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR supported significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher ethanol production than did the control (64.0 g/L). Final ethanol values with TDSS-LR were always (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those with TDSS-LW, but very comparable with values from yeast extract-supplemented media (105.9 to 137.5 g/L). Sprout digest concentrations supporting maximum ethanol production were 5.0 and 3.75 g/L, respectively for TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR. At 3.75 g/L or below, more ethanol was produced by yeast in media with TDSS-LR than was observed in corresponding yeast extract-containing media. Results suggest that tryptic digests of sorghum sprouts can serve as viable alternatives to expensive yeast extract in ethanologenic fermentation. © 2005 American Society of Brewing Chemists, Inc.	Ethanol production; Fermentation vigor; Supplementation; Yeast growth	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22844440929	Impact of Iron Duke Pyrite Mine on water chemistry and aquatic life - Mazowe Valley, Zimbabwe	Ravengai S., Love D., Love I., Gratwicke B., Mandingaisa O., Owen R.J.S.	2005	Water SA	31	2	None	Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho; Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Ravengai, S., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, I., Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho, Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gratwicke, B., National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mandingaisa, O., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Owen, R.J.S., Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Iron Duke Mine is the only active pyrite mine in Zimbabwe, and has been in operation since the 1940s. Its location in the multiple-use upper catchment of the Mazowe Valley is strategic in terms of water resource management. The mine disposes of its highly acidic wastewater into two evaporation ponds on the north-eastern side of the mine. This has led to acidification of the groundwater to a pH of about 2 near the evaporation ponds as well as contamination with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn and SO4 2-. The pH gradually increases in a north-westerly direction, but much faster towards the west and south-west. Water samples taken from the Yellow Jacket River, which runs through the mine premises, indicated that the upper part of the river was not contaminated with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn or SO4 2- and had a neutral pH. However, where the river cuts through gossans and passes adjacent to the mine waste dump and the seepage zone from the evaporation ponds, the water quality deteriorates. The symptoms are a reduction in pH of river water from 7 to about 4 and the precipitation of complex iron hydroxy-sulphates known as "yellow boy" on the streambed. Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, and Zn concentrations are also elevated here. This poor water quality persisted downstream until the confluence with the Mazowe River where the acidic waters were diluted, and the pH returned to 7. The poor water quality in the Yellow Jacket River is related to an overall reduction in the diversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates and fish downstream of the mine until the confluence with the Mazowe River.	Acid mine drainage; Aquatic ecosystems; Water chemistry; Water pollution	Catchments; Evaporation; Groundwater; pH effects; Ponding; Wastewater; Aquatic life; Mine wastes; Water chemistry; Water resources; acid mine drainage; mine waste; water quality; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22844444824	The interaction of aging and 10 years of racing on ultraendurance running performance	Rae D.E., Bosch A.N., Collins M., Lambert M.I.	2005	Journal of Aging and Physical Activity	13	2	None	Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa	Rae, D.E., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Bosch, A.N., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Collins, M., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa	The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between aging and 10 years of racing in endurance runners. Race-time data from 194 runners who had completed 10 consecutive 56-km ultramarathons were obtained. The runners were either 20.5 ± 0.7, 30.0 ± 1.0, 39.9 ± 0.9, or 49.4 ± 1.0 years old at their first race. Each runner's race speed was determined for each race over the 10 years. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and independent t tests and showed that performance improved and declined at greater rates for younger runners; younger runners had a greater capacity for improvement than older runners; ≈4 years were required to reach peak racing speed, regardless of age; it was not possible to compete at peak speed for more than a few years; and the combined effects of 10 years of aging and racing neither improve nor worsen net performance. In conclusion, these data suggest that although these runners showed similar patterns of change in race speed over a 10-year period, the extent of change in performance was greater in younger than in older runners. © 2005, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.	Age groups; Longitudinal; Speed; Ultramarathon	age distribution; aged; aging; analysis of variance; article; controlled study; data analysis; endurance; female; human; male; physical performance; running; statistical analysis; adult; age; middle aged; physiology; running; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Endurance; Running	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22944465096	Snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group aquifer systems with a case study of the Kommissiekraal River catchment South Africa	Wu Y., Xu Y.	2005	Water SA	31	3	None	Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Wu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Xu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Snowmelt in the mountainous areas of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) in South Africa is believed to be one of sources of groundwater recharge in some winter seasons. This paper provides a scientific assessment of snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group Aquifer Systems for the first time. Snowfall periodically occurs on the highest mountain ranges of about 1 000 to 1 200 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l) in the TMG area. Snow over the mountainous catchments is often observed on the gentle side of the slope, which is substantially affected by wind and vegetation. Based on climatic analysis, recharge processes and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) images, the recharge areas influenced by snowmelt in the TMG are identified as those catchments that are located above 1 000 m a.m.s.l. Physical processes within the snowpack are very complex involving mass and energy balances as well as heat and mass transport. Snowmelt rate was calculated using a variable degree-day melt factor determined as a function of snowpack density and vegetation cover. The hourly snowmelt rates estimated with different new snow density models. Groundwater recharge from snowmelt is affected by snowmelt mechanisms and local recharge conditions. The recharge rate is constrained by characteristics of the fractures rather than snowmelt rate. Recharge is also discounted due to prevailing interflow occurring in favourite geomorphological locations. This hypothesis is confirmed by an infiltration experiment in which up to 13.6% of the infiltrating water can recharge the aquifer. The estimated snowmelt recharge in the Kommissiekraal River catchment in the Villiersdorp of South Africa ranges from 14.1 ℓ·s-1 to 15.0 ℓ·s -1.	ETM image; Kommissiekraal River catchment; Recharge; Snowmelt; TMG	Aquifers; Geomorphology; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Rivers; Snow; Vegetation; Wind; Enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) images; Snow density; South Africa; Table mountain group (TMG); Groundwater; groundwater; infiltration; recharge; snowmelt; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044449491	Line-start performance of single-phase synchronous reluctance motor with controlled capacitor	Obe E.S., Ojo O.	2005	IEE Proceedings: Electric Power Applications	152	4	10.1049/ip-epa:20055208	Laboratory of Power Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre for Energy System Research, Laboratory for Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Cooker	Obe, E.S., Laboratory of Power Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ojo, O., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre for Energy System Research, Laboratory for Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Cookerille, TN 38501, United States	This paper reports the effect of values of starting and synchronisation (running) capacitors on the line-start performance of a single-phase cage-rotor synchronous reluctance motor. The d-q rotor reference frame dynamic equations were used to select the values of capacitors best suited for starting and running and it is shown that for a near-instantaneous starting, the capacitances should be varied (within the selected peaks) in line with the machine speed error. One single three-terminal capacitor device controlled by speed error signal is found to be very useful in realising a faster acceleration than obtainable with conventional and other known methods. Peak torque pulsations and current drawn by the main winding were found to be reduced, suggesting a more efficient motor drive performance. Simulated and experimental results bear a resemblance. © IEE, 2005.	None	Capacitance; Capacitors; Magnetization; Synchronization; Synchronous motors; Torque; Auxiliary windings; Electromagnetic torque; Error signals; Torque pulsations; Reluctance motors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044449510	The ultrastructure of the peri-articular osteophytes - An evaluation by scanning electron microscopy	Alonge T.O., Rooney P., Oni O.O.A.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Unite	Alonge, T.O., Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Rooney, P., Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Oni, O.O.A., University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom	Objective: Osteophytes are intra-articular osteochondral tissues, which are usually found at the margins of degenerating synovial joints. The aetiology or pathogenesis of this tissue has been a subject of protracted debate. The aim of this study was to offer a possible aetiology and or pathogenesis of this expendable yet important osteochondral tissue using the scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the structure of the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the relationship of this mantle with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Methods: Sections of periarticular osteophytes and osteophyte-normal articular cartilage composite tissues were obtained during total knee replacement for osteoarthritis (OA). These sections were routinely processed and examined using the scanning electron microscope with emphasis on the osteophytic cartilage mantle and the merger of the osteophyte and the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Results: The cartilage mantle of osteophytes was found to be thinner but continuous with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. However, a longitudinal bar of acellular tissue was found to separate the subchondral bones of both tissues. The cellular (chondrocyte) arrangement in the osteophytic cartilage was similar to that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. In addition, in the superficial layer, there was looping of collagen fibres between the normal articular cartilage mantle and that of the osteophytic tissues. Conclusion: The continuity between the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the adjoining normal articular cartilage may suggest that in the formation of osteophytes, the chondrocytes from the adjoining normal articular cartilage greatly influence the mesenchymal tissue precursor of osteophyte to differentiate along a chondrocytic pathway initially. With subsequent vascular invasion probably from the periosteum, the neocartilage develops a bony core with a completely separate blood supply from that of the adjoining subchondral bone.	Cartilage mantle; Critical point drying scanning electron microscope; Osteoarthritis; Osteophyte	collagen; article; articular cartilage; cell differentiation; cell proliferation; cell structure; controlled study; histopathology; human; human cell; knee osteoarthritis; osteophyte; pathophysiology; scanning electron microscopy; synovium; total knee replacement; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Cartilage, Articular; Chondrocytes; Femur Head; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Osteoarthritis, Knee	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044452978	Risk of nosocomial bacteria transmission: Evaluation of cleaning methods of probes used for routine ultrasonography	Bello T.O., Taiwo S.S., Oparinde D.P., Hassan W.O., Amure J.O.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teachin	Bello, T.O., Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Taiwo, S.S., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Oparinde, D.P., Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Hassan, W.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Amure, J.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria	Background: There exists a small but definite risk of nosocomial infection transmission attributable to ultrasonography probes and coupling gels. Objective: Our objective was to ascertain whether the current method of probe disinfection in between patients is adequate to prevent cross infection, and to determine the best and safest method of probe disinfection applicable during routine ultrasonography in our institution. Materials and method: Forty consecutive patients sent for routine ultrasonography at the Radiology Department of our institution in the month of January 2004 were studied. Each patient had a standardized ultrasound scan of the abdomen, after which swabs were taken from the surface of the unclean probe and after probe disinfection by single and double paper wipe cleaning method. The swabs were cultured on Blood agar to determine the characteristics of the colony forming units (CFU). Result: Forty four bacterial isolates were recovered from 37 patients who cultured positive, with MRSA constituting 36.4 %, MRCONS 22.7 %, MSSA 13.6 %, MSCONS 13.6 %, Klebsiella spp 9.1 % and Proteus mirabilis 4.6 %. The average CFU transmitted by the unclean probe was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that transmitted by the probe after single or double paper wipe. Also, the average CFU transmitted following single and double paper wipe, in the inpatients was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the outpatients. Conclusion: Single paper wipe is adequate for outpatients, but for inpatients, especially those with high risk of cross infection, double paper wipe is preferred with probe thoroughly wiped until visibly clean.	Nosocomial infection; US probes	article; bacterial colonization; bacterial infection; bacterium isolate; cleaning; clinical article; clinical protocol; coagulase negative Staphylococcus; colony forming unit; controlled study; culture medium; disease transmission; disinfection; echography; hospital hygiene; hospital infection; human; infection risk; instrument sterilization; Klebsiella; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Proteus mirabilis; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Abdomen; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Disinfection; Equipment Contamination; Gels; Humans; Nigeria; Radiology Department, Hospital; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044501807	Screenhouse evaluation of atrazine for soil residual activity on growth, development and nutritional quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) in southwestern Nigeria	Aladesanwa R.D.	2005	Crop Protection	24	10	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.022	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Aladesanwa, R.D., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Atrazine is still by far the most widely used herbicide for selective weed control in maize in southwestern Nigeria following which vegetable crops may be sown to 'catch' remaining moisture under rainfed multiple cropping. This study examined under screenhouse conditions the effects of soil residual activity of atrazine at the recommended dose of 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 on the growth, development and nutritional quality of okra at intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after treatment (WAT). Results indicated that atrazine significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced plant height, total crop leaf area, and pod fresh weight in all the herbicide treatments relative to the control, but leaf number remained unaffected. Plant height, among other yield and nutritional quality indices, was found to be linearly and positively correlated with time interval between atrazine applications (P≤0.001; r=+0.98). The results of proximate analysis and determination of Vitamin C content of matured okra pods showed significant reductions in the levels of protein, fat, ash, crude fibre, carbohydrate, Vitamin C, calcium, iron, and moisture content in all the treatments involving atrazine application compared with control. It was concluded that okra should not be sown after maize in which atrazine has been used in order to avoid crop injury and reduced yield of pods with low nutritional value. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Maize; Soil residual activity	herbicide; weed control; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23144457110	Evaluation of protein degradation characteristics and metabolisable protein of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and locally available protein supplements	Kabi F., Bareeba F.B., Havrevoll Ø., Mpofu I.D.T.	2005	Livestock Production Science	95	42371	10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.12.013	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Kabi, F., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Bareeba, F.B., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Havrevoll, Ø., Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway; Mpofu, I.D.T., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Degradation characteristics of crude protein (CP) and metabolisable protein (MP) of feeds for early-weaned, growing and finishing beef bulls were evaluated in three experiments. Feeds in experiment 1 were fresh elephant grass (FEG) and molasses supplemented with sweet potato vines (SPV) in diet 1, supplemental (GCM) compounded from gliricidia, cottonseed cake (CSC), maize bran and NaCl in diet 2 and a commercial concentrate (CC) in diet 3. Feeds in experiment 2 were basal maize stover mixed with molasses (MSM) and FEG supplemented with SPV in diet 1, GCM in diet 2 and CC in diet 3. In experiment 3, MSM and FEG were supplemented with compounded supplemental protein feeds with varying levels of gliricidia inclusion. Supplemental (GM) containing gliricidia, maize bran and NaCl were used in diet 1, GCM in diet 2 and supplemental (CM) containing CSC, maize bran and NaCl in diet 3. Degradabilities of experimental feeds were measured at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h by the nylon bag technique using two rumen fistulated steers (300±10 kg). Effective CP degradabilities of FEG in the three experiments varied (P&lt;0.05) with the supplements. In experiment 1, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements varied (P&lt;0.05) from 668.3 g kg-1 CP in CC to 722.1 g kg-1 CP in SPV and 743.7 g kg-1 CP in GCM. Effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), digestible udegradable protein (DUP) and MP varied (P&lt;0.05) among the supplements. In experiment 2, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements did not vary but ERDP varied (P&lt;0.05) from 83.7 g kg-1 CP in SPV to 116.6 g kg-1 CP in GCM and 123.8 g kg-1 CP in CC and MP followed similar trends. In experiment 3, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements decreased (P&lt;0.05) with increasing gliricidia inclusion. ERDP increased (P&lt;0.05) with lower gliricidia while DUP varied (P&lt;0.05) from 18.2 g kg-1 CP in CM to 23.6 g kg-1 CP in GCM and 36.6 g kg-1 CP in GM. These data have shown that the majority of locally available feeds evaluated in this study are not similar in CP degradation characteristics and MP but compounded GCM is more suitable in providing degradable and undegradable protein for beef bulls in Uganda. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cottonseed cake; Degradability; Fresh elephant grass; Gliricidia; Metabolisable protein; Supplemental protein; Sweet potato vines	Gliricidia; Ipomoea batatas; Micropus; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Swinepox virus (STRAIN KASZA); Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23344435343	Performance of the CardioChek™ PA and Cholestech LDX® point-of-care analysers compared to clinical diagnostic laboratory methods for the measurement of lipids	Panz V.R., Raal F.J., Paiker J., Immelman R., Miles H.	2005	Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa	16	2	None	Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Panz, V.R., Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Raal, F.J., Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paiker, J., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Immelman, R., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Miles, H., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Point-of-care (POC) blood testing is intended to provide results more rapidly than can be obtained from a central laboratory. Precision and accuracy of the CardioChek PA and Cholestech LDX analysers were compared to clinical diagnostic laboratory methods. In 100 patients, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured by both analysers and compared to those analysed by the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratory. Data were evaluated for conformance with National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Results were grouped into low, middle and high ranges and were similar to those obtained by the NHLS, except in the high range where TC and LDL-C levels were under-read by both analysers. All analytes measured by both analysers correlated significantly with NHLS (p < 0.0001). With the exception of LDL-C, both analysers showed reasonable compliance with NCEP goals for coefficients of variation and bias measurements. Both analysers met NCEP guidelines for all analytes at two clinical cut-off points. We concluded that, compared to NHLS methods, performance of the CardioChek PA and Cholestech LDX analysers is acceptable and that they offer healthcare professionals a rapid, POC method for the measurement of lipids.	None	high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; biological marker; lipid; analytic method; article; blood testis barrier; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; hospital information system; human; laboratory test; lipid analysis; major clinical study; triacylglycerol blood level; blood; blood examination; comparative study; diagnosis, measurement and analysis; evaluation; hyperlipoproteinemia type 2; methodology; sensitivity and specificity; Biological Markers; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Laboratory Techniques and Procedures; Lipids; Point-of-Care Systems; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23444442272	Tourism impact, distribution and development: The spatial structure of tourism in the Western Cape province of South Africa	Cornelissen S.	2005	Development Southern Africa	22	2	10.1080/03768350500163014	Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Cornelissen, S., Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The structural dimensions of a country's tourism sector, and in particular the spatial structure of tourism production and consumption, relate closely to the nature and extent of the impact that tourism can have. This article examines the spatial characteristics of tourism in the Western Cape province, one of South Africa's foremost international tourist regions, and where its government seeks to use tourism as an instrument of development and socio-economic transformation. To understand how this could be effected it is necessary to understand the spatial distributional effects of tourism, and the underlying reasons for it. To this end the article examines the spatial structure of the provincial accommodation sector as evidenced in patterns of accommodation supply and tourist usage (demand); and trends in the nature, direction and distribution of public and private-sector tourism investments. The central argument is that tourism is geographically focused, with tourist activities concentrated in a few locales and sub-regions. This follows the general demographic and economic contours of the province. Yet trends in capital investments tend to reinforce the spatial concentration of tourism. Attempts by the govemment to spread tourism's benefits have not been too successful due to institutional and capacity deficiencies. Greater emphasis should be placed on developing domestic tourism. © 2005 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	None	regional pattern; spatial analysis; structural analysis; tourist destination; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23444453371	Impact of cutting and collecting of firewood associated with informal settlement in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone	Berry M.G., Robertson B.L., Campbell E.E.	2005	South African Journal of Botany	71	2	None	Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Berry, M.G., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Robertson, B.L., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Campbell, E.E., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of wood cutting and collecting on vegetation around informal settlements in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone. Thicket and Afromontane forest vegetation were selectively sampled at Kenton-on-Sea, Port Elizabeth, Plettenberg Bay and Knysna, using a fence-line approach, in combination with transects. The floristic data were then ordinated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Certain notable changes in vegetation structure and floristics were evident. Wood cutting and collecting increased species richness, diversity and heterogeneity in thicket vegetation and it would appear that thicket tolerates current levels of utilisation. On the other hand, both species richness, diversity and heterogeneity decreased in forest near informal settlements, suggesting that forest is not adapted to cope with such impacts. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	forest ecosystem; human activity; vegetation structure; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23744470700	Bread making quality evaluation of Ethiopian wheat cultivars using direct and indirect measures of quality traits	Dessalegn T., Labuschagne M.T., Van Deventer C.S.	2005	Cereal Research Communications	33	42403	None	Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Dessalegn, T., Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Labuschagne, M.T., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Van Deventer, C.S., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The bread making quality of Ethiopian cultivars was studied using 18 quality traits at low and high protein environments. Significant variation was observed between genotypes with a broad range of milling, rheological and baking traits. Three different quality prediction models were constructed explaining 48% to 73% of the variation of mixing time and loaf volume, respectively. SDS-sedimentation alone accounted for 56% of the variation in loaf volume at the high protein environment. The variation of mixing time due to protein content alone was 37% at the low protein environment. SDS-sedimentation and mixograph mixing time were common in the three models. SDS-sedimentation, protein content and mixing time can be used as selection criteria in breeding programs where resources are limited. Hectoliter weight and grain weight also contributed to the variation of loaf volume and mixing time.	Loaf volume; Quality; Wheat	Triticum aestivum; Triticum aethiopicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844462871	Laser argon dating of melt breccias from the Siljan impact structure, Sweden: Implications for a possible relationship to Late Devonian extinction events	Reimold W.U., Kelley S.P., Sherlock S.C., Henkel H., Koeberl C.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	4	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Division of Engineering Geology and Geophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 72, SE 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kelley, S.P., Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Sherlock, S.C., Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Henkel, H., Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Division of Engineering Geology and Geophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 72, SE 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	In earlier studies, the 65-75 km diameter Siljan impact structure in Sweden has been linked to the Late Devonian mass extinction event. The Siljan impact event has previously been dated by K-Ar and Ar-Ar chronology at 342-368 Ma, with the commonly quoted age being 362.7 ± 2.2 Ma (2 σ, recalculated using currently accepted decay constants). Until recently, the accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian boundary and associated extinction event was 364 Ma, which is within error limits of this earlier Siljan age. Here we report new Ar-Ar ages extracted by laser spot and laser step heating techniques for several melt breccia samples from Siljan (interpreted to be impact melt breccia). The analytical results show some scatter, which is greater in samples with more extensive alteration; these samples generally yield younger ages. The two samples with the least alteration yield the most reproducible weighted mean ages: one yielded a laser spot age of 377.2 ± 2.5 Ma (95% confidence limits) and the other yielded both a laser spot age of 376.1 ± 2.8 Ma (95% confidence limits) and a laser stepped heating plateau age over 70.6% 39Ar release of 377.5 ± 2.4 Ma (2 σ). Our conservative estimate for the age of Siljan is 377 ± 2 Ma (95% confidence limits), which is significantly different from both the previously accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary and the previously quoted age of Siljan. However, the age of the F/F boundary has recently been revised to 374.5 ± 2.6 Ma by the International Commission for Stratigraphy, which is, within error, the same as our new age. However, the currently available age data are not proof that there was a connection between the Siljan impact event and the F/F boundary extinction. This new result highlights the dual problems of dating meteorite impacts where fine-grained melt rocks are often all that can be isotopically dated, and constraining the absolute age of biostratigraphic boundaries, which can only be constrained by age extrapolation. Further work is required to develop and improve the terrestrial impact age record and test whether or not the terrestrial impact flux increased significantly at certain times, perhaps resulting in major extinction events in Earth's biostratigraphic record. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	breccia; Devonian; geochronology; impact structure; mass extinction; Dalarna; Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Europe; Northern Europe; Scandinavia; Siljan Ring; Sweden; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844464755	Pharmacological screening and evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of Croton zambesicus against Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice	Okokon J.E., Ofodum K.C., Ajibesin K.K., Danladi B., Gamaniel K.S.	2005	Indian Journal of Pharmacology	37	4	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, National Institute for	Okokon, J.E., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Ofodum, K.C., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Ajibesin, K.K., Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Danladi, B., Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Gamaniel, K.S., Department of Pharmacology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria	Objective: To evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of leaf extract of Croton zambesicus on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice and to confirm its traditional use as a malarial remedy in Africa. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic leaf extract of Croton zambesicus (50-200 mg/kg) was screened for blood schizontocidal activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. The schizontocidal activity during early and established infections as well as the repository activity were investigated. Results: The extract demonstrated a dose-dependent chemosuppression or schizontocidal effect during early and in established infections, and also had repository activity. The activity was lower than that of the standard drugs (chloroquine 5 mg/kg, pyrimethamine 1.2 mg/kg/day). Conclusion: The leaf extract possesses considerable antiplasmodial activity, which can be exploited in malaria therapy.	Malaria; Schizontocide	chloroquine; croton zambesicus extract; plant extract; pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; croton zambesicus; drug activity; drug screening; female; malaria; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; phytochemistry; Plasmodium berghei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844464835	The impact of health on poverty: Evidence from the south African integrated family survey	Godlonton S., Keswell M.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	1	None	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Godlonton, S., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Keswell, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of health status on poverty status, accounting for the endogeneity of health status. Using exogenous measures of health status from the South African Integrated Health Survey, we instrument for health status while allowing for covariation among the unobservables influencing both health and household poverty status. Health status, as captured by the body mass index, is shown to strongly influence poverty status. Households that contain more unhealthy individuals are 60 per cent more likely to be income poor than households that contain fewer unhealthy individuals, and this finding appears invariant to the choice of poverty line. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	Economic development; Health production; Poverty	health status; health survey; income; poverty determinant; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844514816	Field evaluation of root rot disease and relationship between disease severity and yield in cassava	Onyeka T.J., Dixon A.G.O., Ekpo E.J.A.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	3	10.1017/S0014479705002668	Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Unité de Recherche en Productions Végétales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe	Onyeka, T.J., Unité de Recherche en Productions Végétales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe; Dixon, A.G.O.; Ekpo, E.J.A., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Reports of cassava root rot disease from different African countries have increased in recent times. Field studies were conducted from July 1998 to October 1999 to determine a reproducible disease assessment method that would allow the comparison of results from different locations and an evaluation of the relationship between disease severity and root yield. Single point disease assessments at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after planting (MAP) were compared to multiple points assessment based on the area under a disease progress curve (AUDPC). Single point assessments at 12 and 15 MAP, and the AUDPC identified continuous variation (p ≤ 0.01) among the genotypes. However, a consistent result across trials was obtained only with the assessment based on AUDPC. Root dry yield (DYLD) at 15 MAP showed a strong negative correlation with AUDPC (r = -0.74). Regression analysis also confirmed the negative relationship between yield and root rot severity. The five genotypes compared were separated into resistant (91/02324, 30572 and 92/0427) and susceptible (92/0057 and TME-1) groups. It was concluded that root rot disease may cause significant yield loss; however, the magnitude of the yield loss will depend on the susceptibility of the cassava genotype. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844552375	Damage, deterioration and the long-term structural performance of cooling-tower shells: A survey of developments over the past 50 years	Bamu P.C., Zingoni A.	2005	Engineering Structures	27	12 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.04.020	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Bamu, P.C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa; Zingoni, A., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	The last 50 years have seen a gradual shift in trend in research on concrete hyperbolic cooling-tower shells, from the issues of response to short-term loading and immediate causes of collapse in the early part of this period, to the issues of deterioration phenomena, durability and long-term performance in more recent times. This paper traces these developments. After a revisit of some historical collapses of cooling-tower shells, and a brief consideration of condition surveys and repair programmes instituted in the aftermath of these events, focus shifts to the important question of damage and deterioration, and progress made over the past 30 years in the understanding of these phenomena. In particular, much research has gone into the modelling of cracking and geometric imperfections, which have a considerable effect on the load-carrying capacity of the shell, and are also manifestations of long-term deterioration. While structural monitoring of the progression of deterioration in cooling-tower shells, and the accurate prediction of this through appropriate numerical models, will always be important, the thinking now seems to be shifting towards designing for durability right from the outset. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Concrete cracking; Cooling towers; Damage modelling; Deterioration phenomena; Durability; Long-term performance; Shell imperfections; Shell structures	Cooling towers; Crack initiation; Defects; Deterioration; Durability; Mathematical models; Performance; Reinforced concrete; Concrete cracking; Cooling tower shells; Damage modelling; Deterioration phenomena; Long term performance; Shell imperfections; Shells (structures); structural analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944469924	An evaluation of library automation in some Ghanaian university libraries	Amekuedee J.-O.	2005	Electronic Library	23	4	10.1108/02640470510611508	Balme Library, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway	Amekuedee, J.-O., Balme Library, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway	Purpose - The study was undertaken to find out which library processes have been automated in Ghana's three older public university libraries namely, the Balme Library, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Library and the University of Cape Coast (UCC) Library. Design/methodology/approach - Using data obtained through the use of questionnaires, the study examined areas of general automation, automation of specific library processes, networking, internet connectivity, training, and major constraints to library automation. Findings - The study found out that even though the university libraries realize the importance of library automation, they are hampered by lack of funds, lack of support from the university administrations, and lack of skilled staff to embark on automation of all library processes. It was also revealed that none of the libraries have on OPAC (online public access catalogue). Originality/value - The study concludes with recommendations that would enhance the university libraries drive towards automation of their library processes and ensure effective and efficient use of the new technology to raise the image of the libraries and give their library clients more services. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Automation; Ghana; Internet; Libraries; Universities	Developing countries; Information technology; Internet; Office automation; Online searching; Statistical methods; Ghana; Online public access catalogue; University libraries; Digital libraries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944479221	The impact of the use of energy sources on the quality of life of poor communities	Martins J.	2005	Social Indicators Research	72	3	10.1007/s11205-004-5583-z	Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Martins, J., Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Over the last few decades, the energy literature has been dominated by a theory of transition. The theory of transition is based on the notion that households gradually ascend an 'energy ladder', which begins with traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal), moves through modern commercial fuels (kerosene and liquid petroleum gas (LPG)) and culminates with the advent of electricity. The ascent of the 'energy body', though not fully understood, is thought to be associated with rising income and increasing levels of urbanisation. Empirical evidence on energy and poverty issues has been to suggest that reality is rather more complex than the simple transitional theory would appear to suggest. To choose an appropriate set of indicators to measure the impact of electrification, this paper takes three basic different perspectives on human welfare, namely, basic needs, monetary, and non-monetary into consideration. According to the basic needs approach, welfare relates to people's ability to satisfy their basic material needs. In the monetary approach it is a generally accepted view that the purchasing power of the household provides the best overall indicator of welfare. According to the non-monetary approach there has been a trend towards complementing economic measures of deprivation with non-monetary measures to obtain a multidimensional view of human well being, particularly by tracking health and education indicators. In the rest of the paper the two primary research projects conducted in two provinces in South Africa, namely KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, will be discussed. The one research project is still in process. However, the methodology will be discussed. In this project a comparison will be made of households' experiences in villages with and without electricity to see if and to what extent electrification contributed to the welfare of the communities. In the second project households were interviewed about their experiences in the use of paraffin as source of energy. © Springer 2005.	Accidents; Electricity; Energy sources; Firewood; Needs; Paraffin; Poor; Welfare	electrification; energy resource; energy use; low income population; quality of life; welfare impact; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; Limpopo; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944490137	Through the magnifying glass: A descriptive theoretical analysis of the possible impact of the South African higher education policies on academic staff and their job satisfaction	Mapesela M., Hay H.R.	2005	Higher Education	50	1	10.1007/s10734-004-6358-9	Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Mapesela, M., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Hay, H.R., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	This article provides a descriptive theoretical analysis of the most important higher education policies and initiatives which were developed by the democratically elected government of South Africa after 1994 to transform the South African higher education system. The article sheds light on the rationale for the policies under scrutiny; how they take cognisance of academics' diverse needs; as well as how their implementation is bound to affect academics and possibly influence job satisfaction. The article argues that the South African higher education fraternity, currently overwhelmed by mammoth change initiatives, is simultaneously faced with two processes, namely transforming the socio-political state of the country, as well as transformation to respond to national higher education policy imperatives. Seemingly South African policy-makers, in their attempts to break away from the past, are oblivious of the realities of thorough policy implementation and do not take the voluminous nature of policies into consideration as an inhibiting factor. Undoubtedly this could have adverse effects for academic staff who are expected to propel change and transformation, but who are oftentimes confronted with the complexities of implementation which entail among others, dealing with cumbersome procedures, processes, bureaucratic structures as well as increasing workloads. © Springer 2005.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044440115	Determination of lorazepam in plasma from children by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection	Muchohi S.N., Obiero K., Kokwaro G.O., Ogutu B.R., Githiga I.M., Edwards G., Newton C.R.J.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	824	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.040	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Obiero, K., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ogutu, B.R., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Githiga, I.M., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	A simple, sensitive, selective, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed for the determination of lorazepam (LZP) in human plasma, using oxazepam (OZP) as internal standard. LZP and OZP were extracted from alkalinized (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane-dichloromethane (70:30%; v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase Synergi ® Max RP analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.; 4 μm particle size), using an aqueous mobile phase (10 mM KH2PO 4 buffer (pH 2.4)-acetonitrile; 65:35%, v/v) delivered at a flow-rate of 2.5 ml/min. Retention times for OZP and LZP were 10.2 and 11.9 min, respectively. Calibration curves were linear from 10 to 300 ng with correlation coefficients (r2) better than 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 2.5 and 10 ng/ml, respectively, using 0.5 ml samples. The mean relative recoveries at 20 and 300 ng/ml were 84.1 ± 5.5% (n = 6) and 72.4 ± 5.9% (n = 7), respectively; for OZP at 200 ng the value was 68.2 ± 6.8% (n = 14). The intra-assay relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) at 20, 150 and 270 ng/ml of LZP were 7.8%, 9.8% (n = 7 in all cases) and 6.6% (n = 8), respectively. The inter-assay R.S.D. at the above concentrations were 15.9%, 7.7% and 8.4% (n = 7 in all cases), respectively. Intra- and inter-assay accuracy data were within the acceptance interval of ±20% of the nominal values. There was no interference from other commonly co-administered anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and antimalarial drugs. The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of LZP in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of a single intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) of LZP.	Analysis in plasma; Children; High-performance liquid chromatography; Lorazepam; Pharmacokinetics	Bioassay; Concentration (process); Drug products; High performance liquid chromatography; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmas; Separation; Solvent extraction; Analysis in plasma; Children; Lorazepam; Oxazepam (OZP); Ultraviolet detectors; acetonitrile; analgesic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; buffer; chloramphenicol; chloramphenicol hemisuccinate; chloroquine; cycloguanil; diazepam; dichloromethane; fosphenytoin sodium; gentamicin; hexane; lorazepam; midazolam; oxazepam; paracetamol; penicillin G; phenobarbital; phenytoin; potassium derivative; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; accuracy; alkalinity; article; calibration; child; controlled study; correlation coefficient; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; flow rate; human; liquid liquid extraction; particle size; priority journal; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; ultraviolet radiation; Anticonvulsants; Calibration; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lorazepam; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Artesunate; Cinchona pubescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044512131	Impact of iodine deficiency on thyroid function in pregnant African women - A possible factor in the genesis of 'small for dates' babies	Das S.C., Isichei U.P., Mohammed A.Z., Otokwula A.A., Emokpae A.	2005	Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry	20	2	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu	Das, S.C., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 3452, Kano 700 001, Nigeria; Isichei, U.P., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Mohammed, A.Z., Department of Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Otokwula, A.A., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Emokpae, A., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	The effect of iodine deficiency (ID) on thyroid function in African women during pregnancy and postnatal period was examined, for which very limited information is available. Serum T4, T3, TSH, TBG, thyroxine binding capacity (TBK), free thyroxine index (FT4I=T 4TTBK) and T4/TBG were determined by ELISA technique in 32 pregnant women (resident of Plateau state, Nigeria - an ID zone) through pregnancy upto term delivery, and in 5 women up to 6 weeks post delivery. Urinary iodide level was measured at delivery to determine the degree of iodine deficiency. Results were matched with a non pregnant control comprising 44 subjects. 5555 birth weights (BW) of term babies in the region were analysed to determine the prevalence of 'small for dates' (SFD) babies in the population. Results show that the level of serum FT4I was elevated very significantly at late gestation (P&lt;.001) but the women were not hyperthyroid, suggesting a marked disturbance in binding of T4 with TBG during pregnancy. Five women with SFD babies were found in 'compensated hypothyroid state' and showed a significant depression (p&lt;.01) in serum T 4/TBG,T4,FT4I and T3 levels to a low normal range, with a concurrent significant rise (p.&lt;.001) in TSH level (above normal range) throughout pregnancy. Incidence of SFD babies was higher (p.&lt;.001) in ID zone (Bassa 15.2%) compared to control zone (Jos 9.8%). It is concluded that a state of maternal 'subclinical (compensated) hypothyroidism' during pregnancy possibly plays an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of SFD babies in Africans. A normal reference range for thyroid parameters at various stages of pregnancy in healthy African women is established for the first time.	Africans; Iodine deficiency; Pregnancy; Thyroid function	iodide; iodine; liothyronine; thyrotropin; thyroxine; thyroxine binding globulin; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; birth weight; chemical binding; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; incidence; iodine deficiency; liothyronine blood level; newborn; pathogenesis; perinatal period; pregnancy; small for date infant; thyroid function; thyrotropin blood level; thyroxine binding capacity; thyroxine blood level; urinary excretion; Enterobacteria phage T4	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24144474579	Measuring the impact of HIV and STIs in a community in a coal mining town, Mpumalanga, South Africa	Hurkchand H., Makuluma H., Molefe N., Molapo M.	2005	Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	105	6	None	CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Hurkchand, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Makuluma, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molefe, N., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molapo, M., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2001 to establish the prevalence rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea) in a coalmining town in Mpumalanga. Methods: 155 adults were recruited (79 males and 76 females), by holding community meetings, and by door-to-door recruitment. Saliva and urine specimens were collected for the analysis of HIV and STI prevalence, respectively. Results: The mean age for males was 31.35 years (min = 19 yrs and max = 50 yrs) and the mean age of the female participants was 31.90 years (min = 17 yrs, max = 49 yrs). The prevalence of HIV was found to be 22.78% [95% CI (14.09-33.59)] in the males vs. 47.37% [95% CI (35.79-55.16)] in the females, [p = 0.001, OR = 3.05, 95%CI (1.49-6.26)]. The prevalence of C trachomatis was 7.90% [95% CI (2.95-16.39)] in the males vs. 12.86% [95% CI (6.05-23.00)] in the females, p = 0.324. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoea was 3.79% [95% CI (0.79-1.08)] in the males vs. 9.86% [95% CI (4.06-19.26)] in the females, p = 0.137. HIV was significantly associated with C. trachomatis, [p = 0.032, OR = 3.18, 95% CI (1.04-9.72)], but was not significant when stratified by gender. HIV was not significantly associated with N.gonorrhoea (p = 0.072) but it was significantly associated when stratified by gender, p = 0.001 for females. There were no significant associations between HIV and age (p = 0.408), even upon stratification by gender. Conclusions: HIV prevalence in this community is high, and corresponds to national figures. However, the prevalence of STIs is surprisingly low as it would be expected to be high in a migrant population. Although communities are exposed to expanding peer-education activities that encourage behaviour change, the prevalence of HIV in this group. There is an urgent need for interventions designed to treat or prevent HIV infection in women generally and in women at high risk. © The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2005.	Antenatal; HIV prevalence; Mining; STI prevalence	Antenatal; HIV prevalance; STI prevalance; Disease control; Population statistics; Social aspects; Viruses; Coal mines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24344462085	Egg traits, hatchability and early growth performance of the Fulani-ecotype chicken	Fayeye T.R., Adeshiyan A.B., Olugbami A.A.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	8	None	Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Fayeye, T.R., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Adeshiyan, A.B., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Olugbami, A.A., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Three studies were conducted to evaluate Fulani-ecotype chicken for egg, hatchability and growth traits. In study one, 30 eggs were used to evaluate thirteen internal and external egg traits including egg weight, egg length, egg width, egg index, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk diameter, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen height, albumen weight, haugh unit and egg index. In study two, 165 eggs were used to evaluate fertility and hatchability traits. In study three, sixty-eight day-old Fulani-ecotype chicks were evaluated for growth performance. Mean values for egg traits were 40.73g, 20.25g, 4.92mm, 75.53 percent, 13.03g, 14.27mm, 24.68mm and 0.58 for egg weight, albumen weight, albumen height, haugh unit, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width and yolk index, respectively. Mean value for shell weight, shell thickness, egg length, egg width and egg index were 5.12g, 0.58mm, 34.91mm, 23.59mm and 1.48, respectively. Fertility percent, live germs at 18th day and percent hatchability were 76 percent, 75 percent, and 47 percent, respectively. Body weight gain in chickens increased from hatch to 3 weeks of age, and afterward declined. Indices of egg internal quality suggested that the Fulani-ecotype chicken is highly desirable. Its good shell thickness may be exploited in reducing losses due to cracked eggs. Mean chick weight increased by more than eleven times within the first eight weeks of life. The present report suggests that Fulani-ecotype chicken has good potential for meat and egg production, therefore selection along these two directions may help to develop indigenous strains of meat type chicken.	Early growth; Egg traits; Fulani-ecotype	Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24344464067	Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change	Araújo M.B., Pearson R.G., Thuiller W., Erhard M.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	9	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01000.x	Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom; Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain	Araújo, M.B., Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom, Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Pearson, R.G., Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Thuiller, W., Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Erhard, M., Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Increasing concern over the implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to the use of species-climate envelope models to project species extinction risk under climate-change scenarios. However, recent studies have demonstrated significant variability in model predictions and there remains a pressing need to validate models and to reduce uncertainties. Model validation is problematic as predictions are made for events that have not yet occurred. Resubstituition and data partitioning of present-day data sets are, therefore, commonly used to test the predictive performance of models. However, these approaches suffer from the problems of spatial and temporal autocorrelation in the calibration and validation sets. Using observed distribution shifts among 116 British breeding-bird species over the past ∼20 years, we are able to provide a first independent validation of four envelope modelling techniques under climate change. Results showed good to fair predictive performance on independent validation, although rules used to assess model performance are difficult to interpret in a decision-planning context. We also showed that measures of performance on nonindependent data provided optimistic estimates of models' predictive ability on independent data. Artificial neural networks and generalized additive models provided generally more accurate predictions of species range shifts than generalized linear models or classification tree analysis. Data for independent model validation and replication of this study are rare and we argue that perfect validation may not in fact be conceptually possible. We also note that usefulness of models is contingent on both the questions being asked and the techniques used. Implementations of species-climate envelope models for testing hypotheses and predicting future events may prove wrong, while being potentially useful if put into appropriate context. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Bioclimatic-envelope models; Breeding birds; Britain; Climate change; Model accuracy; Uncertainty; Validation	biodiversity; bird; breeding population; climate change; extinction risk; Eurasia; Europe; United Kingdom; Western Europe; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644432106	Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhoea treatment in Nigeria	Agunu A., Yusuf S., Andrew G.O., Zezi A.U., Abdurahman E.M.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	101	03-Jan	10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.025	Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Agunu, A., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Yusuf, S., Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Andrew, G.O., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Zezi, A.U., Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abdurahman, E.M., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Five medicinal plants [Acacia nilotica, Acanthospermun hispidum, Gmelina arborea, Parkia biglobosa and Vitex doniana] used in diarrhoeal treatment in Kaduna State, Nigeria, were investigated. This study was carried out on perfused isolated rabbit jejunum and castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The aqueous methanol extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/ml) were generally found to cause a dose-dependent response in the isolated rabbit jejunum, though this was not uniform in all the plants. Gmelina arborea and Vitex doniana showed concentration dependent relaxation at low doses (0.5, 1.0 mg/ml), but showed no significant relaxation at higher doses (2.0, 3.0 mg/ml). Other extracts showed biphasic effects. For example, Acacia nilotica at 3.0 mg/ml caused initial relaxation quickly followed by contraction. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal, 100% protections were shown by extracts of Acacia nilotica and Parkia biglobosa (100, 200 mg/kg) while Vitex doniana showed a dose-dependent effect. The least protection was shown by Acanthospermun hispidum, at the same dose, when compared with the other four plants. The results obtained revealed that the aqueous methanol extracts of all the five medicinal plants investigated have pharmacological activity against diarrhoea. This may explain their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antidiarrhoeal; Castor oil; Medicinal plants; Methanol extracts; Tissue relaxation	Acacia nilotica extract; acanthospermum hispidum extract; castor oil; Gmelina arborea extract; loperamide; methanol; Parkia biglobosa extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; vitex doniana extract; Acacia; acanthospermum hispidum; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; diarrhea; drug activity; drug effect; drug screening; gmelina arborea; intestine contraction; jejunum; male; medicinal plant; mouse; muscle relaxation; Nigeria; nonhuman; Parkia biglobosa; rabbit; Vitex doniana; Acacia; Animals; Diarrhea; Jejunum; Male; Mice; Nigeria; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rabbits; Vitex; Acacia nilotica; Gmelina arborea; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Parkia biglobosa; Vitex doniana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644463657	Evaluation of a new formulation of atrazine and metolachlor mixture for weed control in maize in Nigeria	Chikoye D., Udensi U.E., Fontem Lum A.	2005	Crop Protection	24	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.02.011	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Udensi, U.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Field studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects on weed control in maize of a new formulation of a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor. The treatments were the new formulation of the mixture at doses from 1.0 to 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and the old formulation of the mixture at the recommended dose of 2.5 kg a.i. ha-1. The new formulation of the mixture gave complete control of Panicum maximum, Commelina benghalensis, sedges (Mariscus alternifolius, Kyllinga squamulata, and Cyperus spp.), and Tridax procumbens, and good control (&gt;94%) of Passiflora foetida at 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) in 2002. At 8 WAT, the new mixture gave good control (&gt;73%) of P. maximum and C. benghalensis in 2002, and of P. foetida, sedges, and T. procumbens in both years. The hoeweeded control and all herbicide treatments at 4 WAT had lower weed dry matter than the untreated control in both years, and at crop harvest in 2002. In both years, the lowest weed dry matter was obtained from the hoeweeded control at crop harvest. In 2003, the old formulation of the mixture at the recommended dose had similar weed dry matter with the new formulation at all doses. The treatments did not significantly affect maize grain yield in 2002. However, in 2003, the new formulation of the mixture at a dose of 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and the hoeweeded control had 33% higher maize grain yield than the untreated control. The new formulation of a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor is effective for weed control in maize at lower doses than the recommended dose of the old formulation. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Grasses; Sedges; Weed competition	atrazine; maize; pesticide application; weed control; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Commelina; Commelina benghalensis; Cyperaceae; Cyperus; Kyllinga squamulata; Mariscus; Panicum maximum; Passiflora edulis; Passiflora foetida; Poaceae; Tridax procumbens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644481320	Assessing the potential impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) in cabbage production in Kenya	Macharia I., Löhr B., De Groote H.	2005	Crop Protection	24	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.02.005	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya	Macharia, I., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Löhr, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; De Groote, H., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya	This study assessed the potential economic impact of the introduction of Diadegma semiclausum, an exotic parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, DBM), on cabbage production in Kenya. The study first established yield losses caused by DBM through two methods: measurements from farmer-managed fields and through farmers' interviews. Crop losses were calculated at 31% from farmer-managed fields, and at 36% from farmer interviews. With a crop loss of 31%, yield loss was estimated at 6.8 tons/ha or US$ 452.9/ha, and at US$ 7.9 million per year for the whole country. Control costs as provided from the interviews, amounted to US$ 118.9/ha. The project costs amount to a net present value of US$ 1.2 million. Based on an annual cabbage production of 256,524 tons, a cabbage price of US$ 66.3/ton, a 30% abatement of yield losses, a 7.9% reduction in cost of production, a supply and a demand elasticity of 0.9 and -1.4 respectively, and an annual increase of consumption of 2.6%, the economic surplus produced by the release of the parasitoid was estimated at US$ 28.3 million for 25 years. Consumers were estimated to get 58% of the benefit and producers 42%. The benefit-cost ratio was estimated at 24:1, with an internal rate of return of 86%, indicating a high return to the investment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biological control; Diamondback moth; Economic impact; Parasitoid	biological control; crop damage; economic impact; yield; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Diadegma semiclausum; Lepidoptera; Plutella xylostella	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644481854	Pharmacological evaluation of the central nervous system activity of Aframomum melegueta seed extract in mice	Umukoro S., Ashorobi R.B.	2005	Journal of Natural Remedies	5	2	None	Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ashorobi, R.B., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Objective: To study the effects of intraperitoneal injection of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum melegueta (AM) on the central nervous system (CNS) in mice. Materials and methods: The study sought to evaluate the effects of the extract on the general behaviour of the animals (Irwin test), on pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour, on motor coordination, and on convulsive seizures induced by isoniazid and picrotoxin. AM was tested at a dose range of 5-400 mg/kg. Results: AM (50-200 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in spontaneous motor activity and also caused a dose-related prolongation of pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. At a dose range of 100-400 mg/kg, a significant inhibition of methamphetamine (35 mg/kg, i. p) induced stereotyped behaviour was observed. Furthermore, it offered a significant protection against convulsions induced by isoniazid (200 mg/kg, i.p). However, it failed to modify the convulsive action of picrotoxin (10 mg/kg, i.p) and did not cause any significant effect in the motor coordination of animals on the rota-rod machine. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that A. melegueta seed extract possesses central nervous system depressant activity.	Aframomum melegueta; Anti-stereotypic; Anticonvulsant; Isoniazid; Methamphetamine; Pentobarbital; Sedative	Aframomum melegueta extract; chlorpromazine; diazepam; isoniazid; methamphetamine; pentobarbital; picrotoxin; plant extract; unclassified drug; Aframomum melegueta; animal behavior; article; central nervous system; central nervous system depression; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug mechanism; motor coordination; mouse; neuroprotection; nonhuman; plant seed; seizure; sleep time; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Zingiberaceae; Aframomum melegueta; Animalia; Zingiberaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644484850	Evaluation of haemostatic function in Nigerian Norplant® acceptors after 12 months of use	Aisien A.O., Enosolease M.E., Shobowale M.O.	2005	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	25	4	10.1080/01443610500129266	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynae	Aisien, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1111, Benin-City, Nigeria; Enosolease, M.E., Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Shobowale, M.O., EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria	A total of 55 non-breastfeeding informed volunteers were recruited into a prospective longitudinal study from a family planning clinic between September and December 2002. Blood samples were collected at pre-treatment and at 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up, for packed cell volume, platelet count, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time. Statistical analysis was with paired t-tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Each subject received a menstrual calendar to chart all bleeding and spotting events. The mean age and weight of acceptors were 32.5 ± 6.1 years and 63.6 ± 9.6 kg, respectively. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) was 35.2 ± 2.9% at pre-insertion. This rose to significant mean ± SD values of 36.5 ± 3.1% p&lt;0.05, 38.5 ± 2.8%; p&lt;0.0001 and 38.4 ± 3.6%; p&lt;0.0001 at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively when compared with the pre-insertion mean value. The mean values of the platelet count showed no significant change at 3 months (238,448 ± 68,618 mm3; p&gt;0.9), compared with pre-treatment value (240,545 ± 96,769 mm 3). There was a significant reduction in mean concentration at 6 months (p&lt;0.009; 191,364 ± 55,531 mm3) and at 12 months (p&lt;0.003; 202,773 ± 81,544 mm3) follow-up. The prothrombin and the partial thromboplastin time did not show significant change over their pre-insertion mean values of 12.0 ± 1.1 s and 36.9 ± 2.9 s, respectively. At 12 months, 79.5% (35) of the users reported an abnormal menstrual pattern, which included 54.5% (24) reduced bleeding pattern, 20.5% (9) increased bleeding and 4.5% (2) of combination of patterns. Only 20.5% (9) had a normal menstrual pattern. The continuation rate was 98%, as one user discontinued because of headaches. Norplant® (the registered trademark of the Population Council for levonorgestrel subdermal implants) had an effect on the bleeding pattern - mainly reduced bleeding. The increase packed cell volume is beneficial in preventing anaemia. There was no detrimental effect as a result of the reduced but normal platelet count and users were not predisposed to clotting abnormalities. © 2005 Taylor &amp; Francis Group Ltd.	None	levonorgestrel; contraceptive agent; adult; anemia; article; blood sampling; body weight; breast feeding; clinical trial; drug induced headache; family planning; female; follow up; health center; hematocrit; hemostasis; hormonal contraception; human; human cell; longitudinal study; menstrual cycle; menstrual irregularity; menstruation; normal human; partial thromboplastin time; priority journal; prospective study; prothrombin time; spotting; statistical analysis; Student t test; thrombocyte count; volunteer; drug effect; mean corpuscular volume; menstruation disorder; Adult; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Hemostasis; Humans; Levonorgestrel; Longitudinal Studies; Menstruation Disturbances; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Platelet Count; Prospective Studies; Prothrombin Time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644487787	Geoelectric evaluation of Olushosun landfill site southwest Nigeria and its implications on groundwater	Ayolabi E.A.	2005	Journal of the Geological Society of India	66	3	None	Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Geoelectric resistivity technique of geophysical investigation have been used to evaluate the effect of leachate generated from Olushosun landfill on the groundwater in the area. The result shows that the first aquifer has been greatly polluted by the leachate generated from the decomposed heap of refuse materials at the landfill site. A total depth of up to 73 m has been delineated as polluted area with resistivity ranging from 16 to 361 Ωm as compared to resistivity values ranging between 2167-3714 Ωm for the unpolluted area. The results of the evaluation of the protective capacity of the overburden material within the unpolluted zone shows that the overburden material has a weak protective capacity and this may have largely been responsible for the high level of pollution observed in this area. © Geol. Soc. India.	Geoelectric study; Landfill; Leachate; Pollution; Southwest Nigeria	electrical method; groundwater pollution; landfill; leachate; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24744458582	The impact of ebinyo, a form of dental mutilation, on the malocclusion status in Uganda	Bataringaya A., Ferguson M., Lalloo R.	2005	Community Dental Health	22	3	None	Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; P.O. Box 5482, Kampala, Uganda	Bataringaya, A., Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, P.O. Box 5482, Kampala, Uganda; Ferguson, M., Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Lalloo, R., Department of Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Introduction: The practice of extraction of ebinyo or false teeth is based on the belief that the rubbing of herbs on the gum (in the region of the canine) or the removal of the primary and/or permanent canine tooth buds will lead to the relief of childhood fevers and diarrhoea. The reported prevalence of this practice in Uganda and neighbouring countries is varied. Objective: A survey carried out in Kampala to determine the occlusal traits of fourteen-year-old children offered an opportunity to assess the effects of ebinyo (a dental mutilation based on local customs and superstitions) on the occlusal status of the sample population. Methods: 402 children aged fourteen years were examined according to the criteria of the Fédération Dentaire Internationale Commission on Classification and Statistics for Oral Conditions method for measuring occlusal traits (COCSTOC-MOT) proposed by Baume et al. (1973). Results: The most common dental anomaly was teeth missing due to extraction or trauma. Canines (28%) and mandibular first molars (28%) exhibited the highest frequency. Missing canines were four times more common in girls than boys, and three times greater in the maxilla than the mandible. Canines also accounted for 12.8% of the malformed teeth observed in the study. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the practice of ebinyo, although carried out early in the life of the child, can impact on the occlusal status in the permanent dentition years later. © BASCD 2005.	Dental mutilation; Ebinyo; False teeth; Malocclusion; Occlusal traits; Uganda	adolescent; African medicine; article; female; human; male; tooth extraction; tooth occlusion; Uganda; Adolescent; Dental Occlusion, Traumatic; Female; Humans; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Tooth Extraction; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24744462263	Evaluation of dika nut mucilage (Irvingia gabonensis) as binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations	Odeku O.A., Patani B.O.	2005	Pharmaceutical Development and Technology	10	3	10.1081/PDT-54477	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Odeku, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Patani, B.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Dika nut mucilage obtained from the nuts of Irvingia gabonensis (O'Rorke) Bail (family Irvingiaceae) has been evaluated as a binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations in comparison with gelatin BP. The compressional properties of metronidazole formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel equations as assessment parameters, whereas the mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using the tensile strength (T), brittle fracture index (BFI), and the friability of the tablets. The drug release properties of the tablets were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times of the tablets. The results obtained indicate that formulations containing dika nut mucilage as binding agent show faster onset of plastic deformation under compression pressure than those containing gelatin. The tensile strength of the tablets increased with increase in concentration of the binding agents, whereas the BFI and friability values decreased. Furthermore, tablets containing dika nut mucilage generally showed lower tensile strength but higher brittleness and friability than those containing gelatin. The results also showed that tablets containing dika nut mucilage generally showed higher disintegration and dissolution times than those containing gelatin BP. The results suggest that dika nut mucilage could be useful in achieving various tablet strength and drug release properties. Copyright © 005 Taylor & Francis Inc.	Binding agent; Dika nut mucilage; Gelatin; Metronidazole; Tablet	adhesive agent; gelatin; metronidazole; article; concentration (parameters); dika nut mucilage; drug release; drug solubility; irvingia gabonensis; mucilage; plant; priority journal; tablet compression; tablet disintegration; tablet formulation; tensile strength; Adhesives; Cellulose; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Metronidazole; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Tensile Strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24944542762	Combining dendrochronology and matrix modelling in demographic studies: An evaluation for Juniperus procera in Ethiopia	Couralet C., Sass-Klaassen U., Sterck F., Bekele T., Zuidema P.A.	2005	Forest Ecology and Management	216	42372	10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.065	Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organisation, PO Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Ecology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands; 94 J rue Molière, 93100 Montreuil, France	Couralet, C., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, 94 J rue Molière, 93100 Montreuil, France; Sass-Klaassen, U., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Sterck, F., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Bekele, T., Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organisation, PO Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zuidema, P.A., Department of Plant Ecology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands	Tree demography was analysed by applying dendrochronological techniques and matrix modelling on a static data set of Juniperus procera populations of Ethiopian dry highland forests. Six permanent sample plots were established for an inventory of diameters and 11 stem discs were collected for dendrochronological analysis. J. procera was proved to form concentric annual growth layers in response to seasonal changes in precipitation. Uncertainty analysis for the matrix model revealed its robustness to variations in parameter estimates. The major outcome was that the population growth rate is very sensitive to changes in growth or survival of trees between 10 and 40 cm DBH. For forest management this implies that these intermediate sized individuals should be protected and less used for harvest. This study documents that interesting results can be achieved using a relatively simple approach that can easily be adopted for other areas or with other species. However, the matrix modelling requires more precise knowledge about the trees' fecundity and survival (especially for the smaller individuals) and more consistent inventories. For tree-ring analysis it can be concluded that J. procera from Ethiopia has potential to investigate the relationship between tree growth and precipitation with a high temporal resolution. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dendrochronology; Dry highland forest; Ethiopia; Juniperus procera; Matrix model; Population dynamics	Growth kinetics; Mathematical models; Matrix algebra; Dendrochronology; Dry highland forest; Matrix model; Population dynamics; Forestry; demography; dendrochronology; population dynamics; tree; Ethiopia; Forests; Growth; Juniperus Procera; Mathematical Models; Matrices; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Juniperus; Juniperus procera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24944546571	Evaluation of the maintenance management function for a control plant at a substation	Jacobs T.D., Visser J.K.	2005	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	96	3	None	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Jacobs, T.D., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Visser, J.K., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Maintenance has historically been regarded as a "necessary evil" and the potential benefits of effective maintenance management practices towards a company's bottom line have only recently been realised. This is especially true for capital-intensive industries like an electric utility such as Eskom. A research project was conducted to evaluate maintenance management as applied by the Electricity Delivery Department of Eskom, which is responsible for the maintenance of a control plant in the Distribution Division, and compare it with a "world class" benchmark. The evaluation revealed that the Electricity Delivery Department is on the right track with respect to the way that the maintenance of the control plant is managed. However, a few areas that require attention in order to optimise the maintenance management function are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Control plant; Maintenance; Management; Substation	Capital-intensive industries; Control plant; Management practices; Potential benefits; Electric power distribution; Electric substations; Electric utilities; Industrial management; Industrial plants; Maintenance; Electric industry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25144520135	Evaluation of physico-chemical and sensory qualities of African breadfruit and sweet potato based supplementary foods	Akubor P.I.	2005	Journal of Food Science and Technology	42	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.-1037, Idah, Nigeria	Akubor, P.I., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.-1037, Idah, Nigeria	The chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of supplementary foods prepared from the blends of raw (untreated) and fermented sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour (SPF) and raw, fermented and germinated African breadfruit (Treculia africana Decene) kernel flour (ABKF) were studied. Fermentation and germination increased the protein but decreased fat and carbohydrate contents of ABKF. Similarly, fermentation increased the protein but not fat, carbohydrate and crude fiber contents of SPF. The protein contents of ABKF and SPF were 17.3% and 2.9%, respectively, and ranged between 14.3 and 16.1% for the blends. All the flour blends showed low bulk density of 0.71-0.77 g/cm3. The water absorption capacity (WAC) of SPF was 164% while that of ABKF was 150%. Fermentation and germination decreased the WAC of ABKF. Fermented SPF had lower WAC than the unfermented sample. A range of 106 to 158% WAC was observed for the blends. The reconstitution index of the blends in boiled water were 88 and 98 ml. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed in colour, flavour and overall acceptability of the SPF/ABKF based supplementary foods. Blends of raw SPF and raw ABKF, RSPF and fermented ABKF (FABKF); and fermented SPF (FSPF) and ABKF had comparable scores with Cerelac, a reference commercial weaning food, for most of the sensory quality attributes evaluated.	African breadfruit kernel flour; Chemical composition; Fermentation; Germination; Sensory quality; Sweet potato flour	Carbohydrates; Composition; Fermentation; Health care; Nutrition; Physical chemistry; Proteins; Water absorption; African breadfruit kernel flour; Germination; Sensory quality; Sweet potato flour; Food products; Artocarpus altilis; Ipomoea batatas; Treculia africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444433075	Density of Cape porcupines in a semi-arid environment and their impact on soil turnover and related ecosystem processes	Bragg C.J., Donaldson J.D., Ryan P.G.	2005	Journal of Arid Environments	61	2	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.007	Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Bragg, C.J., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Donaldson, J.D., National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Ryan, P.G., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis) appear to have an important influence on landscapes through both biotic (foraging) and abiotic (soil turnover) impacts. Porcupine abundance and abiotic effects across the landscape were investigated in Nieuwoudtville, South Africa, a semi-arid area characterized by an extraordinary diversity and abundance of geophytes. Porcupine numbers were measured in 50 burrows, and the number of burrow entrances was a good predictor of the number of porcupines it contained (r 2=0.76). Occupied burrow density was estimated to be 2.6 burrows km-2 and porcupine density on the study farm was estimated to be 8 animals km-2, which is high relative to other Hystrix populations in semi-arid environments. This can probably be attributed to the high abundance of geophytes in the region. Annually, porcupines disturb 0.34% of the soil surface and 1.6 m3 ha-1 yr-1 of soil is displaced across the landscape, through the excavation of 160-3463 diggings per hectare. Up to 2.2 m3 of soil is displaced per hectare per year in the natural Dolerite Plains vegetation, but very little foraging activity occurs in previously or currently ploughed lands. The extent of disturbance in Nieuwoudtville is on a par with or higher than that recorded for other porcupine populations in arid or semi-arid regions. Other studies have shown that porcupine diggings disturb plant community structure and create fertile sites for plant germination and recruitment. Porcupine diggings in Nieuwoudtville contained significantly more seedlings than adjacent areas. Thus, through widespread foraging pits, soil turnover, and numerous burrows, porcupines modulate the availability of resources to other organisms. Therefore, Cape porcupines are likely to act as ecosystem engineers in this landscape. Porcupines should be included in any conservation actions involving the unique geophyte flora of Nieuwoudtville. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Burrows; Disturbance; Ecosystem engineers; Foraging diggings; Geophytes; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Porcupine density	burrow; disturbance; ecosystem function; geophyte; population density; semiarid region; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Animalia; Hystrix africaeaustralis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444448818	Impact and mechanisms of action of neurotensin on cardiac contractility in the rat left ventricle	Osadchii O., Norton G., Deftereos D., Badenhorst D., Woodiwiss A.	2005	European Journal of Pharmacology	520	42372	10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.014	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Osadchii, O., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Deftereos, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Badenhorst, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Using immunoassay measurements, neurotensin was identified in rat ventricular tissue and in coronary effluent samples. Exogenous neurotensin evoked contractile responses in isolated ventricular preparations, which were equivalent in magnitude to those of norepinephrine and histamine, but greater than those for serotonin and angiotensin II. EC50 values revealed neurotensin to be as potent as serotonin, but more potent than norepinephrine, histamine and angiotensin II. Structure-activity studies indicated that the contractile effects are attributed to the C-terminal portion of neurotensin. Neurotensin-induced responses were decreased by SR 48692, a specific neurotensin receptor antagonist. Neurotensin elicited an increase in coronary effluent norepinephrine concentrations, and a strong relationship between the magnitude of neurotensin-induced contractile effects and increments in myocardial norepinephrine release were noted. Neurotensin-induced contractile responses were abolished by β-adrenoceptor antagonists, but not by histamine, serotonin or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. In conclusion, neurotensin increases ventricular contractility through stimulation of myocardial norepinephrine release. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Inotropic effect; Neurotensin; Ventricular contractility	2 [[1 (7 chloro 4 quinolinyl) 5 (2,6 dimethoxyphenyl) 3 pyrazolyl]carbonylamino] 2 adamantanecarboxylic acid; angiotensin; angiotensin II antagonist; antihistaminic agent; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; histamine; inotropic agent; neurotensin; neurotensin receptor antagonist; noradrenalin; serotonin; serotonin antagonist; animal tissue; article; beta adrenergic receptor blocking; carboxy terminal sequence; comparative study; concentration response; controlled study; drug activity; drug effect; drug inhibition; drug mechanism; drug potency; evoked muscle response; heart left ventricle contractility; heart muscle contractility; heart stimulation; immunoassay; inotropism; isolated heart; male; nonhuman; noradrenalin release; pathophysiology; priority journal; rat; structure activity relation; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Coronary Circulation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Fluid; Heart Ventricles; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Neurotensin; Norepinephrine; Perfusion; Pyrazoles; Quinolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444492944	Thermodynamic evaluation of viscosity in In-Zn and Sn-Zn liquid alloys	Ilo-Okeke E.O., Anusionwu B.C., Popoola O.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of Liquids	43	4	10.1080/00319100500087964	Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ilo-Okeke, E.O., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Anusionwu, B.C., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Popoola, O., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A theoretical formalism that links thermodynamic properties to transport properties has been used to study the viscosity of Sn-Zn and In-Zn liquid alloys at various temperatures. The formalism was succesful at describing the thermodynamic properties of these alloys and showed a better estimation of the viscosity of the Sn-Zn alloy that of the In-Zn alloy. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Liquid alloys; Phase-segregation; Viscosity	Diffusion in liquids; Indium alloys; Phase separation; Segregation (metallography); Thermal effects; Thermodynamic properties; Tin alloys; Transport properties; Viscosity of liquids; Zinc alloys; Boltzman constant; Ideal gas constant; Interchange energy; Metallic liquid alloys; Binary alloys; thermodynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25644442481	Clinical evaluation of extract of Cajanus cajan (Ciklavit®) in sickle cell anaemia	Akinsulie A.O., Temiye E.O., Akanmu A.S., Lesi F.E.A., Whyte C.O.	2005	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	51	4	10.1093/tropej/fmh097	Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Akinsulie, A.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Temiye, E.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Akanmu, A.S., Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Lesi, F.E.A., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Whyte, C.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	The major pathology in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is sickling of red cells due to the precipitation of reduced haemoglobin. We report our experience with extract of Cajanus cajan as a possible antisickling agent by determining changes, if any, in clinical and laboratory features of the disease in patients given the extract in a single-blind placebo-controlled study. One hundred patients with steady-state SCA were randomized into treatment and placebo arms. The extract/placebo were administered twice daily to the subjects. Weight, hepatosplenomegaly, blood levels of biliurubin, urea, creatinine, and packed cell volume (PCV) were monitored over a 6-month period. Recall episodes of pain 6 months before enrolment were compared with episodes of pains recorded during the treatment period. Twenty-six cases (55.3 per cent) had hepatomegaly on enrolment. This significantly reduced to 33.3 per cent at 6 months (p = 0.03); but increased in the placebo arm p = >0.05). The total number of recall painful episodes in cases was 207 (mean 4.4 ± 10.3 (SD), range 0-60) and fell to 191 (mean 4.2 ± 4.4 (SD), range 0-16); p = 0.03. Episodes of pain increased from 109 in controls (mean 2.6 ± 5.0 (SD), range 0-26) to 164 (mean 3.9 ± 4.3 (SD), range 0-22); p = 0.01. Mean PCV in the cases showed no appreciable changes p = 0.1) but there was a significant increase in the controls p = 0.02). In conclusion, the extract may cause a reduction of painful crises and may ameliorate the adverse effects of sickle cell anaemia on the liver. The mechanism of action remains to be determined. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	antisickling agent; ascorbic acid; bilirubin; Cajanus cajan extract; ciklavit; creatinine; folic acid; placebo; plant extract; proguanil; pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; urea; zinc; antisickling agent; plant medicinal product; abdominal distension; article; bilirubin blood level; body weight; child; clinical feature; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; creatinine blood level; diarrhea; fatigue; female; hematocrit; hepatomegaly; hepatosplenomegaly; human; liver disease; major clinical study; male; ocular pruritus; orbit inflammation; pain assessment; pigeonpea; randomized controlled trial; sickle cell anemia; sickle cell trait; single blind procedure; urea blood level; vomiting; adolescent; analysis of variance; drug effect; infant; liver; phytotherapy; pigeonpea; preschool child; Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antisickling Agents; Cajanus; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Liver; Male; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25644457535	An empirical analysis of the impact of education on economic development in Nigeria	Lawanson O.I.	2005	Resources, Energy, and Development	2	2	None	Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Lawanson, O.I., Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Nigeria has been experiencing low levels of economic development over the years. It has been observed that education plays a vital role in the economic development of any nation. It is the aim of this study to empirically establish whether the low level of education in Nigeria has influenced its low level of economic development. This will be achieved by carrying out an empirical analysis of the impact of education on economic development in Nigeria over the period 1980-2000. For this purpose, endogenous models are formulated and regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares method is applied. The results reveal that education has a statistically significant impact on economic development in Nigeria. Therefore, the level of education must be improved in order to spur economic growth and development.	None	Economic and social effects; Mathematical models; Regression analysis; Social aspects; Economic development; Empirical analysis; Endogenous models; Nigeria; Education	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26244453920	Taxonomic re-evaluation of Leptographium lundbergii based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphology	Jacobs K., Solheim H., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J.	2005	Mycological Research	109	10	10.1017/S0953756205003618	Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Høgskoleveien 8, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Jacobs, K., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Solheim, H., Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Høgskoleveien 8, 1432 Ås, Norway; Wingfield, B.D., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The genus Leptographium was described in 1927 and currently includes 48 species, with L. lundbergii as the type species. In recent years, the taxonomic status of L. lundbergii has not been uniformly agreed upon and it has been the topic of considerable debate. The problem was compounded by the absence of a type specimen, and the species was epitypified at a later stage. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of the epitype is now unknown. In 1983, Wingfield & Marasas described L. truncatum, which is morphologically similar to L. lundbergii. Based on DNA comparisons and similarities in their morphology, this fungus was reduced to synonymy with L. lundbergii. The loss of the type specimen as well as variation in the morphology of strains identified as L. lundbergii prompted us to re-examine the taxonomic status of this species. A number of strains from various geographic areas were studied. These include a strain of L. lundbergii deposited at CBS by Melin in 1929 (CBS 352.29) as well as the ex-type strain of L. truncatum. The strains were compared based on morphology and comparison of multiple gene sequences. Three genes or genic regions, ITS2 and part of the 28S gene, partial β-tubulin and partial elongation factor 1-α were compared. Strains currently identified as L. lundbergii, represented a complex of species. Strains initially described as L. truncatum clustered separately from other L. lundbergii strains, could be distinguished morphologically and should be treated as a distinct taxon. L. lundbergii is provided with a new and expanded description based on a neotype designated for it. A third group was also identified as separate from the main L. lundbergii clade and had a distinct Hyalorhinocladiella-type anamorph, described here as H. pinicola sp. nov. © The British Mycological Society.	None	fungal DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; ribosome RNA; tubulin; fungus; genetic analysis; morphology; taxonomy; article; Ascomycetes; chemistry; classification; DNA sequence; genetics; nucleotide sequence; phase contrast microscopy; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; sequence alignment; ultrastructure; Ascomycota; Base Sequence; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Microscopy, Interference; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tubulin; Fungi; Hyalorhinocladiella; Leptographium; Leptographium lundbergii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444440936	Impact of social services on human, social and economic development and the promotion of human rights in South Africa	Lombard A.	2005	Social Work	41	3	None	Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lombard, A., Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This article argues that research findings on how social service interventions impact on human, social and economic development and the promotion of human rights should provide the necessary evidence that will inform and persuade government to make an increased financial investment in social service delivery beyond that of social security.	None	human rights; service provision; social work; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444443474	Root volume and raising period affect field performance of Pinus patula cuttings in South Africa	Mitchell R.G., Zwolinski J., Jones N.B., Bayley A.D.	2005	Southern African Forestry Journal	None	204	None	Sappi Forests Research, Ngodwana Nursery, P.O. Box 372, Ngodwana, 1209, South Africa; Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 1209, South Africa; Sappi SA Technology Centre, Innovation Hub Hatfield, No 1 Sydney Brenner Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Mitchell, R.G., Sappi Forests Research, Ngodwana Nursery, P.O. Box 372, Ngodwana, 1209, South Africa; Zwolinski, J., Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Jones, N.B., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 1209, South Africa; Bayley, A.D., Sappi SA Technology Centre, Innovation Hub Hatfield, No 1 Sydney Brenner Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The propagation of pines through cuttings has become a commercial means of rapidly multiplying improved genetic material for operational use in forestry companies. Cuttings of pines are produced entirely in containers in South Africa. Containers, however, can negatively affect plant growth and post-planting field performance if plants are allowed to grow beyond the constraints of the root cavity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of tray type and plant age on the field performance of Pinus patula rooted cuttings. Field assessments indicate that the combination of greater root mass at planting and increased media volumes improved field growth with the most significant response observed in stem diameter. Factors responsible for producing greater root dry mass at planting were increased media volume and a longer raising period in the nursery. Seven years after planting, cuttings with the largest root mass at planting (0.560 g) were 27% larger in individual tree volume than trees produced from cuttings having the smallest root mass at planting (0.159 g). Field survival was exceptionally good and did not differ among nursery treatments.	Cuttings; Field performance; Pinus patula; Plant age; Root collar diameter; Root mass; Root volume	Pinus patula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444465627	In vitro evaluation of drug release from self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems using a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus	Attama A.A., Nkemnele M.O.	2005	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	304	02-Jan	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.08.018	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Attama, A.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Nkemnele, M.O., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are specialized form of delivery systems in which drugs are encapsulated in a lipid base with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. In this work, SMEDDS were formulated with a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus and Tween 65, and contained lipophilic drug-piroxicam, hydrophilic drug-chlorpheniramine maleate and hydrolipophilic drug-metronidazole. The SMEDDS formulated were evaluated for their drug release and drug content. The drug release studies were conducted in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and distilled water, representing different pH values. Particle size of the SMEDDS was determined by light microscopy. The results of this study indicated that drug release was affected by the particle size of the SMEDDS. It was found that piroxicam release from the SMEDDS formulated with homolipids from Capra hircus was highest in SIF compared to the other drugs. This method of drug delivery could prove to be a versatile and reliable alternative to conventional drug delivery approaches. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Biodegradable; Drug release; Homolipids; Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS); SGF; SIF	base; capra hircus homolipid; chlorpheniramine maleate; lipid; metronidazole; piroxicam; polymer; surfactant; tween 65; unclassified drug; adipose tissue; article; biodegradable implant; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug release; emulsion; encapsulation; goat; hydrophilicity; in vitro study; intestine fluid; lipophilicity; microscopy; particle size; pH; priority journal; simulation; stomach juice; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorpheniramine; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Gastric Juice; Goats; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Lipids; Metronidazole; Models, Biological; Particle Size; Piroxicam; Solubility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444506326	Monitoring and evaluation for social development: A case for social work in South Africa	Noyoo N.	2005	Social Work	41	3	None	Centre for Social Development in Africa, Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Noyoo, N., Centre for Social Development in Africa, Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	This paper discusses the processes of monitoring and evaluation, and argues for its centrality in the sphere of social development. In the discussion the need for social workers to play leading roles in executing these processes for a post-apartheid socio-economic and political context is also illuminated.	None	post-apartheid; social development; social work; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26644440930	Evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in some commonly consumed vegetables in the Niger-Delta oil area of Nigeria	Eriyamremu G.E., Asagba S.O., Akpoborie I.A., Ojeaburu S.I.	2005	Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology	75	2	10.1007/s00128-005-0749-1	Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Geology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Ni	Eriyamremu, G.E., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria; Asagba, S.O., Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Akpoborie, I.A., Department of Geology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Ojeaburu, S.I., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	cadmium; lead; rain; article; contamination; human; industrial area; Nigeria; pollutant; pollution; safety; soil; vegetable; Cadmium; Food Contamination; Lead; Nigeria; Vegetables	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844563309	Mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis: Lack of evidence for collateral impact on transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti in areas of co-endemicity	Richards Jr. F.O., Eigege A., Pam D., Kal A., Lenhart A., Oneyka J.O.A., Jinadu M.Y., Miri E.S.	2005	Filaria Journal	4	None	10.1186/1475-2883-4-6	The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria	Richards Jr., F.O., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Eigege, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Pam, D., Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Kal, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Lenhart, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Oneyka, J.O.A., Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Jinadu, M.Y., Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria; Miri, E.S., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States	There has long been interest in determining if mass ivermectin administration for onchocerciasis has 'unknowingly' interrupted lymphatic filariasis (LF) transmission where the endemicity of the two diseases' overlaps. We studied 11 communities in central Nigeria entomologically for LF by performing mosquito dissections on Anopheline LF vectors. Six of the communities studied were located within an onchocerciasis treatment zone, and five were located outside of that zone. Communities inside the treatment zone had been offered ivermectin treatment for two-five years, with a mean coverage of 81% of the eligible population (range 58-95%). We found 4.9% of mosquitoes were infected with any larval stage of W. bancrofti in the head or thorax in 362 dissections in the untreated villages compared to 4.7% infected in 549 dissections in the ivermectin treated villages (Mantel-Haenszel ChiSquare 0.02, P = 0.9). We concluded that ivermectin annual therapy for onchocerciasis has not interrupted transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti (the causative agent of LF in Nigeria). © 2005 Richards et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	ivermectin; Anopheles; article; chi square test; community care; controlled study; dissection; evidence based medicine; filariasis; head; health program; human; larval stage; Mantel Haenszel test; mosquito; Nigeria; nonhuman; onchocerciasis; parasite transmission; parasite vector; species endemicity; thorax; Wuchereria bancrofti; zoology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844564684	Evaluation of the efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution against cestone (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis, and Echinicoccus multilocularis) infections in cats	Charles S.D., Altreuther G., Reinemeyer C.R., Buch J., Settje T., Cruthers L., Kok D.J., Bowman D.D., Kazacos K.R., Jenkins D.J., Schein E.	2005	Parasitology Research	97	SUPPL. 1	10.1007/s00436-005-1442-3	Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, R and D Parasiticides, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; East Tennessee Clinical Research, Knoxville, TN, United States; Professional Laboratory Research Services, NC, United States; ClinVet International, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; School of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and International Animal Health, Berlin, Germany	Charles, S.D., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Altreuther, G., Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, R and D Parasiticides, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; Reinemeyer, C.R., East Tennessee Clinical Research, Knoxville, TN, United States; Buch, J., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Settje, T., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Cruthers, L., Professional Laboratory Research Services, NC, United States; Kok, D.J., ClinVet International, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Bowman, D.D., Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; Kazacos, K.R., Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; Jenkins, D.J., School of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; Schein, E., Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and International Animal Health, Berlin, Germany	Emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was developed to provide broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal parasites in cats. Eight controlled studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a topical solution of emodepside (3 mg/kg) and praziquantel (12 mg/kg) (Profender®, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) against feline infections with three species of cestodes. Studies featured naturally acquired infections of Dipylidium caninum or Taenia taeniaeformis, or experimental infections with Echinococcus multilocularis that were placebo-controlled, randomized and blinded. Cats were euthanatized and necropsied between 2 and 11 days after treatment, depending on the target parasite. The efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was 100% against D. caninum and T. taeniaeformis, and 98.5- 100% against E. multilocularis. No significant systemic or local adverse reactions to treatment were noted in cats that received the combination. Topical treatment of cats with emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was safe and highly effective against cestode infections.	None	anthelmintic agent; emodepside; placebo; praziquantel; profender; unclassified drug; anthelmintic activity; article; autopsy; cat; cestodiasis; controlled study; drug efficacy; Echinococcus multilocularis; euthanasia; intestine parasite; nonhuman; priority journal; safety; Taenia taeniaeformis; Administration, Topical; Animals; Anthelmintics; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cestoda; Cestode Infections; Depsipeptides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Praziquantel; Cestoda; Dipylidium caninum; Echinococcus multilocularis; Felidae; Taenia taeniaeformis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844573893	Evaluation of a strict protocol approach in managing women with severe disease due to hypertension in pregnancy: A before and after study	Lombaard H., Pattinson R.C., Backer F., Macdonald P.	2005	Reproductive Health	2	1	10.1186/1742-4755-2-7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Lombaard, H., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Backer, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Macdonald, P., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Background: To evaluate whether the introduction of a strict protocol based on the systemic evaluation of critically ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension affected the outcome of those women. Method: Study group: Indigent South African women managed in the tertiary hospitals of the Pretoria Academic Complex. Since 1997 a standard definition of women with severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM), also referred to as a Nearmiss, has been used in the Pretoria Academic Complex. All cases of SAMM and maternal deaths (MD) were entered on the Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Audit System programme (MaMMAS). A comparison of outcome of severely ill women who had complications of hypertension in pregnancy was performed between 1997-1998 (original protocol) and 2002-2003 (strict protocol). Data include women referred from outside the Pretoria Academic Complex area to the tertiary hospitals. Results: Between 1997-1998 there were 79 women with SAMM and 18 maternal deaths due to complications of hypertension, compared with 91 women with SAMM and 13 maternal deaths in 2002-2003. The mortality index (MI) declined from 18.6% to 12.5% (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.27-1.45). Statistically significant fewer women had renal failure (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 - 0.66) and cerebral complications (RR 0.52, 95%CI 0.34 - 0.81) during the second period, and liver dysfunction (RR 0.27 95%CI 0.06 - 1.25) tended to be lower. However, there tended to be an increase in the number of women, who had immune system failure (RR 4.2 95%CI 0.93 - 18.94) and respiratory failure (RR 1.42 95%CI 0.88 - 2.29) although it did not reach significance. Cardiac failure remained constant (RR 0.84 95%CI 0.54 - 1.30). Conclusion: The strict protocol approach based on the systemic evaluation of severely ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension and an intensive, regular feedback mechanism has been associated with a reduction in the number of patients with renal failure and cerebral compromise. © 2005 Lombaard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	dihydralazine; haloperidol; labetalol; methyldopa; nifedipine; Ringer lactate solution; adolescent; adult; article; breathing rate; cause of death; clinical examination; clinical feature; clinical protocol; comparative study; controlled study; critical illness; deep vein thrombosis; disease severity; feedback system; female; fetus monitoring; fluid therapy; Glasgow coma scale; heart failure; heart size; heart sound; hospital; human; immunopathology; kidney failure; liver dysfunction; major clinical study; maternal hypertension; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; Negro; neurologic disease; ophthalmoscopy; oxygen therapy; patient referral; reflex; respiratory failure; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistical significance; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944448208	Use of stored serum from Uganda for development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm involving multiple rapid immunoassays	Singer D.E., Kiwanuka N., Serwadda D., Nalugoda F., Hird L., Bulken-Hoover J., Kigozi G., Malia J.A., Calero E.K., Sateren W., Robb M.L., Wabwire-Mangen F., Wawer M., Gray R.H., Sewankambo N., Birx D.L., Michael N.L.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	10	10.1128/JCM.43.10.5312-5315.2005	Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	Singer, D.E., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Kiwanuka, N., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Hird, L., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Bulken-Hoover, J., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Malia, J.A., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Calero, E.K., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Sateren, W., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Robb, M.L., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Wawer, M., Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; Sewankambo, N., College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Birx, D.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Michael, N.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	We report the development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm consisting of three rapid antibody detection tests. Stored serum samples from Uganda were utilized with a final algorithm sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.9% (95% confidence interval, 98.6% to 99.3%). Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	algorithm; antibody detection; article; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunoassay; mass screening; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; serum; Uganda; virus identification; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Algorithms; Confidence Intervals; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serum; Specimen Handling; Time Factors; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944485916	Public-health impact of accelerated measles control in the WHO African Region 2000-03	Otten M., Kezaala R., Fall A., Masresha B., Martin R., Cairns L., Eggers R., Biellik R., Grabowsky M., Strebel P., Okwo-Bele J.-M., Nshimirimana D.	2005	Lancet	366	9488	10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67216-9	Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Otten, M., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kezaala, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Fall, A., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Masresha, B., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Martin, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Cairns, L., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Eggers, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Biellik, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Grabowsky, M., American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Strebel, P., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Okwo-Bele, J.-M., Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Nshimirimana, D., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: In 2000, the WHO African Region adopted a plan to accelerate efforts to lower measles mortality with the goal of decreasing the number of measles deaths to near zero. By June, 2003,19 African countries had completed measles supplemental immunisation activities (SIA) in children aged 9 months to 14 years as part of a comprehensive measles-control strategy. We assessed the public-health impact of these control measures by use of available surveillance data. Methods: We calculated percentage decline in reported measles cases during 1-2 years after SIA, compared with 6 years before SIA. On the basis of data from 13 of the 19 countries, we assumed that the percentage decline in measles deaths equalled that in measles cases. We also examined data on routine and SIA measles vaccine coverage, measles case-based surveillance, and suspected measles outbreaks. Findings: Between 2000 and June, 2003, 82-1 million children were targeted for vaccination during initial SIA in 12 countries and follow-up SIA in seven countries. The average decline in the number of reported measles cases was 91%. In 17 of the 19 countries, measles case-based surveillance confirmed that transmission of measles virus, and therefore measles deaths, had been reduced to low or very low rates. The total estimated number of deaths averted in the year 2003 was 90 043. Between 2000 and 2003 in the African Region as a whole, we estimated that the percentage decline in annual measles deaths was around 20% (90 043 of 454 000). Interpretation: The burden of measles in sub-Saharan Africa can be reduced to very low levels by means of appropriate strategies, resources, and personnel.	None	Africa; article; death; disease control; disease transmission; epidemic; health survey; human; measles; Measles virus; priority journal; public health; time; world health organization; adolescent; Africa south of the Sahara; child; epidemic; infant; measles; preschool child; preventive health service; world health organization; Adolescent; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Measles; Population Surveillance; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27144502745	Evaluation of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related counselling in a workplace-based ART implementation programme, South Africa	Stenson A.L., Charalambous S., Dwadwa T., Pemba L., Du Toit J.D., Baggaley R., Grant A.D., Churchyard G.J.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	8	10.1080/09540120500100940	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Stenson, A.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dwadwa, T., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pemba, L., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Du Toit, J.D., Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Baggaley, R., Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G.J., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa	Counselling about antiretroviral therapy (ART) is thought important to prepare patients for treatment and enhance adherence. A workplace-based HIV care programme in South Africa instituted a three-step ART counselling protocol with guidelines prompting issues to be covered at each step. We carried out an early evaluation of ART counselling to determine whether patients understood key information about ART, and the perceptions that patients and health care professionals (HCP) had of the process. Among 40 patients (median time on ART 83 days), over 90% answered 6/7 HIV/ART knowledge-related questions correctly. 95% thought counselling sessions were good. 93% thought ongoing counselling was important. Recommendations included the need for continuing education about HIV/ART, being respectful, promoting HIV testing and addressing the issues of infected partners and stigma. 24 participating HCP identified additional training needs including counselling of family and friends, family planning, sexually transmitted infections and running support groups. 90% of HCP thought that counselling guidelines were helpful. The programme appears to be preparing patients well for ART. Counselling should be offered at every clinic visit. Counselling guidelines were a valuable tool and may be useful elsewhere. The evaluation helped to assess the quality of the programme and to suggest areas for improvement. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; clinical article; continuing education; controlled study; family; family planning; friend; health care personnel; health care quality; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; patient compliance; patient counseling; patient education; practice guideline; priority journal; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; support group; workplace; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Attitude of Health Personnel; Counseling; Female; Guidelines; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Education; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; South Africa; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27144524041	Evaluation of envelope vaccines derived from the South African subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TV1 strain	Lian Y., Srivastava I., Gómez-Román V.R., Zur Megede J., Sun Y., Kan E., Hilt S., Engelbrecht S., Himathongkham S., Luciw P.A., Otten G., Ulmer J.B., Donnelly J.J., Rabussay D., Montefiori D., Van Rensburg E.J., Barnett S.W.	2005	Journal of Virology	79	21	10.1128/JVI.79.21.13338-13349.2005	Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Genetronics/Inovio, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Chiron Corp., 4560 Horton St., Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Food and Drug Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, United States; Department of Medical Virology, Tswane Academic Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lian, Y., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Srivastava, I., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Gómez-Román, V.R., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Zur Megede, J., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Sun, Y., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Kan, E., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Hilt, S., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Engelbrecht, S., University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Himathongkham, S., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States, Food and Drug Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, United States; Luciw, P.A., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Otten, G., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Ulmer, J.B., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Donnelly, J.J., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Rabussay, D., Genetronics/Inovio, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Montefiori, D., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Van Rensburg, E.J., University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medical Virology, Tswane Academic Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Barnett, S.W., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States, Chiron Corp., 4560 Horton St., Emeryville, CA 94608, United States	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C infections are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Therefore, there is a need to develop an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting broadly reactive immune responses against members of this subtype. We show here that modified HIV envelope (env) DNA vaccines derived from the South African subtype C TV1 strain are able to prime for Immoral responses in rabbits and rhesus macaques. Priming rabbits with DNA plasmids encoding V2-deleted TV1 gp140 (gp140TV1ΔV2), followed by boosting with oligomeric protein (o-gp140TV1ΔV2) in MF59 adjuvant, elicited higher titers of env-binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies than priming with DNA vaccines encoding the full-length TV1 env (gp160) or the intact TV1 gp140. Immunization with V2-deleted subtype B SF162 env and V2-deleted TVl env together using a multivalent vaccine approach induced high titers of oligomeric env-binding antibodies and autologous neutralizing antibodies against both the subtypes B and C vaccine strains, HIV-1 SF162 and TV1, respectively. Low-level neutralizing activity against the heterologous South African subtype C TV2 strain, as well as a small subset of viruses in a panel of 13 heterologous primary isolates, was observed in some rabbits immunized with the V2-deleted vaccines. Immunization of rhesus macaques with the V2-deleted TV1 DNA prime/protein boost also elicited high titers of env-binding antibodies and moderate titers of autologous TV1 neutralizing antibodies. The pilot-scale production of the various TV1 DNA vaccine constructs and env proteins described here should provide an initial platform upon which to improve the immunogenicity of these subtype C HIV envelope vaccines. Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	binding protein; DNA vaccine; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; neutralizing antibody; unclassified drug; virus envelope protein; virus envelope vaccine; animal cell; antibody response; antibody titer; article; cytotoxic T lymphocyte; derivatization; evaluation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 subtype c; immune response; immunogenicity; nonhuman; priority journal; South Africa; virus envelope; virus isolation; virus strain; AIDS Vaccines; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Gene Deletion; Gene Products, env; HIV Antibodies; HIV Envelope Protein gp160; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Immunization, Secondary; Injections, Intramuscular; Macaca mulatta; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Neutralization Tests; Rabbits; Sequence Alignment; South Africa; Vaccination; Vaccines, DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Macaca mulatta; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27344432029	Evaluation of an optical characterization model for infrared reflectance spectroscopy of GaAs substrates	Engelbrecht J.A.A., James G.R.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42496	None	Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Engelbrecht, J.A.A., Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; James, G.R., Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	The assessment of substrates by infrared spectroscopy was evaluated by comparing the electrical properties of GaAs substrates obtained optically with the values measured electrically.	None	gallium; infrared spectroscopy; optical method; substrate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27344439988	Technological performance judged by American patents awarded to South African inventors	Pouris A.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42496	None	Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Pouris, A., Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	PATENTS ARE ACCEPTED INTERNATIONALLY as a reflection of a country's inventive and technological achievements and are used for monitoring and assessing national systems of innovation. In South Africa, patents are one of the technological indicators monitored by the Department of Science and Technology. This article reports the results of an assessment of South Africa's technological performance based on the number of utility patents granted to South African inventors by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The analysis shows that the country is losing ground in the international technological race. South Africa's shares in the USPTO halved from 0.13% in 1988 to a mere 0.07% in 2001. Finer analysis reveals a small shift towards modern technologies (such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and computers and peripherals) and Science Linkage indicators identify the areas (in particular biotechnology and pharmaceuticals) in which South Africa is producing leading-edge technologies.	None	innovation; international comparison; social indicator; technological development; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27544488014	Heavy metals in sediments of the gold mining impacted Pra River basin, Ghana, West Africa	Donkor A.K., Bonzongo J.-C.J., Nartey V.K., Adotey D.K.	2005	Soil and Sediment Contamination	14	6	10.1080/15320380500263675	Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, United States	Donkor, A.K., Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Bonzongo, J.-C.J., Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, United States; Nartey, V.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Adotey, D.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana	Total concentrations of Hg, Al, Fe, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Co, V, and Zn were determined in surface sediments collected from 21 locations within the gold mining impacted Pra River basin in southwestern Ghana. Samples were collected during both the rainy and dry seasons. We hypothesized that in the rural southwestern portion of Ghana, the lack of industrial activities makes artisanal gold mining (AGM) by Hg amalgamation the main source of water resource contamination with heavy metals. Therefore, metals showing concentration trends similar to that of Hg in the studied system are likely impacted by AGM. We found that total-Hg (THg) concentrations in riverine sediments are rather low as compared to other aquatic systems that are impacted by similar mining activities. Measured THg concentrations ranged from 0.018 to 2.917 mg/kg in samples collected in the rainy season and from about 0.01 to 0.043 mg/kg in those collected during the dry season. However, the determination of the enrichment factor (EF) calculated using shale data as reference background values showed signs of severe contamination in most of the sampled sites. In the dry season, THg concentrations correlated positively and significantly to the concentrations of As (r = 0.864, p < 0.01), Cu (r = 0.691, p < 0.05), and Ni (r = 0.579, p < 0.05). Based on our previously stated hypothesis, this could then be an indication of the impact of AGM on ambient levels of these 3 elements. However, the determined concentrations of Cu, and Ni co-varied significantly with Al, suggesting that natural sources do account for the observed levels. Accordingly, both AGM and metal inputs from weathered natural deposits are likely co-responsible for the observed levels of Cu and Ni. In contrast, the lack of correlation between As and Al tends to suggest an impact of AGM on As levels. Overall, our data suggest that besides Hg and to some extent As, the impact of AGM on ambient levels of investigated metals in the gold mining impacted Pra River remains negligible. Finally, the increase in metal concentrations from the dry to the rainy season underlines the impact of changes in hydrologic conditions on levels and fate of metals in this tropical aquatic system. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	Ghana; Gold mining; Heavy metals; Mercury; Sediment contamination; West Africa	Concentration (process); Gold mines; Heavy metals; Hydrology; Mercury (metal); Mining; Sediments; Ghana; Gold mining; Sediment contamination; West Africa; River pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27544493497	Impact of emergency mass immunisations on measles control in displaced populations in Gulu district, Northern Uganda	Mupere E., Onek P., Babikako H.M.	2005	East African Medical Journal	82	8	None	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Gulu Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 160, Gulu, Uganda; Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda	Mupere, E., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Gulu Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 160, Gulu, Uganda; Onek, P., Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Babikako, H.M., Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda	Objective: To assess the impact of supplemental mass measles immunisations. Design: Retrospective study of hospital and health centre records. Setting: Gulu district, Northern Uganda, having approximately 81% of the population living in internally displaced persons' (IDPs) camps. Results: The mean age in months for 4,812 measles cases seen was 28.2 ± 46.0 (p<0.0001). Supplemental mass immunisations in 1997 and 2000 caused a 91% reduction of measles cases, 93% reduction of mortality, 91% reduction of bed-days and 79% reduction of outpatient cases. There was a 67% reduction in mean measles case admissions, 63% reduction in mean measles mortality, and 73% reduction in mean measles bed-days following district mass measles immunisations in 1997. However, following IDPs camps supplemental immunisations in 2000; there was 82% reduction of mean measles case admissions, 80% reduction of mean measles mortality and 88% reduction of mean measles bed-days. Conclusions: In similar situations, supplemental mass measles immunisations should be focused on IDPs camps with a wide age group in addition to improved routine immunization activities in the entire district.	None	adult; article; emergency health service; epidemic; epidemiology; female; health care quality; human; male; mass immunization; measles; outcome assessment; refugee; retrospective study; Uganda; Adult; Disease Outbreaks; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Male; Mass Immunization; Measles; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Program Evaluation; Refugees; Retrospective Studies; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644434475	On farm evaluation of the effect of low cost drip irrigation on water and crop productivity compared to conventional surface irrigation system	Maisiri N., Senzanje A., Rockstrom J., Twomlow S.J.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	None	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.021	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY 639, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; ICRISAT-Matopos, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Maisiri, N., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY 639, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe; Senzanje, A., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Rockstrom, J., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Twomlow, S.J., ICRISAT-Matopos, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	This on-farm research study was carried out at Zholube irrigation scheme in a semi-arid agro tropical climate of Zimbabwe to determine how low cost drip irrigation technologies compare with conventional surface irrigation systems in terms of water and crop productivity. A total of nine farmers who were practicing surface irrigation were chosen to participate in the study. The vegetable English giant rape (Brassica napus) was grown under the two irrigation systems with three fertilizer treatments in each system: ordinary granular fertilizer, liquid fertilizer (fertigation) and the last treatment with no fertilizer. These trials were replicated three times in a randomized block design. Biometric parameters of leaf area index (LAI) and fresh weight of the produce, water use efficiency (WUE) were used to compare the performance of the two irrigation systems. A water balance of the inflows and outflows was kept for analysis of WUE. The economic profitability and the operation, maintenance and management requirements of the different systems were also evaluated. There was no significant difference in vegetable yield between the irrigation systems at 8.5 ton/ha for drip compared to 7.8 ton/ha in surface irrigation. There were significant increases in yields due to use of fertilizers. Drip irrigation used about 35% of the water used by the surface irrigation systems thus giving much higher water use efficiencies. The leaf area indices were comparable in both systems with the same fertilizer treatment ranging between 0.05 for surface without fertilizer to 6.8 for low cost drip with fertigation. Low cost drip systems did not reflect any labour saving especially when manually lifting the water into the drum compared to the use of siphons in surface irrigation systems. The gross margin level for surface irrigation was lower than for low cost drip irrigation but the gross margin to total variable cost ratio was higher in surface irrigation systems, which meant that surface irrigation systems gave higher returns per variable costs incurred. It was concluded that low cost drip systems achieved water saving of more than 50% compared to surface irrigation systems and that it was not the type of irrigation system that influenced the yield of vegetables significantly but instead it is the type of fertilizer application method that contribute to the increase in the yield of vegetables. It was recommended that low cost technologies should be used in conjunction with good water and nutrient management if higher water and crop productivity are to be realized than surface irrigation systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Brassica napus; Fertigation; Low cost drip; Water productivity; Water use efficiency	Cost effectiveness; Crops; Economics; Evaporation; Fertilizers; Flow of water; Productivity; Soils; Transpiration; Water supply; Brassica napus; Fertigation; Low cost drip; Water productivity; Water use efficiency; Irrigation; crop production; drip irrigation; performance assessment; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Brassica napus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644469154	Gold mineralization within the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Evidence for a modified placer origin, and the role of the Vredefort impact event	Hayward C.L., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., Robb L.J.	2005	Geological Society Special Publication	248	None	10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.248.01.02	Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Hayward, C.L., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom, Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Robb, L.J., Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The chemical composition of gold within the Archaean metasedimentary rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup displays significant heterogeneity at the micro-, meso- and regional scales. A detailed electron microbeam analytical and petrological study of the main auriferous horizons in the Central Rand Group throughout the Witwatersrand Basin indicates that gold has been remobilized late in the paragenetic sequence over distances of less than centimetres. Contemporaneous chlorite formation was strongly rock-buffered. Gold mobilization occurred under fluid-poor conditions at temperatures that did not exceed 350 °C. Widespread circulation of mineralizing fluids within the Central Rand Group is not supported by the gold and chlorite chemical data. Brittle deformation that affects most of the paragenetic sequence of the Central Rand Group late in its post-depositional history is followed by sequences of mineral growth and dissolution that appear throughout the Central Rand Group and have consistent textural relationships with gold. The consistent location within the paragenetic sequence, the wide regional and stratigraphic extent of the brittle deformation, together with mineral chemical and petrological data suggest that the Vredefort Impact Event (2.02 Ga) was the cause of this late deformation, and that post-impact fluid-poor metamorphism resulted in crystallization of a significant proportion of the gold on and within mineral grains that were deformed during this event. © The Geological Society of London 2005.	None	gold; impact structure; mineralization; ore deposit; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome; Witwatersrand; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644474697	The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala - Uganda, on the surrounding environment	Mwiganga M., Kansiime F.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	11-16 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.016	Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mwiganga, M., Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kansiime, F., Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mpererwe landfill site receives solid wastes from the city of Kampala, Uganda. This study was carried out to assess and evaluate the appropriateness of the location and operation of this landfill, to determine the composition of the solid waste dumped at the landfill and the extent of contamination of landfill leachate to the neighbouring environment (water, soil and plants). Field observations and laboratory measurements were carried out to determine the concentration of nutrients, metals and numbers of bacteriological indicators in the landfill leachate. The landfill is not well located as it is close to a residential area (<200 m) and cattle farms. It is also located upstream of a wetland. The landfill generates nuisances like bad odour; there is scattering of waste by scavenger birds, flies and vermin. Industrial and hospital wastes are disposed of at the landfill without pre-treatment. The concentration of variables (nutrients, bacteriological indicators, BOD and heavy metals) in the leachate were higher than those recommended in the National Environment Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water and on Land. A composite sample that was taken 1500 m down stream indicated that the wetland considerably reduced the concentration of the parameters that were measured except for sulfides. Despite the fact that there was accumulation of metals in the sediments, the concentration has not reached toxic levels to humans. Soil and plant analyses indicated deficiencies of zinc and copper. The concentration of these elements was lowest in the leachate canal. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Contamination; Environmental impact; Kampala; Mpererwe landfill; Solid wastes; Uganda	Composition; Contamination; Land fill; Leachate treatment; Sediments; Solid wastes; Waste disposal; Wetlands; Kampala, Uganda; Mpererwe landfill; Environmental impact; environmental impact; landfill; leachate; pollution control; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; World; Aves; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644547370	From impact assessment to effective management plans: Learning from the Great Brak Estuary in South Africa	Slinger J.H., Huizinga P., Taljaard S., van Niekerk L., Enserink B.	2005	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	23	3	None	Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands; CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa	Slinger, J.H., Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands; Huizinga, P., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taljaard, S., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; van Niekerk, L., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Enserink, B., Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands	In 1990, the environmental impacts of an upstream dam on the Great Brak town and estuary were assessed and a management plan and monitoring programme were devised. In a recent review of the monitoring results, planned water releases and interventions in the form of timely mouth breaching were found to have ensured that, although the estuary's abiotic functioning has altered, its biotic health has not deteriorated over the last ten years. The lessons learned are captured in the revised management plan of 2004, which exhibits a clear shift to explicit communication plans and operational procedures, indicating that the initial environmental impact assessment (EIA) products were rudimentary. We argue that learning-through-doing and active public participation in the Great Brak case are essential ingredients in the adaptive management that is fundamental to successful EIA follow-up. © IAIA 2005.	Adaptive management; EIA follow-up; Freshwater requirements; Mouth breaching; Public participation; Water management	assessment method; environmental impact; freshwater; monitoring system; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644583919	Effective dose as a limiting quantity for the evaluation of primary barriers for diagnostic x-ray facilities	Okunade A.A.	2005	Health Physics	89	5 SUPPL.	None	Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Physics, Ibadan Road, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Physics, Ibadan Road, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	The National Council on Radiation Protection in Report 147 of NCRP has recommended that shielding design limit for diagnostic x-ray facilities must be consistent with the guidance specified in Report 116 of NCRP. In the latter report, it is specified that the limit of exposure must be in terms of effective dose received annually. New mathematical models that are different from those in Report 49 of NCRP are reported in the recently published Report 147 of NCRP, and the design limit is specified as kerma value. In this work, to provide a means of compliance with the recommendation in Report 116 of NCRP, the effective dose that is classified as the limiting quantity in Report 57 of ICRU has been incorporated into shielding algorithms for diagnostic x-ray facilities. Also, shielding models are presented using exposure, kerma-in-air, kerma-in-tissue and ambient dose equivalent as limiting quantities. A computer program, XSHIELD, was written in FORTRAN language to execute these models. With design limits set at 1 mSv y-1 and 0.25 mSv y-1 (as specified in Report 116 of NCRP) and using sample distribution of workload, age of patient, field sizes at image receptor, and types of projection, computations of shielding requirements were carried out for rooms designated adult and pediatric chest rooms. For same values of respective workload and design limit, the use of exposure, kerma-in-air, kerma-in-tissue, and ambient dose equivalent as limiting quantity produces thicker barriers than the use of effective dose. By the use of effective dose as limiting quantity, the shielding requirement for the same workload is independent of size of the individual to be shielded. However, irradiating the individual who is to be shielded in posterior-anterior projection requires a thicker barrier than when irradiation is in lateral projection.	Operational topic; Radiation protection; Shielding; X-ray imaging	age; air; algorithm; article; computer program; health care facility; mathematical model; practice guideline; priority journal; radiation dose; radiation exposure; radiation protection; radiation shield; tissue level; workload; X ray; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Mathematics; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644597711	Effects of watering regimes on aphid infestation and performance of selected varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in a humid rainforest zone of Nigeria	Agele S.O., Ofuya T.I., James P.O.	2006	Crop Protection	25	1	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.03.005	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Agele, S.O., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Ofuya, T.I., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; James, P.O., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Host plant drought stress affects plant productivity (growth and reproduction) and insect performance. This study was conducted to determine whether resistance to one major cowpea insect pest (Aphis craccivora, Koch) in identified cowpea varieties holds under different soil moisture regimes in the dry season period in a humid tropical rainforest zone. This information is basic to the use of insect resistant varieties for agricultural development under marginal conditions. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three water application regimes by four cowpea varieties grown in drainage lysimeters installed on the field in the dry season period in Akure, rainforest zone of Nigeria. Two aphid susceptible (Ife brown and Vita 7) and two aphid resistant (IT845-2246 and IT835-728-5) varieties were compared under soil moisture regimes. Reduction in the amount of water available to the cowpea plant (soil moisture deficit stress) in the host plant affected population trends of aphids in the different growth stages of cowpea. There were significant variations among tested aphid susceptible and aphid resistant cowpea varieties on aphid survival, population density (colony size), damage levels and seed yield reductions in relation to soil moisture regimes. A significantly lower number of aphids was observed in the resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties. Significant interactions between watering regimes and varieties were found for aphid survival rates, biomass and fruit yields in this study. The resistant varieties supported significantly lower aphid survival rates compared with susceptible varieties. Significant negative linear correlations were found for watering intervals (regimes) and aphid population, shoot biomass and seed (grain) yield. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Aphid; Cowpea; Infestation; Tropics; Watering regimes; Yield	aphid; drought stress; host plant; pest resistance; trend analysis; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Aphididae; Aphis craccivora; Insecta; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744449568	Chemical evaluation of cement-based sandcrete wall deterioration	Odigure J.O.	2005	Cement and Concrete Research	35	11	10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.014	Federal University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Odigure, J.O., Federal University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Cement-based structure stability could be characterized not only by their mechanical strength, soil geophysics and loading condition, but also the resistance to various physical and chemical factors that could initiate its corrosion. The contribution of water and various water-based solutions in the environment, to cement-based structure durability could be either physical as in seasonal flooding of the structure or chemical often initiated by the presence in the solution of organic or inorganic compounds or gases. Irrespective of the corrosion type, its destructive effect could be attributed to the build up of internal stress and weakening of the structure matrix. This work is aimed at investigating the role of chemical changes in the sandcrete matrix in the formation and development of macrocracks in cement-based sandcrete walls. Collected sandcrete samples were analyzed using titrimetric and granulometeric methods. Results showed that the percentage composition between the top and bottom of SiO2 was high in all the sandcrete blocks samples analyzed ranging from 76.72% to 80.30%. This indicates high permeability of ground level structure. The acidic nature of the soil in some area varying from pH = 5.89-6.11 could seriously undermine the structures strength. The percentage compositions of CaO were generally very low ranging from 3.83% at the ground to 4.44% at the top levels. For most points there were percentage compositional differential across cracked points horizontally and vertically. This is an indication of either poor cement quality or non-compliance to standards' requirements. There is a need to develop a model equation for the migration of minerals' hydrates in sandcrete wall. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	Chemical evaluation; Composition differential; Crack formation; Deterioration; Ions diffusion	Chemical analysis; Corrosion; Crack initiation; Deterioration; Mechanical permeability; Residual stresses; Sand; Strength of materials; Walls (structural partitions); Chemical evaluation; Compositional differential; Ions diffusion; Cements	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744487139	Evaluation of top, middle and bottom stalk of sugarcane as planting material	Kolo I.N., Adesiyun A.A., Misari S.M., Ishaq M.N.	2005	Sugar Tech	7	03-Feb	None	National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Kolo, I.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Adesiyun, A.A., Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Misari, S.M., Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Ishaq, M.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria	One of the major constraints of chewing sugarcane farming is the dearth of planting material. Two trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 seasons to evaluate the growth performance of the different parts of the chewing sugarcane stalk viz: top, middle and bottom. Three - budded cuttings of each part used as planting material was obtained from the stalks of the local chewing sugarcane variety NIG 008. There were no significant differences in most of the parameters taken, although, the growth performance of the Top and Middle parts of the stalk were better than the bottom one. In chewing sugarcane production, planting material (cane setts) are obtained from the middle of the stalk to the apex. Although both the middle and top are used, the top of the stalk is preferred by the local farmers as planting material because of the monetary value derived from the middle and bottom parts. . However, in large scale sugarcane farming, the bottom portion, in addition to the top and middle ones can be used without the fear of low cane yield.	Cane stalk segments (top, middle and base); Chewing sugarcane; Planting materials	Saccharum hybrid cultivar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744516642	Effect of replacement of maize with cassava peel in cockerel diets on performance and carcass characteristics	Nwokoro S.O., Ekhosuehi E.I.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	6	10.1007/s11250-005-6844-9	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Nwokoro, S.O., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ekhosuehi, E.I., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	Cyanide; Dressing percentage; Feed consumption; Nitrogen retention; Weight gain	animal; animal food; article; body composition; body constitution; caloric intake; cassava; chicken; growth, development and aging; maize; male; Nigeria; nutritional requirement; physiology; randomization; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Body Composition; Body Constitution; Chickens; Energy Intake; Male; Manihot; Nigeria; Nutritional Requirements; Random Allocation; Weight Gain; Zea mays; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744543444	Water supplies in some rural communities around Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria: Impact on water-related diseases	Opara A.A.	2005	Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health	36	4	None	Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Opara, A.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Two traditional surface water sources and one piped supply around Calabar, Nigeria were examined to reveal the community water use patterns and the impact on water-related diseases. Using questionnaires, it was shown that some communities trekked long distances (up to 5 km) to reach their supply source. The quantity of water collected per day in each of the five rural sources was inadequate (approximately 6 buckets or 90 liters). The traditional water sources were not available all year round, forcing users to trek longer distances for alternative supplies. Only 4.4% of rural water users subjected them to any further treatment, such as boiling or filtration. Fetching water was the occupation of children; they were the worst hit by water-related diseases, such as diarrhea/ dysentery, stomachache, worms and scabies/craw-craw. About 84% of the respondents were dissatisfied with their water supplies. Deaths due to apparent water-related diseases occurred among 6.3% of respondents during the twelve months preceding the study. The overall impact was a loss of school hours/days, loss of labor and general discouragement. The community served with piped treated water fared better in all respects.	None	animal; article; diarrhea; drinking; dysentery; helminth; human; microbiology; Nigeria; questionnaire; rural population; scabies; standard; water pollution; water supply; Animals; Diarrhea; Drinking; Dysentery; Helminths; Humans; Nigeria; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Scabies; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution; Water Supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744546272	Perceptions of hospital managers regarding the impact of doctors' community service	Omole O.B., Marincowitz G., Ogunbanjo G.A.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	8	None	Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa	Omole, O.B., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa, Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa; Marincowitz, G., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Ogunbanjo, G.A., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: In South Africa, the distribution of doctors is skewed in favour of the urban areas, but it is not uncommon to find many peri-urban facilities in short supply of doctors. In 1997, the South African government introduced compulsory community service (CS) to address this uneven distribution of doctors in the country. The CS doctors posted to the Letaba-Sekororo hospital complex in Limpopo Province refused to take up their appointments for various reasons, ranging from lack of supervision to poor basic infrastructure. This study is one of the earliest conducted to understand the perceptions of hospital managers on the impact of the national community service on the health service. Methods: After ethical approval was obtained from the Research, Ethics and Publications Committee (REPC) of the Medical University of Southern Africa (now University of Limpopo - Medunsa Campus), three focus group interviews were conducted with hospital managers from three purposefully selected hospitals. The interviews were audio-visually taped and supplemented with field notes, transcribed verbatim, with themes identified using the 'cut and paste' and 'colour coding' methods. Combined themes were categorised and interpreted within the context of the study and the available literature. Results: CS has improved health services delivery, alleviated work pressure, and improved the image of hospital managers. In addition, it has provided a constant supply of manpower, and increased the utilisation of health services by the community. The negative perceptions identified included a lack of experience and skills, poor relationships with the rural health team, lack of support structures for CS doctors, poor continuity of care and budgetary constraints. Conclusions: Hospital managers perceive CS to have had a positive impact on the supply of needed manpower, health service delivery and patient care. As this was a qualitative study, further quantitative and community-oriented studies are required to validate the results.	Community service doctors; Hospital managers; Impact; Perceptions	article; government; health care quality; health care utilization; health economics; health service; hospital management; human; manager; medical ethics; medical literature; medical practice; medical research; physician; poverty; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; rural health care; skill; social welfare; South Africa; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744551028	Impact of psychiatric morbidity on parent-rated quality of life in Nigerian adolescents with epilepsy	Adewuya A.O., Oseni S.B.A.	2005	Epilepsy and Behavior	7	3	10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.07.011	Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adewuya, A.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria; Oseni, S.B.A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Despite the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents with epilepsy, their impact on the quality of life has not been sufficiently studied. Adolescents with epilepsy (n = 90) aged 12 to 18 were assessed for anxiety and depressive disorders with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC-IV), and their quality of life was assessed with the parent-rated Impact of Childhood Illness Scale (ICIS). Sociodemographic and illness variables were also obtained. Predictors of poor quality of life in adolescents with epilepsy include anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, frequency of seizures, and side effects of antiepileptic drugs. Depressive and anxiety disorders impacted on both the adolescents and the family. Programs designed to improve the overall quality of life of these adolescents should include the evaluation and treatment of possible comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders and involve the family. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Adolescents; Anxiety disorders; Cross-cultural; Depressive disorders; Epilepsy; Quality of life	anticonvulsive agent; carbamazepine; phenytoin; valproic acid; adolescent; adult; anxiety disorder; article; comorbidity; controlled study; demography; depression; epilepsy; family; female; human; interview; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; parent; prediction; quality of life; scoring system; side effect; socioeconomics; Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Anxiety Disorders; Attitude; Depressive Disorder; Epilepsy; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Nigeria; Parents; Quality of Life; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744589128	Kinetic analysis of non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyser results using a new method for the evaluation of the temperature integral and multi-heating rates	Everson R.C., Neomagus H.W.J.P., Njapha D.	2006	Fuel	85	3	10.1016/j.fuel.2005.07.003	School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2082, South Africa	Everson, R.C., School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Neomagus, H.W.J.P., School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Njapha, D., Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2082, South Africa	A technique using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyser results was developed for the validation of reaction rate models together with associated parameters suitable for chemically controlled gas-solid reactions. The solution of the temperature integral which occurs in the calculation is achieved by numerical integration with respect to a dimensionless activation energy variable, y=E/RT, following a transformation of the temperature integral equation. The evaluation of the validity of the kinetic model and determination of all the constants is accomplished with a two-step regression procedure with experimental results from several thermogrammes with different linear heating rates. The technique was validated by comparing results obtained for the combustion of two coal-chars with corresponding isothermal results using a shrinking core model with a nth order surface reaction. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Coal-char; Kinetic study; Non-isothermal; Thermogravimetry	Activation energy; Coal; Combustion; Heating; Integral equations; Mathematical transformations; Reaction kinetics; Regression analysis; Surface reactions; Coal-char; Kinetic study; Non-isothermal; Reaction rate; Thermogravimetric analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844442716	On-farm evaluation of biological nitrogen fixation potential and grain yield of Lablab and two soybean varieties in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Okogun J.A., Sanginga N., Abaidoo R., Dashiell K.E., Diels J.	2005	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	73	03-Feb	10.1007/s10705-005-3821-7	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma	Okogun, J.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA, c/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Abaidoo, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dashiell, K.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, United States; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	Several legumes with high biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) potentials have been studied in on-station trials. The processes involved in BNF and the benefits of these species to crop production need to be evaluated using farmers' management practices in farmers' fields. An on-farm trial with 20 farmers was conducted in the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of Nigeria. The aims were to evaluate the BNF potentials of an improved soybean variety (TGx 1448-2E) and a local variety (Samsoy-2) when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains, and of Lablab in farmer-managed and researcher-managed soybean-maize and Lablab-maize crop rotation systems. The level of soil P was generally low with more than 50% of the fields having less than the critical P level. The plant available P content was statistically significantly (P = 0.05) correlated with P in grain (r = 0.60), P in the shoot (r = 0.68), grain yield (r = 0.40) and nodule weight (r = 0.35). Variations in plant parameters (nodulation, shoot dry matter, percentage nitrogen derived from the air [%Ndfa], grain yield, and nutrient uptake) among and within farmers' fields were attributed to differences in soil fertility and crop management. About 60% of the fields were moderately fertile, sufficient to support legume establishment, while about 30% of the farmers' fields had a low fertility level. For farmers in the study area to benefit from the BNF potentials of the legumes, an external P fertilizer input was necessary as well as suitable crop management practices because all parameters measured in the researcher-managed plots were higher than in the farmer-managed plots. © Springer 2005.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Grain yield; Northern Guinea savanna; Soybean	crop yield; nitrogen fixation; rhizobacterium; soybean; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Bradyrhizobium; Glycine max; Lablab; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844443523	The impact of reduced drug prices on the cost-effectiveness of HAART in South Africa	Nattrass N., Geffen N.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	1	None	AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Nattrass, N., AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Geffen, N., Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	South Africa has started 'rolling out' highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) through the public health sector, but implementation has been slow. Studies have shown that in Africa AIDS prevention may be more cost-effective than providing HAART; such published results provide some support for the South African government's apparent reluctance to implement a large-scale rapid HAART roll-out. However, previous studies have not linked treatment and prevention plans, and do not, for the most part, consider the potential savings to the public health sector (e.g., fewer hospital admissions) that may arise from the introduction of HAART. The South African costing exercise summarised here avoids both these limitations. It provides an update of earlier work and takes into account the recent decline in antiretroviral drug prices. It shows that once HIV-related hospital costs are included in the calculation, the cost per HIV infection averted is lower in a treatment-plus-prevention intervention scenario than it is in a prevention-only scenario. This suggests that it is economically advantageous to fund a large-scale comprehensive intervention plan and that the constraints for doing so are political. Once human-rights considerations are included, the case for providing HAART is even more compelling. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS; Prevention; Public health; Treatment	antiretrovirus agent; article; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; cost of illness; drug cost; drug utilization; government; health care planning; health program; health promotion; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hospital cost; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; nonhuman; patient counseling; preventive health service; public health service; South Africa; vertical transmission; virus transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844527498	A critical evaluation of the South African state antiretroviral programme	Venter W.D.F.	2005	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	20	None	Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Venter, W.D.F., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; azithromycin; didanosine; efavirenz; nevirapine; stavudine; article; geographic distribution; health behavior; health care access; health care system; health program; hepatitis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; infection complication; lactic acidosis; lifestyle; nutritional health; pancreatitis; patient compliance; patient counseling; peripheral neuropathy; population distribution; population research; public health service; resource management; South Africa; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Stevens Johnson syndrome; treatment failure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27944452621	Clinical evaluation of pearl millet conophor weaning mix as supplementary food for Nigerian children	Akeredolu I.A., Addo A.A., Akeredolu O.A.	2005	Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology	48	4	None	Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria	Akeredolu, I.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria; Addo, A.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria; Akeredolu, O.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria	The purpose of this study was to formulate a weaning diet from pearl millet-conophor nut flour that would promote growth. For PER, BV, NPU and TD values, casein diet was the most superior while millet-conophor diet and soy-ogi diet compared favourably with each other. For the clinical measurements of the experimental rats on the soy - ogi diet and millet-conophor diet, apart from the urinary urea level of the group on millet conophor diet which was much higher than soy-ogi, there was no difference in any of the other parameters measured. It was therefore, concluded that the millet-conophor, diet was favourably well with the soy-ogi.	Clinical evaluation; Conophor; Millet and supplementary food; Weaning mix	Pennisetum glaucum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28044456323	Performance of a solar dryer with limited sun tracking capability	Mwithiga G., Kigo S.N.	2006	Journal of Food Engineering	74	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.018	Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	Mwithiga, G., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Kigo, S.N., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	A small solar dryer with limited sun tracking capabilities was designed and tested. The dryer had a mild steel absorber plate and a polyvinyl chloride (pvc) transparent cover and could be adjusted to track the sun in increments of 15°. The performance was tested by adjusting the angle the dryer made with the horizontal either once, three, five or nine times a day when either loaded with coffee beans or under no load conditions. The temperature distribution in the plenum and also the drying rate of parchment coffee were determined. The temperature inside the plenum chamber could reach a maximum of 70.4 °C and the dryer could lower the moisture content of coffee beans from 54.8% to below 13% (w.b.) in 2 days as opposed to the 5-7 days required in sun drying. Tracking the sun though allowing a faster rate of drying did not offer a significant advantage in terms of length of drying duration. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Coffee; Drying; Solar dryer; Temperature distribution; Tracking	Drying; Food products; Moisture; Plates (structural components); Polyvinyl chlorides; Steel; Sun; Temperature distribution; Coffee; Steel absorber plates; Sun drying; Tracking; Solar dryers; Phaseolus (angiosperm)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28044457932	Impact of DDT re-introduction on malaria transmission in KwaZulu-Natal	Maharaj R., Mthembu D.J., Sharp B.L.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	11 I	None	Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Maharaj, R., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mthembu, D.J., Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Sharp, B.L., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Objectives. To determine whether the re-introduction of DDT in KwaZulu-Natal had any effects on malaria transmission in the province. Design, setting and subjects. The 2000 malaria epidemic in KwaZulu-Natal has been attributed to pyrethroid-resistant anopheles mosquitoes in the area. Previous studies have shown that these mosquitoes are still susceptible to DDT. To determine whether DDT re-introduction had any impact on malaria transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, the following variables (pre- and post-epidemic) were investigated: (i) the number of reported cases; and (ii) the distribution of Anopheles funestus in relation to the insecticides sprayed. Outcome measures. The notified malaria cases and the distribution of A. funestus were measured to determine the effects of DDT re-introduction on malaria transmission. Results and conclusion. After DDT re-introduction, the number of malaria cases decreased to levels lower than those recorded before the epidemic. A. funestus appears to have been eradicated from the province. The combination of an effective insecticide and effective antimalarial drugs in KwaZulu-Natal has resulted in a 91% decline in the malaria incidence rate. Unfortunately the continued exclusive use of DDT within the malarious areas of the province is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance.	None	antimalarial agent; artemisinin; chlorphenotane; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; article; epidemic; human; incidence; insecticide resistance; malaria; malaria control; outcomes research; parasite vector; South Africa; vector control; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Pesticides; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244439182	Determining milling performance of sorghum cultivars by means of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques	van der Merwe M., Osthoff G., Pretorius A.J.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	4	None	Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	van der Merwe, M., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Osthoff, G., Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Pretorius, A.J., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Although roller milling has been successfully applied to produce sorghum meal, the South African sorghum milling industry mostly uses abrasive decortication milling. The first objective of this study was to develop a laboratory-scale roller milling technique for a scaled-down roller mill and determine the milling performance of sorghum cultivars, using canonical variate analysis. The second objective was to compare the suitability of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques to determine milling performance of sorghum. Thirdly, cultivars better suited for roller milling and those, which milled more successfully with abrasive decortication milling, were identified. Grain samples of 24 sorghum cultivars produced during two seasons at three localities were milled with a Tangential Abrasive Dehulling Device and a roller mill consisting of two break rollers with different flute sizes. Canonical variate analysis was found to be a suitable procedure to analyse and predict the roller milling performance. Little variation in milling losses of different cultivars was found with roller milling, while more variation in losses was experienced between cultivars with abrasive decortication. Mean colour was highly acceptable and did not depend on the milling time in the case of roller milling samples. Cultivars PAN 8564, NS 5655, SNK 3337 and SNK 3863 displayed good milling quality when milled using both roller and abrasive decortication milling. Both abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques were found to be suitable for sorghum milling and the determination of milling performance.	Abrasive decortication; Milling performance; Roller milling; Sorghum cultivars	milling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244443379	Landslides in Sado Island of Japan: Part I. Case studies, monitoring techniques and environmental considerations	Ayalew L., Yamagishi H., Marui H., Kanno T.	2005	Engineering Geology	81	4	10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.08.005	Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia	Ayalew, L., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia; Yamagishi, H., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Marui, H., Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kanno, T., Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan	A sufficient knowledge on the kinematics and development of landslides helps to adopt proper measures that can be used to protect slopes and the environment in general. This can be achieved by adequate monitoring programs. This paper presents the findings of intensive monitoring activities carried out on Shiidomari and Katanoo landslides found in Sado Island of Japan. More than one year of observation of the two landslides allowed defining some peculiar futures of their kinematics and style of development. The problem of slope instability in the two areas is generally accredited to various factors. But, both landslides were triggered by heavy rainfalls and snowmelt. Because of the outline of the area and the presence of relict topographic features, the Shiidomari landslide is considered to be a large-scale reactivation of old slope failures. The Katanoo landslide is, however, a first-time case. Geophysical investigations and drilling activities in Shiidomari indicated the presence of two slip planes. The deepest (80-100 m) of these is controlled by existing lineaments. Monitoring data suggests that the body of the landslide has subsided as much as 1.16 m just below the main scarp, but a centimeter in the central region. The toe sector also experienced a significant amount of subsidence, but this was counter-balanced by an uplift on the opposite side of the landslide. Hence, the landslide seems not any more active along the deepest slip surface, although it may extend upward and define a series of shallow shear planes around the crown. In the case of Katanoo, the landform characteristics, differential weathering, the road cut and groundwater fluctuations appeared to contribute much to determine the exact location of the landslide. Extensional cracks that preceded the landslide can be related to heavy rainfalls and the cold and warm cycles thereafter. Subsurface investigations and monitoring works indicated that the landslide has two slide blocks with different slip planes. During the observation period, the upper part of the landslide responded more effectively to rainfall and snowmelt than the middle and lower sections. The corresponding movements, however, appeared to settle about three months after failure. There were also little strain transmissions in boreholes and no significant change in the characteristics of the landslide. The kinematics of deformation of many of the slopes in Sado Island resembles that of Shiidomari landslide. But mass movements along highways and mountain roads are usually similar to Katanoo. Landslides of the type like Shiidomari may not show sudden and drastic failures, but are usually long lasting and can reactivate repeatedly along new, shallow shear planes. Monitoring works and long-term supervisions in these types of landslides are useful to identify impending failures and take the right measures before they brought about large-scale destruction to the environment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Environment; Landslide; Monitoring; Sado, Japan	Environmental impact; Geophysics; Monitoring; Slope stability; Subsidence; Weathering; Differential weathering; Slope failures; Landslides; kinematics; landslide; monitoring; Asia; Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Far East; Japan; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244454770	Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands	Chown S.L., Hull B., Gaston K.J.	2005	Global Ecology and Biogeography	14	6	10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00173.x	Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Chown, S.L., Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Hull, B., Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Gaston, K.J., Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom	Aim Ongoing biological invasions will enhance the impacts of humans on biodiversity. Nonetheless, the effects of exotic species on diversity are idiosyncratic. Increases in diversity might be a consequence of similar responses by species to available energy, or because of positive relationships between human density, energy and propagule pressure. Here we use data from the Southern Ocean island plants and insects to investigate these issues. Location The Southern Ocean Islands ranging from Tristan da Cunha to Heard Island and South Georgia. Methods Generalized linear models are used to explore the relationships between indigenous and exotic species richness for plants and insects on two different islands. Similar models are used to examine interactions between indigenous and exotic species richness, energy availability and propagule pressure at the regional scale. Results Positive relationships were found between indigenous and exotic species richness at local scales, although for plants, the relationship was partially triangular. Across the Southern Ocean Islands, there was strong positive covariation between indigenous and exotic plant species richness and insect species richness, even taking spatial autocorrelation into account. Both exotic and indigenous plant and insect species richness covaried with energy availability, as did human visitor frequency. When two islands with almost identical numbers of human visits were contrasted, it was clear that energy availability, or perhaps differences in climate-matching, were responsible for differences in the extent of invasion. Conclusion In plants and insects, there are positive relationships between indigenous and exotic diversity at local and regional scales across the Southern Ocean islands. These relationships are apparently a consequence of similar responses by both groups and by human occupants to available energy. When visitor frequency is held constant, energy availability is the major correlate of exotic species richness, though the exact mechanistic cause of this relationship requires clarification. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Disturbance; Diversity; Human history; Insects; Introduced species; Propagule pressure; Vascular plants	biodiversity; biological invasion; human activity; island; species richness; Southern Ocean; Hexapoda; Insecta; Tracheophyta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244491530	Field evaluation of a fast anti-Leishmania antibody detection assay in Ethiopia	Hailu A., Schoone G.J., Diro E., Tesfaye A., Techane Y., Tefera T., Assefa Y., Genetu A., Kebede Y., Kebede T., Schallig H.D.F.H.	2006	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	100	1	10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.003	Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia	Hailu, A., Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schoone, G.J., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Diro, E., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Techane, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Tefera, T., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Assefa, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Genetu, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, Y., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, T., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schallig, H.D.F.H., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands	A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples was evaluated under harsh field conditions in northern Ethiopia. Test performance was compared with a standard serological test, namely the direct agglutination test (DAT), and with parasitology. In total, 103 suspected cases were recruited for the study. Based on parasitological examination, 49 patients were confirmed of having visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the other 54 suspected cases were parasitologically negative. Field evaluation of FAST was possible in blood samples of 89 patients. FAST had 4 false negative results and 13 false positive results. DAT had 2 false negative results and 20 false positive results. A good degree of agreement (86.9%) was observed between FAST and DAT (κ value 0.73). In this field-based evalauation, the sensitivity and specificity of FAST were found to be 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1) and 70.5% (95% CI 54.6-82.8), respectively, compared with 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2) and 62.3% (95% CI 47.9-74.9) for DAT. FAST had a high predictive value of a negative test, demonstrating that FAST could be utilised to exclude rapidly non-VL patients from a large population of suspects with fever and splenomegaly in endemic areas. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	DAT; Direct agglutination test; Ethiopia; FAST; Fast agglutination screening test; Visceral leishmaniasis	protozoon antibody; agglutination test; antibody detection; antibody screening; article; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic error; diagnostic value; endemic disease; Ethiopia; fever; field experiment; human; intermethod comparison; Leishmania; leishmaniasis; major clinical study; microbiological examination; nonhuman; parasitology; prediction; sensitivity and specificity; splenomegaly; visceral leishmaniasis; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Protozoan; Ethiopia; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244493000	Tidal impact on breeding African Black Oystercatchers on Robben Island, Western Cape, South Africa	Calf K.M., Underhill L.G.	2005	Ostrich	76	42433	None	Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; School of Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Clarendon Way, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom	Calf, K.M., Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Clarendon Way, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Underhill, L.G., Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	Haematopus bachmani	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28344433134	Technology transfer pathways and livelihood impact indicators in central Ethiopia	Tesfaye A., Jemal I., Ferede S., Curran M.M.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	None	10.1007/s11250-005-9011-4	Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	Tesfaye, A., Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jemal, I., Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Ferede, S., Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Curran, M.M., Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	A survey was conducted in central Ethiopia to elicit information on existing and potential dissemination pathways for technical information on donkey husbandry. A detailed socio-economic survey was also conducted to provide background information on the people and the region, and livelihood indicators were drawn out at the same time. The results showed that there are many opportunities for group dissemination by making use of existing social networks. There are also opportunities for dissemination through extension agents, farmer groups and radio broadcasting. © 2005 Springer.	Central Ethiopia; Donkey; Husbandry	adult; agriculture; animal; animal husbandry; animal welfare; article; economics; education; Ethiopia; female; horse; human; income; interpersonal communication; male; methodology; middle aged; technology; Adult; Agriculture; Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Communication; Equidae; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Technology Transfer; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28344443375	The impact of access to animal health services on donkey health and livelihoods in Ethiopia	Curran M.M., Feseha G., Smith D.G.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	None	10.1007/s11250-005-9008-z	Villardi Consulting, Singapore; Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Faculty, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom	Curran, M.M., Villardi Consulting, Singapore; Feseha, G., Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Faculty, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Smith, D.G., Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom	This study was carried out to assess the impact of animal healthcare services on poor donkey owners in Ethiopia. The services provided by the Donkey Sanctuary were used as a case study. A questionnaire survey was designed and carried out in the areas around Debre Zeit in the Highlands of Ethiopia. The staff carried out a survey at 10 sites. Six of these were in Donkey Sanctuary project areas and four were in control areas. The results showed that in project areas donkeys were significantly healthier and more productive than in non-project areas. Donkey owners in project sites felt better off for having access to animal healthcare services; donkey owners in non-project sites were less confident about their incomes and the health of their animals. © 2005 Springer.	Donkey; Ethiopia; Health services; Livelihood	agriculture; animal; animal welfare; article; Ethiopia; female; horse; human; male; questionnaire; socioeconomics; veterinary medicine; Agriculture; Animal Welfare; Animals; Equidae; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; Veterinary Medicine; Animalia; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28444439950	In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of antiviral medicinal plants using a vector-based assay technique	Esimone C.O., Grunwald T., Wildner O., Nchinda G., Tippler B., Proksch P., Überla K.	2005	Journal of Applied Microbiology	99	6	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02732.x	Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University,	Esimone, C.O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany, Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Grunwald, T., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Wildner, O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Nchinda, G., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Tippler, B., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Proksch, P., Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Überla, K., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany	Aims: Medicinal plants are increasingly being projected as suitable alternative sources of antiviral agents. The development of a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic screening technique could contribute to rapid identification of potential bioactive plants and also to the standardization and/or pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiling of the bioactive components. Methods and Results: Recombinant viral vectors (lentiviral, retroviral and adenoviral) transferring the firefly luciferase gene were constructed and the inhibition of viral vector infectivity by various concentrations of plant extracts was evaluated in HeLa or Hep2 cells by measuring the changes in luciferase activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in parallel on HeLa or Hep2 cells stably expressing luciferase. Amongst the 15 extracts screened, only the methanol (ME) and the ethyl acetate (ET) fractions of the lichen, Ramalina farinacea specifically reduced lentiviral and adenoviral infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Chromatographic fractionation of ET into four fractions (ET1-ET4) revealed only ET4 to be selectively antiviral with an IC50 in the 20 μg ml-1 range. Preliminary mechanistic studies based on the addition of the extracts at different time points in the viral infection cycle (kinetic studies) revealed that the inhibitory activity was highest if extract and vectors were preincubated prior to infection, suggesting that early steps in the lentiviral or adenoviral replication cycle could be the major target of ET4. Inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 was also observed at a 10-fold lower concentration of the extract. Conclusions: The vector-based assay is a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation technique for antiviral medicinal plants. The technique has successfully demonstrated the presence of antiviral principles in R. farinacea. Significance and Impact of Study: Potential anti-HIV medicinal plants could rapidly be evaluated with the reported vector-based technique. The lichen, R. farinacea could represent a lead source of antiviral substances and is thus worthy of further studies. © 2005 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Antiviral; Lichen; Medicinal plants; Pharmacodynamic; Ramalina farinacea; Vector-based assay	acetic acid ethyl ester; adenovirus vector; antivirus agent; lentivirus vector; luciferase; methanol; plant extract; ramalina farinacea extract; retrovirus vector; unclassified drug; virus vector; antimicrobial activity; medicinal plant; virus; alternative medicine; article; chromatography; concentration response; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug selectivity; enzyme activity; fractionation; gene expression; gene transfer; HeLa cell; HEp 2 cell; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; in vitro study; medicinal plant; nonhuman; ramalina farinacea; standardization; technique; viral gene delivery system; virus infectivity; virus recombinant; virus replication; wild type; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Antiviral Agents; Biological Assay; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemiluminescent Measurements; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Vectors; Hela Cells; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Luciferases; Medicine, African Traditional; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Retroviridae; Adenoviridae; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Lentivirus; Ramalina farinacea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28644432743	Semi-commercial evaluation of Bacillus licheniformis to control mango postharvest diseases in South Africa	Govender V., Korsten L., Sivakumar D.	2005	Postharvest Biology and Technology	38	1	10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.04.005	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Govender, V., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Korsten, L., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Sivakumar, D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated under semi-commercial conditions on a mango packing line to control anthracnose and stem-end rot on the mango cultivar 'Keitt'. Mango fruit were treated with either the biocontrol agent applied in hot water (45°C) followed by a quarter strength prochloraz dip or with the biocontrol agent applied on its own in hot water. These treatments were compared to the untreated control and commercially used prochloraz hot water dip. Treated fruit were dried and waxed on the commercial packing line. Fruit subjected to the prochloraz-biocontrol hot water combination showed reduced anthracnose and stem-end rot incidence after market simulated conditions of low temperature storage at 10°C with 90% RH and at room tempeature (20°C at 75% RH for 7 days). This integrated treatment retained the fruit colour and firmness with high marketability most effectively, compared to the other treatments. The biocontrol agent was effectively recovered from treated fruit after 21 days storage at 10°C, 90% RH (6 log units) and declined to 3 log units after an additional 7 days storage at 20°C, 75% RH. Total recovered bacterial and yeast populations on the fruit surface were higher in fruit subjected to the integrated treatment and held under both storage conditions. In contrast, the total recovered fungal population was higher on untreated control fruit. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anthracnose; Biocontrol agent; Hot water treatment; Prochloraz; Stem-end rot	Bacillus licheniformis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28744446906	Statistical evaluation of the hydraulic conductivity of compacted lateritic soil	Nwaiwu C.M.O., Osinubi K.J., Afolayan J.O.	2005	Geotechnical Testing Journal	28	6	None	Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004, Borno State, Nigeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Nwaiwu, C.M.O., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004, Borno State, Nigeria; Osinubi, K.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Afolayan, J.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	This paper examines the variation of hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lateritic soil with molding water content, dry unit weight, and initial degree of saturation under as-compacted conditions. Trends in the hydraulic conductivity versus molding water content relationships are similar to those obtained for nonlateritic, temperate zone soils. Hydraulic conductivity generally decreased as dry unit weight and initial degree of saturation increased. However, for the same values of dry unit weight, specimens compacted on the wet side of optimum water content yielded lower hydraulic conductivities than those compacted on the dry side of optimum water content. For lateritic soil specimens compacted at about 2 % or more on the wet side of optimum water content, hydraulic conductivities less than 1 × 10-7 cm/s can be achieved when the dry unit weight is greater than or equal to 16.3 kN/m 3 and initial saturation is greater than or equal to 88 %. Statistical analysis of the results obtained in this study show that relatively weak relationships exist between hydraulic conductivity and molding water content or dry unit weight. Stronger relationships are obtained when hydraulic conductivity is plotted against initial degree of saturation. It is shown that a more accurate prediction of hydraulic conductivity can be achieved when a multiple regression equation is used to relate degree of saturation and compaction energy to hydraulic conductivity. The British Standard heavy compactive effort offers a wider range of molding water contents within which soils can be compacted to yield low hydraulic conductivity. This range is, however, limited by consideration for long-term desiccation and shear strength. Copyright © 2005 by ASTM International.	Compactive effort; Hydraulic conductivity; Initial saturation; Lateritic soil; Minimum dry unit weight; Molding water content; Statistical analysis	Moisture; Regression analysis; Soils; Compactive effort; Initial saturation; Lateritic soil; Minimum dry unit weight; Molding water content; Hydraulic conductivity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28744459338	Evaluation of nutritive properties of the large African cricket (Gryllidae sp)	Adebowale Y.A., Adebowale K.O., Oguntokun M.O.	2005	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	48	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Adebowale, Y.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adebowale, K.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oguntokun, M.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	The large African cricket (Gryllidae sp) was subjected to standard analytical procedures to determine its proximate composition, functional properties, amino acids spectrum, in vitro protein digestibility, and nutritionally valuable minerals. The moisture was low (2.13-3.48%), while the protein content was high (65.95%) in the male cricket and 65.11 % in the female cricket). Seventeen amino acids were detected. The essential amino acids contributed 46.1-47.8% of the total amino acid content. Results of the in vitro protein multienzyme digestibility indicated high digestibility (90.7-94.7%). The amino acids scores were also favourable. The crude fibre and fat contents were fairly high, while the total carbohydrates were low (8.26-12.49%). The carbohydrates fraction contained 85.9-88.0% carbohydrates as stored glycogen. Phosphorus was the highest mineral in the ash (180.92 mgper 100 g), while the concentration of zinc was the lowest (1.46 mg per 100 g). Copper, manganese, nickel and lead were below the detection limits. Observations on the functional properties revealed low gelation, oil absorption, and emulsion capacity and stability. The effect of pH on the protein solubility showed that the lowest solubility occurred at the pH value of 4.0, while maximum solubility was recorded at the pH values of 6 and 7.	Functional properties; Gryllidae amino acids; Gryllidae sp; Large African cricket; New protein source; Nutritional properties	cricket; Gryllidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28844496331	Evaluation of naturally decomposed solid wastes from municipal dump sites for their manurial value in southwest Nigeria	Adeoye G.O., Sridhar M.K.C., AdeOluwa O.O., Akinsoji N.A.	2005	Journal of Sustainable Agriculture	26	4	10.1300/J064v26n04_09	Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Environmental Health, Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Research and Development Group, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeoye, G.O., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Sridhar, M.K.C., Division of Environmental Health, Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Research and Development Group, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; AdeOluwa, O.O., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Akinsoji, N.A., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States	Ibadan, like other urban centers in Nigeria is characterized by a large number of illegal solid waste dumps. These waste dumps decomposing under the tropical heat pose serious pollution problems to the ecosystems and at the same time are transformed naturally into 'manure' or compost over a period of stay and degradation under the tropical sun. Rapid decline in soil fertility under tropical climate coupled with high cost of chemical fertilizers make these manures very attractive for poor peasant farmers as alternate sources of fertilizers or soil conditioners. This study has evaluated the nutrient value of decomposed waste from six different municipal dumpsites of varying age ranging between 6 months and 20 years. A green house experiment was conducted using sand culture to study the effects of application of these manures on the growth and yield of a common green leafy vegetable, Amaranthus caudatus. These manures were also compared against organo-mineral fertilizers (prepared from cow dung and municipal solid wastes amended with mineral nitrogen and without amendment) used normally by the farmers. The results showed that the dumpsite manures are rich in C, N, P, and K, which promoted plant growth comparable to normal compost. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Green amaranth; Manure; Municipal solid wastes; Nigerian agriculture; Organic wastes	decomposition; manure; solid waste; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Amaranthus; Amaranthus caudatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28844501584	Inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis in growing potato tubers leads to a compensatory stimulation of the pyrimidine salvage pathway and a subsequent increase in biosynthetic performance	Geigenberger P., Regierer B., Nunes-Nesi A., Leisse A., Urbanczyk-Wochniak E., Springer F., Van Dongen J.T., Kossmann J., Fernie A.R.	2005	Plant Cell	17	7	10.1105/tpc.105.033548	Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Maiteland 7601, South Africa	Geigenberger, P., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Regierer, B., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Nunes-Nesi, A., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Leisse, A., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Urbanczyk-Wochniak, E., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Springer, F., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Van Dongen, J.T., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Kossmann, J., Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Maiteland 7601, South Africa; Fernie, A.R., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany	Pyrimidine nucleotides are of general importance for many aspects of cell function, but their role in the regulation of biosynthetic processes is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the influence of a decreased expression of UMP synthase (UMPS), a key enzyme in the pathway of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, on biosynthetic processes in growing potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Transgenic plants were generated expressing UMPS in the antisense orientation under the control of the tuber-specific patatin promoter. Lines were selected with markedly decreased expression of UMPS in the tubers. Decreased expression of UMPS restricted the use of externally supplied orotate for de novo pyrimidine synthesis in tuber tissue, whereas the uridine-salvaging pathway was stimulated. This shift in the pathways of UMP synthesis was accompanied by increased levels of tuber uridine nucleotides, increased fluxes of [ 14C]sucrose to starch and cell wall synthesis, and increased amounts of starch and cell wall components in the tubers, whereas there were no changes in uridine nucleotide levels in leaves. Decreased expression of UMPS in tubers led to an increase in transcript levels of carbamoylphosphate synthase, uridine kinase, and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, the latter two encoding enzymes in the pyrimidine salvage pathways. Thus, the results show that antisense inhibition of the de novo pathway of pyrimidine synthesis leads to a compensatory stimulation of the less energy-consuming salvage pathways, probably via increased expression and activity of uridine kinase and uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase. This results in increased uridine nucleotide pool levels in tubers and improved biosynthetic performance. © 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists.	None	Cells; Growth kinetics; Plants (botany); Starch; Tissue; Pyrimidine salvage pathway; Pyrimidine synthesis; Transgenic plants; Uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase; Biosynthesis; Biosynthesis; Cells; Growth; Plants; Starch; Tissue; Solanum tuberosum; antisense oligonucleotide; multienzyme complex; orotate phosphoribosyltransferase; orotic acid; orotidine 5' phosphate decarboxylase; pyrimidine derivative; uridine; uridine 5' phosphate synthase; uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase; article; biosynthesis; down regulation; enzyme activation; gene expression regulation; genetics; growth, development and aging; metabolism; physiology; plant tuber; potato; promoter region; signal transduction; transgenic plant; upregulation; Down-Regulation; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Multienzyme Complexes; Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense; Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase; Orotic Acid; Orotidine-5'-Phosphate Decarboxylase; Plant Tubers; Plants, Genetically Modified; Promoter Regions (Genetics); Pyrimidines; Signal Transduction; Solanum tuberosum; Up-Regulation; Uridine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944431793	The effect of supplementing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay with Acacia tortilis leaves and pods mixture on intake, digestibility and growth performance of goats	Abdulrazak S.A., Njuguna E.G., Karau P.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	Abdulrazak, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya, Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Njuguna, E.G., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Karau, P.K., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	An experiment was conducted for 63 days to examine the effects of supplementation of Rhodes grass hay (H) with mixtures of leaves and pods of Acacia tortilis on intake, digestion and growth performance of Small East African goats (SEAG). Twenty four SEAG of 18±4 kg BW, 9months old were assigned to six diets including ad libitum Rhodes grass hay alone (H) or H supplemented with various proportions of pods, leaves and mixture of the two as follows; 19 g DM/kg W0.75 pods (P), 19 g DM/kgW0.75 leaves (L), 9.5:9.5 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PL), 14:5 g DM/kg W 0.75 pods +leaves (PPL) or 5:14 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PLL). The diets were allocated to the goats in a completely randomised design, with 4 goats per treatment. Dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and live weight gains were all increased by supplementation. There was an indication of a better response in intake and weight gains when the hay was supplemented with equal proportion (9.5 g DM/kg W0.75) of pods and the leaves. It is concluded that mixtures of pods and leaves give more benefits than when either is offered singly to goats fed a basal diet of grass hay.	Acacia tortilis; Goats; Intake; Leaves; Live weight; Pods; Tree mixture	Acacia; Acacia tortilis; Capra hircus; Chloris gayana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944434103	Reproductive performances of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses in Andassa ranch, Northwestern Ethiopia	Gebeyehu G., Asmare A., Asseged B.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Asmare, A., Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Asseged, B., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A study was conducted in Andassa Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch (ACBIR), northwestern Ethiopia, with the aims of assessing the reproductive performance of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses. The study involved the use of data compiled on record books and individual animal cards, and monitoring. General Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze the data. The overall mean age at first service (AFS), number of services per-conception (NSC) and days open (DO) were 40.6±8 months, 1.62±0.1 and 305±10 days respectively. AFS was significantly affected by breed group; NSC and DO were significantly affected by parity of the cows; whereas season of birth/calving does not seem to have a significant effect on any of the traits measured. Although wide variations were recorded among study subjects, the performance of the breed (and the crosses) was low indicating that poor management prevails in the center. The wide ranges of values recorded, however, create an avenue to improve the performance of the breed or its crosses through rigorous selection procedures.	Crossbred; Fogera; Friesian; Parity; Season	Animalia; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944454660	Effect of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler starter chickens	Emenalom O.O., Orji V.C., Ogbonna N.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Orji, V.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ogbonna, N.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of whole and cracked velvet bean seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler chicks. Whole and cracked velvet bean seeds were separately soaked in water for 48 hours, cooked for one hour in maize-cob ash solution, sun-dried and then ground into meals. The meals were then incorporated into broiler starter diets at 25 and 30% dietary levels respectively and fed from 0 to 28 days of age. The control diet contained no velvet bean meal. At 25 and 30% dietary levels, cracked velvet bean meal supported broiler performance comparable to the control. Birds fed 30% whole velvet bean (WVB) meal had a significantly depressed growth; grew 84.22% of control but feed intake and feed to gain ratio were unaffected. Cooking in maize-cob ash solution improved the nutritive value of velvet bean seeds, allowing for 25 and 30% dietary inclusion levels for whole and cracked seeds respectively.	Broilers; Maize-cob-ash; Performance; Velvet bean	Aves; Gallus gallus; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144485903	Evaluation and application of the ROMS 1-way embedding procedure to the central california upwelling system	Penven P., Debreu L., Marchesiello P., McWilliams J.C.	2006	Ocean Modelling	12	42371	10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.05.002	Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France; Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, Laboratoire de Modélisation et Calcul, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Unité Mixte de Recherche LEGOS, Centre IRD de Bretagne, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France	Penven, P., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Debreu, L., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, Laboratoire de Modélisation et Calcul, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Marchesiello, P., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France, Unité Mixte de Recherche LEGOS, Centre IRD de Bretagne, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France; McWilliams, J.C., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States	What most clearly distinguishes near-shore and off-shore currents is their dominant spatial scale, O (1-30) km near-shore and O (30-1000) km off-shore. In practice, these phenomena are usually both measured and modeled with separate methods. In particular, it is infeasible for any regular computational grid to be large enough to simultaneously resolve well both types of currents. In order to obtain local solutions at high resolution while preserving the regional-scale circulation at an affordable computational cost, a 1-way grid embedding capability has been integrated into the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). It takes advantage of the AGRIF (Adaptive Grid Refinement in Fortran) Fortran 90 package based on the use of pointers. After a first evaluation in a baroclinic vortex test case, the embedding procedure has been applied to a domain that covers the central upwelling region off California, around Monterey Bay, embedded in a domain that spans the continental U.S. Pacific Coast. Long-term simulations (10 years) have been conducted to obtain mean-seasonal statistical equilibria. The final solution shows few discontinuities at the parent-child domain boundary and a valid representation of the local upwelling structure, at a CPU costs only lightly greater than for the inner region alone. The solution is assessed by comparison with solutions for the whole US Pacific Coast at both low and high resolutions and to solutions for only the inner region at high resolution with mean-seasonal boundary conditions. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Boundary conditions; Coastal upwelling; Eddy kinetic energy; Embedding; Mesoscale eddies; Ocean models	Algorithms; Approximation theory; Boundary conditions; Kinetic energy; Mathematical models; Numerical methods; Ocean currents; Polynomials; Statistical methods; Coastal upwelling; Eddy kinetic energy; Mesoscale eddies; Ocean models; Oceanography; boundary condition; kinetic energy; mesoscale eddy; upwelling; California Shelf; Pacific Ocean	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144493144	Improving performance in a second year chemistry course: An evaluation of a tutorial scheme on the learning of chemistry	Davidowitz B., Rollnick M.	2005	South African Journal of Chemistry	58	None	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Davidowitz, B., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Rollnick, M., School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Throughput of students is a concern for academic departments especially since it will be the basis of a new funding formula for tertiary institutions. In order to reduce content for increased mastery, and ensure student engagement with chemical concepts, tutorials were introduced for two of the second year chemistry sub-disciplines at UCT in the place of some formal lectures. The impact of this innovation was investigated using questionnaires, interviews and a study of opportunistic data such as examination results. Analysis of the data showed that the overall pass rate increased noticeably as did the number of students achieving high marks. Student, tutor and lecturer feedback lent credence to the belief that the improvement was largely due to the introduction of the tutorial scheme. In addition, some noteworthy differences between the sub-disciplines were identified. Some of these differences were attributed to the lecturer's understanding of his own teaching.	Chemical education; Curriculum design; Improving performance in chemistry; Tutorials	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144505474	Subjective impacts of dental caries and fluorosis in rural Ugandan children	Robinson P.G., Nalweyiso N., Busingye J., Whitworth J.	2005	Community Dental Health	22	4	None	School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Cresent, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom	Robinson, P.G., School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Cresent, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom; Nalweyiso, N., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Busingye, J., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Whitworth, J., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda	Objective: Describe the oral health related quality of life among a group of children in rural Uganda and compare impacts on oral health related quality of life associated with dental caries and fluorosis. Basic Research Design: Cross-sectional clinical and questionnaire analytical study. Participants: Proportional sample of 174 12 year olds attending primary schools in a rural sub-county of Uganda. Outcome measures: Clinical assessments using WHO basic methods and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index of Fluorosis (TFI). Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life data collected with self-administered child perception questionnaire (CPQ 11-14). Results: Two thirds of children reported a dental impact 'often' or 'everyday'. The mean number of impacts per child at this threshold was 2.6 and the mean total CPQ 11-14 score was 25.8 (sd 21.1). Mean DMFT was 0.68. No children had fillings. Forty-one children had dental fluorosis with 10 having scores greater than 2. CPQ 11-14 showed acceptable criterion validity and reliability. The number of sites with gingivitis or the presence of calculus or trauma were not associated with summary measures of CPQ 11-14 whereas having any dental caries or treatment experience was associated with higher total scores and more impacts. Socially noticeable fluorosis (TFI &gt;2) was associated with more impacts but not with higher total scores. Conclusions: Despite low levels of oral disease these children experience appreciable impacts on oral health related quality of life. The greatest burden was associated with dental caries and to a lesser extent, fluorosis. © BASCD 2005.	Children; Dental caries; Dental fluorosis; Oral health related quality of life	article; attitude to health; child; classification; cross-sectional study; dental caries; female; gingivitis; health; health survey; human; male; mouth hygiene; psychological aspect; quality of life; reproducibility; tooth calculus; tooth disease; tooth pain; Uganda; Attitude to Health; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Oral Hygiene; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Health; Toothache; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144514675	Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design	Rankin R., Rousseau P.G.	2006	Energy Conversion and Management	47	6	10.1016/j.enconman.2005.06.002	School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Rankin, R., School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Rousseau, P.G., School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	A large amount of individual sanitary hot water consumers are present in the South African residential sector. This led to several studies being done on hot water consumption patterns in this sector. Large amounts of sanitary hot water are also consumed in the commercial sector in buildings such as hotels and in large residences such as those found in the mining industry. The daily profiles of sanitary hot water consumption are not related to any technical process but rather to human behavior and varying ambient conditions. The consumption of sanitary hot water, therefore, represents a challenge to the electrical utility because it is an energy demand that remains one of the biggest contributors to the undesirable high morning and afternoon peaks imposed on the national electricity supply grid. It also represents a challenge to sanitary hot water system designers because the amount of hot water as well as the daily profile in which it is consumed impacts significantly on system design. This paper deals with hot water consumption in the commercial and industrial sectors. In the commercial sector, we look at hotels and in the industrial sector at large mining residences. Both of them are served by centralized hot water systems. Measured results from the systems are compared to data obtained from previous publications. A comparison is also made to illustrate the impact that these differences will have on sanitary hot water system design. Simulations are conducted for these systems using a simulation program developed in previous studies. The results clearly show significant differences in the required heating and storage capacity for the new profiles. A twin peak profile obtained from previous studies in the residential sector was used up to now in studies of heating demand and system design in commercial buildings. The results shown here illustrate the sanitary hot water consumption profile differs significantly from the twin peaks profile with a very high morning peak in hot water consumption. This leads to a requirement for bigger heating and storage capacities in commercial buildings like hotels. A summary of the results are provided in the form of minimum design parameters for different hot water consumption profiles. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the trends of hot water consumption in buildings, especially when demand side management projects are done on these types of systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Heating capacity; Hotel profile; Mine residences profile; Sanitary hot water consumption; Storage capacity; Twin peaks profile	Buildings; Sanitary engineering; Systems analysis; Heating system design; Hotel profile; Sanitary hot water consumption; Twin peaks profile; Hot water distribution systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244431634	The reach and impact of Child Support Grants: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal	Case A., Hosegood V., Lund F.	2005	Development Southern Africa	22	4	10.1080/03768350500322925	Department of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Case, A., Department of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Hosegood, V., Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Lund, F., School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	This paper examines the reach and impact of the South African Child Support Grant, using longitudinal data collected through the Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies. The grant is being taken up for a third of all age-eligible resident children, and appears to be reaching those children living in the poorer households of the demographic surveillance area (DSA). Children who received the grant are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school in the years following grant receipt than are equally poor children of the same age. However, older brothers and sisters of grant recipients, when they were observed at younger ages, were less likely than other children to be enrolled in school - perhaps reflecting the greater poverty in grant-receiving households. Thus the grant appears to help overcome the impact of poverty on school enrolment. © 2005 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	None	child care; child development; social policy; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244438989	Farm-worker housing in South Africa: An evaluation of an off-farm housing project	Hartwig R., Marais L.	2005	Housing Studies	20	6	10.1080/02673030500291165	Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Hartwig, R., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Marais, L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Although farm-worker housing has been neglected in South Africa historically, new policy, tabled in 2004, specifically targets the constraints that have been hampering delivery in rural areas. While either on- or off-farm farm-worker housing is envisioned, constraints with regard to on-farm housing and service provision, such as the prerequisite of security of tenure, prevent generalised delivery to the rural population, despite the fact that ESTA provides for security of tenure under certain conditions. There is a need to upgrade the living conditions of people on farms where they are currently residing, in order to ensure the right to adequate shelter as envisioned by the Constitution. However, under current legislation tenure rights must first be secured before such action can be taken. Research on an off-farm housing project in Bothaville was conducted in order to determine the sustainability of this approach, while simultaneously assessing the broader housing policy context, with a view to making policy recommendations. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Farm worker; Housing; South Africa	farm; housing policy; housing reform; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244444177	Target rocks, impact glasses, and melt rocks from the Lonar impact crater, India: Petrography and geochemistry	Osae S., Misra S., Koeberl C., Sengupta D., Ghosh S.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Geological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016, India	Osae, S., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Misra, S., Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Sengupta, D., Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Ghosh, S., Geological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016, India	The Lonar crater, India, is the only well-preserved simple crater on Earth in continental flood basalts; it is excavated in the Deccan trap basalts of Cretaceous-Tertiary age. A representative set of target basalts, including the basalt flows excavated by the crater, and a variety of impact breccias and impact glasses, were analyzed for their major and trace element compositions. Impact glasses and breccias were found inside and outside the crater rim in a variety of morphological forms and shapes. Comparable geochemical patterns of immobile elements (e.g., REEs) for glass, melt rock and basalt indicates minimal fractionation between the target rocks and the impactites. We found only little indication of post-impact hydrothermal alteration in terms of volatile trace element changes. No clear indication of an extraterrestrial component was found in any of our breccias and impact glasses, indicating either a low level of contamination, or a non-chondritic or otherwise iridium-poor impactor. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	crater; glass; impact structure; melt; shock metamorphism; Asia; Eurasia; India; Lonar Crater; Maharashtra; South Asia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244444236	Monitoring the ingestion of anti-tuberculosis drugs by simple non-invasive methods	Sirgel F.A., Maritz J.S., Venter A., Langdon G., Smith P.J., Donald P.R.	2006	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	307	2	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.09.033	Medical Biochemistry, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Tygerberg, South Africa; Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg, South Africa	Sirgel, F.A., Medical Biochemistry, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Maritz, J.S., MRC Biostatistics Unit, Tygerberg, South Africa; Venter, A., Medical Biochemistry, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Langdon, G., Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; Smith, P.J., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Donald, P.R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg, South Africa	This investigation retrospectively assessed inexpensive non-invasive qualitative methods to monitor the ingestion of anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampicin and rifapentine. Results showed that commercial test strips detected the isoniazid metabolites isonicotinic acid and isonicotinylglycine as efficiently as the isonicotinic acid method in 150 urine samples. The presence of rifamycins in urine samples (n = 1085) was detected by microbiological assay techniques and the sensitivity compared to the n-butanol extraction colour test in 91 of these specimens. The proportions detected by the two methods were significantly different and the sensitivity of the n-butanol procedure was only 63.8% (95% CL 51.2-76.4%) as compared to that of the superior microbiological method. Final validation (n = 691) showed that qualitative assays measure isoniazid and rifamycin ingestion with an efficiency similar to high-performance liquid chromatography. The qualitative procedures may therefore be valuable in clinical trials and in tuberculosis clinics to confirm drug ingestion. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anti-tuberculosis drugs; Monitoring adherence; Urine testing	butanol; drug metabolite; isoniazid; isonicotinic acid; isonicotinylglycine; rifampicin; rifamycin; rifapentine; tuberculostatic agent; unclassified drug; article; drug monitoring; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; human; ingestion; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; microbiology; non invasive procedure; priority journal; qualitative analysis; retrospective study; sensitivity analysis; test strip; urinalysis; validation process; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Isoniazid; Isonicotinic Acids; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Patient Compliance; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Self Administration; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244445783	Location of stemborer pupae in various host plants and implications for the performance of natural enemies with emphasis on the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)	Muturi J.J., Ngi-Song A.J., Schulthess F., Mueke J.M., Sétamou M.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	1	10.1079/IJT200549	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Muturi, J.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Ngi-Song, A.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Schulthess, F., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mueke, J.M., Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Sétamou, M., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya	In order to predict host accessibility by the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg), four grass species (Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum purpureum, Sorghum arundinaceum and Zea mays) were sampled for stemborer pupae in Kwale, in the low altitudes of southern Kenya, and in Trans-Nzoia, in the high altitudes of western Kenya. The pupal position of Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), Sesamia calamistis Hampson, Sesamia sp. nr oriaula (Tams and Bowden) and Busseola fusca (Fuller) in the plant were determined in relation to (a) the distance of pupae from the edge of the stem (depth), (b) the distance between the moth-exit hole and the head of the pupa (location) and (c) the length of the tunnel from the moth-exit hole to the base of the tunnel. Pupal depth and location for C. partellus and B. fusca varied significantly in the different plant species tested, and the pupae tended to be embedded deeper in cultivated than wild hosts. On all host species, the borers were located at a depth less than 0.35 cm. Most C. orichalcociliellus and S. calamistis pupae were found pupating in the ears of maize or the upper part of the wild hosts' stem. Sesamia sp. nr oriaula was only collected from the lower parts of P. purpureum. For B. fusca, tunnel length varied significantly among plant species and was longer in cultivated hosts. Xanthopimpla stemmator has an ovipositor length of about 0.52 cm, thus it is anticipated that the parasitoid could easily reach and parasitize the pupae in these host species. © ICIPE 2005.	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Kenya; Pupal location; Sesamia; Wild and cultivated host plants; Xanthopimpla stemmator	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Chilo orichalcociliellus; Chilo partellus; Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Sesamia; Sesamia calamistis; Sorghum arundinaceum; Sorghum bicolor; Xanthopimpla stemmator; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244448282	Impact of genetically modified cotton plants on insect biodiversity: The case of Bt cotton in South Africa [Impact des cotonniers génétiquement modifiés sur la biodiversité de la faune entomologique: Le cas du coton Bt en Afrique du Sud]	Hofs J.-L., Schoeman A., Mellet M., Vaissayre M.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	2	10.1079/IJT200562	CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Hofs, J.-L., CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France; Schoeman, A., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mellet, M., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Vaissayre, M., CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France	For the last three years, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, France) and the University of Pretoria led field research to evaluate the impact of transgenic Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1Ac toxin, on arthropod biodiversity in South Africa. The diversity and the density of insect populations were estimated at different crop development stages using traps, sweep-nets, and direct observations on the cotton plants. In untreated plots, the insect diversity in Bt cotton did not show major changes. The toxin was efficient in controlling one of the major bollworm species, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and reduced the population density of specific larval parasitoids. Predators were present in comparable numbers in both cotton types, except for ladybirds. The toxin did not affect pollinators. In small-scale farming fields, where pesticides are still sprayed for controlling sucking insects, the introduction of Bt cotton did not help meet the expected reduction in insecticide use. © ICIPE 2005.	Bt cotton; Coccinellids; Cry1Ac toxin; Helicoverpa armigera; Impact study; Natural enemies; Pollinators; South Africa	Arthropoda; Coccinellidae; Gossypium hirsutum; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Hexapoda; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244454556	Furoyl and thiophene carbonyl linker pyrazolyl palladium(II) complexes - Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation as ethylene oligomerization catalysts	Ojwach S.O., Tshivhase M.G., Guzei I.A., Darkwa J., Mapolie S.F.	2005	Canadian Journal of Chemistry	83	42528	10.1139/v05-092	Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States	Ojwach, S.O., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Tshivhase, M.G., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Guzei, I.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Mapolie, S.F., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Reactions of 2-furoyl chloride and 2-thiophene carbonyl chloride with substituted pyrazoles produced the modified pyrazolyl compounds: {(3,5-Me 2pzCO)-2-C4H3O} (L1), {(3,5-Me 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L2), {(3,5-t-Bu 2pzCO)-2-C4H3O} (L3), {(3,5-t-Bu 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L4), {(3,5-Ph 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L5), and {(pzCO)-2-C 4H3O} (L6) in good yields. Reactions of these synthons with [Pd(NCMe)2Cl2] afforded the corresponding mononuclear palladium(II) complexes: [Pd(L1)2Cl2] (1), [Pd(L2) 2Cl2] (2), [Pd(L3)2Cl2] (3), [Pd(L4)2Cl2] (4), [Pd(L5)2Cl2] (5), and [Pd(L6)2Cl2] (6) in moderate to high yields. All compounds synthesized were characterized by a combination of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Compounds L1, 1, and 2 were examined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. DFT theoretical studies at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory with GAUSSIAN98 have been used to rationalize some of the results. When the complexes were activated with ethylaluminium dichloride (EtAlCl2), they catalysed the oligomerization of ethylene to mostly C10 and C12 oligomers. Oligomer distribution greatly depends on the oligomerization conditions; for example, an increase in temperature and pressure produced a higher percentage of C12 compared to C10. © 2005 NRC Canada.	Ethylene oligomerization; Furoyl and thiophene carbonyl linker pyrazolyl compounds; Palladium complexes	Ethylene; Infrared spectroscopy; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Oligomers; Polymerization; Single crystals; X ray crystallography; Ethylene oligomerization; Furoyl and thiopene carbonyl linker pyrazolal compounds; Oligomerization; Pyrazoles; Thiopene; Palladium compounds; 2 furoyl chloride; 2 thiophene carbonyl chloride; aluminum derivative; carbon; carbonyl derivative; ethylaluminum dichloride; ethylene; furan derivative; furoyl derivative; palladium complex; pyrazole derivative; thiophene derivative; unclassified drug; article; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; catalyst; chemical modification; chemical reaction; complex formation; density functional theory; evaluation; infrared spectroscopy; molecular size; oligomerization; pressure; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; synthesis; temperature; X ray crystallography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244457231	Structural analysis of the collar of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa - Significance for impact-related deformation and central uplift formation	Wieland F., Gibson R.L., Reimold W.U.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Wieland, F., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Landsat TM, aerial photograph image analysis, and field mapping of Witwatersrand supergroup meta-sedimentary strata in the collar of the Vredefort Dome reveals a highly heterogeneous internal structure involving folds, faults, fractures, and melt breccias that are interpreted as the product of shock deformation and central uplift formation during the 2.02 Ga Vredefort impact event. Broadly radially oriented symmetric and asymmetric folds with wavelengths ranging from tens of meters to kilometers and conjugate radial to oblique faults with strike-slip displacements of, typically, tens to hundreds of meters accommodated tangential shortening of the collar of the dome that decreased from ∼17% at a radius from the dome center of 21 km to <5% at a radius of 29 km. Ubiquitous shear fractures containing pseudotachylitic breccia, particularly in the metapelitic units, display local slip senses consistent with either tangential shortening or tangential extension; however, it is uncertain whether they formed at the same time as the larger faults or earlier, during the shock pulse. In addition to shatter cones, quartzite units show two fracture types - a cm-spaced rhomboidal to orthogonal type that may be the product of shock-induced deformation and later joints accomplishing tangential and radial extension. The occurrence of pseudotachylitic breccia within some of these later joints, and the presence of radial and tangential dikes of impact melt rock, confirm the impact timing of these features and are suggestive of late-stage collapse of the central uplift. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	deformation; impact structure; structural geology; uplift; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244471693	Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Geochemistry of impactites and target rocks, and search for a meteoritic component	Dai X., Boamah D., Koeberl C., Reimold W.U., Irvine G., McDonald I.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Queen's University, Stirling Hall, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada	Dai, X., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Stirling Hall, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada; Boamah, D., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Irvine, G., Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; McDonald, I., Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom	Major and trace element data, including platinum group element abundances, of representative impactites and target rocks from the crater rim and environs of the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana, have been investigated for the possible presence of a meteoritic component in impact-related rocks. A comparison of chemical data for Bosumtwi target rocks and impactites with those for Ivory Coast tektites and microtektites supports the interpretation that the Bosumtwi structure and Ivory Coast tektites formed during the same impact event. High siderophile element contents (compared to average upper crustal abundances) were determined for target rocks as well as for impactites. Chondrite-normalized (and iron meteorite-normalized) abundances for target rocks and impactites are similar. They do not, however, allow the unambiguous detection of the presence, or identification of the type, of a meteoritic component in the impactites. The indigenous siderophile element contents are high and possibly related to regional gold mineralization, although mineralized samples from the general region show somewhat different platinum-group element abundance patterns compared to the rocks at Bosumtwi. The present data underline the necessity of extensive target rock analyses at Bosumtwi, and at impact structures in general, before making any conclusions regarding the presence of a meteoritic component in impactites. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	crater; impact structure; impactite; meteorite; shock metamorphism	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244476876	Geochemical and petrographic characteristics of impactites and Cretaceous target rocks from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico: Implications for target composition	Tuchscherer M.G., Reimold W.U., Koeberl C., Gibson R.L.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Tuchscherer, M.G., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	We present major and trace element data as well as petrographic observations for impactites (suevitic groundmass, bulk suevite, and melt rock particles) and target lithologies, including Cretaceous anhydrite, dolomite, argillaceous limestone, and oil shale, from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chixculub impact structure. The suevitic groundmass and bulk suevite have similar compositions, largely representing mixtures of carbonate and silicate components. The latter are dominated by melt rock particles. Trace element data indicate that dolomitic rocks represented a significant target component that became incorporated into the suevites; in contrast, major elements indicate a strong calcitic component in the impactites. The siliceous end-member requires a mafic component in order to explain the low SiO2 content. Multicomponent mixing of various target rocks, the high alteration state, and dilution by carbonate complicate the determination of primary melt particle compositions. However, two overlapping compositional groups can be discerned - a high-Ba, low-Ta group and a high-Fe, high-Zn, and high-Hf group. Cretaceous dolomitic rocks, argillaceous limestone, and shale are typically enriched in U, As, Br, and Sb, whereas anhydrite contains high Sr contents. The oil shale samples have abundances that are similar to the North American Shale Composite (NASC), but with a comparatively high U content. Clastic sedimentary rocks are characterized by relatively high Th, Hf, Zr, As, and Sb abundances. Petrographic observations indicate that the Cretaceous rocks in the Yaxcopoil-1 drill core likely register a multistage deformation history that spans the period from pre- to post-impact. Contrary to previous studies that claimed evidence for the presence of impact melt breccia injection veins, we have found no evidence in our samples from a depth of 1347-1348 m for the presence of melt breccia. We favor that clastic veinlets occur in a sheared and altered zone that underwent intense diagenetic overprint prior to the impact event. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	Cretaceous; geochemistry; impact structure; impactite; petrography; Atlantic Ocean; Bay of Campeche; Chicxulub Crater; Gulf of Mexico; Yucatan Peninsula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29444435800	Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances	Noakes T.D., Sharwood K., Speedy D., Hew T., Reid S., Dugas J., Almond C., Wharam P., Weschler L.	2005	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	102	51	10.1073/pnas.0509096102	University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Sports Medicine Practice, St. Helen's Hospital, Hobart 7216, Tasmania, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; 161 Richdale Road, Colts Neck, NJ 07722, United States; University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, 7700, South Africa	Noakes, T.D., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Sharwood, K., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Speedy, D., Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Hew, T., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Reid, S., Sports Medicine Practice, St. Helen's Hospital, Hobart 7216, Tasmania, Australia; Dugas, J., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Almond, C., Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Wharam, P., Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Weschler, L., 161 Richdale Road, Colts Neck, NJ 07722, United States	To evaluate the role of fluid and Na+ balance in the development of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), changes in serum Na+ concentrations ([Na+]) and in body weight were analyzed in 2,135 athletes in endurance events. Eighty-nine percent of athletes completed these events either euhydrated (39%) or with weight loss (50%) and with normal (80%) or elevated (13%) serum [Na+]. Of 231 (11%) athletes who gained weight during exercise, 70% were normonatremic or hypernatremic, 19% had a serum [Na+] between 129-135 mmol/liter, and 11% a serum [Na+] of &lt;129 mmol/liter. Serum [Na+] after racing was a linear function with a negative slope of the body weight change during exercise. The final serum [Na+] in a subset of 18 subjects was predicted from the amount of Na+ that remained osmotically inactive at the completion of the trial. Weight gain consequent to excessive fluid consumption was the principal cause of a reduced serum [Na+] after exercise, yet most (70%) subjects who gained weight maintained or increased serum [Na+], requiring the addition of significant amounts of Na+ (&gt;500 mmol) into an expanded volume of total body water. This Na+ likely originated from osmotically inactive, exchangeable stores. Thus, EAH occurs in athletes who (i) drink to excess during exercise, (ii) retain excess fluid because of inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion, and (iii) osmotically inactivate circulating Na+ or fail to mobilize osmotically inactive sodium from internal stores. EAH can be prevented by insuring that athletes do not drink to excess during exercise, which has been known since 1985. © 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.	Endurance; Exchangeable Na+ stores; Fluid overload; Overdrinking; Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion	article; athlete; body weight; drinking; endurance; exercise; fluid balance; human; human experiment; hypernatremia; hyponatremia; inappropriate vasopressin secretion; normal human; priority journal; sodium balance; sodium blood level; total body water; weight reduction; Body Weight; Dehydration; Exercise; Humans; Hyponatremia; Sodium; Sports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29444446963	Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Cleome viscosa and Gmelina asiatica	Sudhakar M., Rao Ch.V., Rao P.M., Raju D.B.	2006	Fitoterapia	77	1	10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.003	Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India; National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001 U.P., India; Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia	Sudhakar, M., Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India; Rao, Ch.V., National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001 U.P., India; Rao, P.M., Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia; Raju, D.B., Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India	The ethanolic extracts of the leaves and flowers of Cleome viscosa and roots of Gmelina asiatica were tested for antimicrobial activity. The two plants exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, particularly significative against Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaf extract of C. viscosa showed moderate activity against pathogenic fungi. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antimicrobial activity; Cleome viscosa; Gmelina asiatica	cleome viscosa extract; Gmelina asiatica extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antifungal activity; antimicrobial activity; article; Cleome; cleome viscosa; controlled study; drug activity; drug screening; Escherichia coli; flower; Gmelina asiatica; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; priority journal; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Verbenaceae; Anti-Infective Agents; Aspergillus niger; Bacillus subtilis; Candida albicans; Cleome; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Flowers; Lamiaceae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhizopus; Staphylococcus aureus; Cleome; Cleome viscosa; Escherichia coli; Fungi; Gmelina asiatica; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Verbenaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29544448204	Risks associated with rockpasses in deep-level tabular mines based on historical pass performance	Joughin W.C., Stacey T.R.	2005	Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	105	11	None	SRK Consulting; University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Joughin, W.C., SRK Consulting; Stacey, T.R., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Problems with the stability and performance of rockpasses in deeplevel mines are common. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the recorded performance of rockpasses in deeplevel gold mines. Records relevant to the geological environment in which the passes are excavated, their excavation details, and their historical performance are not at all well documented on mines. In general, the quality of data available from mines is poor. The investigation showed that very large spans frequently developed in passes during use, and that rock mass quality, the orientation of the pass with respect to the dip of the strata, and the magnitude of the stress acting normal to the axis of the pass were the main factors of influence. From the historical information obtained, the risks of instability in rockpasses are identified. © The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2005.	None	Deeplevel mines; Rockpasses; Data acquisition; Excavation; Geology; Gold; Risk assessment; Gold mines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29644442273	Heterozygous disruption of SERCA2a is not associated with impairment of cardiac performance in humans: Implications for SERCA2a as a therapeutic target in heart failure	Mayosi B.M., Kardos A., Davies C.H., Gumedze F., Hovnanian A., Burge S., Watkins H.	2006	Heart	92	1	10.1136/hrt.2004.051037	Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; INSERM U563, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Cardiology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States	Mayosi, B.M., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kardos, A., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Davies, C.H., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Gumedze, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hovnanian, A., INSERM U563, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France; Burge, S., Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Watkins, H., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom	Objective: To verify whether a deficiency in the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum pump SERCA2a causes cardiac dysfunction in humans. Design: Cardiac performance was measured in a serendipitous human model of primary SERCA2a deficiency, Darier's disease, an autosomal dominant skin disorder caused by mutations inactivating one copy of the ATP2A2 gene, which encodes SERCA2a. Methods: Systolic and diastolic function and contractility were assessed by echocardiography at rest and during exercise in patients with Darier's disease with known mutations. Fourteen patients with Darier's disease were compared with 14 normal controls and six patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with stable heart failure. Results: Resting systolic and diastolic function was normal in patients with Darier's disease and in controls. The increase in systolic function during exercise was not different between patients with Darier's disease and normal controls; neither was there a difference in contractility. As expected, patients with dilated cardiomyopathy had impaired diastolic and systolic function with depressed contractility at rest and during exercise. Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, heterozygous disruption of SERCA2a is not associated with the impairment of cardiac performance in humans. Attempts to increase SERCA2a levels in heart failure, although showing promise in rodent studies, may not be addressing a critical causal pathway in humans.	None	adenosine triphosphatase (calcium); calcium adenosine triphosphatase 2a; unclassified drug; adult; article; autosomal dominant disorder; congestive cardiomyopathy; controlled study; Darier disease; diastolic blood pressure; disease association; drug targeting; echocardiography; enzyme deficiency; exercise; expectation; female; functional assessment; gene disruption; gene mutation; genetic code; heart failure; heart muscle contractility; heart performance; heterozygote; human; male; priority journal; rest; rodent; sarcoplasmic reticulum; systolic blood pressure; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Case-Control Studies; Exercise Tolerance; Female; Gene Therapy; Heart Failure, Congestive; Heterozygote; Humans; Keratosis Follicularis; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29744434008	Quality aspects of environmental impact assessment reports in the Free State Province, South Africa	Kruger E., Chapman O.A.	2005	South African Geographical Journal	87	1	None	Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	Kruger, E., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; Chapman, O.A., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	There has been little empirical investigation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure und practice in South Africa to assess compliance to EIA regulations, or performance towards achieving the objectives of legislation. This paper examines the quality aspects of EIA in the Free State Province, South Africa, by utilizing the disaggregate approach and applying it to a systematic sample of EIAs conducted in the Free State Province from 1997 to 2002. It was observed that socio-economic impacts are neglected: assessment methodology is highly subjective; there is a lack of specialist input and consideration of alternatives and public involvement is inadequate. The degree of compliance with regulations is however good, although there is a lack of integration of EIA findings into authorization decisions (as summarised in the Record of Decisions). It is therefore concluded that EIA reports in the Free State province conforms to South African regulations. In order to improve the quality of EIA reports, and thus its ability to act as a tool for sustainable development, it is suggested that more detailed guidelines or regulations are provided, or that the EIA process in South Africa reverts back to the 'traditional' scoping report, where scoping solely involves a thorough identification of issues. This will eliminate the inconsistencies found between normal scooping reports and "beefcd-up" scoping reports.	None	assessment method; environmental impact assessment; socioeconomic impact; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844446793	The effect of nitrogen fertilizer application to maize and sorghum on the bionomics of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the performance of its larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)	Jiang N., Schulthess F.	2005	Bulletin of Entomological Research	95	6	10.1079/BER2005381	Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Jiang, N., Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Schulthess, F., Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant species (maize, sorghum), plant age (young, middle, old) and four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0-N3) on the bionomics of the invasive crambid Chilo partellus and the performance of its braconid larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Plant N varied significantly between N0 and N1-N3, but the differences among the latter were not significant. Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments. On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased. Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize. On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants: on maize, it was highest on young plants and on sorghum on old plants. Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source. Consequently, larval weight was lower on older than younger plants. The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus. Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species. Differences in egg load between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant. It was concluded that on depleted soils only, an increase in nitrogen via mulching, rotation with a leguminous crop or fertilization would increase survival of C. partellus on both maize and sorghum and an increase in acreage of maize and in application of nitrogen fertilizer in an area would also increase the parasitism of C. flavipes. © CAB International, 2005.	Bionomics; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Frass; Maize; Nitrogen; Plant age; Sorghum; Tunnel	fertilizer; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; fertilizer; maize; nitrogen; parasitoid; sorghum; animal; article; chemistry; drug effect; feces; growth, development and aging; host parasite interaction; maize; moth; parasite identification; parasitology; plant leaf; plant stem; population dynamics; reproduction; sex ratio; sorghum; statistics; wasp; Animals; Feces; Fertilizers; Host-Parasite Relations; Moths; Nitrogen; Parasite Egg Count; Phosphorus; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Population Dynamics; Potassium; Reproduction; Sex Ratio; Sorghum; Wasps; Zea mays; Braconidae; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Crambinae; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844456882	Determination of trace levels of dinitrophenolic compounds in environmental water samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction and high performance liquid chromatography	Berhanu T., Liu J.-F., Romero R., Megersa N., Jönsson J.Å.	2006	Journal of Chromatography A	1103	1	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.082	Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Berhanu, T., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Liu, J.-F., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Romero, R., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Megersa, N., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jönsson, J.Å., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden	A hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction method for the liquid chromatographic determination of dinitrophenolic compounds at ppt levels has been developed. Different variables affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, shaking speed, acceptor pH, acceptor buffer concentration, salt content and humic acids have been studied. Enrichment factors up to 7000 times were obtained. Validation of the method included calibration experiments and studies of the linearity of the responses in different matrices. Good linearity was obtained in the environmental matrices evaluated. Detection limits range from 6.0 to 8.0 ng/L, and the relative standard deviations do not exceed 7% in terms of repeatability. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fiber; HPLC; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membrane	Extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Liquid membranes; pH effects; Trace analysis; Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fibers; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membranes; Nitrogen compounds; 2,4 dinitrophenol; article; calibration; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; hollow fiber; liquid membrane; priority journal; validation process; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dinitrophenols; Herbicides; Humic Substances; Reproducibility of Results; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29944434199	Prediction of the environmental impact and sustainability of large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater resources	Annandale J.G., Jovanovic N.Z., Hodgson F.D.I., Usher B.H., Aken M.E., Van Der Westhuizen A.M., Bristow K.L., Steyn J.M.	2006	Water SA	32	1	None	Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia	Annandale, J.G., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Jovanovic, N.Z., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Hodgson, F.D.I., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Usher, B.H., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Aken, M.E., Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; Van Der Westhuizen, A.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Bristow, K.L., CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; Steyn, J.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa	Irrigation of agricultural crops is one of the most cost-effective options for the utilisation of gypsiferous mine wastewater. In addition, it creates the opportunity to produce crops during the dry season. Gypsum is a slightly soluble salt and concentrating the gypsiferous soil solution through crop evapotranspiration precipitates gypsum in the soil profile, removing it from the water system and reducing the potential for groundwater pollution. In previous research, it was found that crops can be commercially produced under irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water with no obvious impact on groundwater in the short term (3 years). It was, however, recommended that monitoring should continue to confirm findings over a longer period and for different conditions. A research project was therefore initiated in 2001 to determine the impact of irrigation with several gypsiferous water/soil combinations on crop performance, soil properties and groundwater quality. Field trials were carried out in South Africa on three mines: Kleinkopjé and New Vaal Collieries (Anglo Coal), and at Syferfontein (Sasol). Different crop and pasture species were grown on different soil types under centre-pivot irrigation with different mine-water qualities. Intensive monitoring systems were established in each irrigated field to determine the components of the soil-water and salt balance. Boreholes were also installed to monitor groundwater level and quality. Field water and salt balance data were used for calibration and validation of the mechanistic, generic crop, Soil-Water Balance (SWB) Model. The results of the field trials indicated that high crop and pasture yields can be obtained, provided site selection, land preparation, fertilisation and irrigation water management are appropriate. The results of the soil-water and salt balance studies indicated that considerable volumes of mine-water can be used and substantial amounts of salts can be removed from the water system through precipitation of gypsum in the soil profile. The groundwater impact was limited based on borehole measurements, indicating the presence of a zone of attenuation between the cropped soil profile and groundwater, but this should be monitored over a longer period. With appropriate management, water and salt runoff, and under specific conditions, drainage and salts leached can be intercepted, thereby minimising unwanted impacts on groundwater. Thirty-year scenario simulations were run with SWB and the generated salt loads from this model were used as input into a separate groundwater model in order to predict the likely long-term effects of irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater. The results of these simulations showed that while salts reached the groundwater, there was a drop in concentration of the plume as it moved away from the irrigated area. This was due largely to dilution by infiltration from rainfall recharge and the dispersive characteristics of the aquifer. The simulations also showed the importance of matching the amount of drainage from an irrigated site with the transmissivity and storage properties of the aquifer below. These results suggest that large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous water could be viable if irrigated fields are carefully sited to prevent waterlogging and are well managed. A site-specific approach is essential.	Groundwater; Gypsiferous; Irrigation; Mine-water; Simulations; SWB	Boreholes; Computer simulation; Cost effectiveness; Crops; Groundwater resources; Soil mechanics; Wastewater; Gypsiferous; Mine-water; SWB; Irrigation; environmental impact; groundwater resource; infiltration; irrigation system; salinity; wastewater; water quality; Cost Effectiveness; Effluent Treatment; Farm Crops; Irrigation; Simulation; Soil Mechanics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30044433053	Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of an industrial solid waste leachate	Schoeman J.J., Steyn A., Makgae M.	2005	Desalination	186	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.061	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Makgae, M., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A hazardous leachate from an industrial landfill site is stored in lined dams. The TDS (approximately 100 g/l) and the organic concentration (approximately 70 g/l COD) of the leachate are high. The high TDS concentration of the leachate would make treatment with reverse osmosis (RO) very difficult. The leachate also contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, barium, strontium and phenolics. This leachate has the potential to pollute the water environment, if the dams overflow. Therefore, electrodialysis (ED) was evaluated as an alternative technology to desalinate/concentrate the leachate for effluent volume reduction and pollution control. Physical/chemical pretreatment of the leachate with fly ash and chemicals have shown that the fouling potential of the leachate for membrane systems could be significantly reduced. The AFN anionic membrane from Tokuyama Soda was found to be the most resistant anionic membrane towards membrane fouling during tests in a membrane fouling test cell. This membrane was then used in a laboratory-scale ED stack to evaluate the process for treatment of the leachate. It was found that the leachate could be effectively desalinated/concentrated with ED. The desalinated effluent was significantly less toxic and more biodegradable than the ED feed or brine which comprised approximately 38% of the treated leachate. It also appears that it should be possible to control membrane fouling with regular membrane cleanings. Electrodialysis pilot tests were finally conducted in the batch and feed-and-bleed modes to develop process design criteria for a full-scale application. It was found that an excellent quality water could be produced with batch ED treatment followed by RO desalination. The treated water is almost of potable quality (645 mg/l TDS) except for high COD (935 mg/l). Feed-and-bleed ED pilot tests have shown that the TDS of the leachate could be reduced from 116,255 mg/l to 2,435 mg/l (5 stage ED). Brine volume comprised approximately 41% of the treated leachate. The capital cost of an 80 kl/d (feed) ED plant is estimated at 2.38 million US$. Operational costs are estimated at 28.96 US$/kl. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrodialysis; Leachate characterisation; Leachate treatment; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Treatment costs; Volume reduction	Industrial waste treatment; Leachate treatment; Membranes; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Solid wastes; Leachate characterisation; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Treatment costs; Volume reduction; Electrodialysis; electrodialysis; filtration; leachate; membrane	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30144437818	Experimental study of oblique impacts with initial spin	Dong H., Moys M.H.	2006	Powder Technology	161	1	10.1016/j.powtec.2005.05.046	School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Dong, H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa; Moys, M.H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	An experiment to measure the properties of the impacts between of a 44.5 mm steel ball and a steel flat surface is reported. The apparatus can release the ball with and without initial spin. The steel target can be inclined 0-60°. The impact event is recorded with a digital video camera. The video analysis is computer based and all the distortions of image are calibrated. The impact properties measured are expressed as coefficient of normal restitution e n, coefficient of tangential restitution e t, impulse ratio or dynamic coefficient of friction f, angular velocity, and rebound angle of the contact point. It is found that the measurement of oblique impact without initial spin shows close agreement with recent published results and complies with rigid body theory. However, the experimental results of oblique impact with pre-impact spin do not agree to the collision models in rolling or micro-slip regime in particular. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Image analysis; Impact; Video processing	Calibration; Computer simulation; Contact angle; Friction; Image analysis; Mathematical models; Rolling; Video cameras; Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Impact; Video processing; Steel; steel; powder; acceleration; article; calibration; computer analysis; friction; image analysis; velocity; videorecording	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30144444012	Preliminary assessment of risk of ozone impacts to maize (Zea mays) in southern Africa	Van Tienhoven A.M., Zunckel M., Emberson L., Koosailee A., Otter L.	2006	Environmental Pollution	140	2	10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.016	CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa; Stockholm Environment Institute at York, University of York, Box 373, York, T01 5YW, United Kingdom; Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, WITS 2050, South Africa	Van Tienhoven, A.M., CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa; Zunckel, M., CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa; Emberson, L., Stockholm Environment Institute at York, University of York, Box 373, York, T01 5YW, United Kingdom; Koosailee, A., Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Otter, L., Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, WITS 2050, South Africa	Surface ozone concentrations in southern Africa exceed air quality guidelines set to protect agricultural crops. This paper addresses a knowledge gap by performing a preliminary assessment of potential ozone impacts on vegetation in southern African. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the receptor of interest in the main maize producing countries, i.e. South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Surface ozone concentrations are estimated for the growing season (October to April) using photochemical modelling. Hourly mean modelled ozone concentrations ranged between 19.7 and 31.2 ppb, while maximums range between 28.9 and 61.9 ppb, and are near 30 ppb over South Africa and Zambia, while in Zimbabwe, they exceed 40 ppb and translate into monthly AOT40 values of over 3000 ppb h in five of the seven months of the growing season. This study suggests that surface ozone may pose a threat to agricultural production in southern African, particularly in Zimbabwe. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	AOT40; Crop loss; Ground level ozone; Maize; Southern Africa	Agricultural products; Air quality; Ozone; Space surveillance; Vegetation; AOT40; Crop loss; Ground level ozone; Maize; Southern Africa; Air pollution; ozone; air quality; maize; ozone; air pollutant; air quality; article; chemical model; crop production; environmental impact; environmental monitoring; maize; nonhuman; ozone layer; photochemistry; plant growth; risk assessment; seasonal variation; South Africa; vegetation; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Circadian Rhythm; Environmental Monitoring; Models, Chemical; Oxidants, Photochemical; Ozone; Risk Assessment; Seasons; South Africa; Zambia; Zea mays; Zimbabwe; Ozone; Plants; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30344451058	Evaluation of maximal exercise performance, fatigue, and depression in athletes with acquired chronic training intolerance	St. Clair Gibson A., Grobler L.A., Collins M., Lambert M.I., Sharwood K., Derman E.W., Noakes T.D.	2006	Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine	16	1	10.1097/01.jsm.0000188044.06545.e5	UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	St. Clair Gibson, A., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Grobler, L.A., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Collins, M., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Sharwood, K., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Derman, E.W., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objective: This study compared differences in maximal strength and aerobic capacity and symptoms of fatigue and depression in athletes with acquired training intolerance (ATI) and control athletes (CON) matched for age and current training volume who did not have symptoms of excessive or chronic fatigue associated with their sporting activity. Setting: University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa. Participants: Twenty ATI and 10 CON athletes participated in the trial. Although the ATI athletes reported symptoms of excessive fatigue during exercise, or symptoms of fatigue that occurred at rest and during activities of daily living, they did not fulfill the criteria for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Main Outcome Measures: A training and comprehensive medical history was recorded from all subjects. The Beck Depression Inventory Short Form (BDI-SF) was used to assess levels of depression in both ATI and control subjects. Maximal force output during a 5-second isometric voluntary knee extensor muscle contraction, and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and maximal blood lactate concentrations during a treadmill running test were measured in all subjects. Results: There were no differences in maximal isometric force output, peak treadmill running speed, VO2max, HRmax, or blood lactate concentration at rest or after maximal exercise testing between the ATI and CON athletes. However, the BDI-SF scores were higher in the ATI (7.7 ± 6.6 arbitrary units) than in the CON athletes (1.7 ± 1.5 arbitrary units; (P = 0.0052). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the symptoms of excessive fatigue and acquired training intolerance described by these ATI athletes do not affect their maximal isometric and maximal aerobic capacity, and may be associated with psychologic depression in these athletes. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Aerobic; Depression; Exercise performance; Isometric	adult; aerobic capacity; anamnesis; article; athlete; Beck Depression Inventory; chronic fatigue syndrome; controlled study; daily life activity; depression; exercise intensity; exercise test; extensor muscle; female; heart rate; human; knee function; lactate blood level; male; muscle force; muscle isometric contraction; muscle strength; priority journal; rest; South Africa; sport; symptomatology; training; treadmill exercise; velocity; voluntary movement; Adult; Chronic Disease; Depression; Exercise Tolerance; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Weakness; Oxygen Consumption; Sports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444435779	HIV impact on acute morbidity and pelvic tumor control following radiotherapy for cervical cancer	Gichangi P., Bwayo J., Estambale B., Rogo K., Njuguna E., Ojwang S., Temmerman M.	2006	Gynecologic Oncology	100	2	10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.10.006	Department of Human Anatomy and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2631, KNH 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Nairobi Oncology Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Radiotherapy Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Gichangi, P., Department of Human Anatomy and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2631, KNH 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Bwayo, J., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Estambale, B., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Rogo, K., Nairobi Oncology Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Njuguna, E., Radiotherapy Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Ojwang, S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Temmerman, M., International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Objective. To determine the impact of HIV infection on acute morbidity and pelvic tumor control following external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for cervical cancer. Method. 218 patients receiving EBRT who also had HIV testing after informed consent was obtained were evaluated. Acute treatment toxicity was documented weekly during treatment and 1 month post-EBRT. Pelvic tumor control was documented at 4 and 7 months post-EBRT. Clinicians were blinded for HIV results. Results. About 20% of the patients were HIV-positive. Overall, 53.4% of the patients had radiation-related acute toxicity (grade 3-4). HIV infection was associated with a 7-fold higher risk of multisystem toxicity: skin, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and genitourinary tract (GUT) systems. It was also an independent risk factor for treatment interruptions (adjusted relative risk 2.2). About 19% of the patients had residual tumor at 4 and 7 months post-EBRT. HIV infection was independently and significantly associated with 6-fold higher risk of residual tumor post-EBRT. The hazard ratio of having residual tumor after initial EBRT was 3.1-times larger for HIV-positive than for HIV-negative patients (P = 0.014). Conclusion. HIV is associated with increased risk of multisystem radiation-related toxicity; treatment interruptions and pelvic failure (residual tumor) following EBRT. HIV infection is an adverse prognostic factor for outcome of cervical cancer treatment. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Cervical cancer; HIV; Outcome; Radiotherapy	acute toxicity; adult; Africa; aged; anemia; article; controlled study; external beam radiotherapy; female; follow up; gastrointestinal toxicity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; informed consent; major clinical study; morbidity; pelvis tumor; priority journal; radiation injury; radical hysterectomy; risk factor; skin toxicity; urogenital system; uterine cervix cancer; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Radiation Injuries; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444439713	New U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age for the Schurwedraai alkali granite: Implications for pre-impact development of the Vredefort Dome and extent of Bushveld magmatism, South Africa	Graham I.T., De Waal S.A., Armstrong R.A.	2005	Journal of African Earth Sciences	43	5	10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.09.009	Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Geoscience, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; PRISE, Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia	Graham, I.T., Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Geoscience, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; De Waal, S.A., Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Armstrong, R.A., PRISE, Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia	The Schurwedraai alkali granite is one of a number of prominent ultramafic-mafic and felsic intrusions in the Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic sub-vertical supracrustal collar rocks of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. The alkali granite intruded the Neoarchaean Witwatersrand Supergroup and has a peralkaline to peraluminous composition. A new zircon SHRIMP crystallization age of 2052 ± 14 Ma for the Schurwedraai alkali granite places it statistically before the Vredefort impact event at 2023 ± 4 Ma and within the accepted emplacement interval of 2050-2060 Ma of the Bushveld magmatic event. The presence of the alkali granite and associated small ultramafic-mafic intrusions in the Vredefort collar rocks extends the southern extremity of Bushveld-related intrusions to some 120 km south of Johannesburg and about 150 km south of the current outcrop area of the Bushveld Complex. The combined effect of these ultramafic-mafic and felsic bodies may have contributed to a pronouncedly steep pre-impact geothermal gradient in the Vredefort area, and to the amphibolite-grade metamorphism observed in the supracrustal collar rocks of the Vredefort Dome. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Bushveld; Schurwedraai; SHRIMP; Vredefort; Witwatersrand	alkaline rock; geochronology; granite; Precambrian; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444450818	Geoelectric evaluation of groundwater potential: A case study of Alagbaka primary school, Akure, Southwest Nigeria	Ayolabi E.A.	2005	Journal of the Geological Society of India	66	4	None	Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Vertical electrical sounding consisting of three Wenner array and thirteen Schlumberger array has been carried out at the premises of Alagbaka primary school, Akure Southwest Nigeria. The aquiferous unit in this area is composed of weathered and fractured rocks whose resistivity ranges from 26 to 366 Ωm and thickness of 2.4 to 29.3 m. The isopach shows that the overburden thickens towards the east and is thinnest towards the south. The geological map derived from the coefficient of anisotropy of the underlying rocks shows that the Eastern end underlain by migmatites have coefficient of anisotropy ranging between 1.5 and 2.5 while the southwest, west and northwest side is underlain by charnockites of high (3-7.4) coefficient of anisotropy. The eastern end offers a good prospect for groundwater exploration. © Geol. Soc. India.	Akure; Anisotropy; Geoelectrical study; Groundwater; Southwest Nigeria	anisotropy; aquifer; groundwater resource; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Akure; Nigeria; Ondo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30644458223	Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees: Utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in Uganda	Xu K., Evans D.B., Kadama P., Nabyonga J., Ogwal P.O., Nabukhonzo P., Aguilar A.M.	2006	Social Science and Medicine	62	4	10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.004	World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Office, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Uganda; Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Uganda	Xu, K., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Evans, D.B., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Kadama, P., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Nabyonga, J., WHO Office, Uganda; Ogwal, P.O., Ministry of Health, Uganda; Nabukhonzo, P., Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Uganda; Aguilar, A.M., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	There is currently considerable discussion between governments, international agencies, bilateral donors and advocacy groups on whether user fees levied at government health facilities in poor countries should be abolished. It is claimed that this would lead to greater access for the poor and reduce the risks of catastrophic health expenditures if all other factors remained constant, though other factors rarely remain constant in practice. Accordingly, it is important to understand what has actually happened when user fees have been abolished, and why. All fees at first level government health facilities in Uganda were removed in March 2001. This study explores the impact on health service utilization and catastrophic health expenditures using data from National Household Surveys undertaken in 1997, 2000 and 2003. Utilization increased for the non-poor, but at a lower rate than it had in the period immediately before fees were abolished. Utilization among the poor increased much more rapidly after the abolition of fees than beforehand. Unexpectedly, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among the poor did not fall. The most likely explanation is that frequent unavailability of drugs at government facilities after 2001 forced patients to purchase from private pharmacies. Informal payments to health workers may also have increased to offset the lost revenue from fees. Countries thinking of removing user charges should first examine what types of activities and inputs at the facility level are funded from the revenue collected by fees, and then develop mechanisms to ensure that these activities can be sustained subsequently. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Catastrophic expenditure; Service utilization; Uganda; User charges	health and disease; article; clinical pharmacy; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; health care utilization; incidence; mathematical analysis; risk reduction; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Catastrophic Illness; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Centers; Developing Countries; Fees and Charges; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Expenditures; Health Policy; Health Services Research; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Incidence; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Poverty; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30644462350	Comparative performance of a UASB reactor and an anaerobic packed-bed reactor when treating potato waste leachate	Parawira W., Murto M., Zvauya R., Mattiasson B.	2006	Renewable Energy	31	6	10.1016/j.renene.2005.05.013	Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Parawira, W., Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Murto, M., Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Zvauya, R., Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mattiasson, B., Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden	The results presented in this paper are from studies on a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and an anaerobic packed-bed (APB) reactor treating potato leachate at increasing organic loading rates from 1.5 to 7.0 g COD/1/day. The hydraulic retention times ranged from 13.2 to 2.8 days for both reactors during the 100 days of the experiment. The maximum organic loading rates possible in the laboratory-scale UASB and APB reactors for stable operation were approximately 6.1 and 4.7 g COD/l day, respectively. The COD removal efficiencies of both reactors were greater than 90% based on the total COD of the effluent. The methane yield increased with increasing organic loading rate up to 0.23 l CH4/g CODdegraded in the UASB reactor and 0.161 CH4/g CODdegraded in the APB reactor. The UASB could be run at a higher organic loading rate than the APB reactor and achieved a higher methane yield. Signs of reactor instability were decreasing partial alkalinity and pH and increasing amounts of volatile fatty acids. The study demonstrated the suitability of the UASB and a packed-bed reactor for treating leachate from potato waste. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anaerobic digestion; Anaerobic packed-bed; Biogas; Leachate; Methane yield; Potato waste; UASB	Alkalinity; Anaerobic digestion; Biogas; Effluent treatment; Hydraulics; Leachate treatment; Methane; Packed beds; pH effects; Anaerobic packed-bed; Methane yield; Potato waste; UASB; Chemical reactors; biogas; waste treatment; Alkalinity; Biogas; Chemical Reactors; Effluent Treatment; Hydraulics; Leaching; Methane; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30744463049	The role of social grants in mitigating the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in two free state communities	Booysen F., Van Der Berg S.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	SPEC. ISS.	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00038.x	Department of Economics, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Booysen, F., Department of Economics, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Van Der Berg, S., Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Social grants may play an important role in mitigating the impact of HIV/ AIDS. Eligibility for these grants is driven in part by the increasing burden of chronic illness, the mounting orphan crisis and the impoverishment of households associated with the epidemic. This article investigates the role of social grants in mitigating the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, using data from a panel study on the household impact of the epidemic. Social grants reduce inequality and decrease the prevalence, depth and severity of poverty in affected households. However, these transfers also have disincentive effects on employment, while non-uptake is in some cases higher amongst the poorest. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	None	human immunodeficiency virus; social behavior; socioeconomic conditions; state role; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844463197	Interactive effects of the type of milling media and copper sulphate addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from Merensky ore Part I: Pulp chemistry	Bradshaw D.J., Buswell A.M., Harris P.J., Ekmekci Z.	2006	International Journal of Mineral Processing	78	3	10.1016/j.minpro.2005.10.004	University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey	Bradshaw, D.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Buswell, A.M., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Harris, P.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Ekmekci, Z., Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey	It is well known that the chemical environment determines the success of the flotation process, however its characterisation and control is difficult to achieve. This paper, as two parts, Part I and Part II, evaluates the use of various measurements and their interpretation to gain an understanding of the influence of varying parameters such as the type of milling media and copper sulphate addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from a platinum group mineral (PGM) bearing Merensky ore. It shows the complexity of interpretation and the importance of analysing flotation performance holistically. Part I focuses on the pulp chemistry and mineral potential measurements have been used to show the differences in the response of the various mineral electrodes to different conditions. The final flotation recoveries of the sulphide minerals in the ore followed the same trend as the decrease in mineral potential due to collector addition viz. chalcopyrite &gt; pentlandite &gt; pyrrhotite. Type of milling media and copper sulphate addition slightly affected the mineral electrode potential and flotation recovery of chalcopyrite. Addition of copper sulphate increased the recovery of pentlandite and particularly pyrrhotite due to activation by copper (II) ions. The copper activation mechanism was likely to be in the form of initial adsorption of copper hydroxide followed by reduction to Cu+ at the surface. However, the changes in flotation performance of the different minerals in the ore could not be completely described by the electrochemical changes, demonstrating the limitations of these measurements. Part II addresses the effect of froth stability as demonstrated by the variations in the mass and water recovery data resulting from the different milling conditions and addition of copper sulphate which emphasised the importance of considering the froth phase in the evaluation of flotation data. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Copper sulphate; Milling media; Pulp chemistry; Sulphide minerals	Electrochemistry; Flotation; Granulation; Inorganic acids; Parameter estimation; Platinum compounds; Pulp; Pyrites; Reduction; Copper (II) ions; Copper sulphate; Milling media; Pulp chemistry; Sulfide minerals; Electrochemistry; Pulps	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844465453	Interactive effects of the type of milling media and CuSO4 addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from Merensky ore Part II: Froth stability	Ekmekci Z., Bradshaw D.J., Harris P.J., Buswell A.M.	2006	International Journal of Mineral Processing	78	3	10.1016/j.minpro.2005.10.003	Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey; University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa	Ekmekci, Z., Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey; Bradshaw, D.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Harris, P.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Buswell, A.M., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa	The limitations of pulp chemistry measurements in the flotation of a platinum group mineral (PGM) bearing Merensky ore were demonstrated in Part 1 of this article. In this paper the importance of the contribution of the froth structure due to changing froth stability is analysed using the batch flotation data. The effects of mild steel (MS) and stainless steel (SS) milling media and the addition of copper sulphate on the flotation performance of the sulphide minerals in Merensky ore have been evaluated in relation to the changes in stability of the froth phase. The effects of pulp chemistry and froth stability on the flotation of sulphide minerals were distinguished by using two different rate constants (kt and kw). The rate constant (k w) calculated as a function of cumulative water recovery was used to describe characteristics of froth phase and kt was calculated as a function of flotation time. The results revealed that the type of grinding media and copper sulphate addition had an interactive effect on the froth stability. While mild steel (MS) milling increased the froth stability due to the presence of hydrophilic iron hydroxides and colloidal metallic iron, the addition of copper sulphate reduced the stability, especially with stainless steel (SS) milling. Copper sulphate addition had a dual role in the flotation of Merensky ore in that it caused destabilisation of the froth zone as well as activation of selected sulphide minerals. The dominant effect was found to depend on the type of milling media and floatability of the mineral in question and this work has demonstrated the importance of using a combination of measurements to evaluate flotation performance holistically. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Copper sulphate; Froth stability; Milling media; Sulphide minerals	Carbon steel; Comminution; Flotation; Grinding (comminution); Inorganic acids; Platinum compounds; Pulp; Stainless steel; Copper sulphate; Froth stability; Iron hydroxides; Milling media; Sulfide minerals; Carbon Steel; Pulps	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844471970	Performance specifications for concrete using the durability index approach	Alexander M., Ballim Y., Santhanam M.	2005	Indian Concrete Journal	79	12	None	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Concrete Materials Research Group, UCT, United States; WITS; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; African Materials Research Society; Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India	Alexander, M., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Concrete Materials Research Group, UCT, United States; Ballim, Y., WITS, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, African Materials Research Society; Santhanam, M., Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India	The noticeable shift towards performance specifications for durability calls for the adoption of reproducible, reliable and quick measures of transport parameters that are known to affect concrete durability. In addition, the ability to assess these parameters in actual construction, appropriate criteria for limiting values for durability parameters, and penalties or incentives for failing or achieving the necessary durability requirements, are equally important. The "Durability Index" approach has been developed in South Africa to provide a basis for specifying performance for durability of concrete. Three tests that primarily measure the transport properties of cover zone concrete are used to generate performance indicators. This approach has been successfully used in practice in South Africa, and could have a good potential for application in the Indian concrete industry. This paper describes briefly the tests followed under the durability index approach, and how the results from these tests could be used to set up performance criteria that can be used for specifying concrete quality to ensure long-term performance.	Conductivity; Durability; Performance; Permeability; Sorptivity	Concrete durability; Conductivity; Sorptivity; Concrete construction; Construction industry; Mechanical permeability; Performance; Specifications; Concretes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844473299	The impact of ICT (internet) on research and studies: The experience of Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji O.B., Akporhonor B.A.	2005	Library Hi Tech News	22	10	10.1108/07419050510644347	Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Delta State University Library, Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji, O.B., Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Akporhonor, B.A., Delta State University Library, Abraka, Nigeria	Purpose - This study seeks to explore how students are increasingly using the Internet to support instruction and research needs in addition to heavy e-mail usage. The extension of this research suggests more positive impact from the Internet in almost every aspect of academic life and suggests the need for more access at reduced costs on and near this campus. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire was used to survey a sample of students about their internet practices. Findings - Students are now coming to university with more background in technology and the role of the internet and other ICTs. The demand for internet service will continue to grow and how the university should respond to meet this greater demand is the focus of this research. Orig inality/value - Study suggests that the impact of the ICTs and internet service for e-mail and other research activities related to the role of studying suggests that access is a key problem that must be scaled better so that students and faculty have improved access. This situation should continue to be monitored and the study suggests that more and more university affiliates will need improved access to internet resources. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Academic	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30944468171	Evaluation of the buffering capacity of powdered cow's, goat's and soy milk and non-prescription antacids in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia	Lutchman D., Pillay S., Naidoo R., Shangase N., Nayak R., Rughoobeer A.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	1	None	School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Lutchman, D., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, S., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Shangase, N., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Nayak, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rughoobeer, A., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background. Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is the term most commonly used to describe a heterogeneous and often ill-defined group of dyspepsia patients whose symptoms of upper abdominal pain, discomfort or nausea persist in the absence of identifiable cause. Treatment choice commonly includes over-the-counter medicines and home remedies, e.g. milk. Objective. To determine the relative buffering capacity of goat's, cow's and soy milk, non-prescription antacid drugs and combinations thereof. Methods. The buffering capacities of 25 ml aliquots of each of the powdered milk products, the antacids alone and the combination of antacid and milk were determined. Statistical analysis was used to determine any significant differences in buffering capacity. Results. When the antacids were examined alone, significant differences in buffering capacity were observed. When powdered milk products were examined alone, cow's milk had a significantly higher buffering capacity than either goat's or soy milk. There was no significant difference between goat's and soy milk. In the combination of cow's milk with each of the antacids, brand A and B had a similar buffering capacity, significantly higher than that observed with brand C. Conclusions. The combination with best observed buffering capacity was brand A with cow's milk, and the weakest buffering capacity was observed with brand C with soy milk. The results obtained can be attributed to the chemical constituents of the antacids and the milk products.	None	alginic acid; aluminum hydroxide; aluminum hydroxide plus magnesium trisilicate; antacid agent; bicarbonate; buffer; calcium; calcium carbonate; magnesium carbonate; magnesium trisilicate; milk protein; non prescription drug; phosphate; article; artificial milk; cow; drug determination; drug efficacy; drug formulation; drug mechanism; dyspepsia; goat; nonhuman; pH measurement; soybean milk; statistical analysis; stomach pH; Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Antacids; Buffers; Drugs, Non-Prescription; Dyspepsia; Goats; Humans; Milk; Powders; Soy Milk; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31344456240	Collapse of large complex impact craters: Implications from the Araguainha impact structure, central Brazil	Lana C., Romano R., Reimold U., Hippertt J.	2006	Geology	34	1	10.1130/G21952.1	Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom; Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lana, C., Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom; Romano, R., Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Reimold, U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hippertt, J., Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil	The 40-km-wide Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil provides extensive out crops to study the structural evolution of all parts of a complex crater, including the central uplift, annular trough, and crater rim. While most craters of comparable size are buried by impact-related or postimpact sedimentary deposits, Araguainha is deeply eroded and it exposes in detail outcrop-scale structural features that can be used to understand the structural evolution of large impact craters. This study explores evidence from structural features across the entire impact structure in order to provide constraints on the target rock movement during the crater collapse. Most of the structural features described here are consistent with folding and bedding-parallel shearing during several kilometers of lateral inward movement of the target rocks. Vertical movement was, in contrast, restricted to distances of less than a few hundred meters along radial and concentric fault zones around the crater rim. © 2006 Geological Society of America.	Araguainha; Central uplift; Complex crater; Crater collapse; Impact structure; Transient cavity	Central uplift; Complex crater; Impact craters; Impact structure; Structural evolution; Transient cavity; Crystalline rocks; Deformation; Rock mechanics; Sedimentary rocks; Sediments; Structural geology; Tectonics; collapse structure; impact structure; uplift; Araguainha Dome; Brazil; South America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544457587	Economic performance of case study dairy farm in Southern Ethiopia	Ergano K., Nurfeta A.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	1	None	Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Resource Economics and Management, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Ergano, K., Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Resource Economics and Management, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Nurfeta, A., Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Focus on agricultural development in Ethiopia has seen a shift towards the smallholder sector, which is home and employment provider to more than 85 percent of the population. However, the viability status of enterprises within this sector remain largely un-probed research area on-the-ground. This article, which is based on case study of dairy farm at Awassa College of Agriculture, presents results of an economic analysis of the real state, constraints and opportunities vis à vis the performance of the Colleges' dairy farm for the past five years. Through a Gross Margin Analysis at farm level, the study established that the dairy farm is economically quite viable. Gross margins ranging from Birr 3,589 to Birr 77,920 were obtained in the years considered. However, given the higher genetic potential of the dairy animals and unsatisfied demand for milk in the market, the performance is much less than desired. The cost of production of milk per liter ranging from Birr 1.29 to 1.98 as compared to the selling price of Birr 2 showed a very sensitive profit margin. Feed expense, which accounts for about 90 % of the total expenses, is a major expense of the dairy farm. Identified constraints to production include poor infrastructure, bad sanitary condition, lack of organized record system, bureaucratic bottlenecks, low quality feeds and inefficient purchasing system. Established opportunities for improvement include enhancing housing and sanitary conditions, timely harvesting and better storage of home-grown feeds, following a planned purchasing and selling systems, use of a well -organized record systems, as well as aiming at economic and efficient production in order to achieve sustained production and economic performance. It is recommended that the farm may be liberalized from bulky bureaucratic purchasing procedures of the University.	Awassa College of Agriculture; Dairy Farm; Economics; Ethiopia	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544462587	Assessment of heavy-metal profile of the New Calabar River and its impact on juvenile Clarias gariepinus	Wegwu M.O., Akaninwor J.O.	2006	Chemistry and Biodiversity	3	1	10.1002/cbdv.200690010	Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Wegwu, M.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Akaninwor, J.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	We have determined the heavy-metal status of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River in the Niger Delta region over a 40-km-long distance, and its impact on the development of catfish (juvenile Clarias gariepinus). The total mean concentrations of dissolved trace metals in the river were 0.01, 0.85, 0.56, 2.08, 0.05, 12.0, and 6.59 mg/l for Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, and Zn, respectively. The accumulated concentration of trace metals in the muscles of different mature fish caught from the river were examined, and the results fell within the action levels adopted in most countries. To evaluate the contributions of trace metals to fisheries depletion, eggs of C. gariepinus were hatched in dilution water spiked with the total mean metal levels determined in the river water. Our results indicate substantive inhibition of egg hatch even at very low concentrations of the majority of the trace metals studied, with mortality rates well above 50% after 216 h of exposure (Table 5). These findings suggest that trace metals (except for Zn), even at very low concentrations, negatively affect fish hatch and fry rearing, implying that aquatic milieus contaminated by trace metals are not suitable as nursery grounds for fish cultures. © 2006 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta.	None	cadmium; chromium; copper; heavy metal; iron; lead; mercury; river water; trace metal; zinc; animal tissue; aquatic environment; article; breeding; catfish; concentration (parameters); controlled study; death; environmental exposure; environmental impact assessment; fishery; geography; hatching; Nigeria; nonhuman; pisciculture; river; tissue distribution; water pollution; Age Factors; Animals; Catfishes; Metals, Heavy; Nigeria; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544477415	The effect of supplementing Rhodes grass hay with cotton seed cake and pyrethrum marc based rations on the performance of Sahiwal female weaners	Wekesa F.W., Abdulrazak S.A., Mukisira E.A.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	1	None	National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Division of Research and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya	Wekesa, F.W., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Division of Research and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Mukisira, E.A., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya	The objective of the study was to evaluate the voluntary feed intake and body weight gain of Sahiwal female weaners fed on rhodes grass hay and supplemented with cotton seed cake based ration (CSCBR) and pyrethrum marc based ration (PMBR). Twenty five weaners were allocated to five treatments in a randomised complete design (RCD). The CP contents of the feeds were 74.1, 156 and 143 g/kg dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was 720, 345 and 329 g/kg DM for Rhodes grass hay (RGH), CSBR and PMBR respectively. At higher level of supplementation, improved dry matter intake was recorded in the group that was offered PMBR than CSCBR. Supplementation also improved dry matter intake with hardly any substitution effect. Better average daily gain was recorded in weaners, which were supplemented with CSCBR but was not statistically different from the PMBR while control group grew at the lowest rate. Volatile fatty acid concentration improved with supplementation but varied across the treatment diets. All the animals across the various treatment diets remained in a positive nitrogen balance during the period of study. Supplementation also improved rumen ammonia nitrogen levels. It was concluded that CSCBR and PMBR were comparable in respect of animal performance and hence be encouraged in their inclusion in ruminant rations.	Cotton seed cake; Intake; Live-weight gain; Pyrethrum marc; Rhodes grass hay	Animalia; Bovidae; Chloris gayana; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31644435352	Design and preclinical evaluation of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C DNA vaccine for clinical trial	Burgers W.A., van Harmelen J.H., Shephard E., Adams C., Mgwebi T., Bourn W., Hanke T., Williamson A.-L., Williamson C.	2006	Journal of General Virology	87	2	10.1099/vir.0.81379-0	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, UCT, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom	Burgers, W.A., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; van Harmelen, J.H., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Shephard, E., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa, MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, UCT, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Adams, C., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Mgwebi, T., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Bourn, W., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Hanke, T., MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Williamson, C., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa	In this study, the design and preclinical development of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C DNA vaccine are described, developed as part of the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative (SAAVI). Genetic variation remains a major obstacle in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine and recent strategies have focused on constructing vaccines based on the subtypes dominant in the developing world, where the epidemic is most severe. The vaccine, SAAVI DNA-C, contains an equimolar mixture of two plasmids, pTHr.grttnC and pTHr.gp150CT, which express a polyprotein derived from Gag, reverse transcriptase (RT), Tat and Nef, and a truncated Env, respectively. Genes included in the vaccine were obtained from individuals within 3 months of infection and selection was based on closeness to a South African subtype C consensus sequence. All genes were codon-optimized for increased expression in humans. The genes have been modified for safety, stability and immunogenicity. Tat was inactivated through shuffling of gene fragments, whilst maintaining all potential epitopes; the active site of RT was mutated; 124 aa were removed from the cytoplasmic tail of gp160; and Nef and Gag myristylation sites were inactivated. Following vaccination of BALB/c mice, high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced against multiple epitopes and the vaccine stimulated strong CD8+ gamma interferon responses. In addition, high titres of antibodies to gp 120 were induced in guinea pigs. This vaccine is the first component of a prime-boost regimen that is scheduled for clinical trials in humans in the USA and South Africa. © 2006 SGM.	None	DNA vaccine; epitope; Gag protein; gamma interferon; glycoprotein gp 160; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; Nef protein; plasmid vector; protein antibody; RNA directed DNA polymerase; transactivator protein; virus envelope protein; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; antibody titer; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; codon; consensus sequence; controlled study; cytoplasm; developing country; DNA modification; DNA shuffling; drug design; drug manufacture; drug safety; drug screening; drug stability; enzyme active site; epidemic; female; gene delivery system; gene expression; gene inactivation; gene mutation; genetic selection; genetic variability; guinea pig; health program; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunogenicity; immunostimulation; mouse; multigene family; myristylation; nonhuman; plasmid; priority journal; serotype; South Africa; United States; AIDS Vaccines; Animals; Drug Design; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Genes, env; Genes, gag; Genes, tat; HIV-1; Humans; Mice; Vaccines, DNA; Animalia; Cavia; Cavia porcellus; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744431924	Evaluation of the efficiency of various commercial products for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil	Claassens S., Van Rensburg L., Riedel K.J., Bezuidenhout J.J., Van Rensburg P.J.J.	2006	Environmentalist	26	1	10.1007/s10669-006-5358-y	School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Claassens, S., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Van Rensburg, L., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Riedel, K.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, J.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Van Rensburg, P.J.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Bioremediation has become an important method for the treatment of terrestrial oil spills and is often favoured over strictly physical-chemical methods. In this study, enzymatic analyses and signature lipid biomarkers were employed to evaluate the efficacy of selected bioremediation products on control and oil contaminated soil plots. It is envisioned that these biological indicators may be used as possible adjuncts to the strictly physical-chemical criteria most commonly employed. The application of the enzymatic and signature biomarker methods for product evaluation proved successful. The enzymatic assays provided a valuable insight into shifts in the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities resultant from the various treatments. Stimulation or inhibition of the microbial communities as a result of the various treatments was also demonstrated, particularly with regards to dehydrogenase activity. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles proved sufficiently sensitive to allow differentiation between products and resultant microbial communities that corresponded to satisfactory and unsatisfactory petroleum hydrocarbon removal. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Bioremediation; Enzymatic activity; Hydrocarbon; PLFA; Soil	bioremediation; hydrocarbon; soil pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744438443	Evaluation of two novel Ziehl-Neelsen methods for tuberculosis diagnosis	Frimpong E.H., Adukpo R., Owusu-Darko K.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	4	None	Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	Frimpong, E.H., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Adukpo, R., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Owusu-Darko, K., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana	Background: Currently, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Ghana relies on direct sputum smear, Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) staining method. This method has low sensitivity and poses some health risks. The study was to compare the, direct sputum smear, (ZN) staining method against two newer ZN methods; 1% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL)-xylene floatation and 1% NaOCL sedimentation methods, to determine the most sensitive and the safest. Study design: A prospective descriptive study involving 150 adult patients attending Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis, using the three ZN microscopy methods: direct sputum smear, 1% NaOCL sedimentation, and 1% NaOCL-xylene floatation, for the detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB). Sputum culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) slopes was used as the gold standard for determining the sensitivity and specificity rates. Results: The sensitivity rates of NaOCL sedimentation, NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear methods were 77.2%, 71.8% and 66.3% respectively. The specificity rate was 95.9% for all three methods. Whereas the difference between the NaOCL sedimentation and the direct smear methods was statistically significant (P= 0.0446), that between the NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear was not (P=0.1788). Conclusion: In spite of the cost of chemicals, the hypochlorite sedimentation method was found to be the most accurate and the safest.	Laboratory infection; Sputum microscopy; Tuberculosis	hypochlorite sodium; xylene; acid fast bacterium; adolescent; adult; aged; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; Ghana; health hazard; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; microscopy; prospective study; school child; sedimentation; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; teaching hospital; tuberculosis; Ziehl Neelsen staining; Adult; Bacteriological Techniques; Coloring Agents; Ghana; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744447128	The first 5 years of the family clinic for HIV at Tygerberg hospital: Family demographics, survival of children and early impact of antiretroviral therapy	van Kooten Niekerk N.K.M., Knies M.M., Howard J., Rabie H., Zeier M., van Rensburg A., Frans N., Schaaf H.S., Fatti G., Little F., Cotton M.F.	2006	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	52	1	10.1093/tropej/fmi047	Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	van Kooten Niekerk, N.K.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Knies, M.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Howard, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Rabie, H., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Zeier, M., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Rensburg, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Frans, N., Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Schaaf, H.S., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Fatti, G., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cotton, M.F., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Family clinics address the problems of HIV-infected children and their families. The aims were to document demographics of the children and caregivers attending the Family Clinic for HIV at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TAH) and to investigate factors affecting disease progression in children. Methods: A retrospective folder review of children and parents attending the Family Clinic at TAH between January 1997 and December 2001, a period noted for its lack of antiretroviral treatment. Results: Of 432 children seen for testing, 274 children, median age 16.9 months, were HIV-infected. During follow-up, 46 children died (median age 23 months) and 113 were lost to follow-up. The majority of children were malnourished. Those <2 years of age had lower weight for age Z-scores (WAZ) than older children (p<0.001). At presentation, 47 per cent were in clinical stage B and two-thirds had moderate or severe CD4+ T cell depletion. Seventeen children had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 12 dual and 31 monotherapy. HAART was associated with improved survival compared to dual or monotherapy. Risk of death was reduced from eleven-fold for a WAZ <-4 to four-fold between -2 and -3. There was no association with immunological and clinical classification at entry and risk of mortality. Only 18 per cent of parents were evaluated in the clinic. Non-parental care was documented for 25 per cent of families. Conclusions: A low WAZ is associated with poor survival in children. Nutritional status should receive more attention in HIV disease classification in children. Parent utilization of the clinic was inadequate. Even in the absence of HAART, extended survival in children is possible. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; antiretrovirus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; article; body weight; caregiver; CD4+ T lymphocyte; child; child care; child death; clinical feature; correlation analysis; cost of illness; demography; disease classification; disease course; disease severity; family counseling; female; follow up; general practice; health care utilization; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; lymphocyte depletion; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; medical documentation; monotherapy; nutritional status; risk assessment; scoring system; screening test; South Africa; survival; Age Factors; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Analysis of Variance; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Patient Compliance; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31944449074	The relationship between some chemical parameters and sensory evaluations for plain black tea (Camellia sinensis) produced in Kenya and comparison with similar teas from Malawi and South Africa	Okinda Owuor P., Obanda M., Nyirenda H.E., Mphangwe N.I.K., Wright L.P., Apostolides Z.	2006	Food Chemistry	97	4	10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.027	Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820, Kericho, Kenya; Tea Research Foundation (Central Africa), P.O. Box 51, Mulanje, Malawi; Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Department of Botany and Horticulture, Maseno Univeristy, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya	Okinda Owuor, P., Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820, Kericho, Kenya, Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Obanda, M., Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820, Kericho, Kenya, Department of Botany and Horticulture, Maseno Univeristy, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Nyirenda, H.E., Tea Research Foundation (Central Africa), P.O. Box 51, Mulanje, Malawi; Mphangwe, N.I.K., Tea Research Foundation (Central Africa), P.O. Box 51, Mulanje, Malawi; Wright, L.P., Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Apostolides, Z., Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Reliable and accurately measurable chemical parameters that can be used to estimate black tea quality are desirable in trade, research and breeding programmes. Using plain Kenyan black tea from 11 cultivars, which gave some significant differences in their plain black tea quality parameters, the individual theaflavins composition, total theaflavins, thearubigins, theaflavin digallate equivalent, total colour and brightness were determined. The parameters were regressed against sensory evaluation scores of two tasters A and B. The theaflavin digallate equivalent (TDE) showed the strongest relationship (r = 0.71 (P ≤ 0.01) and r = 0.80 (P ≤ 0.001)) for A and B′, respectively. The simple (non gallated) theaflavin and thearubigins did not show significant relationships with sensory evaluation. Of the liquor characteristics, there were significant relationships between liquor brightness and sensory evaluation by A and B (r = 0.58 (P ≤ 0.06) and r = 0.59 (P ≤ 0.05)), respectively. In consequence, TDE and brightness can be used in tea breeding programmes as quality indicators or to estimate plain black tea quality potential in the tea trade. Optimising their levels can also help to produce good quality Kenyan black teas during processing. Comparison of these results with work published earlier indicates that, of the individual theaflavins, theaflavin-3,3′-digallate correlates best with tea taster scores for the 11 Kenyan cultivars, whereas the simple theaflavin correlates best with tea tasters' scores for 40 Malawian cultivars. However, the derived parameter, TDE correlates very well with tea tasters' scores for all of the above cultivars. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Black tea; Brightness; Camellia sinensis; Central and Southern Africa; Colour; Eastern Africa; Kenya; Malawi; Quality; South Africa; Theaflavin digallate equivalents; Theaflavins	black tea extract; theaflavin; article; chemical parameters; chemical structure; food composition; food quality; Kenya; Malawi; sensory evaluation; South Africa; tea; Camellia sinensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32044466935	Participatory on-farm evaluation of the performance of drought-tolerant maize varieties in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria	Kamara A.Y., Kureh I., Menkir A., Kartung P., Tarfa B., Amaza P.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	1	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zar	Kamara, A.Y., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Kureh, I., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Kartung, P., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Tarfa, B., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Amaza, P., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom	Maize is an important food crop in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria where it is gradually replacing the traditional cereal crops, such as sorghum and millet because of its high productivity. Despite its high yield potential, maize production is faced with numerous constraints. One of these is drought both at the beginning and during the growing season, which significantly reduces grain yield. Therefore early-maturing varieties that are tolerant to drought or extra-early maturing varieties that escape drought are desirable in these communities. Efforts are being made at IITA to develop or identify drought-tolerant maize varieties that are adapted to the Guinea savannas of West Africa. This study evaluated three maize varieties that have been identified either to tolerate or escape drought. The drought-tolerant maize varieties were evaluated on farmers' fields for two years in two Federal States of northern Nigeria. Generally, the on-farm yield of the maize varieties evaluated was higher than the average grain yield reported for northern Nigeria. Farmers differed in their preferred choice of varieties. In the relatively market-driven production systems in the communities in Borno State, the early-maturing and high-yielding drought-tolerant variety (TZE-COMP 3 DT) was popular. Since this variety attains physiological maturity in late September when rainfall is less, it can be harvested and processed for sale. It therefore has high potential for adoption in these communities. On the contrary, in the relatively resource-poor sorghum-based production systems in Kano State; extra-early maturing varieties (95TZEE-W and 95TZEE-Y) were preferred to provide food security during the period of food scarcity in August/September. The emphasis was therefore more on earliness of crop maturity than on high yields.	Drought; Drought-tolerant maize; Farmer preference; Participatory evaluation	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32144457214	Traditional healers for HIV/AIDS prevention and family planning, Kiboga district, Uganda: Evaluation of a program to improve practices	Ssali A., Butler L.M., Kabatesi D., King R., Namugenyi A., Kamya M.R., Mandel J., Chen S.Y., McFarland W.	2005	AIDS and Behavior	9	4	10.1007/s10461-005-9019-9	Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	Ssali, A., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Butler, L.M., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kabatesi, D., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; King, R., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Namugenyi, A., District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mandel, J., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Chen, S.Y., San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; McFarland, W., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	In the face of ongoing epidemics of HIV/AIDS and STI, high demand for family planning, and limited resources, traditional healers may be under-utilized providers of reproductive health education in rural sub-Saharan Africa. We implemented a training program in HIV prevention and family planning methods for healers in the Kiboga district of Uganda and evaluated the program's impact on healers' clinical practice and the diffusion of information to their female clients. Of 46 healers recruited, 30 (65%) completed a pre- and post- training interview. Following training, traditional healers increased discussions of family planning with their clients. Of 84 female clients recruited, 44 (52%) completed the interview before and after the training for healers. Female clients corroborated that they increased discussions of family planning with their healers, as well as discussions about HIV/AIDS. Both healers and their female clients were more likely to make a connection between family planning, condom use, and HIV prevention after the training compared to before the training. Findings provide evidence that traditional healers in a rural area of Uganda can successfully adapt HIV prevention messages and family planning information into their clinical practices. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Family planning; HIV prevention; Traditional healers; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; clinical practice; condom; controlled study; counseling; evaluation; family planning; female; gender; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; interview; male; medical information; normal human; traditional medicine; training; Uganda; Adult; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Program Evaluation; Rural Population; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32244447844	Evaluation of human liver slices and reporter gene assays as systems for predicting the cytochrome P450 induction potential of drugs in vivo in humans	Persson K.P., Ekehed S., Otter C., Lutz E.S.M., McPheat J., Masimirembwa C.M., Andersson T.B.	2006	Pharmaceutical Research	23	1	10.1007/s11095-005-8812-5	DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe	Persson, K.P., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Ekehed, S., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Otter, C., Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Lutz, E.S.M., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; McPheat, J., Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Masimirembwa, C.M., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe; Andersson, T.B., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden	Purpose. The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of predicting human in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction properties of drugs using in vitro methods. Methods. The CYP induction potential of compounds was tested in human liver slices and in reporter gene assays for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Results. In human liver slices, CYP activities decreased dramatically over the experimental period, whereas mRNA levels could reliably be used to investigate CYP1A, 2C9, and 3A4 induction. However, the interindividual variations and demanding experimentation limit the use of liver slices in screening programs. Reporter gene assays are robust and reliable assays, amenable to high throughput screening. Several compounds activated AhR. The relevance of this activation, however, needs to be further investigated since there are no clear reports on drugs inducing CYP1A in vivo. The results from the PXR assay could be used to correctly classify compounds with known CYP3A induction properties when relating in vivo AUCtot to PXR EC50 values. Conclusions. Liver slices are a valuable model to study the regulation of a larger number of enzymes by single compounds. The PXR reporter gene assay could be used as a reliable screening method to predict CYP3A induction in vivo. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	AhR; CYP induction; Human liver slices; In vitro-in vivo correlation; PXR; Reporter gene assay	2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin; aromatic hydrocarbon receptor; betamethasone; carbamazepine; cimetidine; clotrimazole; cytochrome P450 1A; cytochrome P450 2C9; cytochrome P450 3A; cytochrome P450 3A4; dexamethasone; diazepam; diclofenac; hyperforin; indometacin; lansoprazole; messenger RNA; mevinolin; naproxen; omeprazole; pantoprazole; paracetamol; phenobarbital; phenytoin; pregnane X receptor; primaquine; rifampicin; troglitazone; unindexed drug; warfarin; adult; aged; area under the curve; article; assay; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme regulation; experimentation; female; high throughput screening; human; human cell; human tissue; in vitro study; in vivo study; liver slice; male; prediction; priority journal; protein induction; reporter gene; screening; Aged; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzyme Induction; Evaluation Studies; Female; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Culture Techniques; Plant Preparations; Predictive Value of Tests; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32344440641	The impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluations on meeting project objectives	Niba M., Green J.M.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	2	None	Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Niba, M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Green, J.M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	This study investigates the value of participation on meeting a project's objectives by comparing the impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluation frameworks. We assessed HIV/AIDS projects that shared similarities in terms of objectives and implementation strategies, but differed in their evaluation strategies, in order to identify differences in the outcome of the projects on the beneficiaries. The study concentrated on documentary and interview evidence of communication-based HIV/AIDS projects. The results highlight that in spite of socio-demographic differences, consistent use of a participatory methodology created an enabling environment, in terms of implementation, for meeting a project's objectives (particularly improved group awareness, knowledge, attitude, empowerment, functioning and sustainability); and, in terms of evaluation, a participatory methodology better enabled the internalisation of those objectives, through activities such as focus group discussions. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Africa; Behaviour; Community empowerment; HIV/AIDS interventions; Monitoring and evaluation	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; attitude to illness; demography; documentation; empowerment; evidence based practice; health care delivery; health care planning; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; interpersonal communication; interview; medical information; methodology; outcome assessment; participatory management; social aspect; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544437153	Comparison of phenotypic and molecular distances to predict heterosis and F1 performance in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun)	Teklewold A., Becker H.C.	2006	Theoretical and Applied Genetics	112	4	10.1007/s00122-005-0180-3	Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Georg-August University, Von-Siebold Str-8, 37075 Gottingen, Germany	Teklewold, A., Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Georg-August University, Von-Siebold Str-8, 37075 Gottingen, Germany; Becker, H.C., Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Georg-August University, Von-Siebold Str-8, 37075 Gottingen, Germany	Predicting heterosis and F1 performance from the parental generation could largely enhance the efficiency of breeding hybrid or synthetic cultivars. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between parental distances estimated from phenotypic traits or molecular markers with heterosis, F1 performance and general combining ability (GCA) in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata). Nine inbred lines representing seven different geographic regions of Ethiopia were crossed in half-diallel. The nine parents along with their 36 F1s were evaluated in a replicated field trail at three locations in Ethiopia. Distances among the parents were calculated from 14 phenotypic traits (Euclidean distance, ED) and 182 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers (Jaccard's distances, JD), and correlated with heterosis, F1 performance and GCA sum of parents (GCAsum). The correlation between phenotypic and molecular distances was low (r = 0.34, P ≤ 0.05). Parents with low molecular distance also had low phenotypic distance, but parents with high molecular distance had either high, intermediate or low phenotypic distance. Phenotypic distance was highly significantly correlated with mid-parent heterosis (r = 0.53), F1 performance (r = 0.61) and GCA (r = 0.79) for seed yield. Phenotypic distance was also positively correlated with (1) heterosis, F1 performance and GCA for plant height and seeds plant-1, (2) heterosis for number of pods plant-1, and (3) F1 performance for 1,000 seed weight. Molecular distance was correlated with GCAsum (r = 0.36, P ≤ 0.05) but not significantly with heterosis and F1 performance for seed yield. For each parent a mean distance was calculated by averaging the distances to the eight other parents. Likewise, mean heterosis was estimated by averaging the heterosis obtained when each parent is crossed with the other eight. For seed yield, both mean ED and JD were significantly correlated with GCA (r = 0.90, P ≤ 0.01 for ED and r = 0.68, P ≤ 0.05 for JD) and mean heterosis (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.05 for ED and r = 0.77, P ≤ 0.05 for JD). In conclusion, parental distances estimated from phenotypic traits better predicted heterosis, F1 performance and GCA than distances estimated from RAPD markers. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	None	Distance measurement; Genetic engineering; General combining ability (GCA); Molecular distances; Phenotypic distance; Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD); Crops; article; Brassica; comparative study; cross breeding; genetic marker; genetics; growth, development and aging; heterosis; phenotype; phylogeny; quantitative trait; random amplified polymorphic DNA; Brassica; Crosses, Genetic; Genetic Markers; Hybrid Vigor; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Quantitative Trait, Heritable; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; Farm Crops; Genetic Engineering; Heterosis; Nucleic Acids; Phenotypes; Seeds; Brassica; Brassica carinata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544440191	Calculating age-adjusted cancer survival estimates when age-specific data are sparse: An empirical evaluation of various methods	Gondos A., Parkin D.M., Chokunonga E., Brenner H.	2006	British Journal of Cancer	94	3	10.1038/sj.bjc.6602976	Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany; Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gondos, A., Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany; Parkin, D.M., Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Chokunonga, E., Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry, Harare, Zimbabwe; Brenner, H., Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany	We evaluated empirically the performance of various methods of calculating age-adjusted survival estimates when age-specific data are sparse. We have illustrated that a recently proposed alternative method of age adjustment involving the use of balanced age groups or age truncation may be useful for enhancing calculability and reliability of adjusted survival estimates. © 2006 Cancer Research UK.	Age-adjusted survival; Cancer survival; Sparse data	adolescent; adult; aged; article; cancer survival; child; data analysis; human; infant; mathematical analysis; priority journal; reliability; survival; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Research Design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544441478	Sparing land for nature: Exploring the potential impact of changes in agricultural yield on the area needed for crop production	Balmford A., Green R.E., Scharlemann J.P.W.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	10	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001035.x	Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom	Balmford, A., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Green, R.E., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom; Scharlemann, J.P.W., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom	How can rapidly growing food demands be met with least adverse impact on nature? Two very different sorts of suggestions predominate in the literature: Wildlife-friendly farming, whereby on-farm practices are made as benign to wildlife as possible (at the potential cost of decreasing yields); and land-sparing, in which farm yields are increased and pressure to convert land for agriculture thereby reduced (at the potential cost of decreasing wildlife populations on farmland). This paper is about one important aspect of the land-sparing idea - the sensitivity of future requirements for cropland to plausible variation in yield increases, relative to other variables. Focusing on the 23 most energetically important food crops, we use data from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the United Nations Population Division (UNPD) to project plausible values for 2050 for population size, diet, yield, and trade, and then look at their effect on the area needed to meet demand for the 23 crops, for the developing and developed worlds in turn. Our calculations suggest that across developing countries, the area under those crops will need to increase very considerably by 2050 (by 23% under intermediate projections), and that plausible variation in average yield has as much bearing on the extent of that expansion as does variation in population size or per capita consumption; future cropland area varies far less under foreseeable variation in the net import of food from the rest of the world. By contrast, cropland area in developed countries is likely to decrease slightly by 2050 (by 4% under intermediate projections for those 23 crops), and will be less sensitive to variation in population growth, diet, yield, or trade. Other contentious aspects of the land-sparing idea require further scrutiny, but these results confirm its potential significance and suggest that conservationists should be as concerned about future agricultural yields as they are about population growth and rising per capita consumption. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Agricultural yield; Agriculture; Conservation; Crop production; Cropland; Diet; Farming; Human population; Land sparing; Trade	agricultural land; crop production; crop yield; food production; land management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32644441447	Impact of coal mine dump contaminated soils on elemental uptake by Spinacia oleracea (spinach)	Chunilall V., Kindness A., Jonnalagadda S.B.	2006	Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes	41	3	10.1080/03601230500357447	School of Chemistry, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Chemistry, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa	Chunilall, V., School of Chemistry, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kindness, A., School of Chemistry, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Jonnalagadda, S.B., School of Chemistry, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa	The elemental uptake and the growth response of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) to the soil contaminated with the South African bituminous coal mine dump soil, viz. 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% w/w, was investigated. The contaminated soils were analyzed for pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and concentrations of selected heavy metals. The pH, SOM, and CEC decreased with an increase in contamination indicating the acidic nature of coal mine soil and the raise in the soil binding sites. The distribution of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in the in roots and leaves of the plants was determined in two stages of plant growth. Spinach showed high accumulation of Fe and increased levels of Ni and Cd with an increase in contamination. No plant growth was recorded with 25% contamination. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	Coal mine dumps; Edible plants; Elemental uptake; Soil pollution; Spinacia oleracea	Contamination; pH effects; Plants (botany); Positive ions; Soil pollution; Coal mine dumps; Edible plants; Elemental uptake; Spinacia oleracea; Coal mines; cadmium; heavy metal; iron; lead; manganese; nickel; soil organic matter; bioaccumulation; coal mine; soil pollution; article; cation exchange; coal mining; nonhuman; pH; plant growth; plant leaf; plant root; soil pollution; South Africa; spinach; Cadmium; Coal; Coal Mining; Consumer Product Safety; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food Contamination; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lead; Mercury; Metals, Heavy; Nickel; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Soil Pollutants; Spinacia oleracea; Time Factors; Spinacia oleracea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32644447881	Impacts of the women-in-agriculture (WIA) extension programme on women's lives; implications for subsistence agricultural production of women in Imo State, Nigeria	Odurukwe S.N., Matthews-Njoku E.C., Ejiogu-Okereke N.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	2	None	Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Odurukwe, S.N., Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Matthews-Njoku, E.C., Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ejiogu-Okereke, N., Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	This study analysed the impacts of the WIA programme on the lives of women in Imo State Nigeria, with the view of strengthening their subsistence agricultural production. Data were collected from 160 women from both urban and rural areas of the State. Data analysis was achieved using rankings, descriptive statistics and ordinary least square regression models. The results of the findings show that packages as cassava processing into pancake, and cassava flour, processing and utilization of soybean into flour paste, and soy-meal, cocoyam processing into cocoyam flour, and processing of fresh tomatoes into tomato paste; which recorded high awareness values had low adoption rates. Transferred WIA technologies as cassava processing and utilization - into; odorless fufu, gari, and tapioca (93.16%); processing of maize, into corn meal, and pap (79.77%), processing and storage of fresh tomatoes into tomato paste (86.46%), and dry season vegetable gardening (66.38%) recorded high response from the women as being very relevant to their socioeconomic wellbeing. However, such technologies as cassava processing and utilization into pancake and cassava flour (83.27%), processing of maize into maize flour, and malted maize drink (75.08%) were reported as not relevant. Positive impacts of women adoption of WIA packages were most on the women than the men and the children. It ensured family food security and enhanced children's education and women financial and socioeconomic status. Primary occupation, annual income, household size and membership of women's group showed a positive and very significant relationship with the adoption of the WIA technologies by the women. Among the problems to effective achievement of set objectives is lack of access to land, non-coverage of agricultural production activities. It is recommended among others that the WIA programme should include women agricultural production needs in its programme of activities, in addition to increasing its' clientele coverage.	Imo State; Impacts on Women's live; Nigeria; Women-in-Agriculture Programme	Colocasia esculenta; Gari; Glycine max; Lycopersicon esculentum; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33244456606	Hybrid data capture for monitoring patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in urban Botswana	Bussmann H., Wester C.W., Ndwapi N., Vanderwarker C., Gaolathe T., Tirelo G., Avalos A., Moffat H., Marlink R.G.	2006	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	84	2	10.2471/BLT.04.019307	Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	Bussmann, H., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Wester, C.W., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Ndwapi, N., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Vanderwarker, C., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Gaolathe, T., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Tirelo, G., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Avalos, A., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Moffat, H., Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Marlink, R.G., Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	Individual patient care and programme evaluation are pivotal for the success of antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. While computer-aided documentation and data storage are indispensable for any large programme, several important issues need to be addressed including which data are to be collected, who collects it and how it is entered into an electronic database. We describe a patient-monitoring approach, which uses patient encounter forms (in hybrid paper + electronic format) based on optical character recognition, piloted at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana's first public highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) outpatient clinic. Our novel data capture approach collects "key" data for tracking patient and programme outcomes. It saves physician time and does not detract from clinical care.	Automatic data processing; Botswana (source: MeSH, NLM); Computerized; Data collection; Medical records; Medical records systems	antiretrovirus agent; data acquisition; health monitoring; urban population; article; Botswana; computer aided design; drug activity; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; outpatient department; patient monitoring; physician; pilot study; urban area; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Automatic Data Processing; Botswana; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Database Management Systems; Drug Monitoring; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Medical Records Systems, Computerized; Optical Storage Devices; Program Evaluation; RNA, Viral; Time Factors; Africa; Botswana; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33244492442	Work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance	Ntayi J.M.	2005	Journal of African Business	6	02-Jan	10.1300/J156v06n01_09	Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	Ntayi, J.M., Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	This study explores the relationship between work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance. Using data from Uganda retail firms, this study finds that work ethic was a significant positive predictor of salesforce task performance. Further, there was a significant relationship between the different behavioural families of work-related activity work withdrawal behaviours, organizational retaliation behaviours and salesforce task performance. Results from regression analysis indicate that organizational retaliation behaviours and work withdrawal behaviours are important factors for explaining declining performance of salespeople in Uganda retail firms. Managers aiming to improve salesforce task performance should recruit individuals with a strong work ethic. Additionally, retail managers need to reduce work withdrawal and organizational retaliation behaviours so as to increase salesforce task performance. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Job withdrawal behaviours; Locus of control; Organizational retaliation behaviours; Work ethic; Work withdrawal behaviours	ethics; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644510772	Evaluation of the abortifacient properties of chloroform extract of Carica papaya L. seed in female albino rats	Raji Y., Morakinyo A.O., Akinsomisoye O.S., Oloyo A.K., Esegbue-Peters P.R.C., Kunle-Alabi O.T.	2006	International Journal of Pharmacology	2	1	10.3923/ijp.2006.20.23	Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi On	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Morakinyo, A.O., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinsomisoye, O.S., Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oloyo, A.K., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Esegbue-Peters, P.R.C., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria	This study was carried out to investigate the impact of oral administration of chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed (CPE) on implantation and pregnancy in female albino rats. The study was divided into three experimental sections. Each section was subdivided into 4 groups treated, respectively with 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 b.w CPE and 2.5% tween 80 in normal saline (vehicle for CPE; control). Rats in section 1 were treated with CPE for two weeks before mating (pre-coital). Rats in section 2 were administered CPE from day 1 of pregnancy till term (post coital) while rats in section 3 received the extract for two weeks before mating and thereafter throughout term (pre and post-coital). Implantation sites and resorptions were determined in some of the pregnant rats after laparotomy. The gestation period, litter size and fetal weight were recorded in the remaining rats. The litters were also observed for any morphological alterations. The extract treated rats had significant decreases in litter size and implantation count (p&lt;0.01). The percentage resorptions increased in a dose dependent manner while the fetal weight and morphology remain unchanged when compared with the normal untreated control groups. The percentage resorptions were high in CPE treated rats when compared with the control group. None of the 100 mg kg-1 b.w CPE treated female rats had litters. The results suggest that the chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed has anti-implantation and abortifacient properties in female albino rats. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Abortion; Carica papaya seed; Implantation; Pregnancy	abortive agent; Carica papaya extract; chloroform; animal experiment; animal model; article; breeding; controlled study; dose response; embryo resorption; female; fetus; fetus weight; gestation period; herbal medicine; laparotomy; litter size; mating; morphology; nidation; nonhuman; papaya; plant seed; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644518381	Performance optimization of coagulant/flocculant in the treatment of wastewater from a beverage industry	Amuda O.S., Amoo I.A., Ajayi O.O.	2006	Journal of Hazardous Materials	129	03-Jan	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.078	Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Amuda, O.S., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Amoo, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Ajayi, O.O., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	This study investigated the effect of coagulation/flocculation treatment process on wastewater of Fumman Beverage Industry, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study also compared different dosages of coagulant, polyelectrolyte (non-ionic polyacrylamide) and different pH values of the coagulation processes. The effect of different dosages of polyelectrolyte in combination with coagulant was also studied. The results reveal that low pH values (3-8), enhance removal efficiency of the contaminants. Percentage removal of 78, 74 and 75 of COD, TSS and TP, respectively, were achieved by the addition of 500 mg/L Fe2(SO 4)3·3H2O and 93, 94 and 96% removal of COD, TSS and TP, respectively, were achieved with the addition of 25 mg/L polyelectrolyte to the coagulation process. The volume of sludge produced, when coagulant was used solely, was higher compared to the use of polyelectrolyte combined with Fe2(SO4)3·3H2O. This may be as a result of non-ionic nature of the polyelectrolyte; hence, it does not chemically react with solids of the wastewater. Coagulation/ flocculation may be useful as a pre-treatment process for beverage industrial wastewater prior to biological treatment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Beverage wastewater; Coagulation; pH control; Polyelectrolyte; Sludge	Beverages; Chemical reactions; Flocculation; Optimization; pH effects; Polyelectrolytes; Sewage sludge; Wastewater treatment; Beverage wastewater; Biological treatment; PH control; Sludge; Coagulation; coagulating agent; polyelectrolyte; proton; sulfur oxide; Beverages; Chemical reactions; Coagulation; Flocculation; Optimization; pH effects; Polyelectrolytes; Sewage sludge; Wastewater treatment; wastewater; article; beverage; chemical analysis; chemical reaction; flocculation; food contamination; pH; sludge; waste water management; wine industry; Beverages; Flocculation; Fruit; Industrial Waste; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Waste Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644520644	Starch hydrolysis using α-amylase: A laboratory evaluation using response surface methodology	Schoonees B.M.	2006	International Sugar Journal	108	1286	None	Sugar Milling Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Schoonees, B.M., Sugar Milling Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	The South African cane sugar mills use a thermostable amylase enzyme (produced by genetically modified strains of Bacillus licheniformis) to control seasonally high starch levels in juice. The recommended point of application of the enzyme is the third or fourth evaporator effect since the temperatures in these effects are high enough for the starch to remain solubilised, but low enough to prevent deactivation of the enzyme. The extended residence time and lower Brix in these effects are also believed to favour enzymatic action compared to conditions in the syrup tank. While considerable effort has been made to characterize the effect of factory parameters on the previous generation of commercially available α-amylases when they were first introduced to the cane sugar industry, not much work has been done on the thermostable enzymes, thus spurring this investigation. The effects and interaction effects of temperature, Brix, pH, starch concentration and enzyme concentration on the amount of starch hydrolysed by the enzyme in a sucrose solution were determined using statistical experimental design techniques. Experiments were conducted as batch processes, while the stirring rate, calcium content and the volume of each run were kept constant. A model was derived and corresponding response surface diagrams were used to identify trends in terms of the evaluated parameters. Some experiments were done to lend support for the model which was shown to be a good predictive tool within the experimental domain investigated.	None	Bacillus licheniformis; Enzyme concentrations; Genetically modified; Laboratory evaluation; Response surface methodology; Starch concentration; Statistical experimental design; Thermostable enzymes; Bacteriology; Batch data processing; Experiments; Hydrolysis; Starch; Sugar factories; Sugar industry; Surface properties; Amylases; Bacillus licheniformis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644527592	Royal jelly production in East Africa: Performance potential of the honey bees, Apis mellifera scutellata and Apis mellifera monticola in Kenya	Muli E.M., Raina S.K., Mueke J.M.	2005	Journal of Apicultural Research	44	4	None	International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, 438844 Nairobi, Kenya	Muli, E.M., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Raina, S.K., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mueke, J.M., Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, 438844 Nairobi, Kenya	This is the first study to evaluate the royal jelly production potential of two honey bee races in Kenya, Apis mellifera monticola and Apis mellifera scutellata. No significant differences were observed in cell acceptance rates and royal jelly yields between the two races. However, the age of larvae at grafting, supplementary feeding and time between grafting and harvest had significant effects on cell acceptance rates and royal jelly yields. © IBRA 2005.	Apis mellifera monticola; Apis mellifera scutellata; Cell acceptance; Honey bees; Kenya; Royal jelly; Royal jelly yields	Apinae; Apis mellifera; Apis mellifera scutellata; Monticola	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644541497	Random 2 dimensional ultrasonic evaluation of uterine cervix in pregnancy	Marchie T.T., Otoibhi O.E., Ogbeide E., Irabor P.F.I., Ogoinja S.Z.	2006	Saudi Medical Journal	27	2	None	Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria	Marchie, T.T., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Otoibhi, O.E., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Ogbeide, E., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Irabor, P.F.I., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Ogoinja, S.Z., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	article; biparietal distance; bladder; female; first trimester pregnancy; follow up; gestational age; human; measurement; Nigeria; pregnancy; prenatal care; statistical analysis; supine position; ultrasound; uterine cervix; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Pregnancy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644558725	Management of sickle cell anemia in Nigeria with medicinal plants: Cationic evaluation of extracts and possible effects on the efficacy	Folasade S.I., Olukemi O.A., Jones M.O.	2006	Journal of Biological Sciences	6	1	10.3923/jbs.2006.100.102	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Suru Lere, Lagos, Nigeria	Folasade, S.I., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olukemi, O.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Suru Lere, Lagos, Nigeria; Jones, M.O., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Eleven aqueous plant extracts from 8 traditionally used Nigerian medicinal plants Adasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae), Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. (Crassulaceae), Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp. (Fabaceae), Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Cissus populnea Guill and Perr (Vitaceae) Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Periplocaceae), (Terminalia catappa L.) (Combretaceae) and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterman (Rutaceae) were evaluated for their cationic constituents as a measure of their efficacy in sickle cell anemia disorder. Extracts were subjected to dry ash digestion and the resultant supernatants were used for macro- and micronutrients determination using the emission flame photometer and the absorption spectrophotometer. K+, Na+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ were relatively higher than Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the tested extracts. The presence of these cations, K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ implicated in the process of sickling and involved in electrolytes movement in the physiological system of the body may be an important parameter in sickle cell anemia management. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cationic evaluation; Nigerian medicinal plants; Sickle cell management	Adasonia digitata extract; bryophyllum pinnatum extract; Cajanus cajan extract; calcium ion; Carica papaya extract; cation; Cissus populnea extract; herbaceous agent; iron; magnesium ion; Parquetina nigrescens extract; plant extract; potassium ion; sodium ion; Terminalia catappa extract; trace element; unclassified drug; water; zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides extract; zinc ion; absorption spectrophotometry; aqueous solution; article; controlled study; drug efficacy; electrolyte transport; extraction; flame photometry; macronutrient; medicinal plant; Nigeria; sickle cell anemia; supernatant; Cajanus cajan; Carica papaya; Caricaceae; Cissus populnea; Combretaceae; Crassulaceae; Fabaceae; Kalanchoe pinnata; Malvaceae; Parquetina nigrescens; Periplocoideae; Rutaceae; Terminalia catappa; Vitaceae; Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644587400	Evaluation of Allen's test in both arms and arteries of left and right-handed people	Oettlé A.C., van Niekerk A., Boon J.M., Meiring J.H.	2006	Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy	28	1	10.1007/s00276-005-0039-y	Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Oettlé, A.C., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Boon, J.M., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Meiring, J.H., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The Allen's test as described in 1929 by Edgar V. Allen has been modified, adapted and complemented by other newer modalities but remains a first line standard test to evaluate the arterial supply of the hand. In this study an attempt has been made to add more information regarding the arterial supply of the hand, in left- and right-handed individuals, left and right hands and the ulnar and radial arteries, when doing the Allen's test. A modified Allen's test using an oxygen saturation monitor was used. The sample group consisted of 80 (30 left-handed and 50 right-handed) students. No significant differences between the Allen's test of the left and right hands in the left and right-handed individuals were found. There was a marginal but not significant difference between the two arteries. The ulnar artery took slightly longer to reach baseline values as compared to the radial artery. The results suggest that a positive Allen's test can be found in both left and right-handed people, with regard to the left and right hands and both radial and ulnar arteries may be implicated. This information should be kept in mind when selecting either the radial or ulnar artery for grafting purposes (e.g. coronary angiosurgery) and forearm artery cannulation. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Collateral circulation; Oximetry; Patient selection; Radial artery; Ulnar artery	adult; arm; arterial circulation; artery catheterization; artery graft; article; controlled study; female; function test; human; human experiment; left handedness; male; monitor; normal human; oximetry; oxygen saturation; priority journal; radial artery; right handedness; ulnar artery; Adult; Arm; Arteries; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Male; Oximetry; Radial Artery; Ulnar Artery	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644630279	Ergonomic workplace construction, evaluation and improvement by CADWORK	Udosen U.J.	2006	International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics	36	3	10.1016/j.ergon.2005.11.005	Production Engineering Department, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Udosen, U.J., Production Engineering Department, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	The interactive capability of CADWORK has been demonstrated for construction, evaluation and improvement of a workplace for the assembly of a domestic fan. Data prepared in accordance with the requirements of the CADWORK system were fed into the computerized workplace heuristic and a workplace constructed from scratch was evaluated to give an assembly time of 1889.72 TMU at 100 BS performance level. The workplace was, then interactively adjusted by movement of some bins in the workplace to seek improvement. The cycle time simulated by CADWORK for the best improved workplace was 1654.89 TMU at 100 BS performance level. Computerized workplace design is quite relevant in industry as it enables various workplace layouts to be easily generated, evaluated and improved in situ, such that selection of the best layout is possible from the standpoints of ergonomics considerations and the anthropometric data of the operator who would use it. The criterion employed by CADWORK for workplace appraisal and selection, is the minimization of the cycle time of the product assembled using the workplace constructed or modified via the CADWORK heuristic. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Assembly operation; CADWORK; Computerized workplace design; Workplace construction; Workplace evaluation; Workplace improvement	Computer aided design; Computer simulation; Evaluation; Heuristic methods; Assembly operation; CADWORK; Computerized workplace design; Workplace evaluation; Ergonomics; anthropometry; article; computer aided design; computer program; computer simulation; construction work; ergonomics; operator; priority journal; workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644639614	Evaluation of the haematologic values of bitches in Northern Nigeria for the staging of pregnancy	Chaudhari S.U.R., Mshelia G.D.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	9	2	10.3923/pjbs.2006.310.312	Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Chaudhari, S.U.R., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Mshelia, G.D., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria	The heamatologic parameters of bitches in Northern Nigeria were investigated to evaluate their values for the staging of pregnancy. The values for Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin Concentration (Hb) were determined in the different stages of the reproductive cycle. RBC values were highest during proestrus with a mean of (14.86±0.79) × 106 μL-1, while the lowest values were recorded during pregnancy (3.86±0.35) × 106 μL-1. WBC, PCV and Hb values showed an increasing pattern from anoestrus to proestrus and then decrease with transition from proestrus to estrus, with the lowest WBC value of (7.99±0.65) × 103 μL-1 recorded during pregnancy. Total WBC count was highest during dioestrus (non-pregnant), with value almost twice that recorded during pregnancy. This suggests that WBC values can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in the Nigerian Local bitch. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Bitches; Haematologic values; Pregnancy	Canidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644745302	The bradykinin β2 receptor (BDKRB2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) genes and endurance performance during Ironman Triathlons	Saunders C.J., Xenophontos S.L., Cariolou M.A., Anastassiades L.C., Noakes T.D., Collins M.	2006	Human Molecular Genetics	15	6	10.1093/hmg/ddl014	MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical Research Council of South Africa, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cardiovascular Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus	Saunders, C.J., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Xenophontos, S.L., Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cariolou, M.A., Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Anastassiades, L.C., Cardiovascular Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Collins, M., MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical Research Council of South Africa, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	We have previously shown that the insertion allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene was over-represented in the fastest South-African-born finishers of the South African Ironman Triathlons. As ACE is a component of the skeletal muscle kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), the aim of this study is to determine if there are any further associations between polymorphisms within the BDKRB2 and NOS3 genes, which encode for the KKS components, bradykinin β2 receptor and nitric oxide synthase, respectively, and ultra-endurance performance during the Ironman Triathlons. Four-hundred and forty-three male Caucasian triathletes who completed the 2000 and/or 2001 South African Ironman Triathlons and 203 healthy Caucasian male control subjects were genotyped for the functional -9/+9 polymorphism within exon 1 of the BDKRB2 gene and the G894T NOS3 gene polymorphisms. The BDKRB2 -9/-9 genotype occurred at a significantly higher frequency when the triathlete group (27.0%) was compared with the control group (19.3%, P =0.035). When divided into tertiles, there was also a significant linear trend for the NOS3 GG genotype distribution among the fastest (35.0%), middle (40.4%) and slowest (46.9%) finishers (P =0.039). The overall finishing times of the triathletes with an NOS3 GG genotype together with a BDKRB2 + 9 allele were significantly slower than those with other genotype combinations (P = 0.001). The NOS3/BDKRB2 genotype (β = -0.150, B = -31.48, P=0.002), together with body mass index and age, accounted for 14.6% of the variance in the overall race time for the triathlon. In conclusion, both the NOS3 and BDKRB2 genes are associated with the actual performance during the Ironman Triathlons. © 2006 Oxford University Press.	None	bradykinin B2 receptor; endothelial nitric oxide synthase; analysis of variance; article; athlete; controlled study; DNA polymorphism; endurance sport; exon; functional assessment; functional genomics; gene frequency; genetic association; genetic variability; genotype; human; human experiment; kallikrein kinin system; male; multivariate analysis; normal human; priority journal; protein expression; protein function; South Africa; statistical significance; triathlon; Adult; Bicycling; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Physical Endurance; Receptor, Bradykinin B2; Running; South Africa; Sports; Swimming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644757692	Capital controls and the lending behaviour of South African banks: Preliminary findings on the expected impact of Basel II	Cumming S., Nel H.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	4	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00044.x	Department of Economics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Cumming, S.; Nel, H., Department of Economics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Banking regulation has developed rapidly over the past few years. There is a growing realization that the regulatory environment must keep pace with globalization and with advances in the financial sector. The 1988 Basel Capital Accord was an attempt to align regulatory capital with the actual underlying risks that banks face, thereby improving the soundness of the banking sector. The New Basel Capital Accord, due for implementation in South Africa in 2007, refines this principle and remedies some of the flaws of the 1988 Accord. This paper considers whether such implementation would have an effect on lending patterns and credit expansion in South Africa. It falls into five parts. Section 1 examines the rationale for the 1988 Basel Accord and outlines the relevant features of the New Accord. Section 2 reviews some of the criticisms directed towards the New Accord, concentrating on the speculation that its implementation will adversely affect bank credit expansion. Section 3 proposes a method of research for assessing the effect of the New Accord in South Africa. Section 4 analyses the trends in South African banking and considers how the New Accord may affect bank behaviour. Section 5 concludes. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	None	banking; lending behavior; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644760409	Evaluation of the use of RT-PCR for the early diagnosis of dengue fever	Grobusch M.P., Niedrig M., Göbels K., Klipstein-Grobusch K., Teichmann D.	2006	Clinical Microbiology and Infection	12	4	10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01353.x	Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany; Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition, DIfE, Nuthetal, Germany; Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2196 Johannesburg, South Africa	Grobusch, M.P., Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2196 Johannesburg, South Africa; Niedrig, M., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Göbels, K., Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany; Klipstein-Grobusch, K., German Institute of Human Nutrition, DIfE, Nuthetal, Germany; Teichmann, D., Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany	RT-PCR was used to diagnose dengue virus infections confirmed serologically in 26 returning travellers. RT-PCR was positive for three (75%) of four samples taken on or before day 3 of the illness, for 15 (78.9%) of 19 samples taken between days 4 and 7, and for none of three samples tested on or after day 8 (p 0.0337). When applied early, RT-PCR seems to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of dengue fever. © 2006 Copyright by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.	Dengue fever; Diagnosis; RT-PCR; Sampling time; Sensitivity	immunoglobulin M; monoclonal antibody; virus antigen; adult; antigen detection; article; clinical article; controlled study; dengue; disease course; early diagnosis; female; human; immunofluorescence test; laboratory diagnosis; male; priority journal; quantitative analysis; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; serodiagnosis; strain difference; travel; virus detection; virus isolation; Adolescent; Adult; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Early Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Male; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Dengue virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644769053	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of Chlorophora excelsa stem bark extract	Olajide O.A., Kolawole O.T., Fagbohun T.R., Ajayi F.F.	2005	Pharmaceutical Biology	43	9	10.1080/13880200500406388	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi O	Olajide, O.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kolawole, O.T., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Fagbohun, T.R., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne Campus, Nigeria; Ajayi, F.F., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria	A methanol extract of the stem bark of Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth and Hook was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in different models. Acute inflammatory effects were studied in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the effect of the extract in chronic inflammation was evaluated using the cotton pellet granuloma test. The effect of the extract on topical inflammation induced with croton oil was also tested in mice. The extract produced a significant (p. < 0.05) and dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced pedal edema, as well as granuloma tissue formation in rats. Topical anti-inflammatory effect was only evident with 400 mg/kg of the extract. This study demonstrated acute, chronic, and topical anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of C. excelsa. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.	Acute inflammation; Anti-inflammatory; Chlorophora excelsa; Chronic inflammation; Extract; Topical inflammation	antiinflammatory agent; carrageenan; Chlorophora excelsa extract; croton oil; hydrocortisone; indometacin; methanol; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; article; Chlorophora excelsa; chronic inflammation; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug screening; granuloma; inflammation; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; paw edema; tree; tree trunk; Animalia; Chlorophora excelsa; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644799663	Evaluation and prediction of the swelling characteristics of Nigerian black clays	Nwaiwu C.M.O., Nuhu I.	2006	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering	24	1	10.1007/s10706-004-1928-2	Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Al-Kay Limited (Building and Civil Engineering), Lozumba Shopping Complex, UTC Area, Garki, FCT Abuja, Nigeria	Nwaiwu, C.M.O., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Nuhu, I., Al-Kay Limited (Building and Civil Engineering), Lozumba Shopping Complex, UTC Area, Garki, FCT Abuja, Nigeria	The swelling characteristics of black clays from two major areas of occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria, were investigated in the laboratory. Clay samples derived from lagoonal clay deposits showed high swelling tendencies while those samples derived from Olivine basalts showed medium to high swelling tendencies. Although interparticle swelling was the dominant swelling mechanism, soil samples with higher clay contents exhibited higher swelling tendencies. The developed predictive models show that the free swell percentage as well as the swelling pressure can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity, specific gravity, clay content and plasticity index. On the other hand, swell percent can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity and specific gravity only. © Springer 2006.	Free swell; Regression analysis; Swell percent; Swelling pressure; Tropical black clays	Clay deposits; Composition; Density measurement (specific gravity); Electric conductivity measurement; Plasticity; Pressure measurement; Regression analysis; Sampling; Swelling; Clay content; Plasticity index; Swell percent; Swelling pressure; Tropical black clays; Clay; clay; swelling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644828010	Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance	Havemann L., West S.J., Goedecke J.H., Macdonald I.A., St Clair Gibson A., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V.	2006	Journal of Applied Physiology	100	1	10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005	Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Dept. of Human Biology, Univ. of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	Havemann, L., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; West, S.J., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Goedecke, J.H., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Dept. of Human Biology, Univ. of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Macdonald, I.A., School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; St Clair Gibson, A., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa	The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) followed by 1 day of carbohydrate (CHO) loading on substrate utilization, heart rate variability (HRV), effort perception [rating or perceived exertion (RPE)], muscle recruitment [electromyograph (EMG)], and performance during a 100-km cycling time trial. In this randomized single-blind crossover study, eight well-trained cyclists completed two trials, ingesting either a high-CHO diet (HCD) (68% CHO energy) or an isoenergetic HFD (68% fat energy) for 6 days, followed by 1 day of CHO loading (8-10 g CHO/kg). Subjects completed a 100-km time trial on day 1 and a 1-h cycle at 70% of peak oxygen consumption on days 3, 5, and 7, during which resting HRV and resting and exercising respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured. On day 8, subjects completed a 100-km performance time trial, during which blood samples were drawn and EMG was recorded. Ingestion of the HFD reduced RER at rest (P < 0.005) and during exercise (P < 0.01) and increased plasma free fatty acid levels (P < 0.01), indicating increased fat utilization. There was a tendency for the low-frequency power component of HRV to be greater for HFD-CHO (P = 0.056), suggestive of increased sympathetic activation. Overall 100-km time-trial performance was not different between diets; however, 1-km sprint power output after HFD-CHO was lower (P < 0.05) compared with HCD-CHO. Despite a reduced power output with HFD-CHO, RPE, heart rate, and EMG were not different between trials. In conclusion, the HFD-CHO dietary strategy increased fat oxidation, but compromised high intensity sprint performance, possibly by increased sympathetic activation or altered contractile function. Copyright © 2006 the American Physiological Society.	Endurance exercise; Fat oxidation; Heart rate variability; Muscle recruitment; Rating of perceived exertion	fatty acid; adult; article; blood sampling; carbohydrate absorption; controlled study; electromyogram; energy resource; exercise intensity; fat body; fatty acid blood level; heart rate variability; human; human experiment; lipid diet; lung gas exchange; male; motor performance; muscle contraction; muscle function; normal human; priority journal; adaptation; carbohydrate diet; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; crossover procedure; endurance; exercise; exercise test; fat intake; heart rate; metabolism; oxygen consumption; physiology; psychomotor performance; randomized controlled trial; running; single blind procedure; skeletal muscle; Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Exercise Test; Exertion; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Psychomotor Performance; Running; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644830726	On the impact of winter conditions on the dynamics of a population with non-overlapping generations: A model approach	Nedorezov L.V., Volkova E.V.	2005	Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii	66	6	None	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	Nedorezov, L.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Volkova, E.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	The authors propose new type of models with non-overlapping generations. It is assumed that during winter period individuals are not active (as, for example, in insect populations in boreal forests) and some portion of population dyes. However the portion of population, that survives, Q, indirectly depends on feeding conditions in previous growing season. In the formal terms, Q = Q(u) is a decreasing function of the mean population size u (i.e., of the integral) over the growing period, and traditional discrete-time model therefore turns into a discrete-continuous one. Under any constant birth rate Y, the model is reduced to a discrete one in its general form, and a general result consists in global stability of the zero solution for any Y< 1, e.t., in population extinction from any initial state. In particular cases of dependence of Q(u) and different types of population self-limitation during growing season the general model results in a great variety of discrete models (including well known Moran - Ricker and Skellam models). For logistic growth of population during the growing season and exponential decrease in Q(u), the condition is obtained for a non-trivial steady state to exist, and the outcome is presented for bifurcation analysis with regard to parameter Y: cycles with typical period-doubling and chaotic dynamics.	None	animal; article; biological model; cold; population dynamics; season; Animals; Cold; Models, Biological; Population Dynamics; Seasons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644843882	Growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene and performance and post-race rectal temperature during the South African Ironman triathlon	Walpole B., Noakes T.D., Collins M.	2006	British Journal of Sports Medicine	40	2	10.1136/bjsm.2005.020669	Medical Research Council of South Africa, Newlands, South Africa; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Walpole, B., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Collins, M., Medical Research Council of South Africa, Newlands, South Africa, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Some studies have suggested that the insertion allele of the ACE gene is associated with endurance performance, including the Ironman triathlon. It is possible that this association is due to genetic linkage between the ACE I/D locus and the T/A variant in intron 4 of the neighbouring GH1 gene. The A variant is associated with lower levels of growth hormone production. Growth hormone has multiple effects, especially on metabolism during exercise and recovery from exercise. Its production during exercise has also been shown to stimulate sweat rate and heat loss. Objective: To determine whether the GH1 gene is associated with the performance and/or post-race rectal temperatures of competitors in the South African Ironman triathlon. Methods: A total of 169 of the fastest finishing white male triathletes who completed the 2000 and/or 2001 South African Ironman triathlon and 155 control subjects were genotyped for the T/A variant in the GH1 gene. Post-race rectal temperature was also determined in 103 of these triathletes. Results: There was no significant difference in the frequency of this polymorphism in the GH1 gene when the fastest finishing triathletes were compared with the control subjects. Post-race rectal temperatures were, however, significantly higher in those triathletes with an AA genotype (mean (SD) 37.7 (0.8) °C) compared with those with a TT genotype (37.2 (0.8) °C) (p = 0.019). Conclusions: The T/A polymorphism in intron 4 of the GH1 gene was not associated with performance of the fastest finishers of the South African Ironman triathlon. Post-race rectal temperatures were, however, significantly higher in the fastest finishing athletes, who were homozygous for a GH1 genotype associated with lower growth hormone production.	None	dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase; DNA; growth hormone; adult; age; article; athlete; body mass; Caucasian; controlled study; DNA polymorphism; endurance; gene; gene frequency; gene insertion; genotype; GH1 gene; growth hormone release; human; male; normal human; physical performance; polymerase chain reaction; rectum temperature; South Africa; triathlon; Adult; Alleles; Bicycling; Body Temperature Regulation; DNA; Growth Hormone; Humans; Male; Physical Endurance; Running; South Africa; Sports; Swimming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644848750	Performance of the Reality® polyurethane female condom and a synthetic latex prototype: A randomized crossover trial among South African women	Beksinska M., Smit J., Mabude Z., Vijayakumar G., Joanis C.	2006	Contraception	73	4	10.1016/j.contraception.2005.07.015	Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Department of Development Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States	Beksinska, M., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Smit, J., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Mabude, Z., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Vijayakumar, G., Department of Development Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Joanis, C., Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States	Objective: This multisite, randomized, crossover trial comparing the performance of the Reality® female condom (FC1) with a new synthetic latex prototype (FC2) was conducted in Durban, South Africa. Method: In total, 276 women were enrolled and 201 women completed the study. Altogether, 1910 FC1 condoms and 1881 FC2 condoms were used. Results: Total breakage was 0.73% in FC1 and 0.85% in FC2 (95% confidence interval, -0.64 to 0.87). The number of clinical breakages (those that could result in a pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection) was similar for each condom type (FC1, n=9; FC2, n=8). Incorrect penetration (penis between condom and vaginal wall) was 1.26% and 0.64% for FC1 and FC2, respectively. Outer ring displacements (outer ring pushed into the vagina partially or fully) were comparable for both condoms (FC1, 3.14%; FC2, 2.98%). Slippage (condom came out of the vagina) was rare and reported in 0.37% or less of devices used. Total clinical failure was 5.24% in FC1 and 4.3% in FC2. Conclusion: The FC1 and FC2 performed comparably within this trial. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Barrier methods; Female condom; Performance; Randomized trial; Reality; Synthetic latex	latex; polyetherurethan; polyurethan; adult; article; clinical trial; condom; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; human; human experiment; intermethod comparison; pregnancy; randomized controlled trial; sexual intercourse; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; crossover procedure; equipment; statistics; Adult; Condoms, Female; Cross-Over Studies; Equipment Failure; Female; Humans; Latex; Polyurethanes; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644854458	Evaluation of nutritional composition, sensory and physical property of home processed weaning food based on low cost locally available food materials	Ijarotimi O.S., Ashipa F.	2006	Nutrition and Food Science	36	1	10.1108/00346650610642142	Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ijarotimi, O.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ashipa, F., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Purpose - The objectives of this study are to develop low cost weaning food for the economically disadvantaged nursing mothers and also to prevent protein energy malnutrition among the infants in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - The blends (sweet potato and soybean flour) were prepared (homogenously) in the ratio of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 of sweet potato and soybean respectively. Triplicate samples of each blend were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein (N × 6.25), crude fiber and ash. Total lipid was estimated by petroleum ether extraction. Carbohydrate content was estimated by difference. Gross energy was determined. Water absorption capacity and bulk density were determined using standard procedures. The pasting characteristics of the flours were evaluated using a standard procedure. The sensory evaluation was carried out on the following parameters: taste, appearance, aroma, mouth (texture), colour and overall acceptability by a panel of ten members using a nine-point hedonic scale. Findings - The results of nutritional composition of the supplements showed protein 11.2-33.72 per cent, carbohydrates 42.91-76.51 per cent, fat 3.10-12.78 per cent, energy values 329.5-366.74 kcal/100 g and appreciable quantities of P, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K and Na. The soysweet potato flours had peak viscosity values between 180-365 BU. These values increased when cooled to 50°C, (420-760 BU). Results of this study showed that at 30 per cent soy flour supplementation, the meal could meet satisfactorily the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for children of 1-3 years old, and that the developed soy-sweet potato diets were nutritious, inexpensive and can easily be prepared from locally available raw food materials by using simple domestic processing techniques. Originality/value - Evidence has shown that the cost of commercial weaning formula is very high and most of the low-income family cannot afford to purchase this commercial weaning food and for such people an alternative low cost weaning formula is helpful. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Disadvantaged groups; Food products; Infants; Nigeria; Nutrition	Glycine max; Ipomoea batatas; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644867347	Ruling out pregnancy among family planning clients: The impact of a checklist in three countries	Stanback J., Diabate F., Dieng T., de Morales T.D., Cummings S., Traoré M.	2005	Studies in Family Planning	36	4	10.1111/j.1728-4465.2005.00073.x	Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Stanback, J., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Diabate, F., AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Dieng, T., Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; de Morales, T.D., Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Cummings, S., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Traoré, M., Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Women in many countries are often denied vital family planning services if they are not menstruating when they present at clinics, for fear that they might be pregnant. A simple checklist based on criteria approved by the World Health Organization has been developed to help providers rule out pregnancy among such clients, but its use is not yet widespread. Researchers in Guatemala, Mali, and Senegal conducted operations research to determine whether a simple, replicable introduction of this checklist improved access to contraceptive services by reducing the proportion of clients denied services. From 2001 to 2003, sociodemographic and service data were collected from 4,823 women from 16 clinics in three countries. In each clinic, data were collected prior to introduction of the checklist and again three to six weeks after the intervention. Among new family planning clients, denial of the desired method due to menstrual status decreased significantly from 16 percent to 2 percent in Guatemala and from 11 percent to 6 percent in Senegal. Multivariate analyses and bivariate analyses of changes within subgroups of nonmenstruating clients confirmed and reinforced these statistically significant findings. In Mali, denial rates were essentially unchanged, but they were low from the start. Where denial of services to nonmenstruating family planning clients was a problem, introduction of the pregnancy checklist significantly reduced denial rates. This simple, inexpensive job aid improves women's access to essential family planning services. © 2005 The Population Council, Inc.	None	adult; anamnesis; article; clinical trial; contraception; family planning; female; health care delivery; human; menstruation; methodology; multicenter study; patient abandonment; prediction and forecasting; world health organization; Adult; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Medical History Taking; Menstruation; Predictive Value of Tests; Refusal to Treat; World Health Organization; Access; Family Planning; Guatemala; Mali; Pregnancy; Senegal; contraceptive use; family planning; multivariate analysis; pregnancy; Africa; Central America; Guatemala [Central America]; Mali; Senegal; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644867731	Evaluation of the gill filament-based EROD assay in African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as a monitoring tool for waterborne PAH-type contaminants	Mdegela R., Myburgh J., Correia D., Braathen M., Ejobi F., Botha C., Sandvik M., Skaare J.U.	2006	Ecotoxicology	15	1	10.1007/s10646-005-0041-5	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Veterinary Faculty, University of Eduardo Mondlane, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway	Mdegela, R., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Myburgh, J., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Correia, D., Veterinary Faculty, University of Eduardo Mondlane, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Braathen, M., Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway; Ejobi, F., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Botha, C., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Sandvik, M., Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway; Skaare, J.U., Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway	The ability of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in inducing cytochrome P-450 class 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) biomarkers was determined in liver and gill filaments after 4 days of waterborne exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) fish were exposed to B[a]P added to the water (30 μg/l) corresponding to 5 mg/kg total body weight. Five female and six male fish, exposed to acetone alone added to the water served as controls. The 7-ethoxyresurufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was measured in hepatic microsomes and gill filaments. In addition, GST activity was determined in the hepatic cytosolic fraction and fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile and biliverdin. Benzo[a]pyrene strongly induced EROD activities in gill filaments of both sex. Levels of FACs per ml of bile were 17-fold higher in exposed fish compared to the controls. Correlations between induction of EROD activities in gill filaments and liver and between induction of EROD activities in gill filaments and levels of biliary FACs metabolites were strong. GST activities in the hepatic cytosolic fraction were similar amongst the treated and control groups. This is the first report on studies determining EROD activities in gill filaments and hepatic tissue, FACs in bile and GST in hepatic tissues of C. gariepinus after waterborne exposure to B[a]P. The findings suggest that the gill filament-based EROD assay in C. gariepinus can be used to monitor the pollution of AhR agonists in aquatic ecosystems in eastern and southern African countries. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	African catfish; Benzo[a]pyrene; Biomarkers; Clarias gariepinus; Gill and liver EROD assay	acetone; benzo[a]pyrene; biliverdin; biological marker; cytochrome P450 1A; ethoxyresorufin; ethoxyresorufin deethylase; glutathione transferase; liver enzyme; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; resorufin; aquatic ecosystem; biomarker; biomonitoring; fish; PAH; Africa; animal experiment; animal tissue; aquatic environment; article; bile; catfish; controlled study; cytosol; environmental exposure; environmental monitoring; enzyme activity; enzyme assay; enzyme induction; evaluation; female; fluorescence; gill; liver; liver microsome; male; metabolite; nonhuman; priority journal; water pollution; Animals; Bile; Biological Assay; Biological Markers; Catfishes; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Gills; Glutathione Transferase; Liver; Male; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644893072	Evaluation of speech in patients with partial surgically acquired defects: Pre and post prosthetic obturation	Arigbede A.O., Dosumu O.O., Shaba O.P., Esan T.A.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obe	Arigbede, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Shaba, O.P., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obefeml Awolowo University, Ile-Ile, Nigeria	Aim: Maxillectomy often results in a high level of morbidity with significant psychological and functional implications for the patient. Such disabilities include inability to masticate, deglutition, and speech disturbance. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of the speech disturbance and the influence of the class of surgical defects in this group of patients. The aims of the present study were to assess the effectiveness of the maxillary obturator as a speech rehabilitation aid and to examine the influence of the classes of surgical defects on speech intelligibility (SI). Materials and Methods: Twelve patients aged between 18 and 60 years with surgically acquired partial maxillary defects were included in this study. The patients were given immediate surgical obturators six to ten days after surgery, which were then converted to interim obturators by relining with tissue conditioner. Interim prostheses were used for two to three months until healing and resorption were found satisfactory after which the definitive obturators were fabricated. The SI test described by Plank et al.1 and Wheeler et al.8 was employed in this study. There were significant improvements in the mean SI score from 59.8% without prosthetic obturation, to 89.2% following interim obturation, and 94.7% following definitive obturation (p&lt;0.005). Nine patients (75%) had class I surgical defects, two patients (16.67%) had class II defects, while only one patient (8.33%) had a class VI surgical defect. None of the patients had class III, IV, or class V surgical defects. There was an improvement in the SI score from class I to class VI without obturation, after insertion of interim obturator, and after insertion of the definitive obturator. Conclusion: Results support the widely held view that the maxillary obturator is a useful speech rehabilitation aid. It also shows immediate, interim, and definitive obturators are all important in the speech rehabilitation of patients with surgically acquired maxillary defects. Moreover SI is affected by the class of defect.	Maxillectomy; Obturator; SI; Speech intelligibility	adult; article; bone remodeling; clinical article; controlled study; female; human; male; maxilla resection; osteolysis; patient assessment; postoperative complication; prosthesis; reparative dentistry; scoring system; speech; speech disorder; speech intelligibility; speech rehabilitation; statistical analysis; statistical significance; adolescent; aged; child; evaluation; maxilla; maxilla tumor; middle aged; Nigeria; oral surgery; outcome assessment; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Dental Prosthesis Design; Female; Humans; Male; Maxilla; Maxillary Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Oral Surgical Procedures; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Palatal Obturators; Speech Intelligibility; Tissue Conditioning (Dental)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644907191	The impact of green cane production systems on manual and mechanical farming operations	Meyer E., Norris C.P., Jacquin E., Richard C., Scandaliaris J.	2006	Zuckerindustrie	131	2	None	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa; Booker Tate, PO Box 479, Atherton, QLD, Australia; Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius; C Richard and Associates, 129S Cortez Street, New Orleans, 70119, United States; Estación Experimental Obispo Colombres, Casilla de Correo No 9, Las Talitas 4101, Tucumán, Argentina	Meyer, E., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa; Norris, C.P., Booker Tate, PO Box 479, Atherton, QLD, Australia; Jacquin, E., Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius; Richard, C., C Richard and Associates, 129S Cortez Street, New Orleans, 70119, United States; Scandaliaris, J., Estación Experimental Obispo Colombres, Casilla de Correo No 9, Las Talitas 4101, Tucumán, Argentina	Many sugar industries around the globe have moved, or are in the process of moving, to green cane production systems. Some of these industries have done so because of pressure from local communities or because of government legislation regarding environmental pollution, while others have done so for a variety of agronomic and economic reasons. Nevertheless, it is estimated that at present more than 50% of all sugarcane around the world is still burnt prior to harvesting. Burning the cane is seen as an effective way of maintaining high manual cutter and mechanical harvester outputs and to deliver cleaner cane to the mills. However, there are many disadvantages associated with burning, which include atmospheric pollution, and soil and water losses. Cut to crush delays in burnt cane have been recognized as one of the main causes of increased dextran contents in sugar. Many factors need to be considered when moving to a green cane production system, with the main issues involving the changes required to adapt to different agronomic, mechanical and labor regimes. Factory performance and social and economic implications also need to be taken into account. This paper highlights many of the issues that affect the operational, economic and social considerations that need to be evaluated when changing from a burnt to green cane harvesting system. These issues include manual and mechanical harvesting efficiencies and performances, handling of sugarcane residues and machinery availability and suitability. Other areas such as cane quality, and loading and transport of sugarcane are also discussed.	Burnt cane; Economic implications; Green cane; Loading; Manual harvesting; Mechanical harvesting; Social implications; Transport	Saccharum hybrid cultivar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644932942	The impact of HIV/AIDS on land rights: Perspectives from Kenya	Aliber M., Walker C.	2006	World Development	34	4	10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.09.010	Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Aliber, M., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Walker, C., University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The study examined the impact of HIV/AIDS on land tenure in rural Kenya. The study found fewer examples of dispossession of widows' and orphans' land rights than had been anticipated in light of the existing literature and anecdotal accounts, and some evidence that Kenya's statutory tenure system, notwithstanding its problems, can protect vulnerable individuals from tenure loss. This is not to diminish the social and economic costs of HIV/AIDS, but to caution against focusing on HIV/AIDS as the major threat to tenure security. Where HIV/AIDS does aggravate tenure insecurity, it is due to the conjunction of population pressure, stigmatization, and gendered power relations. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; AIDS; Kenya; Land tenure	health and disease; human immunodeficiency virus; land use; medical geography; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645003520	The impact of intragenic recombination on phylogenetic reconstruction at the sectional level in Eucalyptus when using a single copy nuclear gene (cinnamoyl CoA reductase)	Poke F.S., Martin D.P., Steane D.A., Vaillancourt R.E., Reid J.B.	2006	Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution	39	1	10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.016	School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa	Poke, F.S., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Martin, D.P., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Steane, D.A., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Vaillancourt, R.E., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Reid, J.B., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia	Low copy number nuclear genes have been found to be useful for phylogenetic reconstruction at different taxonomic levels. This study investigated the utility of a single copy gene, cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR), for resolving phylogenetic relationships at the sectional level within Eucalyptus. The monophyly of sections Exsertaria and Latoangulatae was explored, using section Maidenaria as an outgroup, and the impact of intragenic recombination on phylogenetic reconstruction examined. Phylogenetic analysis did not resolve monophyletic groups. Latoangulatae and Maidenaria were polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Exsertaria species formed a clade but included a single Latoangulatae species (E. major). Recombination analysis identified two intragenic recombination events that involved species from different sections, which have probably been facilitated by inter-sectional hybridisation. One of the events most likely occurred prior to speciation, with several Latoangulatae species having the recombinant allele. The other event may have occurred after speciation, since only one of two E. globulus samples possessed the recombinant allele. This is the first detailed report of intragenic recombination in both CCR and Eucalyptus, and between species of different sections of a plant genus. The occurrence of intragenic recombination may explain the anomalous positions of some species within the phylogenetic tree, and indicates that phylogenetic analysis of Eucalyptus using nuclear genes will be problematic unless recombination is taken into account. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	CCR; Hybridisation; Lignin; Nuclear DNA; Phylogeny; RDP2	aldehyde dehydrogenase; cinnamoyl CoA reductase; article; cell nucleus; classification; enzymology; Eucalyptus; gene dosage; genetic recombination; genetics; hybridization; molecular evolution; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Base Sequence; Cell Nucleus; Eucalyptus; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Dosage; Hybridization, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus globulus; Maidenaria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645005227	Using niche-based modelling to assess the impact of climate change on tree functional diversity in Europe	Thuiller W., Lavorel S., Sykes M.T., Araújo M.B.	2006	Diversity and Distributions	12	1	10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00216.x	Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Thuiller, W., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Lavorel, S., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Sykes, M.T., Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Araújo, M.B., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Rapid anthropogenic climate change is already affecting species distributions and ecosystem functioning worldwide. We applied niche-based models to analyse the impact of climate change on tree species and functional diversity in Europe. Present-day climate was used to predict the distributions of 122 tree species from different functional types (FT). We then explored projections of future distributions under one climate scenario for 2080, considering two alternative dispersal assumptions: no dispersal and unlimited dispersal. The species-rich broadleaved deciduous group appeared to play a key role in the future of different European regions. Temperate areas were projected to lose both species richness and functional diversity due to the loss of broadleaved deciduous trees. These were projected to migrate to boreal forests, thereby increasing their species richness and functional diversity. Atlantic areas provided an intermediate case, with a predicted reduction in the numbers of species and occasional predicted gains in functional diversity. This resulted from a loss in species within the broadleaved deciduous FT, but overall maintenance of the group. Our results illustrate the fact that both species-specific predictions and functional patterns should be examined separately in order to assess the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and gain insights into future ecosystem functioning. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Climate change; Functional diversity; Niche-based models; Species richness	climate change; ecosystem function; functional response; modeling; niche; species richness; Eurasia; Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645013961	Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in world biodiversity hotspots: The need for a greater global perspective in assessing N deposition impacts	Phoenix G.K., Hicks W.K., Cinderby S., Kuylenstierna J.C.I., Stock W.D., Dentener F.J., Giller K.E., Austin A.T., Lefroy R.D.B., Gimeno B.S., Ashmore M.R., Ineson P.	2006	Global Change Biology	12	3	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01104.x	Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Climate Change Unit, TP280, I-21020 Ispra (Va), Italy; Plant Production Systems Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands; IFEVA and Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agronomy and CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PO Box 783, Vientiane, Laos; Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Ed 70. Avda Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Environment Department, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Phoenix, G.K., Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Hicks, W.K., Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Cinderby, S., Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Stock, W.D., Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Dentener, F.J., Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Climate Change Unit, TP280, I-21020 Ispra (Va), Italy; Giller, K.E., Plant Production Systems Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands; Austin, A.T., IFEVA and Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agronomy and CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lefroy, R.D.B., Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PO Box 783, Vientiane, Laos; Gimeno, B.S., Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Ed 70. Avda Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Ashmore, M.R., Environment Department, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Ineson, P., Department of Biology, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is known to reduce plant diversity in natural and semi-natural ecosystems, yet our understanding of these impacts comes almost entirely from studies in northern Europe and North America. Currently, we lack an understanding of the threat of N deposition to biodiversity at the global scale. In particular, rates of N deposition within the newly defined 34 world biodiversity hotspots, to which 50% of the world's floristic diversity is restricted, has not been quantified previously. Using output from global chemistry transport models, here we provide the first estimates of recent (mid-1990s) and future (2050) rates and distributions of N deposition within biodiversity hotspots. Our analysis shows that the average deposition rate across these areas was 50% greater than the global terrestrial average in the mid-1990s and could more than double by 2050, with 33 of 34 hotspots receiving greater N deposition in 2050 compared with 1990. By this time, 17 hotspots could have between 10% and 100% of their area receiving greater than 15 kg N ha-1 yr-1, a rate exceeding critical loads set for many sensitive European ecosystems. Average deposition in four hotspots is predicted to be greater than 20 kg Nha-1 yr-1. This elevated N deposition within areas of high plant diversity and endemism may exacerbate significantly the global threat of N deposition to world floristic diversity. Overall, we highlight the need for a greater global approach to assessing the impacts of N deposition. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Conservation; Endemics; Nitrogen deposition; Plant diversity; Pollution; Species loss	atmospheric deposition; biodiversity; global perspective; nitrogen; plant community; pollution effect	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645014100	Living on wild plants: Evaluation of the rural household economy in Nigeria	Osemeobo G.J.	2005	Environmental Practice	7	4	10.1017/S1466046605050386	Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, PMB 468, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria	Osemeobo, G.J., Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, PMB 468, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria	Data were derived through a cross-sectional survey involving 288 respondents selected from three ecological zones of Nigeria to assess the role of wild plants in rural households' socio-economic security. The study revealed that wild plants were recognized by rural communities as common property and were managed through common property regimes. Wild plant products used by rural communities met a wide variety of uses and were available for sale in marketplaces within the rural areas. The study demonstrated that when compared across the three ecological zones, the volume of plant products was inversely related to the income they generated. For example, the volume of wild plant products harvested from natural forests was highest in the guinea savannah, followed by the derived savannah, and least in the rainforest; however, the annual household income generated from wild plants was highest in the rainforest and least in the guinea savannah. The wild plant products supported 11 occupations, including production of oils, soap making, gathering (of leaves, fruits, nuts, and seeds), carving, and production of chewing sticks (for oral hygiene). The most promising occupations were vegetable oil production, production of chewing sticks, soap making, production of wines, gathering, and fuel wood and charcoal production. The average annual value of harvested wild plant products from the forest (including items consumed, sold, given out to neighbors, and damaged after harvest) per household was 1,614,133 naira (N1,614,133), or US$11,956.54; the annual net income generated from the harvest of wild plant products per household was N910,252 (US$6,742.61). The sustainability of the forests for the supply of wild plant products is precarious. In plant conservation programs, priority attention should be given first to species threatened with extinction and then to plants of limited distribution in natural forests. © 2005 National Association of Environmental Professionals.	None	household expenditure; rural economy; socioeconomic status	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645056674	Impact of HIV infection on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in a peri-urban community in South Africa: The need for age-specific interventions	Lawn S.D., Bekker L.-G., Middelkoop K., Myer L., Wood R.	2006	Clinical Infectious Diseases	42	7	10.1086/501018	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiolgy Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Middelkoop, K., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Epidemiolgy Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. In August 2005, the World Health Organization declared the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa to be a regional emergency. Current TB-control measures are failing, largely as a result of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Evaluation of additional control interventions requires detailed understanding of the epidemiological relationship between these diseases at the community level. Methods. We examined age- and sex-specific trends in TB notifications and their association with the prevalence of HIV infection in a peri-urban township in South Africa during 1996-2004. Denominators for TB notifications were derived from population census data. The local TB-control program used the World Health Organization directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy. Results. TB notification rates increased 2.5-fold during the period, reaching a rate of 1468 cases per 100,000 persons in 2004 (P = .007, by test for trend); the estimated population prevalence of HIV infection increased from 6% to 22% during the same period. After stabilization of prevalence of HIV infection, the TB notification rate continued to increase steeply, indicating ongoing amplification of the TB epidemic. In 2004, at least 50% of children aged 0-9 years who developed TB were HIV infected. Annual TB notification rates among adolescents increased from 0 cases in 1996-1997 to 436 cases per 100,000 persons in 2003-2004, and these increases were predominantly among female. However, 20-39-year-old persons were affected most, with TB notification rates increasing from 706 to 2600 cases per 100,000 persons among subjects in their 30s. In contrast, TB rates among persons aged >50 years did not change. Conclusions. HIV infection is driving the TB epidemic in this population, and use of the DOTS strategy alone is insufficient. TB notifications have reached unprecedented levels, and additional targeted, age-specific interventions for control of TB and HIV infection in such populations are needed. © 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	adult; age; article; epidemic; female; gender; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection control; infection rate; major clinical study; male; prevalence; priority journal; South Africa; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; urban population; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Directly Observed Therapy; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645111948	Performance comparison of controllers acting on a batch pulp digester using Monte Carlo modelling	Sandrock C., de Vaal P., Weightman D.	2006	Control Engineering Practice	14	8	10.1016/j.conengprac.2005.05.009	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Sappi Saiccor (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 62, Umkomaas 4170, South Africa	Sandrock, C., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; de Vaal, P., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Weightman, D., Sappi Saiccor (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 62, Umkomaas 4170, South Africa	Finding a suitable control structure for any process usually involves comparing the performance of different possible control structures and choosing one which best satisfies chosen criteria. It is desirable to do this performance comparison off-line, as installation of a sub-optimal controller will cost both time and money. Monte Carlo modelling provides a well documented method of evaluating the statistical properties of stochastic systems. Applied to control system design, Monte Carlo modelling can incorporate detailed process models and accurate estimates of input distributions to give an accurate estimate of the effect of different control strategies on the system. In this study, Monte Carlo modelling was used to compare three candidate controllers in order to determine the best controller in terms of two criteria, namely variance reduction and setpoint tracking. The modelling technique yielded results that could be interpreted without difficulty, showing one controller to be clearly superior to the others according to these criteria. These results can be used to implement the best controller without expensive trial and error procedures. In situ experiments on an operational digester correlated well with the simulation results, showing the best controller to reduce variance by 43% and reduce the mean error by 90% when compared to the controller currently in use. It is shown that Monte Carlo modelling is a viable technique for controller performance analysis on highly nonlinear processes, due to the increasing availability of powerful computing systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Batch; Control; Monte Carlo; Nonlinear; Performance; Pulp digester	Computer simulation; Control system synthesis; Correlation methods; Mathematical models; Monte Carlo methods; Nonlinear control systems; Process control; Batch pulp digester; Controller performance analysis; Pulp digesters; Computer simulation; Control system synthesis; Correlation methods; Mathematical models; Monte Carlo methods; Nonlinear control systems; Process control; Pulp digesters; Batch Digesters; Control Systems; Correlation; Mathematical Models; Process Control; Pulping; Simulation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645113552	Impact of mechanical shelling and dehulling on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize	Fandohan P., Ahouansou R., Houssou P., Hell K., Marasas W.F.O., Wingfield M.J.	2006	Food Additives and Contaminants	23	4	10.1080/02652030500442516	Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin; Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Fandohan, P., Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; Ahouansou, R., Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; Houssou, P., Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; Hell, K., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin; Marasas, W.F.O., Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Mechanical shelling and dehulling methods were tested to evaluate their impact on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize. All shelling methods which were tested were found to damage the grains. The IITA® sheller caused the highest level (up to 3.5%) of damage. Fusarium populations were higher on damaged grains, the highest being recorded from grains damaged by the IITA® sheller (2533.3 cfu g-1). Fumonisin levels were higher in damaged grains, the highest being in maize shelled with the IITA® sheller (2.2 mg kg-1). Fumonisin levels were positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of damage caused by the shelling methods, and with the number of Fusarium colonies in maize. Mechanical dehulling methods significantly reduced fumonisin levels in maize, resulting in a mean reduction of 62% for Mini-PRL, 65% for Engelberg, and 57% for the attrition disc mill. It is important for farmers to choose appropriate shelling methods to reduce mycotoxin contamination. Dehulling should be widely promoted for the reduction of mycotoxins in maize. © 2006 Taylor &amp; Francis.	Contamination; Dehulling; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Impact; Maize; Shelling	fumonisin; mycotoxin; article; controlled study; correlation analysis; dehulling; food contamination; food processing; Fusarium; grain; maize; priority journal; Agriculture; Food Contamination; Food Handling; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Time Factors; Zea mays; Fusarium; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645229620	Reproductive performance of Wistar rats fed Acacia colei seed-based diets	Adewusi S.R.A., Falade O.S., Nwoha P.U., Caxton-Martins A.E., Harwood C.	2006	Journal of Arid Environments	66	1	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.10.014	Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Adewusi, S.R.A., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Falade, O.S., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Nwoha, P.U., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Caxton-Martins, A.E., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Harwood, C., CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Weanling male and female Wistar rats were fed diets incorporating 0%, 20% and 40% Acacia colei seed flour (Leguminosae), to raise three generations of animals. Weight gain decreased with increasing levels of acacia incorporation (crude protein content 12.6%) in first generation animals. Mating, 13 weeks after weaning, resulted in 80%, 60% and 0% pregnancy in female rats, average litter size of 5 and 5.5; and survival rate of 83% and 94% by rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Increasing the protein content to 18% reversed the reproductive failure in the 40% acacia group: pregnancy rate was 80%, 40% and 71%; mean litter size was 8.5, 12 and 3.8 in rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Growth rate was fastest in the 0% acacia group second-generation rats after the first 64 days. Mating this second generation resulted in 82%, 70% and 83% pregnancy over two matings for animals on 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Weights of reproductive and other internal organs were little affected by diet-type indicating that incorporation of acacia into rat diet would not affect reproduction except for the low quality of its protein. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dietary protein; Famine food; Growth; Reproduction	diet; food quality; litter size; reproductive success; rodent; Acacia; Acacia colei; Animalia; Fabaceae; Rattus norvegicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645238466	Impact of a new source of resistance to fusarium wilt in pigeonpea	Gwata E.T., Silim S.N., Mgonja M.	2006	Journal of Phytopathology	154	1	10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01062.x	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya	Gwata, E.T., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya; Silim, S.N., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya; Mgonja, M., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya	Pigeonpea is an important grain legume grown by smallholder farmers in Southern Africa. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium udum Butler, is the major disease limiting pigeonpea production in the region. This study was designed to evaluate the reaction to fusarium wilt as well as agronomic performance of new elite pigeonpea germplasm in three different countries during the 2001/2002 cropping season using wilt-sick plots. Per cent incidence of fusarium wilt (%FW), grain size and yield, were measured. The genotype ICEAP 00040 consistently showed a high (<20.0%) level of resistance to the disease in all three countries. In contrast, %FW score for the susceptible genotype ICEAP 00068 was 87.5, 92.0 and 90.9% in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania, respectively. The grain size obtained for ICEAP 00040 at Ngabu (Malawi) was 25.0% larger than that at each of the remaining locations indicating environmental influence on this trait. At all the three locations, ≥1.5 ton/Ha of grain yield was obtained for ICEAP 00040 compared with <1.0 ton/Ha for ICEAP 00068. In 2003, this improved resistant genotype (ICEAP 00040) was released for commercial production and will be useful as a good source of resistance in pigeonpea genetic improvement programs in the region. © 2006 Blackwell Verlag.	Fusarium wilt disease; Genotype; Pigeonpea	disease resistance; fungal disease; genotype; wilt; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Cajanus cajan; Fusarium; Fusarium udum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645281951	Relative performance of self-organizing maps and principal component analysis in pattern extraction from synthetic climatological data	Reusch D.B., Alley R.B., Hewitson B.C.	2005	Polar Geography	29	3	10.1080/789610199	Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Reusch, D.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Alley, R.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Hewitson, B.C., Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	As a contribution toward improving our ability to identify robust patterns of variability in complex, noisy climate datasets, we have compared a relatively new technique, Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs), to the well-established method of principal component analysis (PCA). Recent results suggest that SOMs offer advantages over PCA for use in climatological and other studies. Here each analysis technique was applied to synthetic datasets composed of positive and negative modes of four idealized North Atlantic sea-level-pressure fields, with and without noise components, to identify the predefined patterns of variability. PCA, even with component rotation, fails to adequately extract the known spatial patterns, mixes patterns into single components, and incorrectly partitions the variance among the components. The SOMs-based analyses are more robust and, with a sufficiently large set of generalized patterns, are able to isolate all the predefined patterns with correct attribution of variance. With PCA, it is difficult, if not impossible, to detect pattern mixing without prior knowledge of the patterns being mixed. Copyright © 2005 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.	None	numerical method; principal component analysis; self organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645290505	School performance of Nigerian adolescents with epilepsy	Adewuya A.O., Oseni S.B.A., Okeniyi J.A.O.	2006	Epilepsia	47	2	10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00437.x	Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun Stat	Adewuya, A.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001, Osun State, Nigeria; Oseni, S.B.A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Okeniyi, J.A.O., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Purpose: The study assessed the school performance of Nigerian adolescents with epilepsy compared with healthy controls and examined the variables correlating with their academic difficulties. Methods: The school grades of adolescents with epilepsy aged 12 to 18 years (n = 73) over the past academic year were compared with the grades of their classmates of the same age and gender. Risk factors possibly associated with school performance, such as adolescent variables (age, gender, perceived stigma, attitude toward epilepsy, and psychopathology), seizure variables (age at onset of illness, years of illness, types of seizures, and frequency of seizures per month), drug variables [types of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), number of AEDs and side effects of AEDs], and family variables (family's socioeconomic status, family functioning, caretakers' psychopathology, and caretakers' perceived stigma) were assessed. Results: The mean school grades of adolescents with epilepsy are significantly lower than are those of their healthy controls (p < 0.001) in all the subjects. The variables that significantly predict poor school performance in adolescents with epilepsy include psychopathology in the caretaker (p < 0.001), adolescents' perceived poor family functioning (p = 0.002), adolescents' attitude toward the illness (p = 0.001), adolescents' felt stigma (p = 0.002), externalizing symptoms in the adolescents (p = 0.004), and duration of illness (p = 0.024). Conclusions: The determinants of poor school performance in adolescents with epilepsy in Nigeria are multivariate, with psychosocial factors most important. These should be noted for early identification and screening of those children at greatest risk for academic failure and the greatest need for appropriate educational remediation services. © 2006 International League Against Epilepsy.	Academic performance; Adolescents; Childhood; Cross-cultural; Epilepsy; Psychopathology; Risk factors	anticonvulsive agent; carbamazepine; phenytoin; valproic acid; academic achievement; adolescent; adult; age distribution; anticonvulsant therapy; article; caregiver; comparative study; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease classification; disease duration; epilepsy; family life; female; groups by age; human; major clinical study; male; mental disease; morbidity; Nigeria; onset age; patient attitude; priority journal; risk factor; school child; sex difference; social psychology; social status; unspecified side effect; Achievement; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Attitude to Health; Caregivers; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Health Status; Humans; Learning Disorders; Male; Mental Disorders; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Stereotyping; Students	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645315774	Synthesis and evaluation of the mucoadhesivity of a CD-chitosan derivative	Venter J.P., Kotzé A.F., Auzély-Velty R., Rinaudo M.	2006	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	313	42371	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.016	School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France	Venter, J.P., School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa, Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France; Kotzé, A.F., School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Auzély-Velty, R., Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France; Rinaudo, M., Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France	Combining mucoadhesive characteristics of a biodegradable polymer such as chitosan with the potential to enhance drug release by increasing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs has great potential for pharmaceutical technology and drug delivery design. Polymeric delivery systems have been extensively researched in an attempt to achieve modified drug release. Cyclodextrins (CD) offer an alternative approach. These cyclic oligosaccharides have the ability to form non-covalent complexes with a number of drugs altering their physicochemical properties. In the continuing challenge to improve the properties of delivery systems, this paper focuses on the modification of chitosan by introducing β-cyclodextrin and to test the mucoadhesive strength and inclusion properties of this synthesised cyclodextrin-polymer. β-Cyclodextrin was successfully grafted onto a chitosan chain polymer with a cyclodextrin grafting yield of 7% and a CD-chitosan yield of 85%. Although the complexation of (+)-catechin by the grafted β-CD was found to be about five times weaker than that by the β-CD monoaldehyde and natural β-CD, the inclusion properties of the chitosan-CD remain promising. The mucoadhesive properties of chitosan-CD were compared to that of pectin (reference) and the parent chitosan with the use of a tensile separation test. The chitosan-CD showed mucoadhesive strengths of 12% stronger than pectin, but 13.5% weaker than the parent chitosan. The synthesised chitosan-CD-polymer exhibits characteristics of a possible mucoadhesive drug delivery system with some inclusion properties from β-cyclodextrin. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bioabsorption; Chitosan; Drug delivery; Mucosal adhesion	aldehyde; beta cyclodextrin; chitosan derivative; cyclodextrin derivative; pectin; polymer; adhesion; article; drug delivery system; drug penetration; drug release; drug synthesis; mucosa; priority journal; tensile strength; Adhesiveness; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chitosan; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Mucins; Polymers; Viscosity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645356204	Peripheral reductive capacity is associated with cognitive performance and survival in Alzheimer's disease	Minghetti L., Greco A., Puopolo M., Combrinck M., Warden D., Smith A.D.	2006	Journal of Neuroinflammation	3	None	10.1186/1742-2094-3-4	Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom	Minghetti, L., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Greco, A., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Puopolo, M., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Combrinck, M., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom; Warden, D., The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; Smith, A.D., The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom	Background: Oxidative stress is believed to be an early event and a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and progression. In spite of an intensive search for surrogate markers to monitor changes related to oxidative stress in the brain, there is as yet no consensus about which markers to use in clinical studies. The measurement of peripheral anti-oxidants is an alternative way of evaluating the involvement of oxidative stress in the course of the disease. Given the complexity of peripheral anti-oxidant defence, variations in the levels of individual anti-oxidant species may not fully reflect the overall capacity to fight oxidant conditions. We therefore chose to evaluate the total reductive capacity (herein defined as anti-oxidant capacity, AOC) in serum from control subjects and AD patients in order to study the association between peripheral antioxidant defence, cognitive impairment and patient survival. Methods: We measured the levels of AOC in serum samples from 26 cognitively normal controls and 25 AD patients (12 post-mortem confirmed) who completed the Cambridge Cognitive Assessment. Cognitive decline was assessed in a subgroup of 19 patients who underwent a second cognitive assessment 2 years after the initial visit. Results: Serum AOC levels were lower in AD patients than in controls and were correlated with their cognitive test scores, although AOC levels were unrelated to cognitive decline assessed two years later. On the other hand, AOC levels were predictive of the length of patients' survival, with higher levels giving longer survival. Conclusion: This study indicates that peripheral anti-oxidant defences are depleted in AD patients. The results suggest that serum AOC is a good index of the general health status and prognosis of patients but does not necessarily reflect the extent to which vulnerable neuronal populations are protected from oxidant processes. Further studies are required to establish whether peripheral AOC measurements may be useful in identifying asymptomatic individuals or those with early symptoms at high risk of developing significant cognitive impairment or dementia. © 2006 Minghetti et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antioxidant; adult; aged; Alzheimer disease; article; cognitive defect; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease course; disease marker; female; follow up; health status; high risk patient; human; major clinical study; male; mental performance; mental test; neuroprotection; oxidative stress; pathogenesis; prediction; prognosis; risk assessment; scoring system; serology; survival time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645364664	Impact of Health Education on Active Trachoma in Hyperendemic Rural Communities in Ethiopia	Edwards T., Cumberland P., Hailu G., Todd J.	2006	Ophthalmology	113	4	10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.008	Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Future International Consulting Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Edwards, T., Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Cumberland, P., Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Hailu, G., Future International Consulting Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Todd, J., Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objective: Trachoma is one of the leading preventable causes of blindness worldwide. We evaluate the impact of a health education program on the prevalence of active trachoma in children 3 to 9 years old. Design: Community randomized intervention study. Data were collected by means of cross-sectional surveys before and after intervention. Participants: Within 40 rural Ethiopian communities, households were selected at random, and all 3- to 9-year-old children within households were invited for examination. Methods: Health education messages broadcast by radio were received by all communities. Nongovernmental organization activities to prevent trachoma, based on the SAFE (surgery for trichiasis, antibiotic treatment, face washing, and environmental improvements) strategy, were received by 30 of the 40 communities. Ten of these communities received enhanced educational messages using videos. Cluster summary measures were compared across surveys and intervention arms. Active trachoma at follow-up was modeled using random-effects logistic regression, adjusting for baseline prevalence and study area variability, at the cluster and individual level. Main Outcome Measures: Active trachoma in 3- to 9-year-old children and adult knowledge and behavior related to the nature and transmission of trachoma infection. Results: At baseline, 1410 of 1960 (72%) children examined and, at follow-up, 1289 of 2008 (64%) had active trachoma. The overall reduction in prevalence at cluster level was 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4%-12%; P<0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in the awareness of trachoma. After adjustment for area and cluster level baseline prevalence, the odds of active trachoma were reduced in both intervention arms, standard (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.53-1.16) and enhanced (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.48-1.21), compared with the control arm, but not significantly. Conclusions: Overall, there was a small but statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of active trachoma between surveys, but differences between the 3 intervention arms were not statistically significant. Awareness of trachoma control increased in all communities, but there was little change in behavior associated with the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is therefore unlikely that observed reductions in active trachoma were solely due to health education. © 2006 American Academy of Ophthalmology.	None	antibiotic agent; article; awareness; behavior; child; clinical examination; cluster analysis; comparative study; confidence interval; controlled study; data analysis; endemic disease; environmental factor; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; follow up; government; health education; health program; health survey; human; hygiene; infection prevention; information processing; intervention study; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; male; medical information; prevalence; priority journal; randomization; rural population; statistical significance; telecommunication; trachoma; trichiasis; videorecording; attitude to health; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; health behavior; preschool child; risk; statistics; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Endemic Diseases; Ethiopia; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Radio; Rural Population; Trachoma; Video Recording	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645385128	Clonal evaluation of vegetatively propagated half-node cuttings of Coffea canephora	Famaye A.O., Oloyede A.A., Ayegboyin K.O.	2006	Tropical Science	46	1	10.1002/ts.10	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Famaye, A.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oloyede, A.A., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ayegboyin, K.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Of five high-yielding clones of robusta coffee, half-node cuttings of C36, C96, C108 and C111 sprouted, rooted and grew well. T1049 was markedly inferior, but the half-node technique could be used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Clonal evaluation; Coffee; Cutting; Half-node; Robusta	Coffea canephora	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645507774	Method for the evaluation of a average glandular dose in mammography	Okunade A.A.	2006	Medical Physics	33	4	10.1118/1.2179150	Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	This paper concerns a method for accurate evaluation of average glandular dose (AGD) in mammography. At different energies, the interactions of photons with tissue are not uniform. Thus, optimal accuracy in the estimation of AGD is achievable when the evaluation is carried out using the normalized glandular dose values, g(x,E), that are determined for each (monoenergetic) x-ray photon energy, E, compressed breast thickness (CBT), x, breast glandular composition, and data on photon energy distribution of the exact x-ray beam used in breast imaging. A generalized model for the values of g(x,E) that is for any arbitrary CBT ranging from 2 to 9 cm (with values that are not whole numbers inclusive, say, 4.2 cm) was developed. Along with other dosimetry formulations, this was integrated into a computer software program, GDOSE.FOR, that was developed for the evaluation of AGD received from any x-ray tube/equipment (irrespective of target-filter combination) of up to 50 kVp. Results are presented which show that the implementation of GDOSE.FOR yields values of normalized glandular dose that are in good agreement with values obtained from methodologies reported earlier in the literature. With the availability of a portable device for real-time acquisition of spectra, the model and computer software reported in this work provide for the routine evaluation of AGD received by a specific woman of known age and CBT. © 2006 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.	None	article; beam therapy; computer program; device; diagnostic accuracy; dosimetry; energy; evaluation; filter; human; imaging; mammography; methodology; Monte Carlo method; priority journal; radiation dose; spectroscopy; statistical analysis; X ray tube; Algorithms; Body Burden; Breast; Female; Humans; Mammography; Organ Specificity; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiometry; Relative Biological Effectiveness; Risk Assessment; Software	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645528199	Performance of a prototype baited-trap in attracting and infecting the tick Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in field experiments	Maranga R.O., Hassanali A., Kaaya G.P., Mueke J.M.	2006	Experimental and Applied Acarology	38	03-Feb	10.1007/s10493-006-0002-6	Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Department of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Maranga, R.O., Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Hassanali, A., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Kaaya, G.P., Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Mueke, J.M., Department of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Investigations were commenced to study the potential use of the fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and the attraction-aggregation- attachment pheromone (AAAP) for the control of Ambloyomma variegatum as an environmentally friendly technology. The objective of the study was to develop and test a device, which could be used for pheromone and carbon dioxide delivery and infection of ticks with the fungi in an attempt to control the tick populations in the vegetation. Using a pheromone-baited device treated with the fungi mixture, 79% of the ticks released were attracted and exposed to the fungi and of these, 78% died during incubation in the laboratory. In another set of experiments, of the released ticks that were similarly exposed to fungi using the pheromone-baited device and left in the vegetation, 33.8% were recovered compared to recoveries of between 76 and 84% in the controls. These results were significantly different at the 5% level, an indication that the pheromone/fungi mixtures had significant effect in reducing the tick population in the field. © Springer 2006.	Attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone; Fungi; Vegetation	carbon dioxide; pheromone; aggregation pheromone; attractant; biological control; fungus; pest control; tick; animal; article; Ascomycetes; biological pest control; female; growth, development and aging; infestation; insect control; male; methodology; microbiology; tick; Animals; Ascomycota; Dry Ice; Female; Ixodidae; Male; Pest Control, Biological; Pheromones; Tick Control; Tick Infestations; Acari; Amblyomma; Amblyomma variegatum; Beauveria; Cordyceps bassiana; Fungi; Ixodidae; Metarhizium anisopliae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645573648	Skilled health professionals' migration and its impact on health delivery in Zimbabwe	Chikanda A.	2006	Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies	32	4	10.1080/13691830600610064	Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Chikanda, A., Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	The paper investigates the magnitude of migration of health professionals from Zimbabwe, the causes of such movements and the associated impacts on health care delivery. International migration of health professionals has led to staff shortages and the situation is worse in public compared to private health institutions. The quality of care given to patients has also declined. The research calls for the adoption of an integrated approach in solving the problems of the health professions. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	Brain drain; Health; Migration; Zimbabwe	brain drain; health care; migration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645658721	Yield performance and release of four late blight tolerant potato varieties in Kenya	Lung'aho C., Nderitu S.K.N., Kabira J.N., El-Bedewy R., Olanya O.M., Walingo A.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	1	10.3923/ja.2006.57.61	National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 25, Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt; USDA-ARS, New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States	Lung'aho, C., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Nderitu, S.K.N., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Kabira, J.N., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; El-Bedewy, R., Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 25, Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt; Olanya, O.M., USDA-ARS, New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Walingo, A., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya	To improve yield potential, potato varieties Kenya Faulu, Kenya Karibu, Kenya Mavuno and Kenya Sifa have been approved for variety release by the Kenya Variety Release Committee. The varieties are medium late to late maturing, high yielding with good tuber and culinary characteristics. The released varieties were selections from advanced potato clones KP90142.7, KP90172.34 and KP91301.10 derived from Population A (high levels of late blight resistance) in which materials for original crosses were obtained from the International Potato Center (CIP). The clone 720097.1 is a derivative of ex-Mexican origin, obtained from germplasm collections at CIP. In multi-location experiments conducted in various agro-ecological regions of Kenya, tuber yield of the newly released varieties were significantly greater than the resistant check variety Tigoni, as well as the other clones evaluated. The released varieties had good agronomic characteristics, high late blight tolerance and acceptable culinary properties. Deployment and utilization of the newly released varieties can greatly improve yield performance in the low input farming systems of Kenyan highlands. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Kenya; Late blight tolerance; Potato; Solanum tuberosum; Utilization; Variety release	Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645690421	Evaluation of some herbaceous legumes for use as green manure crops in the rainfed rice based cropping system in Northern Ghana	Bayorbor T.B., Addai I.K., Lawson I.Y.D., Dogbe W., Djabletey D.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	1	10.3923/ja.2006.137.141	Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana	Bayorbor, T.B., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Addai, I.K., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Lawson, I.Y.D., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Dogbe, W., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana; Djabletey, D., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana	Five herbaceous legumes, Mucuna pruriens var. nagaland, Mucuna pruriens var. cochichinensis, Crotalaria refusa, Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis were evaluated as green manure crops for rain fed rice at Nyankpala, Ghana in the interior guinea savanna zone of Ghana during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons. The Mucuna and Canavalia were planted at a spacing of 20x60 cm. Crotalaria was drilled at a seeding rate of 50 kg ha -1 with 20 cm in between the rows. At flowering, the legumes were incorporated into the soil and rice planted. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 30 or 60 kg ha -1 three weeks after planting rice. The treatment combinations were laid out in a factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results have shown that nodulation differed significantly among the legumes. Canavalia ensiformis (CE) gave the highest biomass followed by Mucuna pruriens var nagaland (MN). Mucuna pruriens var. nagaland (MN) gave the highest N accumulation. Incorporation of Mucuna pruriens var nagaland plus fertilizer application (30 kg N ha -1) enhanced yield of rice. It is recommended that for increased yield of rice, farmers in Northern Region of Ghana could integrate Mucuna pruriens var nagaland (MN) into their cropping system with fertilizer N application not exceeding 30 kg N ha -1. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Biomass production; Green manure; Herbaceous legumes; Nodulation; Rice-based cropping systems	Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Crotalaria; Crotalaria juncea; Mucuna; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645704318	Impact of trade liberalization on the environment in developing countries: The case of Nigeria	Feridun M., Ayadi F.S., Balouga J.	2006	Journal of Developing Societies	22	1	10.1177/0169796X06062965	Cyprus International University, Cyprus; University of Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Cyprus International University, Cyprus; Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Economics Departme	Feridun, M., Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Department of Economics, Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Ayadi, F.S., University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Balouga, J., University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	This article aims at investigating the impact of trade openness on pollution and resource depletion in Nigeria. Results indicate that pollution is positively related to trade intensity and real GDP per square kilometer, while capital to labor ratio and GNP are negatively related to pollution. In addition, strong evidence suggests that trade intensity, real GDP per square kilometer and GNP are positively related to environmental degradation indicating that the technique, scale, and total effects of liberalization are detrimental to the environment. The composition effect of trade liberalization on natural resource utilization, on the other hand, is beneficial. A number of policy implications emerge from the study for Nigeria as well as other developing economies. Copyright © 2006 SAGE Publications.	Development; Environmental degradation; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Trade liberalization	liberalization; trade policy; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645783649	Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal as protein source for pullets: 1. Performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Ironkwe M.C., Ojewola G.S.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	1	10.3923/ijps.2006.60.64	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ironkwe, M.C., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	The experiment was conducted with 150 nine week-old black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets from the grower (9th week) stage of life. The experiment, which was in a completely randomized design (CRD), comprised pullets fed 20% PSM diets that were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The seeds were used as raw, boiled for 30 minutes, toasted for 30 minutes or soaked in water for 24 hours. Each treatment (raw, boiled, toasted, soaked or control diets) was replicated three times. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live weight at point of lay and feed cost. Pullets fed 20% boiled PSM diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) daily protein intake and live weight at point of lay. It was concluded that PSM could be a good protein source for grower pullets, which could be incorporated into the diets at 20% of the whole diet without any adverse effect on growth performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Diets; Grower pullets; Pigeon pea seeds; Processed seeds	Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645788415	Protein replacement value of Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) in broiler starter: Effect on performance, muscle growth, haematology and serum metabolites	Fasuyi A.O., Aletor V.A.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	5	10.3923/ijps.2005.339.349	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Aletor, V.A., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) was used to replace a known and conventional source of protein in broiler starter diets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% respectively. The reference diet 1 was one where fish meal was the major source in the diet without CLPC. The inclusion level of CLPC was 1.61, 3.22, 4.82, 6.43 and 8.04 respectively for diets 2 to 6. A batch of 120 starter chicks was randomly assigned in triplicate to these dietary treatments (i.e. chicks/treatment). The final weight and average weight gain of diet 1 (0% FM replacement) was significantly higher than others (P &lt; 0.05) even when the average feed consumption was similar for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4. The feed efficiency (FE) for diets 1 and 2 was also similar (P = 0.05). The nitrogen retention for diets 1, 2 and 4 was similar (P = 0.05). Diets 2, 3 and 4 also had similar values (P = 0.05). The dressed weight of chicks in diets 2 and 6 was similar (P = 0.05) while that of diets 5 and 6 was also similar (P = 0.05). Except for kidney, pancreas and lungs, all other organs measured showed similar values (P = 0.05). The weight of inner chest muscle (supra coracoideus) of birds on diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 were similar (P = 0.05). The weight of outer chest muscle (Pectorialis thoracicus) and thigh muscles (Gastrocnemius) were similar (P = 0.05) with diet 5 (80% FM replacement with CLPC) having the longest inner chest muscle length of 20.7±4.3cmkg-1. Except for red blood cell (RBC) and mean cell volume (MCV), all other parameters measured were similar (P = 0.05). The values of total serum protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin ratio were similar (P = 0.05). Also the values for liver protein, albumin, globulin and liver albumin/globulin ratio were similar (P = 0.05). It was concluded that CLPC as a replacement for FM as a protein source had no deleterious effect up till 60%. However, several parameters investigated strongly support a realistic replacement of 40% FM with CLPC in practical diets. Performance can still be enhanced with supplementation of essential amino acids (EAAs). © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Cassava leaf protein concentrate; Pectorialis thoracicus; Reference diet	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645795178	The effect of treated rice milling waste on performance, nutrient retention, carcass and organ characteristics of finisher broilers	Amaefule K.U., Iheukwumere F.C., Lawal A.S., Ezekwonna A.A.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	1	10.3923/ijps.2006.51.55	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State,	Amaefule, K.U., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Iheukwumere, F.C., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Lawal, A.S., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ezekwonna, A.A., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	One hundred and twenty 4-week old broilers were used to evaluate the effect of various treatment methods of rice milling waste (RMW) on growth performance, nutrient retention and organ characteristics of finisher broilers. Rice milling waste was treated with urea (D2), poultry droppings (D/3) and water (D4), while untreated waste (D1) served as control. Urea treated RMW diet significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved body weight, weight gain and dressed weight of broilers. Organ weights, dry matter intake and nitrogen free extract were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Broilers fed untreated RMW diet recorded significantly higher feed intake than broilers fed other diets. The results showed that rice milling waste, when treated with urea (fertilizer grade) and included in finisher broiler diets, could enhance their performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broilers; Performance; Poultry droppings; Rice milling waste; Urea	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645850125	Dynamics of grazing policy and practice: Environmental and social impacts in three communal areas of southern Africa	Rohde R.F., Moleele N.M., Mphale M., Allsopp N., Chanda R., Hoffman M.T., Magole L., Young E.	2006	Environmental Science and Policy	9	3	10.1016/j.envsci.2005.11.009	Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 21 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Department of Sociology, University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; ARC-Range and Forage Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, United Kingdom; 11 Belmont Avenue, Cape Town 8001, South Africa	Rohde, R.F., Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 21 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 11 Belmont Avenue, Cape Town 8001, South Africa; Moleele, N.M., GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Mphale, M., Department of Sociology, University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; Allsopp, N., ARC-Range and Forage Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Chanda, R., Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Hoffman, M.T., Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Magole, L., GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Young, E., Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, United Kingdom	This paper traces the history of grazing policy, its conceptual basis, practical implementations and outcomes, in three southern African countries. In spite of the divergent environmental conditions facing pastoralists in the Highlands of Lesotho, Botswana's southern Kalahari and the Namaqualand succulent karoo in South Africa, they have all been subjected to similar grazing and rangeland management policies. The theoretical underpinnings of such policies have their origins in a development paradigm and ecological theory derived from northern temperate environments and are directly related to two persistent and powerful narratives: 'land degradation' and 'the tragedy of the commons'. Policy and development initiatives were implemented in order to overcome the perceived causes of these negative scenarios, such as overstocking, open access tenure and low output subsistence production. They typically ignored the multi-purpose goals of traditional pastoral systems and emphasized commercialisation of livestock farming and privatisation of communal land, which resulted in the weakening or destruction of local, traditional land management institutions. Such policies have survived the transitions from colonial rule to independence and from apartheid to democracy. We argue that these powerful and pervasive ideas, when applied to grazing policies, have caused the very problems they were formulated to prevent. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Communal land; Pastoralism; Rangeland ecology; Rangeland management	agricultural worker; article; commercial phenomena; environmental impact; environmental sustainability; government regulation; grazing management; land use; livestock; political system; priority journal; program development; socioeconomics; South Africa; sustainable agriculture; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645859346	Herring fish (Clupea harengus) oil production and evaluation for industrial uses	Adeniyi O.D.	2006	Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology	27	4	10.1080/01932690500374334	Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Adeniyi, O.D., Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	It is a well known fact that the lipid (oil) extracted from various fish species can be of industrial benefit if properly extracted and processed. In this study herring fish oil was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis in other to provide an assessment of the quality of the oil for industrial purposes. This work focuses on the production of oil from frozen herring fish (Clupea harengus) as the raw material readily available on the market, by evaluating by the oil using chemical and physical analysis and refining the oil by degumming, neutralizing, drying, and decolorizing. The experimental results revealed that the rate of extraction increases with time until maximum extraction took place using an average size of 780 p.m. Every 10.64 g of dried sample used has about 4.34 g of oil extracted for five hours. The extracted herring fish oil contains two essential unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which could be of great industrial importance. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Clupea harengus; DHA; EFA; Fish oil; Herring; PUFA	Degumming; Drying; Extraction; Fatty acids; Food processing; Oils and fats; Clupea harengus; Decolorizing; Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); Fish oil; Herring fish; Neutralizing; Lipids; Degumming; Drying; Extraction; Fatty acids; Food processing; Lipids; Oils and fats	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645861126	Evaluation of CD4+/CD8+ status and urinary tract infections associated with urinary schistosomiasis among some rural Nigerians	Nmorsi O.P.G., Ukwandu N.C.D., Egwungenya O.A., Obhiemi N.U.	2005	African Health Sciences	5	2	None	Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Nmorsi, O.P.G., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria, P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukwandu, N.C.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Egwungenya, O.A., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Obhiemi, N.U., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Background: Data on urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria are mainly epidemological. The knowledge of co-infections of urinary schistosomiasis and other pathogens are important epidemiological tools for the control and health benefits of the rural dwellers. The granulomatous reactions in urinary schistosomiasis is CD4+ dependent. The CD8+ is cytotoxic to parasites and it is activated by CD4+. These parameters therefore participate in the immune responses to urinary schistosomiasis Objective: In this study, we evaluated the polyparasitism involving urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections among some rural Nigerians. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and status with age groups in years were also investigated. Methods: Parasitological investigation using ova on urine was carried out on 216 volunteers. The urine samples were examined for bacteriuria and subsequently subjected to standard microbiological urine culture. CD4+/CD8+ were determined using the CD T4 Dynabead techniques. Data were analysed using MicroSoft Excel. Results: The inhabitants with light infections of urinary schistosomiasis as indicated by &lt;50 ova /10ml of urine had a mean CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.57 while those with heavy infections as shown by &gt;50 ova/10ml of urine had a relatively lower CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.03. In all, the overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.23 was recorded with the mean CD4+ count of 257.96 cells/μL, and the mean CD8+ count of 210.45cells /μL. Comparatively, the control uninfected subjects had a CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 5.97. The CD4+ and the CD8+ counts were correlated with the ova of S. haematobium in their urine samples at r = 0.0108 and r = 0.516 respectively. The bacteriuria, urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections namely; Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. Saprophyticus were reported in the urine cultures of 48(22.0%) volunteers. Conclusion: The mean overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of urinary schistosomiasis infected persons is 1.23 which is above the normal CD4+: CD8+ ratio of 1. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and counts of the urinary schistosomiasis infected inhabitants were lower than the uninfected inhabitants. The positive correlation between the CD4+: CD8+ and the S. haematobium ova shows a relationship which indicate an increase of the CD4+: CD8+ as the intensity of infection increases. We report polyparasitism of S. haematobium and urinary tracts co-infections among some rural inhabitants in Ikpeshi, Nigeria. It is therefore imperative to incorporate the management of urinary tract infections in urinary schistosomiasis control programme.	CD4+; CD8+; Rural Nigerians; Urinary schistosomiasis; Urinary tract infections	adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; bacteriuria; CD4 CD8 ratio; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; child; computer program; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease severity; Escherichia coli; human; immune response; infection control; infection prevention; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; Nigeria; oocyte; parasite examination; prevalence; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; rural area; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcus saprophyticus; superinfection; urinalysis; urinary tract infection; urine culture; female; male; middle aged; preschool child; rural population; Adolescent; Adult; CD4-CD8 Ratio; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Rural Population; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Urinary Tract Infections	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645886054	Icelandic jökulhlaup impacts: Implications for ice-sheet hydrology, sediment transfer and geomorphology	Russell A.J., Roberts M.J., Fay H., Marren P.M., Cassidy N.J., Tweed F.S., Harris T.	2006	Geomorphology	75	1-2 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.018	School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University of Newcastle, Daysh Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Research Section, Physics Department, Icelandic Meteorological Office (Veurstofa Íslands), Iceland; Department of Geography, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa; School of Earth Sciences and Geography, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, College Road, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, United Kingdom	Russell, A.J., School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University of Newcastle, Daysh Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Roberts, M.J., Research Section, Physics Department, Icelandic Meteorological Office (Veurstofa Íslands), Iceland; Fay, H., Department of Geography, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom; Marren, P.M., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa; Cassidy, N.J., School of Earth Sciences and Geography, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Tweed, F.S., Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, College Road, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, United Kingdom; Harris, T., Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, College Road, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, United Kingdom	Glaciers and ice sheets erode, entrain, and deposit massive quantities of debris. Fluxes of subglacial meltwater exert a fundamental control on ice dynamics and sediment transport budgets. Within many glacial systems outburst floods (jökulhlaups) constitute high magnitude, high frequency fluxes of meltwater relative to normal ablation controlled discharge. This paper presents a synthesis of research on recent Icelandic jökulhlaups and their geomorphological and sedimentary impact. We identify jökulhlaup impacts within subglacial, englacial and proglacial settings and discuss their wider significance for ice sheet hydrology, sediment transfer and geomorphology. Because jökulhlaups erode, deposit, and re-work sediment simultaneously, they usually cause significant glaciological and sedimentological impacts. Jökulhlaups that propagate as subglacial flood waves often produce widespread hydromechanical disruption at the glacier base. Recent Icelandic jökulhlaups have been recognised as highly efficient agents of reworking subglacial sediment and glacial sediment entrainment. Models of jökulhlaup impact, therefore, need to encompass the sub- and englacial environment in addition to the proglacial zone where research has traditionally been focussed. Most jökulhlaups transport sediment to proglacial sandar, and often directly to oceans where preservation potential of the impact is greater. Proglacial jökulhlaup deposits form distinctive sedimentary assemblages, coupled with suites of high-energy erosional landforms. This study of modern jökulhlaup processes and sedimentary products may be useful for the interpretation of meltwater processes associated with Quaternary ice sheets. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Englacial and Subglacial deposition; Ice sheets; Iceland; Jökulhlaups; Outwash; Proglacial; Sediment transfer; Subglacial erosion	geomorphology; glacial hydrology; glacier; ice sheet; sediment transport	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645964957	Performance of a trained traditional bonesetter in primary fracture care	Onuminya J.E.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	4	None	Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Onuminya, J.E., Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Background. In developing nations traditional bonesetters (TBSs) play a significant role in primary fracture care. However, despite high patronage the TBS remains an untrained quack whose practice is often associated with high morbidity. This study evaluated the performance of a trained TBS in primary fracture care. Methods. Between 2002 and 2004 a prospective study was undertaken comparing the performance of a trained TBS with that of an untrained TBS at two separate locations. The two centres selected were both popular in traditional bone setting. A 1-day instructional course was given to the TBS at Afuje study centre, while the TBS at Ogua control centre received no instruction. The outcome of treatment of tibial shaft fractures at the two centres was evaluated and compared to assess the success of the course. Results. There was a considerable decrease in the rate of gangrenous limbs, infection, non-union and malunion at the trained TBS centre compared with the untrained TBS centre (2.5% v. 10%, 5% v. 12.5%, 7.5% v. 15%, and 20.0% v. 30%, respectively). The observed difference between the trained and untrained TBSs was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion. It appears that training TBSs can reduce morbidity rates fo llowing TBS treatment.	None	adult; aged; article; bone infection; clinical trial; competence; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; education program; female; fracture healing; gangrene; health practitioner; human; major clinical study; male; morbidity; Nigeria; paramedical education; primary health care; professional practice; tibia fracture; traditional medicine; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fracture Fixation; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; Tibial Fractures; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645987566	Evaluation of morpho-agronomic variability of wild and cultivated kola (Cola species Schott et Endl.) in South Western Nigeria	Adebola P.O., Morakinyo J.A.	2006	Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution	53	4	10.1007/s10722-004-3558-1	Plant Breeding Group, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Plant Science Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Adebola, P.O., Plant Breeding Group, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Morakinyo, J.A., Plant Science Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	As part of a breeding programme, exploration and systematic selection exercise of kola (Cola spp.) was carried out in Nigeria from the large number of kola populations in the country based mainly on yield and various nut characteristics. The exercise gave rise to a collection of many accessions of the genus including five wild species that are currently being maintained in field genebanks of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Gambari experimental station, Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan. In order to fully exploit the variability in these plants for genetic improvement, the plants were characterized and their morphological variability described. A list of descriptors, developed by International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) for Avocado, with modifications was employed recording 60 descriptors consisting of 33 qualitative and 27 quantitative characters. The characterization data revealed enormous morphological variability among the plants studied and have strong bearing on the taxonomy of the groups. The result also confirmed that the wild species of Cola form a special group with enormous agronomic traits that are yet to be exploited in kola breeding. Wild species identified with high nut and pod numbers, thick indehiscent pods and fruit size uniformity is recommended for use in interspecific hybridization programme. © Springer 2006.	Cola species; Genetic improvement; Germplasm evaluation; Morphological variability; Utilization potential; Wild relatives	agronomy; breeding; cultivation; perennial plant; plant community; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Cola; Cola acuminata; Persea americana; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646012002	Rapid scale-up of a community-based HIV treatment service: Programme performance over 3 consecutive years in Guguletu, South Africa	Bekker L.-G., Myer L., Orrell C., Lawn S., Wood R.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	4	None	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Orrell, C., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lawn, S., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Despite rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa there are few longitudinal data describing programme performance during rapid scale-up. Methods. We compared mortality, viral suppression and programme retention in 3 consecutive years of a public sector community-based ART clinic in a South African township. Data were collected prospectively from establishment of services in October 2002 to the censoring date in September 2005. Viral load and CD4 counts were monitored at 4-monthly intervals. Community-based counsellors provided adherence and programme support. Results. During the study period 1139 ART-naïve patients received ART (161, 280 and 698 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years respectively). The median CD4 cell counts were 84 cells/μl (interquartile range (IQR) 42 -139), 89 cells/μl (IQR 490 - 149), and 110 cells/μl (IQR 55 -172), and the proportions of patients with World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages 3 and 4 were 90%, 79% and 76% in each sequential year respectively. The number of counsellors increased from 6 to 28 and the median number of clients allocated to each counsellor increased from 13 to 33. The overall loss to follow-up was 2.9%. At the date of censoring, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion of patients still on the programme were 82%, 86% and 91%, and the proportion who were virally suppressed (< 400 copies/ml) were 100%, 92% and 98% for the 2002, 2003 and 2004 cohorts respectively. Conclusions. While further operational research is required into optimal models of care in different populations across sub-Saharan Africa, these results demonstrate that a single community-based public sector ART clinic can extend care to over 1000 patients in an urban setting without compromising programme performance.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; zidovudine; adolescent; adult; article; blood toxicity; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; cohort analysis; community care; controlled study; disease classification; female; follow up; health care distribution; health practitioner; health program; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; liver toxicity; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; mortality; nonhuman; patient compliance; patient monitoring; public health service; South Africa; treatment outcome; virus inhibition; virus load; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA, Viral; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Program Evaluation; Prospective Studies; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646149759	Critical evaluation of solar chimney power plant performance	Pretorius J.P., Kröger D.G.	2006	Solar Energy	80	5	10.1016/j.solener.2005.04.001	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Pretorius, J.P., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	This paper evaluates the influence of a recently developed convective heat transfer equation, more accurate turbine inlet loss coefficient, quality collector roof glass and various types of soil on the performance of a large scale solar chimney power plant. Results indicate that the new heat transfer equation reduces plant power output considerably. The effect of a more accurate turbine inlet loss coefficient is insignificant, while utilizing better quality glass enhances plant power production. Models employing Limestone and Sandstone soil produce virtually similar results to a Granite-based model. The plant collector height is found to differ from previously obtained optimal values. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Power plant; Renewable energy; Solar chimney; Solar energy; Solar power; Solar tower; Upwind	Chimneys; Electric losses; Granite; Heat convection; Lime brick; Mathematical models; Q factor measurement; Sandstone; Solar energy; Turbines; Renewable energy; Solar chimneys; Solar tower; Upwind; Solar power plants; Chimneys; Electric losses; Granite; Heat convection; Lime brick; Mathematical models; Q factor measurement; Sandstone; Solar energy; Solar power plants; Turbines; heat transfer; limestone; numerical model; power plant; sandstone; solar power; turbine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646161233	Modelled surface ozone over southern Africa during the Cross Border Air Pollution Impact Assessment Project	Zunckel M., Koosailee A., Yarwood G., Maure G., Venjonoka K., van Tienhoven A.M., Otter L.	2006	Environmental Modelling and Software	21	7	10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.04.004	CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa; ENVIRON International Corporation, 101 Rowland Way, Novato, CA 94945, United States; Department of Physics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Private Bag BR132, Gaborone, Botswana; Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa; Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda, 2302, South Africa	Zunckel, M., CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa; Koosailee, A., CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa, Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda, 2302, South Africa; Yarwood, G., ENVIRON International Corporation, 101 Rowland Way, Novato, CA 94945, United States; Maure, G., Department of Physics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Venjonoka, K., Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Private Bag BR132, Gaborone, Botswana; van Tienhoven, A.M., CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa; Otter, L., Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa	Monitoring of surface ozone over southern Africa has shown that ambient concentrations often exceed a threshold of 40 ppb at which damage to vegetation by ozone could be expected. The Cross Border Air Pollution Assessment Project (CAPIA) was therefore established to assess the potential impacts of ozone on maize, a staple food crop, in five southern African countries. Measured surface ozone data are scare in the region so it was necessary to complement the monitoring with regional-scale photochemical modelling to achieve the objective. The Pennsylvania State and NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to produce gridded meteorological data for 5 days in each month of the maize growing season, October to April, as input to the photochemical model, CAMx. Gridded anthropogenic emissions from industry, transport and domestic burning and gridded biogenic emissions from soils and vegetation are input to CAMx. The model estimations indicate large areas on the sub-continent where surface ozone concentrations exceed 40 ppb for up to 10 h per day. Maximum concentrations may exceed 80 ppb, particularly in the winter when mean ozone concentrations are higher. The areas where the 40 ppb threshold is exceeded coincide with maize growing areas in South Africa and Zimbabwe. It appears that neither anthropogenic emissions nor biogenic emissions are dominant in the production of surface ozone over southern Africa. Rather the formation of surface ozone over the region is attributed to the combined contribution of precursors from anthropogenic and biogenic origin. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anthropogenic emissions; Biogenic emissions; Botswana; CAMx; CAPIA; Maize; MM5; Mozambique; Photochemical modelling; South Africa; Zambia; Zimbabwe	Condition monitoring; Environmental impact; Ozone; Project management; Regional planning; Vegetation; Anthropogenic emissions; Biogenic emissions; CAMx; Cross Border Air Pollution Assessment Project (CAPIA); MM5; Photochemical modeling; Air pollution; anthropogenic effect; atmospheric pollution; biogenic emission; maize; Meteosat; ozone; Africa; Botswana; Mozambique; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646161927	Ecosystem approach to mitigate impacts of sedimentation on the hydrological cycle and aquatic ecosystem	Yamashiki Y., Nakamura T., Kurosawa M., Matsui S.	2006	Hydrological Processes	20	6	10.1002/hyp.6089	Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Technology, 1-8 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan; Division of GEF Coordination, United Nations Environment Programme, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environment Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan	Yamashiki, Y., Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Technology, 1-8 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan; Nakamura, T., Division of GEF Coordination, United Nations Environment Programme, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; Kurosawa, M., Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Matsui, S., Graduate School of Global Environment Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan	This study illustrates the importance of sedimentation control on a global scale by introducing general concepts developed locally through field observations in eutrophic bay in Lake Biwa in Japan, and in Dongting Lake in China. The phosphorus concentration of suspended solids in water columns and in the bottom sediment during soil puddling before the transplanting of rice seedlings have been measured analytically. We have estimated the gross phosphorus loads and the economical loss of losing fertilizer from rice paddy fields in the whole Lake Biwa basin during the same period. Additionally, the discussions and conclusions made in the session 'Ecosystem approach to water monitoring and management' organized during the Third World Water Forum held in Kyoto, are introduced. The importance of sediment control in carrying out overall water quality programmes has been emphasized not only for watersheds with severe land degradation, but also for basins where the sedimentation impacts are considered rather small, and there is a need to reverse the long-term water quality trend in shallow reservoirs in international river basins, such as La Plata River basin in South America. Establishing international standards and regulations for controlling fine sediments, making an effective economic evaluation of the impacts induced by sedimentation applicable to local farmers, as well as developing an effective project focusing on treating sedimentation to improve nutrient control should be initiated on a global scale, as with the Global Environmental Facility project. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Eutrophication; Lake Biwa; Sedimentation; WWF3	Economics; Environmental impact; Hydrology; Lakes; Management; Rivers; Sediments; Water quality; Watersheds; Aquatic ecosystems; Hydrological cycle; Sedimentation control; Water management; Water monitoring; Ecosystems; Economics; Ecosystems; Environmental impact; Hydrology; Lakes; Management; Rivers; Sediments; Water quality; Watersheds; aquatic ecosystem; ecosystem approach; hydrological cycle; phosphorus; sedimentation; water quality; Asia; Biwa Lake; China; Dongting Lake; Eurasia; Far East; Honshu; Hunan; Japan; Kinki; Shiga	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646181838	Poor performance status is associated with early death in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis	de Vallière S., Barker R.D.	2006	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	100	7	10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.007	Pietersburg-Mankweng Hospital Complex, Private Bag X9316, Polokwane 0700, South Africa; Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Camberwell, London, United Kingdom	de Vallière, S., Pietersburg-Mankweng Hospital Complex, Private Bag X9316, Polokwane 0700, South Africa; Barker, R.D., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Camberwell, London, United Kingdom	The objective of this study was to determine whether poor performance status at the start of anti-tuberculous (anti-TB) treatment is associated with early death in patients admitted to hospital with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). During 3 months in 2001, all adult patients admitted to eight hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa, and diagnosed with PTB were eligible for inclusion. At initiation of anti-TB treatment, a performance status between 0 and 4 was estimated for each patient using a modified version of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring system. Hospital records and local TB registers were reviewed to identify patients who had died during the first 2 months of treatment. In addition, it was ascertained whether a death notification had been received by the provincial administration. Fifty-three of 295 (18%) patients died within 2 months. Mortality increased from 6% in patients with the best performance status to 51% in patients with the poorest performance status. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the hazard ratio for dying was significantly higher for patients with a performance status of 3 or 4. Poor performance status shows a strong association with early death in patients with PTB and has the potential to be a useful clinical, epidemiological and research tool. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Early death; Performance status; Pulmonary tuberculosis; South Africa	tuberculostatic agent; adult; aged; article; controlled study; death certificate; female; functional assessment; high risk patient; hospital admission; human; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; medical record; mortality; multivariate analysis; proportional hazards model; register; regression analysis; scoring system; South Africa; Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Disability Evaluation; Epidemiologic Methods; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Care; Sex Distribution; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646193106	Planning and performance of small and medium enterprise operators in a country in transition	Yusuf A., Saffu K.	2005	Journal of Small Business Management	43	4	10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00148.x	Corporate Planning and Development Division, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria; Department of Entrepreneurship, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ont., Canada	Yusuf, A., Corporate Planning and Development Division, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria; Saffu, K., Department of Entrepreneurship, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ont., Canada	This paper examines the relationship between planning and performance of small and medium enterprise operators in a country in economic transition. The literature on planning-performance relationship reports mixed findings. In a period of uncertainty, as exemplified by conditions of economic difficulties, one would expect firms to do more planning. On the contrary, our study shows that economic difficulties do not encourage firms to plan seriously. Our study also shows that firms that plan do not necessarily experience increased performance, with the exception of the manufacturing sector. Other findings of the study include a significant gender difference in the planning sophistication of small firms in Ghana, with firms managed or owned by males having sophisticated planning compared with female managed or female-owned businesses. Size did not moderate planning performance in our study. Planning affected performance equally in both large and small firms in our study. We found no difference among the planning clusters for education. Firms with the highest growth in sales had low-planning sophistication. This study contributes to our understanding and appreciation of situations in which planning does not necessarily add significant value to organizations (by way of increased performance).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646201265	Reproductive performance and mortality rate in Menz and Horro sheep following controlled breeding in Ethiopia	Berhan A., Van Arendonk J.	2006	Small Ruminant Research	63	3	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.03.003	Department of Animal Sciences, Alemaya University, P.O. Box 126, Alemaya, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Berhan, A., Department of Animal Sciences, Alemaya University, P.O. Box 126, Alemaya, Ethiopia; Van Arendonk, J., Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, AH Wageningen, Netherlands	The reproductive and lamb mortality data (n = 4890) of Horro and Menz ewes following controlled breeding in Ethiopia were analyzed. Sheep were treated with flugestone acetate (FGA) intravaginal sponges during the wet and dry seasons to compare the reproductive performance of the two indigenous Ethiopian highland sheep breeds. There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference in the fertility rate (conception rate) (79% versus 70%), weaning rate (92% versus 78%) and lamb mortality rate (13% versus 27%) for the Menz and Horro breeds, respectively. The difference in lambing rate (lambs born/ewes mated) for the Menz and Horro ewes was also significant (P < 0.01) (81% versus 76%), respectively. There was no significant difference in fecundity between the two breeds. It is concluded that the Menz ewes have more acceptable reproductive performance than Horro ewes following controlled breeding. Additionally, Menz lambs have recorded a higher survival rate than the Horro lambs under the same environmental conditions. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Controlled breeding; Ethiopia; Mortality; Reproduction; Sheep	Ovis; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646205005	Performance analysis of double buffer technique (DBT) model for mobility support in wireless IP networks	Akintola A.A., Aderounmu G.A., Adigun M.O.	2006	Journal of Network and Computer Applications	29	4	10.1016/j.jnca.2005.05.001	Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Computer Science, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa	Akintola, A.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Aderounmu, G.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adigun, M.O., Department of Computer Science, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa	Existing mobility support models in cellular communications misinterpret mobility loss in cellular networks as congestion loss, thus it degrades the performance by invoking unnecessary congestion control action. In this paper, we investigated the performance of Double Buffer Technique (DBT) model for mobility support in wireless IP networks. The DBT model uses the END message and the TQRS timer to maintain the packet sequence and decrease the load on the new foreign agent when the timer expires, respectively. Also, the protocol showed improved performance degradation caused by the handover of the mobile terminal. In order to demonstrate the superiority of our scheme over the existing ones, we used the following performance metrics: packet out-of-sequence, cell loss ratio, bandwidth overhead, and suitability for real-time services. The numerical results obtained revealed that the buffer size, the waiting time, and the packet loss probabilities in the model were suitable to the wireless IP environment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cellular; Double buffer technique; Handover; Internet protocol; Mobility; QoS; Routing; Seamless; Wireless	Cellular; Double buffer technique; Handover; Internet protocol; Mobility; Routing; Seamless; Buffer storage; Mathematical models; Network protocols; Real time systems; Routers; Telecommunication services; Wireless telecommunication systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646245176	Post-harvest evaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on cassava genotypes	Fokunang C.N., Dixon A.G.O.	2006	Plant Pathology Journal	5	1	10.3923/ppj.2006.60.66	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; 65 Fordwich Place, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 0RA, United Kingdom	Fokunang, C.N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, 65 Fordwich Place, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 0RA, United Kingdom; Dixon, A.G.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-harvest survival of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected cassava materials. Infected stem cuttings from 5 cassava cultivars 88/01084, 88/01983, 91/00395, 91/00317 and 91/00052, incubated at 25±2°C for 8 months, showed a significant decrease in fungal survival amongst the cassava cultivars. At 8 months incubation fungal recovery was lowest below 10% among the infected cultivars. Cassava stakes, stored at humid conditions under tree shades for 16 months, showed a gradual decrease in fungal survival up to the 10th month, after which survival peaked again from the 12th up to the 16th month of storage. Survival of the fungus on soil significantly reduced with incubation time and at the 6th month of sampling, there was no recovery recorded for all the soils from the field plot sites. Burial of infected materials for 150 days below 20-30 cm depth significantly reduced the survival of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected materials. Burial at 30 cm depth for 150 days completely eradicated the fungus on the infected cuttings. These studies have shown that C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis could survive on infected cuttings for more than 8 months, but less likely to survive in soil for up to 4 months. The potential of high cassava anthracnose disease transmission in cassava planting materials during storage is also reported. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Anthracnose; Cassava; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis; Post-harvest	Colletotrichum; Fungi; Glomerella cingulata; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646246162	Impact assessment of Mtera and Kidatu reservoirs on the annual maximum floods at Stiegler's Gorge of the Rufiji River in Tanzania	Yawson D.K., Kongo V.M., Kachroo R.K.	2006	Water International	31	1	10.1080/02508060608691919	International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Keny	Yawson, D.K., International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Kongo, V.M., University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kenya, School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering Division, Soil and Water Conservation, Irrigation, Land Use Planning and Mechanization Services, South Africa; Kachroo, R.K.	The impoundment of any river causes changes in the downstream flow regime. The effect of a dam on flow regime depends on both the storage capacity of the reservoir relative to the volume of river flow and the way the dam is operated. The most common attribute of flow regulation is a decrease in the magnitude of the flood peaks and an increase in low flows. This paper reports the findings of a study to assess the cumulative impact of two dams on the Great Ruaha River in Tanzania (the Mtera and Kidatu Reservoir System) on flood flows. The method used was to compare the observed annual maximum flows at downstream locations after the construction of the dams with mathematically modeled estimates of the annual maximum flows at the same locations, assuming that the dams were not built (i.e. generating naturalized flows). Contrary to expectations, the study found that annual maximum peaks were supposed to be less than those actually observed. For instance, in 1989, annual maximum peak flow of 1,400 m 3/s was recorded at Kidatu, but the estimated uncontrolled peak flow should have been 800 m 3/s, signifying an artificially-induced flood wave. Although, there was a significant impact on the peak flows at Kidatu owing to the dams, the impact was found to be minimal on the flow peaks at Steigler's Gorge. © 2006 International Water Resources Association.	Annual maximum floods; Impact assessment; Linear transfer function; Mathematical modeling; Mtera-Kidatu Reservoir System; Rufiji River Basin	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646248611	Environmental impact of the Brazilian Agrarian Reform process from 1985 to 2001	Van De Steeg J.A., Sparovek G., Lima Ranieri S.B., Maule R.F., Cooper M., Neto D.D., Alves M.C.	2006	Scientia Agricola	63	2	None	ILRI, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Entropix, R. Maria Manieiro 458, 13405-124 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Produção Vegetal, Brazil; USP/ESALQ, Siesalq, Brazil	Van De Steeg, J.A., ILRI, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Sparovek, G., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Lima Ranieri, S.B., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Maule, R.F., Entropix, R. Maria Manieiro 458, 13405-124 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Cooper, M., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Neto, D.D., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Produção Vegetal, Brazil; Alves, M.C., USP/ESALQ, Siesalq, Brazil	During the past 20 years, most settlements of the Brazilian Agrarian Reform (AR) have been established in or near better-preserved natural ecosystems, where environmental impact is likely to be negative and contribute to natural resources degradation. The objective of this work is providing a first, comprehensive insight of the impacts related to the environmental quality of these settlements, based on the primary survey of 4,340 AR settlements installed between 1985 and 2001. An index was calculated to integrate different aspects of environmental impacts in one single number. The index showed significant regional variation, with lower values (low environmental quality) for the North and Northeast of Brazil, intermediate values for the Central-west and Southeast, and high values for the South. Environmental impacts resulting from AR and settlement creation are slowly decreasing with time, but are still very high in absolute values. The lack of protection of riparian areas, cultivation of legal reserves, and deforestation, are the main concerns related to environmental impacts.	Brazil; Deforestation; Environmental index	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646249415	Performance of hardcoded finite automata	Ngassam E.K., Kourie D.G., Watson B.W.	2006	Software - Practice and Experience	36	5	10.1002/spe.708	School of Computing, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; School of Computing, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Ngassam, E.K., School of Computing, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa, School of Computing, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Kourie, D.G., Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Watson, B.W., Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	We study the performance of a hardcoded algorithm for recognizing strings of a finite automaton's language and compare it with the use of the more conventional table-driven algorithm. In both cases, performance depends on the finite automaton's dimensions such as alphabet size and the number of states. However, the respective processing mechanisms that influence the performance, in particular cache memory usage, depend on the details of the processor's underlying architecture. In the hardcoded case, the automaton's dimensions determine the size of the code which is, in turn, the primary determinant of the way in which cache memory is used. In the table-driven case, cache memory usage is primarily determined by the way in which portions of the transition table are stored in it. Using statistical regression analysis, we provide multivariate equations to model the observed time efficiency of both methods. The equations obtained are cross-compared and conclusions are drawn. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Cache memory; Finite automata; Hardcoding; Performance; Regression analysis	Algorithms; Cache memory; Codes (symbols); Computer architecture; Information technology; Regression analysis; Statistical methods; Hardcoding; Multivariate equations; Processing mechanisms; Table-driven algorithms; Finite automata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646251613	Self-similarity and internet performance	Gopal D., Abdulkadir T.	2006	Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology	38	2	None	Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, Daejeon 300-718, South Korea; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, AddisAbaba University, Ethiopia; Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, South Korea; Institution of Engineers, South Korea; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AAU	Gopal, D., Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, Daejeon 300-718, South Korea, Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, South Korea, Institution of Engineers, South Korea; Abdulkadir, T., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, AddisAbaba University, Ethiopia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AAU	In this work, it has been demonstrated through experiments that Long Range Dependence (LRD) in internet traffic is indeed affecting the queueing performance. Queueing performance is being degraded as the self-similarity of the packet arrival process increases. Here, the link buffer capacity and queueing delay exhibits super-linear relationship. This in turn has led to the proposal of resource provisioning strategy to boost the queueing performance. The inherent self-similar nature of the internet made the possibility of carrying voice traffic accompanied by voice quality degradation. Self-similar or variable nature of packet delay process implies voice quality degradation due to inter packet arrival variations. Delay and delay variation (jitter) behave erratically due to the self-similar nature of the packet arrival and delays. As the self-similarity of the packet round trip delay increases, TCP throughput performance is degraded. Copyright © 2006, Australian Computer Society Inc.	Long Range Dependence (LRD); Quality of service (QoS); Round Trip Time (RTT); Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)	Long Range Dependence (LRD); Round Trip Time (RTT); Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP); Voice quality degradation; Quality of service; Queueing networks; Speech analysis; Telecommunication traffic; Internet	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646256911	Effect of vetch (Vicia sativa) hay supplementation on performance of Begait and Abergelle goats in northern Ethiopia. I. Milk yield and composition	Berhane G., Eik L.O.	2006	Small Ruminant Research	64	3	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.04.021	Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway	Berhane, G., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Eik, L.O., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway	The objectives of this work were to study and compare the effect of vetch hay supplementation on milk yield of indigenous Begait and Abergelle goats, managed under semi-extensive conditions in the lowlands of northern Ethiopia, and to compare milk yield and composition of the two breeds. Eleven 7-8-month-old goats from each breed were randomly assigned to each of the four levels of vetch hay supplementation at 0% BW (Treatment 1), 0.5% BW (Treatment 2), 1.0% BW (Treatment 3) and 1.5% BW (Treatment 4). Goats were grazed during daytime and milked in the evening only. Kids were allowed to suck their dams during the night up to 90 days and then weaned. Milk yield and lactation length increased gradually and almost linearly by increasing level of supplementation, while fat percentage and total solids percentage declined. Differences (P < 0.05) in average daily milk yield were found between Treatments 1 and 4 for both goat breeds in both years. Milk yield was significantly higher, but fat and SNF contents were lower for Begait than for Abergelle goats. When calculated as energy corrected milk (ECM)/kg metabolic BW, no breed differences were found. There were no significant differences for calcium and phosphorus contents in milk between the breeds. It is concluded that vetch hay supplementation increased milk yield by up to 50%, but decreased percent fat and total solids in the milk of both Begait and Abergelle goats. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Abergelle; Begait; Goats; Milk; Vetch hay	Capra hircus; Vicia; Vicia sativa; Vicia sativa subsp. nigra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646353676	Sensory evaluation of some cooking bananas in Ghana	Dzomeku B.M., Osei-Owusu M., Ankomah A.A., Akyeampong E., Darkey S.K.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	4	10.3923/jas.2006.835.837	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Women in Agricultural Development, Ministry Food and Agriculture, Kumasi, Ghana; International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, P.O. Box BP 12438, Douala, Cameroon	Dzomeku, B.M., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Osei-Owusu, M., Women in Agricultural Development, Ministry Food and Agriculture, Kumasi, Ghana; Ankomah, A.A., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Akyeampong, E., International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, P.O. Box BP 12438, Douala, Cameroon; Darkey, S.K., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	To assess consumer acceptability of the new cooking banana hybrids, a study was conducted to compare consumer preference for Saba, Yangambi KM 5, FHIA 25, FHIA 03, BITA 3 and Apantu (control) for chips, Kakro, Ofam, Ampesi and fried ripe plantain. A total of twenty trained male and female taste panelists were involved in the study. Panelists were presented with coded samples of five recipes prepared from the hybrid cooking bananas. Plantain chips are deep-fried thin slices of fruits. Fried plantains are thick slices of peeled ripe fiuits that are dipped into salted water and fried in vegetable oil. Ampesi is the local name for boiled green plantains. Kakro is made with blended over-ripe fruit of plantains mixed with corn flour (about 30%), powdered chilies, salt and other spices. The paste thus formed is molded into balls and fried in vegetable oil. Ofam is blended over-ripe fruits, mixed with powdered chilies, other spices, salt and palm oil and baked in an oven to form a cake. The results indicated that KM 5, BITA 3 and FHIA 25 were highly preferred when fried at stages 3 and 4 of ripening. Saba and FHIA 03 were also accepted though not as high as the other three accessions. All accessions were highly preferred when used as chips. BITA 3 was highly preferred for Ampesi whereas KM 5 and FHIA 25 were partially preferred as Ampesi. Saba and FHIA 03 were totally rejected. However when used for Ofam, all the varieties were highly preferred. Cooking bananas could be highly preferred by Ghanaian consumers when processed. The processing might have coated the banana characteristics of the varieties. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cooking banana; Hybrid; Musa; Plantain; Sensory evaluation	Consumer acceptability; Consumer preferences; Corn flour; Hybrid; Musa; Plantain; Salted water; Sensory evaluation; Food products; Vegetable oils; Water quality; Fruits	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646367919	The impact of self-efficacy and prior computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in selected universities libraries in Southwest Nigeria	Tella A., Ayeni C.O.	2006	Library Philosophy and Practice	8	2	None	Department of Library and Information Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Federal College of Forestry Library, Ibadan, Nigeria	Tella, A., Department of Library and Information Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Ayeni, C.O., Federal College of Forestry Library, Ibadan, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646371266	The impact of the internet on research: The experience of Delta State University, Nigeria	Adogbeji O.B., Toyo O.D.	2006	Library Philosophy and Practice	8	2	None	University Library, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji, O.B., University Library, Abraka, Nigeria; Toyo, O.D., Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646371453	Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30%	Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F., Anderson J.L., van Veldhuisen D.J., Parkhomenko A., Corbalan R., Klug E.Q., Mukherjee R., Solomon H.	2006	European Journal of Heart Failure	8	3	10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.11.008	University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Pitt, B., University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Gheorghiade, M., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Zannad, F., Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; Anderson, J.L., LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; van Veldhuisen, D.J., University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Parkhomenko, A., Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Corbalan, R., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Klug, E.Q., Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Mukherjee, R., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States; Solomon, H., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Aims: Because of the prognostic importance of LV dysfunction following an AMI and the increasing use of electrical and/or mechanical interventions in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, this retrospective analysis of EPHESUS patients with LVEF ≤ 30% at baseline was conducted to determine the value of eplerenone in this setting. Methods and results: In EPHESUS, 6632 patients with LVEF ≤ 40% and clinical heart failure (HF) post-AMI who were receiving standard therapy were randomized to eplerenone 25 mg/day titrated to 50 mg/day or placebo for a mean follow-up of 16 months. Treatment with eplerenone in the subgroup of patients with LVEF ≤ 30% (N = 2106) resulted in relative risk reductions of 21% versus placebo in both all-cause mortality (P = 0.012) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.001), and 23% for CV mortality (P = 0.008). The relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) was reduced 33% (P = 0.01) and HF mortality/HF hospitalization was reduced 25% (P = 0.005) with eplerenone compared with placebo. Within 30 days of randomization, eplerenone resulted in relative risk reductions of 43% for all-cause mortality (P = 0.002), 29% for CV mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.006), and 58% for SCD (P = 0.008). Conclusions: Treatment with eplerenone plus standard therapy in patients with post-AMI HF and LVEF ≤ 30% provided significant incremental benefits in reducing both early and late mortality and morbidity. © 2005 European Society of Cardiology.	Aldosterone; EPHESUS; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	acetylsalicylic acid; angiotensin receptor antagonist; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; digitalis; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; diuretic agent; eplerenone; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; placebo; vitamin K group; acute heart infarction; adult; aged; article; controlled study; drug fatality; female; follow up; heart death; heart failure; heart left ventricle ejection fraction; hospitalization; human; hyperkalemia; hypokalemia; major clinical study; male; morbidity; mortality; priority journal; randomization; risk reduction; standard; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Female; Heart Failure, Congestive; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Spironolactone; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646406811	Performance and cost evaluation of substituting rubber seed cake for groundnut cake in diets of growing pigs	Madubuike F.N., Ekenyem B.U., Obih T.K.O.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	1	10.3923/pjn.2006.59.61	Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Madubuike, F.N., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Obih, T.K.O., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Thirty six weeks old (Large white X Landrace) hybrid weaner pigs (fifteen females and fifteen males) were used in a 12-week experiment to determine the cost effectiveness of substituting rubber seed cake for groundnut cake on the growth rate of weaner pigs. Graded levels of rubber seed cake (0%, 25%, 50%, 70% and 100%) replaced corresponding levels of groundnut cake in five Iso-Nitrogenous and Iso-caloric treatments (A, B, C, D and E) respectively which were further replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum to the experimental pigs while medication (wormers) were administered to maintain good health. Feed intake was recorded everyday while body weight was taken every week in all the treatments. The average weight of pigs at eighteen (18) weeks were 40.30c, 41.70bc, 39.30c, 41.80b and 47.20a for treatments A, B, C, D, E respectively while the average feed cost (naira) per kilogram of pork gained were N86.95a, N77.47b, N84.04a, N68.00bc and N56.56c for treatments A, B, C, D, and E respectively. Results showed that treatment E had both significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher weight gain and lowest cost of production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Groundnut cake; Growing pigs; Rubber seed cake	animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; controlled study; cost; cost control; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; nonhuman; nutrient supply; nutritional health; nutritional value; peanut; pig farming; randomization; statistical significance; weight gain; Animalia; Arachis hypogaea; Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646418402	Effects of graded levels of palm-kernel cake on performance of grower rabbits	Orunmuyi M., Bawa G.S., Adeyinka F.D., Daudu O.M., Adeyinka I.A.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	1	10.3923/pjn.2006.71.74	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	Orunmuyi, M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, F.D., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Daudu, O.M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	A total of forty (40) growing rabbits with an average initial weight of 921.5g were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% palm kernel cake as replacement for soyabean cake respectively. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (20% CP). The final live weights of the rabbits were higher in the control diet compared to those on palm kernel cake diets. With the exception of the rabbits placed on 40% level of palm kernel cake daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency values compared favourably with those on control diet. Carcass weight and weight of primal cuts expressed as percentage of carcass weight did not show any significant difference between the treatment means. Animals on 40% palm kernel cake diets had the highest (P<0.05) cost per kg gain compared to those on other dietary treatments. It was concluded that palm kernel cake can be used up to 30% level in a maize - soyabean meal based diet for grower rabbits without adverse effect on the performance of the animals. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Grower rabbits; Growth and carcass characteristics; Palm kernel cake; Soyabean meal	palm oil; animal experiment; animal food; article; carcass; controlled study; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; meat industry; nonhuman; nutrient supply; nutritional health; nutritional value; rabbit; randomization; seed kernel; soybean; test meal; weight gain; Animalia; Glycine max; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646420078	Determination of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol in oral dosage forms using high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection	Nair V.D.P., Kanfer I., Hoogmartens J.	2006	Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis	41	3	10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.030	Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Laboratorium Voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Nair, V.D.P., Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Hoogmartens, J., Laboratorium Voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	A validated and repeatable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with online evaporative light scattering (ELSD) was developed for the analysis of two sterols, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and a stanol, stigmastanol, found to be common in many herbal formulations and health care supplements. The method is based on the separation of the three marker compounds on a C8 column (Phenomenex Luna, 5 μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) using methanol:water (95:5 v/v) as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 1 ml/min to separate all the marker compounds within 12 min. Cholesterol (50 μg/ml) was used as internal standard and methanol as the extraction solvent. The ELSD response parameters were optimised and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 2 and 5 μg/ml, respectively, which is more sensitive than obtained by photo diode array detection (5 and 7 μg/ml). Using ELSD, the percentage relative standard deviation (%R.S.D.) of intra-day and inter-day (3 days) precision for each marker was better than 3%, the accuracy data were within 97-103% and the recovery data were found to be within 95-107% for the five commercially available products examined. This method was used to assay commercially available products formulated as oral dosage forms purported to contain African Potato and associated sterols and stanol and proved to be suitable for the routine analysis and quality control of such products. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	β-Sitosterol; African Potato; HPLC-ELSD; Quality control; Stigmastanol; Stigmasterol	carbon; cholesterol; methanol; sitostanol; sitosterol; stigmasterol; water; accuracy; analytic method; article; drug formulation; drug marketing; flow rate; herbal medicine; high performance liquid chromatography; information processing; light scattering; potato; priority journal; quality control; quantitative analysis; supplementation; validation process; Administration, Oral; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dosage Forms; Light; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Scattering, Radiation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646425590	Tomato fruit size, maturity and α-tomatine content influence the performance of larvae of potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)	Mulatu B., Applebaum S.W., Kerem Z., Coll M.	2006	Bulletin of Entomological Research	96	2	10.1079/BER2005412	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel	Mulatu, B., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Applebaum, S.W., Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Kerem, Z., Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Coll, M., Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel	Various physical and chemical properties of host plants influence insect larval performance and subsequent adult fitness. Tomato plants are relatively new hosts to the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), with the fruit being its preferred feeding site. However, it is unclear how the biochemical and physical properties of tomato fruits relate to potato tuber moth performance. Significant amounts of α-tomatine were detected in maturing green and ripening fruits of cherry (cv. Ceres) and processing (cv. Serio) types of tomatoes whereas none was detected in a fresh market variety (cv. Marglobe), at comparable stages. α-Tomatine is negatively and significantly correlated with development rate (head capsule size) of larvae reared in the fruits of the cherry and processing type tomatoes. Generally, survival, growth and development were significantly superior for larvae reared in the ripening fruits of the fresh market cultivar. At this stage, the fruits of this cultivar are also the largest. Based on these results it is concluded that fruit α-tomatine content, as well as fruit size and maturity, all affect performance of P. operculella larvae in the fruits of cultivated tomatoes. © CAB International, 2006.	Herbivory; Insect-plant interactions; Phthorimaea operculella; Potato tuber moth; Secondary plant compounds; Tomatine; Tomato	tomatine; cultivar; fruit production; growth and development; host plant; larval development; moth; analysis of variance; animal; article; body weight; chemistry; comparative study; drug effect; growth, development and aging; larva; Lepidoptera; parasitology; physiology; survival; tomato; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Larva; Lepidoptera; Lycopersicon esculentum; Survival Analysis; Tomatine; Ceres; Gelechiidae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Lycopersicon esculentum; Phthorimaea operculella; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646425859	Linking a population model with an ecosystem model: Assessing the impact of land use and climate change on savanna shrub cover dynamics	Tews J., Esther A., Milton S.J., Jeltsch F.	2006	Ecological Modelling	195	42433	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.025	Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany; Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Tews, J., Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany; Esther, A., Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany; Milton, S.J., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Jeltsch, F., Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany	In semiarid savannas of Southern Africa current land use practices and climate change may lead to substantial changes of vegetation structure in the near future, however uncertainty remains about the potential consequences and the magnitude of change. In this paper we study the impact of climate change, cattle grazing, and wood cutting on shrub cover dynamics in savannas of the southern Kalahari. We use an established savanna ecosystem model to simulate landscape dynamics in terms of rainfall, fire and distribution of the dominant tree Acacia erioloba. We then incorporate these data into a spatial population model of the common, fleshy-fruited shrub Grewia flava and investigate shrub cover dynamics for a period of 100 years. Depending on the intensity of commercial wood cutting practices tree removal of A. erioloba led to a strong decline of the G. flava population, as shrub recruitment is concentrated in tree sub-canopies due to bird-mediated seed dispersal. Under climate change shrub cover slightly decreased with decreasing precipitation and was unchanged with increase in precipitation variability. Contrarily, grazing by cattle strongly increased shrub cover and facilitated shrub encroachment because of cattle-induced distribution of G. flava seeds into the matrix vegetation. Knowledge of the latter process is particularly important because shrub invasion is a major concern for conservation and savanna rangeland management as a result of its adverse effects on livestock carrying capacity and biodiversity. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Acacia erioloba; Bush encroachment; Global change; Grewia flava; Overgrazing; Seed dispersal; Shrub encroachment; Southern Kalahari; Spatial-explicit simulation model	Climate change; Land use; Mathematical models; Regional planning; Vegetation; Acacia erioloba; Bush encroachment; Global change; Grewia flava; Overgrazing; Seed dispersal; Shrub encroachment; Southern Kalahari; Spatial-explicit simulation model; Ecosystems; climate change; grazing; land use; landscape change; savanna; semiarid region; shrub; Africa; Kalahari Desert; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Acacia; Acacia erioloba; Aves; Bos taurus; Grewia; Grewia flava	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646446481	Impact of segregation and inclusive education at the basic education level on children with low vision in Ghana	Agbeke W.K.	2005	International Congress Series	1282	None	10.1016/j.ics.2005.05.039	Department of Special Education, University of Education, P.O. Box 25, Winneba, Ghana	Agbeke, W.K., Department of Special Education, University of Education, P.O. Box 25, Winneba, Ghana	This study was carried out to determine the impact that both segregation and inclusive education at the Basic Level have on children with low vision in Ghana. In all, 54 participants were involved in the study. The instruments used in the collection of data for this study were a semi-structured interview schedule and a questionnaire. Both interview and questionnaire items were based on, academic performance, orientation and mobility, activities of daily living, social interaction and the challenges and prospects of the two programmes. The results showed that visually impaired children from both programmes have problems with movement initially but overcome it after a year. Socially, children from inclusive programmes better participated in family and community activities than their counterparts in the special school. There was no significant difference in the academic performance of children from the two programmes. The two programmes have challenges but the prospects of inclusive education looks brighter. There is a balance in terms of academic performance and socialization. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Education; Ghana; Inclusive education; Segregation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646486101	Impact of botanical pesticides derived from Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indica plants on the emission of volatiles that attract parasitoids of the diamondback moth to cabbage plants	Charleston D.S., Gols R., Hordijk K.A., Kfir R., Vet L.E.M., Dicke M.	2006	Journal of Chemical Ecology	32	2	10.1007/s10886-005-9004-9	Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa; Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-CL, P.O. Box 1299, 3600 BG, Maarssen, Netherlands	Charleston, D.S., Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa; Gols, R., Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Hordijk, K.A., Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-CL, P.O. Box 1299, 3600 BG, Maarssen, Netherlands; Kfir, R., Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa; Vet, L.E.M., Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-CL, P.O. Box 1299, 3600 BG, Maarssen, Netherlands; Dicke, M., Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands	Herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods use chemical information from plants during foraging. Aqueous leaf extracts from the syringa tree Melia azedarach and commercial formulations from the neem tree Azadirachta indica, Neemix 4.5®, were investigated for their impact on the flight response of two parasitoids, Cotesia plutellae and Diadromus collaris. Cotesia plutellae was attracted only to Plutella xylostella-infested cabbage plants in a wind tunnel after an oviposition experience. Female C. plutellae did not distinguish between P. xylostella-infested cabbage plants treated with neem and control P. xylostella-infested plants. However, females preferred infested cabbage plants that had been treated with syringa extract to control infested plants. Syringa extract on filter paper did not attract C. plutellae. This suggests that an interaction between the plant and the syringa extract enhances parasitoid attraction. Diadromus collaris was not attracted to cabbage plants in a wind tunnel and did not distinguish between caterpillar-damaged and undamaged cabbage plants. Headspace analysis revealed 49 compounds in both control cabbage plants and cabbage plants that had been treated with the syringa extract. Among these are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, terpenoids, sulfides, and an isothiocyanate. Cabbage plants that had been treated with the syringa extract emitted larger quantities of volatiles, and these increased quantities were not derived from the syringa extract. Therefore, the syringa extract seemed to induce the emission of cabbage volatiles. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a plant extract inducing the emission of plant volatiles in another plant. This interesting phenomenon likely explains the preference of C. plutellae parasitoids for cabbage plants that have been treated with syringa extracts. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Botanical pesticides; Elicitor; Induced plant volatiles; Parasitoid behavior; Plutella xylostella	acylglycerol; insecticide; neem oil; plant extract; terpene; host-parasite interaction; pesticide; plant; animal; article; Azadirachta indica; Brassica; chemistry; drug effect; feeding behavior; female; host parasite interaction; Hymenoptera; insect control; larva; Melia azedarach; metabolism; moth; parasitology; physiology; Animals; Azadirachta; Brassica; Feeding Behavior; Female; Glycerides; Host-Parasite Relations; Hymenoptera; Insect Control; Insecticides; Larva; Melia azedarach; Moths; Plant Extracts; Terpenes; Arthropoda; Azadirachta indica; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Cotesia plutellae; Diadromus collaris; Lepidoptera; Melia azedarach; Plutella xylostella; Syringa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646524027	Evaluation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of South African plants	Reid K.A., Maes J., Maes A., van Staden J., De Kimpe N., Mulholland D.A., Verschaeve L.	2006	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	106	1	10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.030	Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Natural Products Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, 4041, South Africa	Reid, K.A., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium, Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Maes, J., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Maes, A., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; van Staden, J., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; De Kimpe, N., Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Mulholland, D.A., Natural Products Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Verschaeve, L., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium	Dichloromethane and 90% methanol extracts of 42 South African plants were screened for mutagenicity and antimutagenicity using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay (Ames) against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains in the presence and absence of metabolic activator S9. The methanol extracts from whole plants of Helichrysum simillimum, Helichrysum herbaceum and Helichrysum rugulosum indicated mutagenicity. These are the first reported tests on the mutagenicity of Helichrysum species. Six species indicated antimutagenic properties, all in the presence of S9: methanol leaf extract of Bauhinia galpinii, and dichloromethane leaf extracts of Bauhinia galpinii, Clerodendrum myricoides, Datura stramonium, Buddleja saligna, Millettia sutherlandii and Sutherlandia frutescens. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ames test; Antimutagenicity; Mutagenicity; Traditional medicinal plants	Bauhinia galpinii extract; Buddleja saligna extract; catharanthus roseus extract; clerodendrum myricoides extract; coleonema album extract; Datura stramonium extract; dichloromethane; dioscorea dregeana extract; ekebergia capensis extract; Helichrysum herbaceum extract; Helichrysum rugulosum extract; Helichrysum simillimum extract; hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; maytenus senegalensis extract; methanol; millettia grandis extract; Millettia sutherlandii extract; Nauclea latifolia extract; olea africana extract; Phyllanthus amarus extract; phytolacca octandra extract; plant extract; pleurostylia capensis extract; rhus chirindensis extract; rhus rehrianmana extract; Sutherlandia frutescens extract; tulbaghia violaceae extract; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; uvaria chamae extract; xysmalobium undulatum extract; Ames test; angiosperm; Araliaceae; article; Asclepiadaceae; Asteraceae; bacterial strain; Bauhinia; Buddleja; Catharanthus roseus; Celastraceae; Clerodendrum; Datura stramonium; drug activity; drug effect; drug screening; Flacourtiaceae; Helichrysum; Hypoxis; Hyptis; Maytenus; medicinal plant; Meliaceae; metabolic activation; Millettia; mutagenicity; nonhuman; olive tree; Phyllanthus amarus; poison ivy; pokeweed; Rubiaceae; Rutaceae; Salmonella typhimurium; South Africa; Sterculiaceae; strophanthus; Uvaria; Antimutagenic Agents; Datura stramonium; Helichrysum; Medicine, African Traditional; Methanol; Methylene Chloride; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Plant Extracts; Plants; Salmonella typhimurium; South Africa; Apocynaceae; Araliaceae; Asteraceae; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bauhinia; Bauhinia galpinii; Buddleja; Buddleja saligna; Catharanthus roseus; Celastraceae; Clerodendrum; Coleonema album; Datura stramonium; Dioscorea dregeana; Ekebergia capensis; Flacourtiaceae; Hedera; Helichrysum; Helichrysum rugulosum; Hypoxis; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hyptis; Magnoliophyta; Malvaceae; Maytenus; Maytenus senegalensis; Meliaceae; Millettia; Millettia grandis; Nauclea latifolia; Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata; Phyllanthus amarus; Phytolacca octandra; Phytolaccaceae; Pleurostylia; Rhus; Rotheca myricoides; Rubiaceae; Rutaceae; Salmonella typhimurium; Strophanthus; Sutherlandia frutescens; Tulbaghia; Uvaria; Uvaria chamae; Violaceae; Xysmalobium undulatum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646524268	High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of hypoxoside in African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) and in commercial products containing the plant material and/or its extracts	Nair V.D.P., Kanfer I.	2006	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	54	8	10.1021/jf052418s	Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Nair, V.D.P., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Hypoxoside is a norlignan diglucoside present in the corms of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea). The latter is used as a popular African traditional medicine for it's nutritional and immune-boosting properties. A reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of hypoxoside using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water (20:80, v/v). The method was linear throughout the range of 10-100 μg/mL and provided a high degree of accuracy (100 ± 4%). The recovery of the method was found to be 100 ± 5%, and the precision of the study, % relative standard deviation intraday and interday (over three separate days), was better than 6.15 and 5.64%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated to be 0.75 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively. This method was applied to the analysis and quality control of African potato corms as well as 12 commercially available products. The daily intake of hypoxoside through traditionally prepared African potato decoction was also evaluated. © 2006 American Chemical Society.	Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hypoxoside; Quality control; RP-HPLC; Validation	alkyne; glucoside; hypoxoside; plant extract; article; chemistry; high performance liquid chromatography; Hypoxis; methodology; reproducibility; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; Alkynes; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Glucosides; Hypoxis; Plant Extracts; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Hypoxis; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646550544	Discovery of a 25-cm asteroid clast in the giant Morokweng impact crater, South Africa	Maier W.D., Andreoli M.A.G., McDonald I., Higgins M.D., Boyce A.J., Shukolyukov A., Lugmair G.W., Ashwal L.D., Gräser P., Ripley E.M., Hart R.J.	2006	Nature	441	7090	10.1038/nature04751	Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Que. G7H 2B1, Canada; Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa; School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, United Kingdom; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7000, United States; Ithemba LABS - Gauteng, Wits 2050, South Africa	Maier, W.D., Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Que. G7H 2B1, Canada, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Andreoli, M.A.G., South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pretoria 0001, South Africa, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa; McDonald, I., School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Higgins, M.D., Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Que. G7H 2B1, Canada; Boyce, A.J., Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, United Kingdom; Shukolyukov, A., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Lugmair, G.W., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Ashwal, L.D., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa; Gräser, P., Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Ripley, E.M., Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7000, United States; Hart, R.J., Ithemba LABS - Gauteng, Wits 2050, South Africa	Meteorites provide a sample of Solar System bodies and so constrain the types of objects that have collided with Earth over time. Meteorites analysed to date, however, are unlikely to be representative of the entire population and it is also possible that changes in their nature have occurred with time 1. Large objects are widely believed to be completely melted or vaporized during high-angle impact with the Earth2,3. Consequently, identification of large impactors relies on indirect chemical tracers, notably the platinum-group elements4. Here we report the discovery of a large (25-cm), unaltered, fossil meteorite, and several smaller fragments within the impact melt of the giant (&gt;70 km diameter), 145-Myr-old Morokweng crater, South Africa. The large fragment (clast) resembles an LL6 chondrite breccia, but contains anomalously iron-rich silicates, Fe-Ni sulphides, and no troilite or metal. It has chondritic chromium isotope ratios and identical platinum-group element ratios to the bulk impact melt. These features allow the unambiguous characterization of an impactor at a large crater. Furthermore, the unusual composition of the meteorite suggests that the Morokweng asteroid incorporated part of the LL chondrite parent body not represented by objects at present reaching the Earth. © 2006 Nature Publishing Group.	None	Earth (planet); Melting; Meteorites; Palladium; Radioactive tracers; Silicates; Vaporization; Chondritic chromium isotope ratios; Iron-rich silicates; Morokweng impact crater; Platinum-group element ratios; Solar system; chromium; iron; metal; platinum; silicate; sulfide; asteroid; astrobleme; chondrite; meteorite; platinum group element; solar system; article; astronomy; geochemistry; mineralogy; priority journal; South Africa; vaporization; velocity; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646560011	Evaluation and standardisation of small-scale canning methods for small white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) canned in tomato sauce	Van Der Merwe D., Osthoff G., Pretorius A.J.	2006	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	86	7	10.1002/jsfa.2476	ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Van Der Merwe, D., ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Osthoff, G., Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Pretorius, A.J., ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Canning and evaluation procedures should be standardised to ensure that beans selected, based on canning quality, meet the requirements set by the market and processors. For the purpose of evaluating the canning qualities of small white beans in tomato sauce, three small-scale canning techniques were evaluated, one of which was found to deliver a product with quality parameters similar to those of international standards. Using South African small white bean cultivars and the selected method, Teebus, the cultivar used by industry as the standard to indicate acceptable canning quality, displayed better visual appearance and less split beans than with the other two methods. The percentage washed drained weight and texture values of Teebus were also in agreement with international standards. The evaluation procedure for the small white beans after canning was also optimised, by comparing two procedures, which identified texture, visual appearance (scale 1 to 10), splits (scale 1 to 10), hydration coefficient, clumping, size and colour as the statistically most suitable quality parameters. With the aid of the developed method, it was possible to define standard values for South African 'choice' and 'standard' grade beans, which previously was based only on 'visual inspection' by a trained inspection panel. © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry.	Canning procedures; Canning quality; Dry beans; Evaluation procedures; Small white beans; Small-scale canning methods	Lycopersicon esculentum; Phaseolus (angiosperm); Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646572205	Investments in ICT-capital and economic performance of small and medium scale enterprises in East Africa	Chowdhury S.K.	2006	Journal of International Development	18	4	10.1002/jid.1250	International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2033 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, United States; Susanna Wolf Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Chowdhury, S.K., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2033 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, United States, Susanna Wolf Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	In this paper, we focused on whether investments in ICTs could cause any increases in a firm's performance. We constructed a data set for two East African countries - Kenya and Tanzania for small and medium scale enterprises and focused on three performance indicators - internal rate of return, labour productivity and domestic and export market expansion. Findings of this paper suggested that investments in ICT have a positive impact on general market expansion. However, it has a negative impact on labour productivity, and such investment does not have any significant impact on the firm's return nor does it determine the firm's exporter (non-exporter) status. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	East Africa; Enterprises; ICT capital; ICTs; Investments	information and communication technology; investment; small and medium-sized enterprise; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646593175	Differences in the performance and phosphorus-use efficiency of some tropical rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties	Akinrinde E.A., Gaizer T.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	3	10.3923/pjn.2006.206.211	Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation (310), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Akinrinde, E.A., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gaizer, T., Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation (310), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Deficiency of phosphorus (P) is widespread in tropical and temperate acid soils. Six rice (Oryza sativa L) varieties (TOX 4008 - 34, TOX 3499-84, FARO 51, LOCAL CHECK, FAROX 317, and WAT 107 - TGR) were evaluated for their P nutrition capability at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1 levels of P applied in an Alfisol. Plant height (from 3 weeks after planting, WAP), number of tillers (from 4 WAP), as well as dry matter (DM) yields, P concentration and uptake in partitioned plant parts and P - use efficiency parameters were estimated after 6 weeks of growth. Plant height at 4 WAP, content and uptake of P determined in shoot and root were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) influenced by P application rates. The varieties also differed significantly in their growth; DM production and P - use efficiency, thus permitting their categorization into efficient or non-efficient and responsive or non-responsive types. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Genotypic differences; Oryza sativa; P application levels; P use efficiency; Phosphorus uptake	phosphorus; article; biomass production; chemical composition; concentration (parameters); controlled study; nonhuman; nutritional value; phase partitioning; plant growth; plant height; plant identification; plant root; planting time; quantum yield; rice; shoot; soil acidity; soil analysis; tropics; varietas; Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646674295	Effects of dietary replacement of maize with malted or unmalted sorghum on the performance of weaner rabbits	Abubakar M., Doma U.D., Kalla D.J.U., Ngele M.B., Augustine C.L.D.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	5	None	Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	Abubakar, M., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Doma, U.D., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kalla, D.J.U., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ngele, M.B., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Augustine, C.L.D., VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted using twenty-one, 8 to 9 weeks old weaner rabbits allotted to three groups of seven animals each in a completely randomized design. The study which lasted for six weeks was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary replacement of maize as a source of energy with malted or un-malted sorghum on the performance of the animals. The rabbits fed malted sorghum based diet had a similar dry matter intake to those on the maize based diet, but significantly higher than those on the unmalted sorghum based diet. All the animals gained weight, at rates similar across the treatments, indicating that the intake of energy and proteins were well above maintenance requirements. The best feed efficiency was recorded for rabbits fed on the malted sorghum based diet. The financial analysis revealed that feed cost per kg body weight gain was lowest for animals on the malted and unmalted sorghum based diets. It is concluded that malted or unmalted sorghum could effectively replace maize as a source of energy in diets for weaner rabbits without any adverse effects on performance and with reduced cost of feed per kg body weight gain.	Maize; Performance; Rabbits; Sorghum	Animalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646706087	Milk production level and calf-rearing system affecting Boran, Ethiopian zebu cattle breed, cow-calf performance	Yilma Z., Gojjam Y., Shumye M.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	5	None	Dairy Technology, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia	Yilma, Z., Dairy Technology, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia; Gojjam, Y., Dairy Technology, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia; Shumye, M., Dairy Technology, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia	Milk yield, reproductive performance, dry matter intake, milk composition and calf growth were studied for Boran (Ethiopian zebu breed) cows under different milk production levels and calf rearing methods. 39 Boran cows in their 2 nd and 3 rd parities were used for the study in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with main factors being suckling (partial suckling Vs non-suckling) and milk yield (low- and high-yielding). Suckling has resulted in increased total milk yield as compared to non-suckling in both milk yield groups: 793 Vs 369 kg for low-yielders and 1142 Vs 819 kg for high-yielders. Suckling and high-yielding cows consumed 0.6 kg and 0.8 kg more concentrate and total dry matter daily than non-suckling and low-yielding cows, respectively. Non-suckling and high-yielding cows produced 52 kg and 31 kg, respectively more hand-milked milk monthly (P&lt;0.05) than suckling and low yielding cows. Although partial suckling resulted in reduced fat percentage in milk obtained through hand milking, total milk yield was increased. Partial suckling, however, prolonged calving to first heat, days open and cycling compared with non-suckling. Suckling also resulted in higher (P&lt;0.01) average daily weight gain to weaning. Smallholder dairy enterprises in Ethiopia that are based on local cows need to consider the importance of suckling for increased productivity of the farm particularly in terms of milk yield and calf growth rate. As suckling resulted in increased milk yield, this practice should be accompanied by improved feeding. Further studies are needed in this line to address the economic implications of such practice. The need for similar studies under different production systems is also imperative to determine and implement the most appropriate strategy to improve overall life time productivity of local cows that include reproduction traits, milk production, calf growth and survival with suckling practices.	Boran; Feed intake; Growth; Milk production; Partial-suckling; Reproduction	Bos indicus; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646791464	Performance evaluation of the regulatory institutions in the management of distress in Nigerian banking system	Oladele P.O., Asaolu T.O., Oyesanmi O.	2006	European Journal of Social Sciences	2	2	None	Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria	Oladele, P.O., Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria; Asaolu, T.O., Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria; Oyesanmi, O., Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria	This paper presents a performance evaluation of the regulatory institutions in the management of distress in Nigerian banking system. Data were generated through a survey conducted among 480 workers from banking and financial institutions. The research identified some endogenous and exogenous factors as causes of distress in the banking sector. There was a significant association between bank fraud and distress, deceitful annual report and ineffective monitoring of the banks by the regulatory institutions. Distress in the banking industry was associated mainly with mismanagement and board squabbles. There was general consensus that a well-regulated banking system is the major antidote towards prevention of distress.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646791867	Estimating gill-net selectivity for Labeo umbratus (Pisces: Cyprinidae), and an evaluation of using fyke-nets as a non-destructive sampling gear in small reservoirs	Booth A.J., Potts W.M.	2006	Fisheries Research	79	42371	10.1016/j.fishres.2006.02.015	Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa	Booth, A.J., Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa; Potts, W.M., Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa	Estimates of gill-net selectivity for the cyprinid fish, Labeo umbratus, were compared using two conventional and two new estimation methods. All four methods provided similar estimates. The SELECT method was shown to be the simplest and most robust statistically. The Sechin model was found to be appropriate for the smaller mesh sizes. Being based on fish morphology, the Sechin model is not suggested for estimating the gill-net selectivity when fish are likely to get tangled. Although the direct fyke-net method appeared to adequately estimate gill-net selectivity, large sample sizes are required to obtain an accurate estimate of the population structure. This method is, therefore, considered appropriate for high-density populations and may have application for species that are likely to get tangled. The length-structured selectivity model was the most complicated mathematically. While it accurately described the gear selection process it required additional estimates of age and growth. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Fyke-nets; Gill-nets; Labeo umbratus; Length-structured model; Sechin's model; SELECT	cyprinid; fish; gillnet; growth rate; population structure; statistical analysis; Cyprinidae; Cypriniformes; Labeo umbratus; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646796767	Impact of government-based strategy on employment generation and poverty alleviation in Nigeria	Folorunso B.A., Olusi J.O.	2006	European Journal of Social Sciences	2	1	None	Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Folorunso, B.A., Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Olusi, J.O., Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	The paper analyzed the effects of poverty alleviation and employment programme of NEEDS on the key targeted groups in Osun State of Nigeria. The study employed structured questionnaire in eliciting information from members of the target groups through interview method. Adopting qualitative techniques of analysis, factors that constituted obstacles to the advancement of Osun state in the areas of employment generation and poverty reduction were identified. The study found that obstacle to poverty reduction and employment generation was the lack of adequate empowerment on the part of the members of target groups; members had little education and lack financial opportunities. Programmes' effects had been minimal since the level of poverty is still very high despite the acclaimed efforts of NEEDS to encourage entrepreneurship in the state. This was, however, due to poor policy implementation; empowerment materials are distributed using political factors rather than economic factors. Youths, rural women and the disabled are mostly affected because their empowerment levels were lower relative to men's. The paper therefore suggests proper implementation of NEEDS policy by empowering every members of the target groups irrespective of their political affiliation.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646800816	Modelling natural conditions and impacts of consumptive water use and sedimentation of Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo, Ethiopia	Awulachew S.B.	2006	Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management	11	2	10.1111/j.1440-1770.2006.00293.x	International Water Management Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Awulachew, S.B., International Water Management Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	There is few available information regarding the water resource systems of Abaya Lake and Chamo Lake, which are found in the Southern Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia. This paper describes modelling of the water balance components of these lakes, as well as the impacts of water uses, and sediment transport and deposition in the lakes. The various parameters and data needed for the water balance model are derived on the basis of various surveys, analysis of data and modelling efforts. The watershed characteristics are derived using geographical information system, whereas the morphometry of the lakes is investigated by undertaking bathymetry surveys. The hydrometeorological components of this lake system also were investigated through the development of relevant database and information systems, by identifying regional relationships, and by a rainfall-run-off model. These information systems have subsequently been integrated to model the water balance of the two lakes, and simulating the in-lake water levels. Several scenarios reflecting the natural conditions, water consumptive development possibilities, and sedimentation impacts have been investigated in this study. Based on the model simulation results, and on the computation of the life expectancies of the two lakes, it was found that sediment inflow and deposition significantly threaten their existence. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.	Abaya Lake; Chamo Lake; Ethiopia; GIS; Lifeexpectancy; Model; Sedimentation; Water balance	GIS; hydrometeorology; lake water; modeling; sedimentation; water budget; water use; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646812241	Evaluation of a low-cost method, the Guava EasyCD4 assay, to enumerate CD4-positive lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected patients in the United States and Uganda	Spacek L.A., Shihab H.M., Lutwama F., Summerton J., Mayanja H., Ronald A., Margolick J.B., Nilles T.L., Quinn T.C.	2006	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	41	5	10.1097/01.qai.0000214807.98465.a2	Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Institute; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States	Spacek, L.A., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Shihab, H.M., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Institute; Lutwama, F., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Institute; Summerton, J., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mayanja, H., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Ronald, A., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada; Margolick, J.B., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nilles, T.L., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Quinn, T.C., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Objective: To evaluate the EasyCD4 assay, a less expensive method to enumerate CD4+ lymphocytes, in resource-limited settings. Design: Cross-sectional study conducted in the United States and Uganda. Methods: We compared CD4+ cell counts obtained on replicate samples from HIV-infected patients by the EasyCD4 assay, a microcapillary flow-based system, and by standard flow cytometry or FACSCount with linear regression and the Bland-Altman method. Results: Two hundred eighteen samples were analyzed (77 in the United States and 141 in Uganda). In the United States, mean ± SD CD4 was 697 ± 438 cells/μL by standard flow cytometry and 688 ± 451 cells/μL by EasyCD4. In Uganda, the mean ± SD CD4 was 335 ± 331 cells/μL by FACSCount and 340 ± 327 cells/μL by EasyCD4. The 2 methods were highly correlated (US cohort, r2 = 0.97, slope = 1.0, intercept = -18; Ugandan cohort, r2 = 0.92; slope = 0.95; intercept = 23). The mean differences in CD4 cell counts were 9.0 and -4.6 cells/μL for the US and Ugandan cohorts, respectively, and they were not significant in either cohort. In the Ugandan cohort, sensitivity and specificity of the EasyCD4 for CD4 below 200 cells/ μL were 90% and 98%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 96%; negative predictive value was 93%. Conclusions: Our results suggest that EasyCD4 may be used with high positive and negative predictive value in resource-limited settings. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy resource-limited setting; CD4-positive lymphocyte counts; Monitoring and evaluation; Uganda	analytic method; article; bioassay; bland altman method; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; correlation analysis; cost control; diagnostic accuracy; evaluation; flow cytometry; fluorescence activated cell sorting; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; linear regression analysis; major clinical study; microcapillary cytometry; monitoring; negative predictive value; positive predictive value; prevalence; priority journal; resource management; Uganda; United States; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Flow Cytometry; HIV Infections; Humans; Monitoring, Immunologic; Uganda; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646825236	Laboratory evaluation of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity. A preliminary study	Aiku A.O., Yates A., Rowland M.	2006	West African Journal of Medicine	25	1	None	Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aiku, A.O., Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Yates, A., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: The study evaluated the effect of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator) has been considered as a possible tool for management of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. There are documentations of the effectiveness of pyriproxifen in controlling larval development when applied directly to breeding site. Considerations have been given to the use of pyriproxyfen on bed nets for sterilizing effect on mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. Method: Groups of mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi - Beech) were exposed to bednet treated with 2% Pyriproxyfen and untreated netting 24 hrs after blood feeding. After oviposition, egg counts were done for each mosquito in the two groups. Larvae emerging from the laid eggs by each mosquito were counted. Three sets of experiments were successful. Results: There was no significant difference in number of eggs laid between the two treatment groups (p=0.177). There was statistically significant difference in the number of laid eggs that hatched between the treatment types (p=0.0061). There was also statistically significant difference in the mean number of eggs that hatched between the experiments (p=0.0013). The mean number of eggs retained in the pyriproxyfen group was higher (70.3) than in the control group (41.6). This difference was not statistically significant with the small sample tested (p=0.08). Conclusion: The results suggest that 2% pyriproxyfen on bed nets has no effect on An. stephensi fecundity. Reduced fertility of eggs laid by mosquitoes exposed to pyriproxyfen treated bed nets was observed.	Fecundity; Fertility; Mosquito; Pyriproxifen	chemosterilant; pyrethroid; pyriproxyfen; Anopheles stephensi; article; bed net; breeding; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; egg laying; female; female fertility; growth regulation; hatching; insect resistance; larval development; malaria control; mosquito; nonhuman; statistical analysis; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Bedding and Linens; Culicidae; Female; Fertility; Insecticides; Oviparity; Pest Control, Biological; Protective Clothing; Pyridines; Reference Values	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646866353	Evaluation of SAR procedures for De determination using single aliquots of quartz from two archaeological sites in South Africa	Jacobs Z., Wintle A.G., Duller G.A.T.	2006	Radiation Measurements	41	5	10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.10.008	QUADRU, Council for Science and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom	Jacobs, Z., QUADRU, Council for Science and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Wintle, A.G., Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom; Duller, G.A.T., Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom	In previous work the conventional SAR procedure has been demonstrated to work well for a large number of samples. Application of the conventional SAR procedure (but with a range of preheat temperatures) to naturally irradiated quartz grains from two different archaeological sites in South Africa showed substantial changes in sensitivity through the measurement cycles; one sample (SIB2) showed no trend in De as a function of preheat temperature, showing that the sensitivity correction was appropriate, whereas for the other sample (ZB4) there was a trend that could be related to the growth curve construction, rather than measurement of the natural signal. However, application of a conventional SAR procedure, with a 260 °C preheat for 10 s and a cut heat at 160 °C, to quartz grains that had been bleached and given a laboratory dose, resulted in underestimation of the dose by {greater than or slanted equal to} 10 %. The effect of raising the cutheat temperature from 160 °C was investigated using LM-OSL measurements in order to identify OSL components that are present in addition to the fast component for which SAR was developed. The effects of changing the cutheat temperature and adding a high-temperature optical stimulation between cycles in the SAR procedure were measured for dose recovery tests. The effects of these changes on measurement of De values for single aliquots of these two samples are reported. Both modifications improved De recovery, and the study emphasizes the importance of carrying out dose recovery tests. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Geographical regions; Optical systems; Quartz; Radioisotopes; Sensitivity analysis; Synthetic aperture radar; Cutheat temperature; Optical stimulation; Preheat temperatures; Quartz grains; Deuterium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646880433	Utilisation and impact of the Essential Electronic Agricultural Database (TEEAL) on library services in a Nigerian university of agriculture	Oduwole A.A., Sowole A.O.	2006	Program	40	2	10.1108/00330330610669271	University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Oduwole, A.A., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sowole, A.O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Purpose - This study examined the utilisation of the Essential Electronic Agricultural Library database (TEEAL) at the University of Agriculture Library, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - Data collection was by questionnaire following a purposive sampling technique. A total of 104 out 150 (69.3 per cent) responses were received and analysed. Findings - Postgraduate and final year undergraduates are the major users of the TEEAL database. The study also revealed that though most of the users are computer literate, they still seek the assistance of library staff for database searching. The major constraints to the use of the TEEAL database include the high cost of printing of selected papers and the limited number of workstations. Practical implications - The study recommends that the number of workstations be increased, the cost of printouts should be subsidised by the university and more library staff should be trained in ICT. Originality/value - Offers recommendations to improve the accessibility of quality information for research in Nigerian universities. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Agriculture; Developing countries; Information retrieval; Nigeria; University libraries	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646884141	Performance, cost benefit, carcass quality and organ characteristics of pigs fed high graded levels of brewer's dried grain diets in the humid tropics	Amaefule K.U., Onwudike O.C., Ibe S.N., Abasiekong S.F.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	3	10.3923/pjn.2006.242.247	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Onwudike, O.C., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ibe, S.N., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Abasiekong, S.F., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Twenty-four (Landrace x Large white) weaner pigs with average live weight of 6.36 kg (6.25-6.50 kg) were used to evaluate the performance, cost benefit, carcass quality and organ characteristics of pigs fed high graded levels of brewers' dried grain (BDG) diets in the humid tropics. The diets contained 0, 30, 35 and 40% BDG in Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The experiment was in a completely randomized design (CRD) with each treatment replicated three times. Live weight, weight gain, feed and protein intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were measured. Other measurements were feed cost of weight gain, gross margin, warm dressed weight, carcass and organ characteristics. Results showed that weaner pigs fed 40% BDG diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher protein intake (113.65 g) than others, while increasing levels of BDG in the diets significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed cost at the weaner stage. At the grower stage, pigs fed 35% BDG diet had weight gain, FCR and PER values similar to those fed control diet, while BDG diets significantly affected back fat (1st rib) thickness, carcass length and percent spleen. It was concluded that weaner pigs could be fed 40% BDG diet to reduce feed cost, without adverse effect on growth performance. At the grower stage, the optimum inclusion level of BDG in the pig's diet should be 35%, although 40% BDG diet could be fed to reduce feed cost without adverse effect on carcass quality and organ characteristics of the pigs. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Brewer's dried grain; Carcass quality; Growth; Pigs	animal behavior; animal experiment; animal food; animal model; article; body fat; body fat distribution; carcass; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; developmental stage; female; food analysis; food composition; food intake; grain; humidity; male; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein content; protein determination; protein intake; spleen weight; swine; weight gain; Animalia; Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646887744	Development and quality evaluation of non-alcoholic beverages from maize based products	Ade-Omowaye B.I.O., Olaniyan S.A., Adeyemi I.A., Isola O.O.	2006	Nutrition and Food Science	36	3	10.1108/00346650610664922	Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife-Ife, Nigeria	Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Olaniyan, S.A., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Adeyemi, I.A., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Isola, O.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife-Ife, Nigeria	Purpose - This paper sets out to focus on the utilization of the locally available raw material to develop an acceptable and high quality non-alcoholic beverage in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - Maize-based non-alcoholic beverages were produced from either plain maize powder or combinations of maize powder and mango or soybean flour. Plain and fruit or soy-fortified maize powders were analyzed using standard methods for chemical composition, while total solid, sediment height, pH, titratable acidity, storage stability and microbial load were determined on the formulated beverage products. Taste panel evaluation was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of the products. Findings - While the protein, fat and ash contents of plain maize powder were 5.69, 5.95 and 0.35 percent respectively, there was minimal enhancement with fruit addition. However, with 10 per cent soybean addition significant improvement over the unfortified sample in protein (14.62 per cent), fat (10.64 per cent) and ash (0.96 per cent) was obtained. Sediment height was found to be higher for beverage with sour water and least for soy-fortified beverage. Titratable acidity of beverage samples was found to be 0.022, 0.018, 0.054 and 0.306 per cent (per cent lactic acid) for plain, fruit-flavoured, soy-fortified and soured beverages respectively. Variation in titratable acidity was observed depending on the product and storage condition. Sensory evaluation result for beverage prepared with sour water (0-100 per cent) revealed preference for soured beverage with 80 percent sour water. Also, fruit-flavoured sample ranked highest in preference followed closely by the plain beverage, while soy-fortified sample was the least acceptable. Originality/value - The paper has demonstrated the feasibility of developing acceptable beverage samples from sour water (a by-product of Ogi usually regarded as waste) and combinations of either maize powder and mango or soybean flour. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Cereals; Nigeria; Non-alcoholic drinks; Waste recovery	Glycine max; Mangifera indica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744454393	The effect of soil amendment on the performance of Gambaya albida (Linn) seedlings	Okunomo K., Ureigho U.N., Opute H.O.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	2	None	Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	Okunomo, K., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Ureigho, U.N., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Opute, H.O., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	A study on the effect of soil amendments on the performance of G. albida was conducted at the teaching and research farm of Delta State University, Asaba Campus. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was employed to assess the effect of these soil amendment options namely cowdung, poultry droppings, Ash and topsoil on growth performance in seedlings of Gambaya albida (Linn). Results showed that there was significant difference between the treatments (P&lt;0.05) from 2-12 weeks after transplanting (WAT). As regards the plant height and collar difference between the treatments from the 2-12WAT. The result indicated that the soil amendment materials had significant effect on leaf number and leaf area of the species (P&lt;0.05) throughout the duration of the study except at 4WAT. The highest mean height values of 17.17cm was recorded under poultry dropping treatment at 12WAT, while mean leaf number and leaf area values were 8.7 and 55.22cm2 respectively. The highest leaf dry weight of 1.7gwasobtainedundercowdung treatment while poultry dropping sand ash had the highest stem and root dry weights of 1.9and 1.6g respectively. It is recommended that poultry droppings should be adopted by our local farmers for the establishment of Gambaya albida seedling. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	Seedling growth; Soil analysis; Tree seedlings	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744454929	Structure and performance evaluation of cocoa marketing institutions in South-Western Nigeria: An economic analysis	Folayan J.A., Daramola G.A., Oguntade A.E.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	2	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria	Folayan, J.A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria; Daramola, G.A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria; Oguntade, A.E., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria	This study employs various measures of parameters of market structure such as concentration ratio, Gini Coefficients and Herfindahl Index and Market performance such as cost and return and multiple regression analyses in an attempt to examine empirically structural performance of cocoa marketing institutions in South-Western Nigeria using cross sectional data collected from 140 cocoa marketers in the study area. The empirical results revealed that based on the outcome of various parameters measure of market concentration indexes, cocoa market was found to be perfectly competitive. Also, the result of market performance analysis revealed that cocoa marketing is profitable while the postulated regressors explained about 96 percent variation in the quantity of cocoa purchased in the study area.	Exporters; Licensed buying agents; Warehousing market structure and performance	Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744472203	Compositional evaluation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) varieties grown in Nigeria	Olaleke A.M., Olorunfemi O., Akintayo T.E.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	2	None	Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, P. M. B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Departmet of Chemistry, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Olaleke, A.M., Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, P. M. B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Olorunfemi, O., Departmet of Chemistry, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Akintayo, T.E., Departmet of Chemistry, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Dehulled samples of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and two scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) varieties were studied for nutritional evaluation with respect to proximate, mineral and amino acid composition. The samples contained crude protein in the range of 75.3- 526.1 g kg-1 DM with cream coat scarlet runner beans having the highest and cream coat moderate cowpea the lowest value. The crude fat varied with values ranging from 21.3±0.0 g kg-1 in white coat small cowpea to 75.3±0.1 g kg-1 in white coat scarlet runner bean. Proximate composition ranges were: moisture content 4.0-18.0, crude fibre 24.0-440, ash 36.1- 46.1 and carbohydrate (by difference) 301.1-828.3 g kg-1 DM. The most abundant minerals were Ca (594.2-664.3 g kg-1), Mg (546.1-677.1 g kg-1) and K (357.5-404.8 g kg-1). Generally the two legume varieties were found to be good sources of essential minerals while Co, Pb, Cd and Cr were not detected. The levels of Na/K and Ca/P ratios were desirable compared with the recommended values. The amino acid analysis revealed that all the samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids with total essential amino acid (TEAA) (with His) ranging from 43.79 to 48.31%. The first limiting amino acid was Lys (0.51-0.59) and calculated isoeletric point (ρl) ranged between 5.49 and 5.58.	Amino acids; Cowpea; Mineral content; Proximate analysis; Scarlet runner beans	Phaseolus (angiosperm); Phaseolus coccineus; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744482828	Comparison of yield performance and profitability in hybrid yam varieties cultivated under staked and unstaked production systems	Agbaje G.O., Adegbite A.A.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	2	None	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, PMB 5029, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Agbaje, G.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, PMB 5029, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adegbite, A.A., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, PMB 5029, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	The use of stakes in yam production poses environmental hazards due to its effect on rapid deforestation of the forest ecology. The practice is cumbersome, labour intensive and it is a major cost input that makes yam production expensive and less profitable. To discourage this practice, fourteen hybrid lines and four local cultivars of white Guinea yam varieties were screened (2002-2004) for yield performance under staked and unstaked production practices. The experiment was carried out in the rain forest research substation of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, located in Orin-Ekiti. The results showed that seven of the the eight hybrid varieties evaluated in 2002 except TDr 89/02565 showed no significant yield difference between staked and unstaked practice. In 2003 and 2004, 87-89% of the eighteen lines/cultivars evaluated gave similar yields (P<0.05) under staked and unstaked practice including TDr 89/02565. The highest tuber yields in both staking and non-staking systems were obtained from varieties TDr 89/02665 and TDr 89/02565. For TDr 89/02665, yields were not significantly different between staked and unstaked in all the years of trial. Economic analysis showed that the local cultivars, N010, 93-31 and 93-2, whether staked or unstaked, gave negative returns while hybrid varieties TDr 89/02665 and TDr 89/02565 gave the highest net returns of over $2,000 per hectare. The benefit to cost ratio was >1.0 in 2002 and 2004 in TDr 89/02665 and TDr 89/02565 while other varieties had <1.0 in all the three years of the trial. This indicated that the highest yielding varieties gave highest net returns under staked and unstaked systems. The results suggest that breeding for increased tuber yield potential in yam is essential for profitable yam production under unstaked production system.	Benefit to cost ratio; Dioscorea rotundata Poir; Economic analysis; Tuber yield	Dioscorea alata; Dioscorea rotundata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744486604	Environmental impact of agricultural production practices in the savannas of northern Nigeria	Chianu J.N., Tsujii H., Awange J.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	2	None	TSBF-CIAT, c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresources, Ishikwa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichicho, Ishikawagun, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan; School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Maseno University, P.M.B., Maseno, Kenya	Chianu, J.N., TSBF-CIAT, c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya; Tsujii, H., Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresources, Ishikwa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichicho, Ishikawagun, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan; Awange, J., School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Maseno University, P.M.B., Maseno, Kenya	The study highlights the salient agricultural production practices that impact on the environment in the savannas of northern Nigeria. Due to population pressure on land and the need to maintain household food supplies farmers have increased their land-use intensity and natural resources extraction practices that degrade the environment. Some agricultural production practices were, however, found to be environmental friendly. The study recommends remedial measures that have to be taken to avert agricultural production practices that predispose farmers to practices and extractive activities that undermine the environment.	Agricultural production practices; Environmental impact; Land-use intensity; Nigeria; Savannas	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744498080	Impact of crude oil on the performance of pararubber, Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell in Delta State, Nigeria	Agbogidi M.O., Onosode A.T., Ofuoku A.U.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	2	None	Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	Agbogidi, M.O., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Onosode, A.T., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Ofuoku, A.U., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	An investigation on the impact of crude oil on the performance of paraubber, Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%) replicated thrice. Data collected were percentage germination, plant height, number of leaves, collar girth and leaf area. The results indicated a significant (P<0.05) higher percentage germination, plant height, number of leaves, collar girth and leaf area in the unpolluted (control) soil compared with those sown in crude oil treated soils. The highest values for the plant characters were obtained in soils without crude oil while the least values were recorded in soils treated with 4% crude oil. No germination occurred in pararubber seeds sown in soils treated with 8% of the oil. The study indicates that the performance of pararubber was significantly affected in the presence of crude oil. The effects being proportional to the concentration of the oil applied. The study further suggests that pararubber can serve as bio-indicator of oil pollution in oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Pararubber can therefore be recommended for a long-term bio-remediation after crude oil spillage on land because the study has important implications for restoration of crude oil degraded areas of the Niger Delta. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	Crude oil; Delta State; Impact; Pararubber	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744520712	Ultrasensitive quantitative HIV-1 p24 antigen assay adapted to dried plasma spots to improve treatment monitoring in low-resource settings	Knuchel M.C., Tomasik Z., Speck R.F., Lüthy R., Schüpbach J.	2006	Journal of Clinical Virology	36	1	10.1016/j.jcv.2005.12.005	Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss AIDS Care International, Harare, Zimbabwe	Knuchel, M.C., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Tomasik, Z., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Speck, R.F., Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Lüthy, R., Swiss AIDS Care International, Harare, Zimbabwe; Schüpbach, J., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland	Background: Our group has previously developed a quantitative and ultrasensitive HIV-1 p24 antigen assay that is inexpensive, easy-to-perform, and can be carried out in low-resource settings. Since antiretroviral therapies are becoming more accessible in resource-constrained countries, methods to assess HIV-1 viraemia are urgently needed to achieve a high standard of care in HIV-1 management. Objectives: To adapt our quantitative assay to dried plasma spots (DPS), in order to further simplify this test and make it more accessible to resource-constrained countries. Study design: DPS from 47 HIV-seropositive, treated or untreated adult individuals and 30 healthy individuals were examined. Results: A specificity of 100% was observed when p24 antigen was measured using DPS, and no differences of p24 concentration could be seen between DPS and venous plasma. The correlation between DPS and venous plasma p24 was excellent (R = 0.93, CI95% = 0.88-0.96, p &lt; 0.0001). Similarly, p24 antigen concentrations using DPS were well correlated with RNA viral load (R = 0.53, CI95% = 0.27-0.72, p = 0.0002). Conclusions: This quantitative p24 antigen test has similar sensitivity and specificity using DPS and venous plasma, and has the potential to improve health care delivery to HIV-affected individuals in resource-constrained countries. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dried plasma spots; HIV-1; Low-resource setting; p24 antigen; Treatment monitoring; Viral load	antigen p24; virus RNA; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Gag protein; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; article; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; nonhuman; priority journal; quantitative analysis; virus identification; virus load; adult; blood; case control study; chemistry; child; comparative study; cost; economics; evaluation; heat; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; methodology; protein denaturation; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; treatment outcome; virology; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Case-Control Studies; Child; Costs and Cost Analysis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Evaluation Studies; Heat; HIV Antibodies; HIV Antigens; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Protein Denaturation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744522378	Evaluation of MIV/VIGS patients satisfaction and quality [Evaluering van MIV/VIGS-pasiënte se lewens-tevredenheid en -kwaliteit]	Roux A., Kotze G., Strydom H.	2006	Social Work	42	1	None	Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Roux, A., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kotze, G., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Strydom, H., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	As a result of the HIV/AIDS problem, the Faculty of Health Sciences undertook to investigate the immune systems of HIV/AIDS patients in the Potchefstroom health district. One of the aims were to improve the sense of well-being and quality of life of these patients by means of a group work intervention programme. To evaluate the effect of the programme, Affectometer 2 (AFM) by Kammann and Flett (1983) was used. The results obtained by this evaluation showed that the group work programme brought about a significant difference in the sense of well-being and quality of life of these patients.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; health care; human immunodeficiency virus; immune system	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744526973	Environmental accounting: A management tool for enhancing corporate environmental and economic performance	de Beer P., Friend F.	2006	Ecological Economics	58	3	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.07.026	Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	de Beer, P., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Friend, F., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Industries are becoming progressively more aware of the environmental and social liabilities pertaining to their operations and products, with associated financial effects. Uncertainties in measuring these financial effects can be addressed by using environmental evaluation and accounting techniques. Environmental accounting assists in expressing environmental and social liabilities as environmental costs. While environmental accounting systems now form part of industrial decision making in first world countries, there is a lack of similar systems in South Africa. The EEGECOST model was developed to promote environmental accounting in South Africa. Implementation of the model will provide South African industries with the framework for corporate evaluation of alternative investments, projects and processes and for estimating economic and environmental performance at present and especially in the future. The model identifies, records and allocates internal and external environmental costs to five identified cost types, categorised into several environmental media groups. It also assists in the capital budgeting process for alternative investments. Applicability of the model was tested in a case study conducted on the life cycle assessment of a functional unit of one million cigarettes. The model indicated that Type V costs (external costs, with Types I to IV being different internal cost types) contributed 12% of the total production costs of a functional unit of cigarettes. As Type V costs are subjective, it is recommended that further research be conducted to structure an objective framework to evaluate and determine cost factors involved in the development of Type V costs. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Capital budgeting; Environmental accounting; Environmental media; External costs; Internal costs	cost-benefit analysis; economic analysis; environmental assessment; industrial development; life cycle; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744758352	Evaluation of trauma care capabilities in four countries using the WHO-IATSIC Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care	Mock C., Nguyen S., Quansah R., Arreola-Risa C., Viradia R., Joshipura M.	2006	World Journal of Surgery	30	6	10.1007/s00268-005-0768-4	Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Hanoi Health Department, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Sistema Estatal de Atencion de Emergencias Medicas, Secretaría de Salud, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Public Health System, Bhavnagar, Gujarat State, India; Academy of Traumatology (India), Ahmedabad, India	Mock, C., Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Nguyen, S., Hanoi Health Department, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Quansah, R., Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Arreola-Risa, C., Sistema Estatal de Atencion de Emergencias Medicas, Secretaría de Salud, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Viradia, R., Public Health System, Bhavnagar, Gujarat State, India; Joshipura, M., Academy of Traumatology (India), Ahmedabad, India	Background: We sought to identify affordable and sustainable methods to strengthen trauma care capabilities globally, especially in developing countries, using the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care. These guidelines were created by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Society of Surgery and provide recommendations on elements of trauma care that should be in place at the range of health facilities globally. Methods: The guidelines were used as a basis for needs assessments in 4 countries selected to represent the world's range of geographic and economic conditions: Mexico (middle income; Latin America); Vietnam (low income; east Asia); India (low income; south Asia); and Ghana (low income; Africa). One hundred sites were assessed, including rural clinics (n = 51), small hospitals (n = 34), and large hospitals (n = 15). Site visits utilized direct inspection and interviews with administrative and clinical staff. Results: Resources were partly adequate or adequate at most large hospitals, but there were gaps that could be improved, especially in low-income settings, such as shortages of airway equipment, chest tubes, and trauma-related medications; and prolonged periods where critical equipment (e.g., X-ray, laboratory) were unavailable while awaiting repairs. Rural clinics everywhere had difficulties with basic supplies for resuscitation even though some received significant trauma volumes. In all settings, there was a dearth of administrative functions to assure quality trauma care, including trauma registries, trauma-related quality improvement programs, and regular in-service training. Conclusions: This study identified several low-cost ways in which to strengthen trauma care globally. It also has demonstrated the usefulness of the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care in providing an internationally applicable, standardized template by which to assess trauma care capabilities. © 2006 by the Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	article; cost benefit analysis; evaluation; Ghana; hospital care; human; India; injury; laboratory test; Mexico; patient care; practice guideline; standardization; Viet Nam; world health organization; X ray analysis; Developing Countries; Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Service, Hospital; Ghana; Guideline Adherence; Health Facility Size; Humans; India; International Cooperation; Mexico; Practice Guidelines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Societies, Medical; Socioeconomic Factors; Traumatology; Vietnam; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744773181	Evaluation of the levels of total volatile bases and trimethyleamine formed in fish stored at low temperature	Horsfall Jr. M., Kinigoma B.S., Spiff A.I.	2006	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	20	1	None	Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Horsfall Jr., M., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Kinigoma, B.S., Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Spiff, A.I., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	The levels of total volatile bases (TVB) and trimethylamine (TMA) formed in three species of saline water fish stored at - 4°C were investigated as indices of spoilage. The data showed that the concentration of TVB (mg/100g sample) in Tilapia spp. ranged from 19.40 - 61.00, Mugil cephalus 1030 - 41.10 and Carassius auratus 12.50 - 66.7 during the maximum storage period of 20 days, while TMA levels (mg/100g sample) over the same storage period and conditions ranged from < 0.001 - 7.12 for Tilapia spp., < 0.001 - 6.45 for Mugil Cephalus and < 0.001 - 7.28 for Carassious auratus. The data showed that the concentration of TVB and TMA increased with increasing storage time. These data may be used in formulating appropriate food safety limits for consumption of refrigerated fresh fish products in Nigeria. © 2006 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Food storage; Total volatile bases; Trimethyleamine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744826822	Impact of the special training of community health workers on breastfeeding counselling and support in KwaZulu-Natal	Mukantwali C., Maunder E.M.W., Paterson M., Gibson C.	2006	South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition	19	1	None	Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Thukela District Child Survival Project, Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Mukantwali, C., Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Maunder, E.M.W., Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Paterson, M., Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Gibson, C., Thukela District Child Survival Project, Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Objectives. To evaluate the impact of special training of community health workers (CHWs) on breastfeeding counselling and support. Design. A cross-sectional, observational study. Setting. The study was conducted in the area serviced by the Thukela District Child Survival Project, Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal. Subjects. Mother-infant pairs (N = 95) visited by specially trained CHWs formed the intervention group and were compared with a control group of mother-infant pairs (N = 64) visited by normally trained CHWs. Both groups of CHWs had been trained in the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI). Outcome measures. To test for significant differences between the intervention and control groups in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), feeding of colostrum, withholding of prelacteals, infant growth and diarrhoeal disease rates. Results. EBF rates of 71.6% and 59.4% were found in the intervention and control groups respectively (p = 0.1). Both study groups showed higher rates of EBF compared with other areas in KwaZulu-Natal. The prevalence of feeding colostrum was 88.4% in the intervention and 92.2% in the control groups (p = 0.4). The prevalence of withholding prelacteals was 77% in the intervention and 86% in the control groups (p = 0.1). At the time of the interview, infants in both groups showed consistent growth (weight-for-age z-scores: intervention = 0.13, control = 0.18; p = 0.7). Diarrhoea prevalence did not differ significantly between study groups and varied from 7.5% (in the 7 days before interview, p = 0.1) to 16% (in the previous 3 months for infants ≥ 3 months, p = 0.5). Conclusion. The special training did not have the anticipated impact on measured parameters. Training CHWs in IMCI was as effective as special training. If generally applied, the former may increase rates of EBF, improve infant growth and reduce the risk of diarrhoeal illness in South Africa.	None	adult; article; breast feeding; child growth; childhood disease; clinical observation; colostrum; community care; controlled study; counseling; diarrhea; female; health care personnel; human; infant; interview; male; nutrition education; prevalence; questionnaire; risk reduction; scoring system; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744914994	Usefulness of histological evaluation of excised nasopharyngeal tumour in a 12-year-old Nigerian boy mimicking adenoids	Alabi B.S., Rafindadi A.H., Saeed N., Anka A.	2006	International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Extra	1	2	10.1016/j.pedex.2006.02.001	Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Departments of Surgery and ENT, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau	Alabi, B.S., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Rafindadi, A.H., Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Saeed, N., Departments of Surgery and ENT, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Anka, A., Departments of Surgery and ENT, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria	Background/aim: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is the commonest benign nasopharyngeal tumour, which tends to bleed is found exclusively in male adolescents. This case was seen at the Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria, a relatively new tertiary health institution in North Western Nigeria in May 2005, this is to stress the importance of excision biopsy for tumours rather than incisional biopsy in an environment with limited facilities. Results: This 12-year-old male Nigerian boy presented with nasal obstruction, obstructive sleep apnoea and nasal speech previously treated by the native doctors. The tumour was diagnosed based on clinical, posterior rhinoscopy and plain radiological findings and it was surgically excised via a transpalatal approach and histological evaluation of the excised tumour revealed juvenile angiofibroma. Conclusions: The management is discussed with reference to the literature and the limitation of diagnostic facilities is highlighted in a developing country setting and the need for complete surgical excision rather than incisional biopsy especially in the unwary. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Histology; Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma; Male adolescents; Posterior rhinoscopy; Transpalatal approach	adenoid; article; biopsy technique; case report; clinical feature; computer assisted tomography; developing country; diagnostic value; ear nose throat surgery; endoscopy; excision; health care facility; histopathology; human; intermethod comparison; male; medical literature; nasopharynx fibroma; nasopharynx tumor; Nigeria; nose obstruction; school child; sleep apnea syndrome; surgical approach; tertiary health care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744929627	Traditional healers, treatment delay, performance status and death from TB in rural South Africa	Barker R.D., Millard F.J.C., Malatsi J., Mkoana L., Ngoatwana T., Agarawal S., De Valliere S.	2006	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	10	6	None	Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, MI, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Bessemer Rd, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom	Barker, R.D., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Bessemer Rd, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom; Millard, F.J.C., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Malatsi, J., Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Mkoana, L., Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Ngoatwana, T., Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Agarawal, S., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; De Valliere, S., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, MI, United States, Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Bessemer Rd, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom	BACKGROUND: People in sub-Saharan Africa frequently consult traditional healers before reaching the government health services (GHS). This can lead to delays in starting effective anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. To our knowledge, no studies have shown a direct relationship between visiting traditional healers, increased morbidity and death from TB. METHODS: All patients starting on anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy at a rural hospital in South Africa in 2003 were included in the study. TB nurses interviewed the patients and established how long they had had symptoms before treatment was started, whether they had visited traditional healers before coming to the hospital, their performance status and, later, whether they had died. RESULTS: Of 133 patients, those who attended a traditional healer took longer to access anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy (median 90 days, range 0-210) than those who went directly to the GHS (median 21, range 0-120). Patients who visited a traditional healer had worse performance status (P < 0.001), and were more likely to die (24/77 [31%] vs. 4/33 [12%], P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Treatment delay due to visiting traditional healers can have dire consequences for patients with TB. Efforts are required to engage with health care practitioners outside the government sector to improve the prospects for patients with TB. © 2006 The Union.	Death; Karnofsky performance status; Sub-Saharan Africa; TB; Traditional medicine; Treatment	adolescent; adult; aged; article; female; health service; health status; human; major clinical study; male; priority journal; therapy delay; traditional medicine; tuberculosis; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Rural Health; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744937350	Dietary and haematological evaluation of adolescent females in Nigeria	Ekpo A.J., Jimmy E.O.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	3	10.3923/pjn.2006.278.281	Department of Biochemistry, Faculty Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Ekpo, A.J., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Jimmy, E.O., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Four hundred and eighteen adolescent females aged 12-18 years from Akwa Ibom State were studied for the effect of dietary intake and haematological values on the nutrition of adolescents. The mean intake of energy and nutrients calculated were below FAO Standard with an exception of Vitamin C. Iron, folacin and calcium were most deficient in the diets of the adolescents. More than 50% of the adolescent females had acceptable values of plasma protein, albumin and globulin. The haematological and biochemical study revealed low level of anaemia of about 4% among the subjects investigated. The result of the analysis showed positive correlation between protein, vitamin C riboflavin, and albumin (r = 0.95, p<0.01 and r = 0.27; p<0.05). However, calcium intake correlated negatively with haemoglobin level (r=0.27; p<0.05). The findings of the study offer an insight into the nutritional status of the adolescent females in Akwa Ibom State as applied to Nigeria. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Adolescent; Anaemia; Calcium intake; Malnutrition	albumin; ascorbic acid; calcium; folic acid; globulin; hemoglobin; iron; protein; riboflavin; adolescent; adult; albumin blood level; anemia; article; ascorbic acid deficiency; blood analysis; calcium deficiency; calcium intake; calculation; caloric intake; child nutrition; controlled study; correlation analysis; dietary intake; female; folic acid deficiency; hemoglobin determination; human; iron deficiency; major clinical study; Nigeria; nutrient; nutritional assessment; nutritional health; nutritional status; protein blood level; school child	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744977242	The impact of higher oil prices on Southern African countries	Nkomo J.C.	2006	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	17	1	None	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Nkomo, J.C., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	In determining the magnitude of oil shocks to the economies of Southern Africa, it is essential that we examine the various components of vulnerability, as well as the crude oil price movements and the relationship between energy and development. Because energy consumers and producers are constrained by their energy consuming appliances which are fixed n the short-run, thus making it difficult to shift to less oil intensive means of production in response to higher oil prices, oil price shocks increase the total import bill for a country largely because of the huge increase in the cost of oil and petroleum products. Low-income countries and poorer households tend to suffer the largest impact from oil price rise.	Oil dependence; Oil intensities; Price shocks; Vulnerability	Oil dependence; Oil intensities; Oil price movements; Oil price shocks; Oil shocks; Price shocks; Vulnerability; Costs; Crude petroleum; Energy utilization; Petroleum products; Industrial economics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744993216	High-performance liquid chromatography profiling of the major carotenoids in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue	Taylor K.L., Brackenridge A.E., Vivier M.A., Oberholster A.	2006	Journal of Chromatography A	1121	1	10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.033	Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa	Taylor, K.L., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Brackenridge, A.E., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Vivier, M.A., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Oberholster, A., Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa	Carotenoids are extremely sensitive to a variety of physico-chemical attacks which may have a profound effect on their characteristic properties, thereby influencing the accurate identification and quantification of individual compounds. In this light, a comprehensive summary of the pitfalls encountered and precautions to be administered during handling and storage of authentic standards and samples was found to be incomplete. Furthermore, acceptable baseline separation of trans-lutein from trans-zeaxanthin and between the cis- and trans-forms of neoxanthin and violaxanthin has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Hence the most optimal sample preparation and analytical steps were determined and a sensitive and reproducible method for the quantitative HPLC profiling of the principal carotenoids found in plant leaf tissue was developed. A reverse-phase C30 column with a binary mobile solvent system was used for the baseline separation of eight of the major carotenoids and the two chlorophylls (a and b) within 18 min. These compounds were identified via the use of authentic standards, their spectral characteristics and HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) confirmation. This method has been successfully applied for the quantification of plant pigments in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT) leaf tissue and in two A. thaliana non-photochemical mutants, namely npq1 and npq2. These mutants have previously been well-characterised and provided valuable reference data as well as acting as internal controls for the assessment of our new method. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Arabidopsis; Authentic standards; C30; Carotenoids; HPLC; Plants; Quantification	Photochemical reactions; Physical chemistry; Pigments; Plants (botany); Separation; Tissue; Arabidopsis; Authentic standards; C<sub>30</sub>; Carotenoids; HPLC; Quantification; Liquid chromatography; carotenoid; chlorophyll; Arabidopsis; article; high performance liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; plant leaf; priority journal; tissue; wild type; Arabidopsis; Carotenoids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Mass Spectrometry; Plant Leaves; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Arabidopsis thaliana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745014769	Long-term impacts of goat browsing on bush-clump dynamics in a semi-arid subtropical savanna	Hester A.J., Scogings P.F., Trollope W.S.W.	2006	Plant Ecology	183	2	10.1007/s11258-005-9039-6	Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Hester, A.J., Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, United Kingdom, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Scogings, P.F., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Trollope, W.S.W., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa	The effects of 16 years of continuous browsing by goats in a South African savanna at stocking rates intended for bush control were compared with plots unbrowsed for the same period of time. Differences in bush-clump density, structure and species composition were recorded. Bush-clump density did not differ between browsed and unbrowsed plots. Within individual bush-clumps, browsing was shown to impact more on structure than species composition, with smaller, shorter bush-clumps, containing fewer species but much greater stem-densities. Although species presence/absence was little affected by browsing, many species showed differences in abundance, growth and location within browsed and unbrowsed bush-clumps. Species reduced in abundance in browsed plots included Cussonia spicata, Ehretia rigida, Grewia occidentalis, Jasminum angulare and Senecio linifolius. Several species showed reduced growth in browsed plots, particularly those located at bush-clump edges. The relatively unpreferred Aloe ferox was a notable exception. Although browsing had little effect on the composition of the main clump founding species, emergents or late arrivals, there were twice as many single plants in browsed plots and emergence of several species was restricted to the middle of bush-clumps. Comparison of our findings with aerial photographic evidence and other literature suggest that browsing alone is unlikely to significantly reduce scrub cover, although it can clearly control further expansion. Combinations of fire and browsing, rather than one factor alone, are considered likely to act fastest and most effectively to significantly reduce or remove scrub cover altogether. © Springer 2005.	Acacia karroo; Biological control; Species richness; Succession	aerial photograph; biological control; browsing; feeding behavior; goat; savanna; semiarid region; shrub; species richness; stocking density; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aloe; Aloe ferox; Capra hircus; Cussonia spicata; Ehretia rigida; Grewia; Grewia occidentalis; Jasminum; Senecio	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745047510	Performance measures reflecting impact of the Workplace Challenge Programme	Sebego C.	2006	Measuring Business Excellence	10	2	10.1108/13683040610668693	National Productivity Institute, Midrand, South Africa	Sebego, C., National Productivity Institute, Midrand, South Africa	Purpose - The paper aims to examine the impact of the Workplace Challenge (WPC) Programme within the National Productivity Institute (NPI), which is a supply-side initiative of the Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) and established to meet the competitive challenges presented by South Africa's re-entry into the global market. It aims to encourage government, business and labour to participate in a consultative process, to improve the performance of local industry. Disparties exisat between the variables that are being measured under the dimensions of Quality, Speed, Cost and Morale at all levels (i.e. cluster, region and national), and as such, the results cannot be aggregated together to determine an overall impact. The common measures will assist with providing valid and reliable reporting to the DTI. Design/methodology/approach - Ten companies were randomly selected out of a total population of about 120 companies participating in the WPC for interviews and discussions about the topic. Findings - It became evident during data collection that most companies do not align the green area measurements with the overall business objectives. A better way to integrate WPC impact into the company strategies is needed to present a cohesive picture all the time. The research indicated that the broad WPC objectives exists in terms of increased employee and customer satisfaction could be achieved. Employee satisfaction is achieved by: improved management decision making (effectiveness), because WPC change management process encourages consultation of the floor workers; involvement and consultation in turn leads to improved motivation/morale of the workers. Customer satisfaction is achieved by: improved product efficiency results in good quality benefits, and improved process efficiency results in good delivery and lower costs. Practical implications - The outcome of this research will be used to provide a clear and practical guideline for implementation of properly designed performance measurements in order to report productivity improvement resulting from the WPC programme. By doing this, we are also assisting the companies to assess the true benefits of joining the programme. The author's view is that, this rule of thumb should be followed when reporting on the measures: the goal must be to strive for adequate but valid measures instead of highly accurate but invalid measures. Research limitations/implications - The research focuses only on the NPI's WPC Programme. The key strategies for best operating practice will be used as the reference for determining world-class performance. The research does not assess the role of the organisational leadership and the company strategies, nor take the duration of companies on the WPC Programme into account. Originality/;value - This is the first opportunity in the WPC to investigate the uniform measures that would indicate the impact of the programme on the participating companies reliably. In the author's view, this research paper provides the platform and a guide for an informed dialogue on elevating the issues to a common level, describing the real constraints, the factors that must be considered when determining common performance measures and a sensible approach to a complex topic. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Best practice; Cost effectiveness; Operations management; Performance measures; Productivity rate; Waste minimization	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745050897	The impact of fisheries on the environment of Lake Volta	Ofori-Danson P.K.	2006	International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences	32	1	None	Graduate Environmental Science Programme, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Ofori-Danson, P.K., Graduate Environmental Science Programme, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	The major environmental impacts of fisheries on the Volta Lake ecosystem arise from (a) fishing operations, (b) fish processing activities and (c) the fishers' settlements. Fishing methods involving poison, dynamite and an array of non-selective gear pose a serious threat to the environment and biodiversity. The West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis is threatened by the drag net fishing operations. Similarly, intensive fishing for the Nile perch, Lates niloticus has depleted the population of this top predator, leading to decreased forage-carnivore ratio in the Lake. There is evidence that the size at first maturity has decreased in respect of at least 5 fish species. These environmental problems can be addressed by a number of measures such as (a) diversion of surplus labor from capture fisheries, (b) educating people on the conservation and fishery management laws, (c) regulation of fishing gear, (d) afforestation drives, (e) involvement of village community in the decision making process and (f) a ban on hunting West African Manatee in the lake. © International Scientific Publications, New Delhi.	Biodiversity; Dynamite fishing; Fish processing; Fishing gear; West African Manatee	environmental impact; fishery; fishing community; fishing gear; human activity; lake ecosystem; Africa; Ghana; Lake Volta; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Lates niloticus; Trichechus; Trichechus senegalensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745076331	Evaluation of linear mixed model case deletion diagnostic tools by monte carlo simulation	Zewotir T., Galpin J.S.	2006	Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation	35	3	10.1080/03610910600716795	School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Scottsville, South Africa; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Zewotir, T., School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Scottsville, South Africa, School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Galpin, J.S., School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa	A large number of statistics have been proposed to study the influence of individual observations in the linear mixed model. An extensive Monte Carlo simulation study is used to evaluate the appropriateness of these influence diagnostic measures. The sensitivity of the diagnostic measures to outliers and leverages is examined, and helpful results are obtained.	Case deletion; Influential observations; Leverages; Monte Carlo simulation; Outliers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745087239	The impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in Limpopo province, South Africa	Rikhotso B.O., Stoltsz W.H., Bryson N.R., Sommerville J.E.M.	2005	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	76	4	None	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Rikhotso, B.O., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Stoltsz, W.H., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bryson, N.R., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Sommerville, J.E.M., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the Bushbuckridge region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (Babesia bigemina and Babesin bovis) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. To this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were assayed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma antibodies. Cattle in the intensively dipped group were dipped 26 times and maintained on a 14-day dipping interval throughout the study, whereas cattle in the strategically dipped group were dipped only 13 times. Three cattle, from which adult ticks were collected, were selected from each village, while immature ticks were collected by drag-sampling the surrounding vegetation. During the dipping process, a questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevalence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease, abscesses and mortalities was completed by an Animal Health Technician at each diptank. An increase in seroprevalence to B. bovis and B. bigemina and a decrease in seroprevalence to Anaplasma was detected in the strategically dipped group while in the intensively dipped group the converse was true. Amblyomma hebraeum was the most numerous tick species on the cattle, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was more plentiful than Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus. Drag samples yielded more immature stages of A. hebraeum than of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. The incidence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease and of abscesses increased in the strategically dipped group at the start of the survey.	Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma marginale; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Catte; Communal grazing; Endemic stability; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; Strategic dipping	acaricide; protozoon antibody; bacterium antibody; insecticide; abscess; Anaplasma marginale; anaplasmosis; article; Babesia; babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; babesiosis; blood sampling; cattle; cattle disease; cattle farming; controlled study; disease surveillance; endemic disease; female; grazing; infection control; male; mortality; nonhuman; parasite development; questionnaire; Rhipicephalus; seroprevalence; South Africa; tick; tick borne disease; vegetation; animal; animal disease; blood; drug effect; epidemiology; growth, development and aging; microbiology; parasitology; season; treatment outcome; Acari; Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma; Anaplasma marginale; Animalia; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Boophilus; Boophilus bigemina; Boophilus bovis; Bos taurus; Ixodida; Rhipicephalus; Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Protozoan; Babesia; Babesia bovis; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Insecticides; Male; Seasons; Seroepidemiologic Studies; South Africa; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745088390	The impact of extrinsic sources on selected indicator organisms in a typical deboning room	Shale K., Jacoby A., Plaatjies Z.	2006	International Journal of Environmental Health Research	16	4	10.1080/09603120600734162	School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, CUT, P/Bag X20539, Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Shale, K., School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, CUT, P/Bag X20539, Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Jacoby, A., School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Plaatjies, Z., School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Meat is a highly perishable product and the microbiological safety thereof is an extremely important issue for both the consumer and the meat industry. In this study, samples were randomly collected from various working surfaces, from raw meat and from the air in the deboning room of a high throughput red meat abattoir. The samples were analysed for the presence of total staphylococci counts as well as for total viable counts. The mean staphylococci counts from working surfaces were 19 CFU · cm -2 , and the staphylococci levels for the meat samples were well below the proposed maximum limit of 100 CFU · g -1 . Maximum staphylococcal bioaerosol counts of 10 CFU · m -3 were also enumerated. Total viable counts from the workers' hands and working surfaces were high compared to the staphylococcal levels. Twelve staphylococci species were identified from the samples used in this study. Recontamination during the deboning process was identified as the major source of contamination, suggesting proper implementation of quality processing practices within the abattoir environment. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	Abattoirs; Bioaerosols; Deboning room; Red meat; Staphylococcus; Surfaces; Total viable counts	bacterium; food safety; meat; article; bacterial count; bacterial strain; bacterium contamination; human; indicator organism; meat; meat industry; nonhuman; quality control; sample; Staphylococcus; work environment; Abattoirs; Animals; Bacteria; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Food Microbiology; Food-Processing Industry; Hygiene; Meat Products; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745113160	Reduction in prevalence of invasive cervical cancer in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic	Moodley M.	2006	International Journal of Gynecological Cancer	16	3	10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00588.x	Division Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa; 1 Laing Place, Escombe, Queensburgh, Durban 4093, South Africa	Moodley, M., Division Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa, 1 Laing Place, Escombe, Queensburgh, Durban 4093, South Africa	The bulk of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continues to ravage the developing world, especially sub-Saharan countries. The HIV seroprevalence among women with invasive cervical cancer varies in different parts of the world. A comparison of women with cervical cancer was undertaken for epidemiologic data in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which has the highest HIV prevalence. The two time periods of study were 1999 and 2003. The aim was to determine the trends of prevalence of invasive cervical cancer and HIV infection among such women. While the background prevalence of HIV infection among women with invasive cervical cancer in our setting has remained constant over the two time periods (21% and 21.8%), there has been a significant reduction in the number of women presenting with invasive cervical cancer to our center (672 to 271) over the two time periods, with no changes in other variables. On the contrary, the prevalence of HIV infection among antenatal attendees had risen from 32.5% to 38.5% in the 1999 and 2003 periods, respectively. Reasons for this dramatic trend are presented together with other epidemiologic data. © 2006, Copyright the Authors.	HIV-epidemic invasive cervical cancer	adult; article; cancer invasion; data analysis; female; health center; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; prenatal care; prevalence; priority journal; seroprevalence; South Africa; uterine cervix cancer; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Disease Outbreaks; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Middle Aged; Mortality; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Population Surveillance; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745149000	Evaluation of the epidemiological relevance of variable-number tandem-repeat genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis and comparison of the method with IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and spoligotyping	Allix C., Walravens K., Saegerman C., Godfroid J., Supply P., Fauville-Dufaux M.	2006	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	44	6	10.1128/JCM.01775-05	Institut Pasteur de Bruxelles, Laboratoire Tuberculose et Mycobactéries, rue Engeland 642, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium; Centre d'Etude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques (CERVA-CODA), Section Maladies Bactériennes et Immunologie, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium; Agence Fédérale pour la Sécurité de la Chaîne Alimentaire, DG Politique de Contrôle, Secrétariat du Comité Scientifique, Avenue Simon Bolivar 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Moléculaires de la Pathogenèse Bactérienne, INSERM U629, 1, rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa	Allix, C., Institut Pasteur de Bruxelles, Laboratoire Tuberculose et Mycobactéries, rue Engeland 642, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium; Walravens, K., Centre d'Etude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques (CERVA-CODA), Section Maladies Bactériennes et Immunologie, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium; Saegerman, C., Agence Fédérale pour la Sécurité de la Chaîne Alimentaire, DG Politique de Contrôle, Secrétariat du Comité Scientifique, Avenue Simon Bolivar 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; Godfroid, J., Centre d'Etude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques (CERVA-CODA), Section Maladies Bactériennes et Immunologie, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa; Supply, P., Institut Pasteur de Lille, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Moléculaires de la Pathogenèse Bactérienne, INSERM U629, 1, rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; Fauville-Dufaux, M., Institut Pasteur de Bruxelles, Laboratoire Tuberculose et Mycobactéries, rue Engeland 642, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium	Sources of Mycobacterium bovis contamination remain unclear for many cases of animal and human disease. A major limitation is the lack of sufficiently informative or epidemiologically well evaluated molecular methods for typing. Here, we report an evaluation of a high-throughput method based on 29 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) loci to genotype 127 M. bovis isolates from cattle from 77 different Belgian farms, representative of a nationwide collection obtained from 1995 to 2003. MIRU-VNTR stability was demonstrated by analyzing a series of 74 isolates in total, obtained from different animals from a single farm or from different farms with an identified epidemiological link. The genotyping results and the genotypic diversity (h) were compared with those obtained by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and spoligotyping. Among 68 isolates with no known epidemiological link, MIRU-VNTR typing discriminated better than either RFLP analysis or spoligotyping, with isolates taken individually (32 versus 16 and 17 genotypes; h = 0.91 versus 0.73 and 0.85, respectively) or in combination (32 versus 28 genotypes; h = 0.91 versus 0.92). Maximal resolution was already achieved with a subset of 9 loci. The observed congruence of the genetic relationships based on IS6110 RFLP analysis, spoligotyping, and MIRU-VNTR markers is consistent with a clonal population structure of M. bovis. These results support MIRU-VNTR typing as a convenient and discriminatory technique for analysis of the population structure of M. bovis in much greater detail and for addressing some still unresolved issues in the epidemiology of the pathogen. Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	article; bacterium identification; bacterium isolate; Belgium; cattle; cattle disease; cattle farming; clonal variation; epidemiology; gene locus; genetic variability; genotype; high throughput screening; intermethod comparison; interspersed repeat; molecular phylogeny; mycobacterial interspersed repeat; Mycobacterium bovis; nonhuman; population structure; priority journal; restriction fragment length polymorphism; spoligotyping; variable number of tandem repeat; Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Belgium; Cattle; DNA Transposable Elements; Genotype; Minisatellite Repeats; Mycobacterium bovis; Oligonucleotides; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Tuberculosis, Bovine; Animalia; Bos taurus; Mycobacterium bovis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745164279	Deterministic model for predicting gaseous pollutants concentration: An effective tool for pollution monitoring	Odigure J.O., Aregbesola B.O.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	06-May	None	Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Odigure, J.O., Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria; Aregbesola, B.O., Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	There are various methods by which the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere can be obtained. One of the methods is qualitative analytical technique, which involves the use of various chemical reagents and apparatus. There is no single apparatus for this analysis. A method, which is quicker, is by modelling using known parameters and standard equations. This method although is quicker, cleaner and less laborious, is, however, just an estimate but is suitable for decision-making. This is the focus of this paper. The Fundamental principle of this paper is that the presence of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere causes disequilibria in the prevailing meteorological condition. This is in accordance with the existing gas law. Therefore prevailing atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed and vapour pressure are function of the gaseous constituent concentration in the air. This project is aimed at developing a deterministic model for predicting gaseous pollutants' concentration. The developed model is presented as CPOLLUTANT=exp[- ūPPOLLUTANTΔx/KT3/2 The simulated results for concentration of air pollutants and the daily average of these concentrations were found to be comparable with the experimental results obtained from the various agencies in Nigeria. The proposed model can serve as a tool for predicting overall air pollutants' concentration in projects that require the overall impact of pollution. It is not suitable in case where the concentration of a particular pollutant is required.	Concentration; Mathematical modelling; Pollutants; Simulation	Atmospheric pressure; Computer simulation; Environmental impact; Mathematical models; Numerical methods; Parameter estimation; Air pollutants; Pollutants; Pollution monitoring; Meteorology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745172124	Evaluation of the surface and groundwater resources of Efuru river catchment, Mbano, South Eastern Nigeria	Egereonu U.U., Nwachukwu U.L.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	02-Jan	None	Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Egereonu, U.U., Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, U.L., Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Hydrochemical investigations were carried out in Isiala-Mbano in Imo state, Nigeria in order to locate the sources of pollution. Survey was carried out on Efuru river and groundwater in its watershed. The spatial distribution of pollutants due to poor land use systems and human activities are reported. The electrical conductivity, pH, metallic ions, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness ions, chemical oxygen demand, silica content, chloride, sulphate, nitrate and langelier index were analysed in both dry and rainy seasons. The results were evaluated in the light of the World Health Organization Standards and were found admissible for human consumption. Negative Langelier index indicated that the groundwater is corrosive while positive langelier index indicates that the groundwater is encrustating. The study emphasized the need for protection of surface and groundwater to meet the rapid population growth and rate of urbanization.	Efuru river; Hydrochemical; Langelier index; Pollution	Alkalinity; Catchments; Chemical oxygen demand; Chlorine compounds; Electric conductivity; Groundwater resources; Ions; Land use; Nitrates; pH effects; Pollution; Silica; Sulfur compounds; Surveying; Watersheds; Efuru river; Hardness ions; Hydrochemical; Langelier index; Pollutants; Rivers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745175193	Evaluation and modelling of effluent from electroplating plant	Adeniyi O.D.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	04-Mar	None	Dept of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Adeniyi, O.D., Dept of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Industrial effluents discharge into the environment has been on the increase in recent years and this has led to the deterioration of the environment, there are changes in both the physical and chemical characteristics of these places and in particular a remarkable change in the pH values. This paper gives an evaluation of effluent from electroplating industries and further proposes a developed model for the prediction of the pH as a function of five different parameters of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), magnesium ion (Mg 2+), calcium ion (Ca2+), total metal and dissolved oxygen. Parametric coefficients in the model equation obtained showed that the effect of dissolved oxygen and calcium ions are higher than the others. Results of analysis reveal that the values of TSS were much higher than the set limits while the others were within manageable values. Simulation results on the pH show various degrees of variations form experimental, the reason attributed to this was the limited number of parameters considered in model development.	Ca2+; Effluent; Electroplating; Mg2+; Model; pH; TSS	Computer simulation; Dissolution; Effluents; Electroplating; Industrial plants; Magnesium printing plates; Industrial effluents discharge; Total Suspended Solids (TSS); Industrial wastes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745178484	Effects of impeller speed and aeration rate on flotation performance of sulphide ore	Yang X.-S., Aldrich C.	2006	Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition)	16	1	10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60033-2	Institute of Mineral Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Yang, X.-S., Institute of Mineral Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; Aldrich, C., Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	The effects of aeration rate and impeller speed on the concentrate sulfur grade and recovery for batch flotation of a complex sulphide ore were investigated. The relationships between the water recovery and solid entrainment were discussed. It is found that the solid entrainment is linearly related to the water recovery regardless of aeration rate and impeller speed, and the higher sulfur recovery at the aeration rate of 2 and 4 L/min for the impeller speed of 1500 r/min is considered to be the contribution of true flotation. Finally, the sulfur recovery flux is correlated with the bubble surface area flux based on the froth image at the different aeration rates and impeller speeds.	Aeration rate; Impeller speed; Solid entrainment; Water recovery	Bubbles (in fluids); Froth flotation; Impellers; Ore treatment; Recovery; Sulfur deposits; Aeration rate; Bubble surface area flux; Impeller speed; Solid entrainment; Sulfur recovery flux; Sulphide ore; Water recovery; Sulfide minerals	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745182897	Assessment of testcross performance and genetic diversity of yellow endosperm maize lines derived from adapted x exotic backcrosses	Menkir A., Olowolafe M.O., Ingelbrecht I., Fawole I., Badu-Apraku B., Vroh B.I.	2006	Theoretical and Applied Genetics	113	1	10.1007/s00122-006-0275-5	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Olowolafe, M.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Ingelbrecht, I., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Fawole, I., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Vroh, B.I., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria	Introduction of exotic maize (Zea mays L.) into adapted tropical germplasm may enhance genetic variability and lead to greater progress from selection. The first objective of this study was to determine if yellow endosperm lines derived from adapted × exotic backcrosses contain exotic alleles that are superior to the recurrent adapted parental line for yield and other agronomic traits in tropical environments. Thirteen exotic yellow maize inbred lines were crossed to an adapted orange line (KUSR) and the F1s were backcrossed to KUSR to generate the first backcrosses. Fifty BC1F4 lines derived from these backcrosses and the recurrent parent were crossed to a common inbred tester (L4001) to form testcrosses, which were evaluated at eight environments in Nigeria. Testcrosses of the BC-derived lines differed significantly for grain yield and other agronomic traits. Only two testcrosses yielded significantly less than L4001 × KUSR, with the best 15 testcrosses producing between 289 and 1,056 kg/ha more grain yield than L4001 × KUSR. The best testcrosses were similar to or better than L4001 × KUSR for other agronomic traits. The second objective of this study was to assess the extent of genetic diversity present among the BC-derived lines. We genotyped 46 BC-derived lines including KUSR and L4001 with 10 AFLP primer pairs and found 491 polymorphic fragments. The average allelic diversity of the lines was 0.30 ± 0.01. The genetic distance of each BC-derived line from KUSR ranged between 0.49 and 0.91. The average genetic distance for all pairs of the BC-derived lines was 0.68 ± 0.004, varying from 0.34 to 0.92. The increased grain yield and genetic diversity observed in these studies provide evidence that exotic germplasm can contribute new alleles to expand the genetic base of tropical maize and develop high-yielding hybrids. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	None	Genes; Genetic engineering; Plant cell culture; Endosperm maize; Genetic variability; Germplasm; Crops; article; cross breeding; genetic polymorphism; genetic variability; genetics; maize; Nigeria; Crosses, Genetic; Nigeria; Polymorphism, Genetic; Variation (Genetics); Zea mays; Corn; Genes; Genetic Engineering; Plants; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745206026	Strength performance of laterized concrete	Udoeyo F.F., Iron U.H., Odim O.O.	2006	Construction and Building Materials	20	10	10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.03.002	Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Udoeyo, F.F., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Iron, U.H., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Odim, O.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	The results of an experimental program to investigate some characteristics of concrete containing laterite as a partial or full replacement of sand is presented in this paper. Sand in a concrete of mix ratio 1:2:4:0.56 (cement:sand:coarse aggregate:water-cement ratio) was replaced with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% laterite. The results show that concrete with up to 40% replacement level of sand by laterite attained the designed strength of 20 N/mm2, thus indicating the possibility of using laterite as a partial replacement for sand up to this level. It was also observed from the results that the workability of laterite concrete (LATCON) increases with increase in the replacement level of sand by laterite, while the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths and the percentage water absorption of the concrete decrease with increase in the replacement level of sand. Regression models relating the strengths of LATCON are also presented in this paper. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Laterized concrete; Strengths	Absorption; Bending strength; Cements; Elastic moduli; Regression analysis; Sand; Strength of materials; Water; Laterized concrete (LATCON); Partial replacement; Strength performance; Strengths; Concretes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745302574	HIV disclosure and other factors that impact on adherence to antiretroviral therapy: The case of Soweto, South Africa	Skhosana N.L., Struthers H., Gray G.E., McIntyre J.A.	2006	African Journal of AIDS Research	5	1	None	Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa	Skhosana, N.L., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; Struthers, H., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; Gray, G.E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa	Some authors argue that there are no predictors of adherence to medication, while others proffer indicators of likely adherence. These contextual factors are wide-ranging and may be interdependent. There are few studies of adherence in resource-poor settings. Of these, many were linked to particular trials whose conditions were highly controlled. For instance, the number of participants in the trial was small, the participants were strictly selected and they were offered much adherence support. These conditions will largely fall away with wider access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) such as South Africa is undertaking. Poor adherence remains one of the challenges to scaling-up access to ARVs, and, as such, the likely barriers to adherence need to be understood and countered. This study explores contextual factors - such as disclosure, preparation for treatment, treatment meaning and treatment acceptance - as aspects of lifestyle that can bear on adherence. Those who had disclosed were largely supported at household level, and after initial problems with adherence, participants adjusted and were able to include ARV treatment in their daily repertoire. Although the anticipation of stigma remains an obstacle to wide disclosure, antiretroviral therapy offers new hope and has the potential to impact on stigma. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Clinical trials; Gender; Household; Psychosocial; Stigma; Treatment literacy	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; clinical article; female; health care access; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; lifestyle; male; patient attitude; patient compliance; prediction; South Africa; stigma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745311081	Evaluation of differences in tolerance to aluminium toxicity among some tropical cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes	Akinrinde E.A., Neumann G.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	9	5	10.3923/pjbs.2006.954.960	Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institut fur Pflanzenernahrung (330), Universitaat Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Akinrinde, E.A., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Neumann, G., Institut fur Pflanzenernahrung (330), Universitaat Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Aluminium (Al) toxicity is widespread in tropical and temperate acid soils. Eight cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes, G (Ife brown, IT87D-941-1, IT99K-1060, IT84S-2246-4, IT96D-610, IT93K-452-1, IT86D-719 and IT98D-810) were grown for 5 and 17 weeks (1st and 2nd experiments) and evaluated for their differential tolerance to 0, 20 and 50 μM AlCl3 levels applied prior sowing in an Alfisol (Typic Paleudalf). Plant height at weekly intervals (from 2 weeks after planting, WAP), yield and post-cropping soil chemical parameters (pH, extractable-Al, extractable-Mn and available P) were estimated. Except at 2WAP, Al effect was insignificant (p&lt;0.05) on plant height, though extractable-Al differed greatly (p&lt;0.01) among soils sampled after cropping, suggesting need to test higher rates and/or continuous application through irrigation water. On the contrary, G and GxAl interaction significantly affected plant height, yield, soil pH, P-availability and Al tolerance potential. Plants of IT93K-452-1 variety were taller (71.6±3.38 cm) than individual plants of the other varieties at all Al application levels. Aluminium extracted from treated and untreated soils correlated linearly with Al addition levels, but not with the plant performance or other soil chemical parameters. Complexity in the soil environment increased with Al addition to the extent that crop performance became unpredictable and increasingly variable among the genotypes as tolerance to Al became more crucial. Biomass production (followed by pod weight) was the most sensitive parameter to Al addition while extractable Al changed maximally among the soil chemical parameters. The genotypes were categorized into efficient or non-efficient and tolerant or non-tolerant/susceptible types. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	AlCl3 application levels; Aluminium tolerance potential; Genotypic differences; Vigna unguiculata	Vigna juruana; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745316776	Impact of missing elements on nutrient use efficiency of sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharum) on five tropical soils	Akinrinde E.A., Teboh E.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	9	5	10.3923/pjbs.2006.961.967	Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akinrinde, E.A., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Teboh, E., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The influence of single element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) inorganic fertilizers on nutrient use efficiency of sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharum) was investigated on some tropical alfisols, ultisols and oxisols of Nigeria. Experimentation involved soils from 5 locations (Enugu, Rockefellar, Alabata, Barthroad and NIFOR) and 7 fertilizer treatments (Control, Complete/adequate nutrient supply, minus (-) N, -P, -K, -Ca and -Mg), replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Expectedly, the soils supported crop performance to various extents associated with their fertility levels. Complete nutrient supply and-Ca treatment resulted in the highest biomass production (13.9 and 13.8 g pot-1, respectively) while the control had the least (4.9 g pot-1) followed by-N (5.3 g pot-1)and-P (10.7 g pot-1), indicative of their importance in the nutrition of the crop. The effects on crop nutrient uptake followed the same trend. Nitrogen was the least while K was the most efficiently used nutrient by the crop. Across fertiliser treatments, N use efficiency ranged between 2.4 g g-1 (NIFOR location soil) and 7.0 g g-1 (Bart road location soil). Across soil types, the range was between 2.4 g g-1(-N treatment) to 6.8 g g-1 (with complete nutrient application). Nutrient use efficiencies were highest when the elements considered are omitted in the fertiliser application schedule and/or when its initial content in the soil was low. A categorisation of efficiencies of nutrient use values (into low, medium and high levels) for the soil types was provided on the basis of the experimental data. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Alfisols; Nutrient use efficiency; Oxisol; Single element fertilizers; Soil locations; Sweet-corn; Ultisols	Saccharum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745321309	The differential impact of social-pension income on household poverty alleviation in three South African ethnic groups	Ferreira M.	2006	Ageing and Society	26	3	10.1017/S0144686X0600482X	The Albertina and Walter Sisulu Institute of Ageing in Africa, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Ferreira, M., The Albertina and Walter Sisulu Institute of Ageing in Africa, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Social pension programmes play a key role in old-age support systems through their ability to reach vulnerable older persons. Pension income helps to sustain households affected by extreme poverty and vulnerability, by providing resources for spending that protects against vulnerability, and thereby they facilitate economic and social development. Under apartheid, South Africa's citizens were categorised according to race, and persons classified as Asian, black and coloured (mixed race) had less access to the opportunities and resources available to whites. Parity in the amount of social pension benefits paid to beneficiaries in the different ethnic categories was achieved only in 1993. The Non-Contributory Pensions and Poverty Study, conducted in Brazil and South Africa, has assessed the impact of social pension income on household poverty alleviation. This paper draws on the findings of the South African survey to analyse the differential effects of pension income on household poverty alleviation in three ethnic-geographic groups. Its data show a pervasive social and economic gradient of disadvantage among the groups, with rural-black households being most disadvantaged, urban-coloured households least disadvantaged, and urban-black households in between. The impact of pension income on household poverty alleviation has a similar pattern. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the achievement of equity through informed policy interventions. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.	Equity; Ethnicity; Policy; Poverty alleviation; Social pensions; South Africa	black population; ethnicity; household income; household survey; pension system; poverty alleviation; social impact; social policy; Africa; Asia; Eurasia; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745323188	Development of greenhouse inoculation procedures for evaluation of partial resistance to Cercospora zeae-maydis in Maize inbreds	Asea G., Lipps P.E., Pratt R.C., Gordon S.G., Adipala E.	2005	Journal of Phytopathology	153	12-Nov	10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01032.x	Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States; Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Asea, G., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Lipps, P.E., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Pratt, R.C., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Gordon, S.G., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Adipala, E., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of inoculation methods on incubation period, lesion length, percentage leaf area affected and sporulation of Cercospora zeae-maydis on young maize (Zea mays L.) plants inoculated at V3 growth stage. Seedling plants were inoculated by four methods: (i) application of conidial suspension while puncturing the leaves within the whorl several times, (ii) spraying conidial suspension on leaves, (iii) placing colonized agar into lateral slits in leaves and (iv) placing colonized agar into whorls. Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of genotype and inoculation method on several components of resistance and overall disease severity. Application of conidial suspension while puncturing the whorl was found to be the least laborious method, and it produced characteristic symptoms of gray leaf spot. Consistent trends were observed in classification of inbreds to resistant, susceptible and intermediate classes. Increasing the duration of exposure to high humidity by placing plastic bags over plants for 5 days significantly increased disease severity (P ≤ 0.001). Cercospora zeae-maydis produced conidia in all the lesions examined. Spore production was generally most abundant in lesions on susceptible inbreds that displayed necrotic lesion types (LT) and least abundant in lesions on resistant inbreds that were characterized by chlorotic and fleck LTs. The results demonstrated that inoculations in the greenhouse can provide an indication of inbred responses to C. zeae-maydis and may be useful in evaluating resistance and in studies of host-pathogen interactions. © 2005 Blackwell Verlag.	Gray leaf spot; Host resistance; Inoculation methods	disease resistance; disease severity; genotype; greenhouse effect; host-pathogen interaction; incubation; inoculation; leaf area; lesion; maize; seedling emergence; variance analysis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Cercospora zeae-maydis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745425069	Keystone predators (eastern newts, Notophthalmus viridescens) reduce the impacts of an aquatic invasive species	Smith K.G.	2006	Oecologia	148	2	10.1007/s00442-006-0370-y	Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-1610, United States; Florida Integrated Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States; Department of Zoology, School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa	Smith, K.G., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-1610, United States, Florida Integrated Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States, Department of Zoology, School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa	Predation, competition, and their interaction are known to be important factors that influence the structure of ecological communities. In particular, in those cases where a competitive hierarchy exists among prey species, the presence of certain keystone predators can result in enhanced diversity in the prey community. However, little is known regarding the influence of keystone predator presence on invaded prey communities. Given the widespread occurrence of invasive species and substantial concern regarding their ecological impacts, studies on this topic are needed. In this study I used naturalistic replications of an experimental tadpole assemblage to assess the influence of predatory eastern newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, on the outcome of interspecific competition among native and nonindigenous tadpoles. When newts were absent, the presence of the tadpoles of one invasive species, the Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis, resulted in decreased survival and growth rate of the dominant native species, Bufo terrestris, and dominance of the tadpole assemblage by O. septentrionalis. However, the presence of one adult newt generally reduced or eliminated the negative impacts of O. septentrionalis tadpoles, resulting in comparable survival and performance of native species in invaded and noninvaded treatments. Differential mortality among the tadpole species suggests that newts preyed selectively on O. septentrionalis tadpoles, supporting the hypothesis that newts acted as keystone predators in the invaded assemblage. The presence of nonindigenous larval cane toads, Bufo marinus, did not significantly affect native species, and this species was not negatively affected by the presence of newts. Collectively, these results suggest that eastern newts significantly modified the competitive hierarchy of the invaded tadpole assemblage and reduced the impacts of a competitively superior invasive species. If general, these results suggest that the presence of certain species may be an essential factor regulating the ecological impacts of biological invasions. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Aquatic ecology; Biotic resistance; Competition; Nonindigenous species; Predation	biological invasion; competition (ecology); interspecific competition; predation; predator-prey interaction; animal; article; ecosystem; frogs and toads; growth, development and aging; larva; newt; physiology; predation; toad; Animals; Anura; Bufo marinus; Ecosystem; Larva; Notophthalmus viridescens; Predatory Behavior; Anura; Bufo marinus; Bufo terrestris; Notophthalmus; Notophthalmus viridescens; Osteopilus septentrionalis; Salamandridae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745437665	Impact of AIDS on rural livelihoods in Benue State, Nigeria	Hilhorst T., van Liere M.J., Ode A.V., de Koning K.	2006	Sahara J	3	1	None	Royal Tropical Institute, PO Box 95001, 1090 HA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Health Department, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands; DFID Nigeria, Nigeria; Department of Development, Policy and Practice, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Hilhorst, T., Royal Tropical Institute, PO Box 95001, 1090 HA Amsterdam, Netherlands; van Liere, M.J., Health Department, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ode, A.V., DFID Nigeria, Nigeria; de Koning, K., Department of Development, Policy and Practice, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands	This study addresses the socio-economic impact of AIDS on rural livelihoods in Benue State, Nigeria, where HIV prevalence is 9.3% but the number of AIDS cases is still relatively low. About 6% of the study households had experienced illness and death classified as AIDS, and reported high costs in terms of expenditures and time spent on care, funerals and mourning. These demands on time affected income and productivity, while the diversion of resources had implications for investments and savings. Coping strategies varied between households, mainly as a reflection of asset levels, which were often related to the gender of the household head. Reported coping strategies also differed between ethnic groups. First-line relatives were the most important source of support for households under pressure. Erosive coping strategies that undermined the sustainability of livelihoods were used by more vulnerable households following multiple cases of illness and death. Mourning practices, rules of inheritance and stigma tended to increase a household's vulnerability. Currently, Benue State is facing growing adult morbidity and mortality because of HIV infections. A context-specific study of its possible impact in a setting with a still relatively low number of AIDS cases is therefore important for informing local policy development and for building advocacy.	HIV/AIDS; Impact assessment; Livelihoods; Nigeria	agriculture; article; caregiver; cost of illness; economics; family size; grief; health care cost; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Nigeria; posthumous care; rural population; social support; socioeconomics; time; vulnerable population; Agriculture; Caregivers; Cost of Illness; Family Characteristics; Funeral Rites; Grief; Health Expenditures; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Rural Population; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Vulnerable Populations	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745443538	Monitoring environmental complexities and changes: Some lessons from small firms	Temtime Z.T.	2006	International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business	1	3	10.1504/IJGSB.2006.010612	Department of Management, University of Botswana, P.O. Box 70471, Gaborone, Botswana	Temtime, Z.T., Department of Management, University of Botswana, P.O. Box 70471, Gaborone, Botswana	The process of gathering and interpreting pertinent information from the environment and introducing the results into the business planning process is referred to as environmental scanning. This paper investigates the practices and perceptions of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in monitoring environmental complexities and changes through the use of different scanning sources and frequency. Data were collected from 44 SMEs in Botswana through questionnaire and analysed using simple descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that SMEs in Botswana do monitor their environment and use all the major scanning sources with different degrees of frequency. Though more importance is attached to the customer/ market, competition and economic sectors, owner-managers in Botswana tend to rely more on impersonal (written) and internal sources as opposed to personal (informal) and external sources to analyse an increasingly uncertain sector. This is in contrast to previous findings, since information from these sources is less reliable for analysing unstable, turbulent and hard-to-measure sectors than personal and external sources. The use of inappropriate scanning sources could be partially attributed to the fact that most SMEs in Botswana do not have an integrated management information system designed to capture, store and analyse environmental data for use in strategic decision-making processes. Further implications for SMEs and future research are highlighted. Copyright © 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Botswana; Developing countries; Environmental complexities; Environmental scanning; Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs); Strategic uncertainty	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745454177	The impact of cultural practices on the spread of HIV/AIDS: An anthropological study of selected countries in sub-Sarahan Africa	Nkwi P.N.	2005	Discovery and Innovation	17	SPEC. ISS.	None	African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Nkwi, P.N., African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Africa is a continent plagued by population problems. These problems have no common solution because they occur in such culturally diverse populations. What works under some cultural conditions simply may not work under others. Deeply entrenched cultural practices have serious implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS, as well as other communicable diseases. In Africa, HIV is spread largely through high-risk, heterosexual behaviours. People know the consequences of these behaviours, but changing them requires knowing their causes, both cultural and material. Community-based research by African Population Advisory Council (APAC) finds that cultural practices such as widow inheritance (the levirate), early marriage, polygamy, bodily scarifications, funeral sexual rites, concubinage, sexual initiation of girls, forced remarriage of widows, and various forms of genital cutting have enhanced, and continue to enhance, the spread of HIV/AIDS. Dealing with these practices must be part of an integrated policy on confronting the HIV/AIDS pandemic.	None	Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745466544	Evaluation of nematicidal action of some botanicals on Meloidogyne incognita in vivo and in vitro	Agbenin N.O., Emechebe A.M., Marley P.S., Akpa A.D.	2005	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	106	1	None	Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Kano Station, Nigeria	Agbenin, N.O., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Emechebe, A.M., International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Kano Station, Nigeria; Marley, P.S., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Akpa, A.D., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Eggmasses or larvae of Meloidogyne incognita were exposed to varying concentrations of neem leaf (fresh and dry), Borelia sp., groundnut leaf and garlic bulb. Neem leaf and garlic bulb extracts inhibited hatching of eggmasses and were lethal to larva. A comparative study of neem and garlic bulb extracts prepared at 20% concentration and applied weekly at 25 ml per pot were carried out in the screenhouse. Each pot filled with 2 kg of pasturised soil was inoculated with 2 000 larvae of M. incognita by introducing 500 g of infested soil from tomato culture raised in the screenhouse. These extracts significantly reduced root-knot infection indices on tomato when compared to the control. However, garlic extract demonstrated greater potential than neem leaf extract in the control of root-knot infection of tomato in vivo.	Borelia sp.; Botanicals; Extracts; Garlicbulb; Meloidogyne incognita; Neem leaf	Allium sativum; Arachis hypogaea; Azadirachta indica; Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne incognita	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745470983	Neuromuscular factors determining 5 km running performance and running economy in well-trained athletes	Nummela A.T., Paavolainen L.M., Sharwood K.A., Lambert M.I., Noakes T.D., Rusko H.K.	2006	European Journal of Applied Physiology	97	1	10.1007/s00421-006-0147-3	KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland	Nummela, A.T., KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; Paavolainen, L.M., KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; Sharwood, K.A., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Rusko, H.K., KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland	This study investigated the effects of the neuromuscular and force-velocity characteristics in distance running performance and running economy. Eighteen well-trained male distance runners performed five different tests: 20 m maximal sprint, running economy at the velocity of 4.28 m s-1, 5 km time trial, maximal anaerobic running test (MART), and a treadmill test to determine VO2max. The AEMG ratio was calculated by the sum average EMG (AEMG) of the five lower extremity muscles during the 5 km divided by the sum AEMG of the same muscles during the maximal 20 m sprinting. The runners' capacity to produce power above VO2max (MART VO2gain) was calculated by subtracting VO2max from the oxygen demand of the maximal velocity in the MART (VMART). Velocity of 5 km (V5K) correlated with VMART (r=0.77, p&lt;0.001) and VO2max (r=0.49, p&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that MART VO2gain and VO2max explained 73% of the variation in V5K. A significant relationship also existed between running economy and MART VO2gain (r=0.73, p&lt;0.01). A significant correlation existed between V5K and AEMG ratio during the ground contact phase at the 3 km (r=0.60, p&lt;0.05) suggesting that neural input may affect distance running performance. The results of the present study support the idea that distance running performance and running economy are related to neuromuscular capacity to produce force and that the VMART can be used as a determinant of distance-running performance. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Distance running performance; EMG; Ground contact time; Running economy; Stride length	adolescent; adult; anaerobic exercise; analysis of variance; article; athlete; correlation analysis; electromyogram; exercise physiology; exercise test; human; human experiment; leg muscle; male; multiple linear regression analysis; muscle force; muscle function; muscle strength; neuromuscular function; normal human; oxygen consumption; physical capacity; priority journal; running; task performance; Adult; Electromyography; Exertion; Humans; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Psychomotor Performance; Running	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745477598	Evaluation of botanical mixtures for insect pests management on cowpea plants	Oparaeke A.M., Dike M.C., Amatobi C.I.	2005	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	106	1	None	Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Oparaeke, A.M., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Dike, M.C., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Amatobi, C.I., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Studies were conducted at the Research Farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Zaria in 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons to evaluate the efficacy and synergistic activity of extracts mixtures from herbal landraces in reducing pests numbers on cowpea plants and ensuring high yield of grains. The extracts mixed in a ratio 10:10% w/w included: cashew nutshell + garlic bulb; cashew nutshell + African pepper and garlic bulb + chilli pepper. The results indicated that all the herbal extract mixtures reduced the numbers of the tested insect pests (legume flower bud thrips, legume pod borer larvae and pod sucking bugs) and pod damage as well as increased grain yields by 4 - 5 times compared to the untreated control in the two years of investigation. The synergistic advantage of mixing two different plant species in botanical formulations could play a key role in the renewed effort to control pests of agricultural crops using biopesticides.	Biopesticides; Cowpea; Extracts; Insect pests; Management; Mixtures; Synergism	Allium sativum; Anacardium occidentale; Capsicum annuum var. annuum; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745484939	The environmental and social impact of petroleum and natural gas exploitation in Nigeria	Okeagu J.E., Okeagu J.C., Adegoke A.O., Onuoha C.N.	2006	Journal of Third World Studies	23	1	None	Department of Biology, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; Owerri General Hospital, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Geography, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; University of Port Harcourt, River	Okeagu, J.E., Department of Biology, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; Okeagu, J.C., Owerri General Hospital, Imo State, Nigeria; Adegoke, A.O., Department of Geography, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; Onuoha, C.N., University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	The petroleum industry is the most environmentally deleterious enterprise in Nigeria, because of oil spillages, as well as ineffective or careless waste management and gas disposal. Severe environmental degradation has affected the quality of life for most Nigerians, especially those who are located in the Niger Delta. The injustices facing the peoples of the Niger Delta are in many ways the same as those facing all Nigerians after decades of rule by successive military regimes. However in the oil producing regions, the suppression of political activity, the lack of legal redress for damage to the environment, and the resulting loss of livelihood, and the sheer ubiquity of human rights abuses by the region's security forces, have generated greater protest, in turn resulting in greater repression. The first responsibility for resolving the injustices lies with the Nigerian government, whose priority should be to alleviate the social devastation facing all the people of the Niger Delta region. Multinational oil companies operating in Nigeria should also share the responsibility.	None	environmental degradation; environmental impact; human rights; oil industry; social impact; Africa; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745535966	Barriers to and facilitators for female participation in an HIV prevention project in Rural Ethiopia: Findings from a qualitative evaluation	Cummings B., Mengistu M., Negash W., Bekele A., Ghile T.	2006	Culture, Health and Sexuality	8	3	10.1080/13691050600765103	Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Cummings, B., Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Mengistu, M., CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Negash, W., CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bekele, A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ghile, T., CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ethiopian women face complex social and cultural factors that influence their probability of HIV infection. HIV prevention efforts among this population are particularly important; however, female participation in a rural, HIV prevention project has been minimal. This programme evaluation investigated barriers and facilitators influencing women's ability to participate in project activities. Evaluation data were collected through nine focus groups and 20 semi-structured interviews, which were conducted between October and November 2003. The main themes found to negatively influence women's decisions to participate in this HIV prevention activity included: domestic workloads, lack of education and awareness, and cultural norms that have discouraged discussions about HIV and sexuality. Domestic chores, which are labour intensive and limit time and energy, were found to be the primary barrier to participation among women. Respondents also indicated that female illiteracy and limited educational attainment occur within a social context that traditionally supports education for men but discourages formal knowledge among women, including HIV prevention. Lack of education and inability to freely discuss sexuality denies women access to health information, potentially exposing women to adverse consequences such as HIV infection. Identified facilitators of participation included a radio serial drama and the one female peer educator associated with the project. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	Gender; HIV prevention; Intervention; Participation; Women	adolescent; adult; article; awareness; controlled study; cultural anthropology; data analysis; Ethiopia; female; health care access; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; major clinical study; male; medical information; motivation; patient attitude; patient decision making; preventive health service; priority journal; qualitative analysis; school child; semi structured interview; sexuality; social behavior; social belief; social status; social support; workload; Adolescent; Adult; Cultural Characteristics; Ethiopia; Female; Focus Groups; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Narration; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Women's Health; Women's Rights	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745580840	Impact of Bt cotton adoption on pesticide use by smallholders: A 2-year survey in Makhatini Flats (South Africa)	Hofs J.-L., Fok M., Vaissayre M.	2006	Crop Protection	25	9	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.01.006	CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Montpellier, France	Hofs, J.-L., CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Fok, M., CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Montpellier, France; Vaissayre, M., CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Montpellier, France	This paper explores insecticide use in fields cropped with conventional or Bt cotton varieties in a smallholder farming area (Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa). The study was carried out during the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 growing seasons as part of a broader survey based on daily monitoring of a sample of smallholdings. The adoption of Bt cotton led to a decrease in pyrethroid use, but the level of insect resistance of this cultivar was not sufficient to completely drop this pesticide from the spraying programme. On the other hand, organophosphates were still being applied in substantial amounts, thus raising questions as to the impact of Bt cotton adoption on farmers' health. The overall economic results obtained with Bt cotton were slightly positive despite the low cotton yields obtained in the Flats during our survey. Bt cotton adoption did lead to labour savings, but the extent of this gain was not as high as expected. In conclusion, cropping Bt cotton in Makhathini Flats did not generate sufficient income to expect a tangible and sustainable socioeconomic improvement due to the way the crop is currently managed. Adoption of an innovation like Bt cotton seems to pay only in an agro-system with a sufficient level of intensification. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Bt cotton; Cost-effectiveness; Insecticide use; Integrated crop management; Safety; Small-scale farming; South Africa	cotton; growing season; innovation; insecticide; organophosphate; smallholder; socioeconomic conditions; yield response; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; Makhathini Flats; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Gossypium hirsutum; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745586289	Performance of sorghum/soyabean mixtures at varying planting arrangements and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates in the Northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Haruna I.M., Rahman S.A., Alhassan U.	2006	Tropical Science	46	2	10.1002/ts.62	Department of Basic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, PMB 135, Lafia, Nigeria	Haruna, I.M., Department of Basic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Rahman, S.A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, PMB 135, Lafia, Nigeria; Alhassan, U., Department of Basic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria	Sorghum/soyabean intercrops were more effective and gave a better economic return with alternate row arrangement and the application of 100 kg N/ha and 13.2 kg P/ha. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Fertilizer rates; Nigeria; Planting arrangements; Sorghum/soyabean mixture	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745612070	Impacts of marine biogeographic boundaries on phylogeographic patterns of three South African estuarine crustaceans	Teske P.R., McQuaid C.D., Froneman P.W., Barker N.P.	2006	Marine Ecology Progress Series	314	None	10.3354/meps314283	Molecular Ecology and Systematics Group, Botany Department, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa	Teske, P.R., Molecular Ecology and Systematics Group, Botany Department, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa; McQuaid, C.D., Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa; Froneman, P.W., Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa; Barker, N.P., Molecular Ecology and Systematics Group, Botany Department, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa	The South African coastline comprises 3 main biogeographic provinces: (1) the cool-temperate west coast, (2) the warm-temperate south coast, and (3) the subtropical east coast. The boundaries between these regions are defined by changes in species compositions and hydrological conditions. It is possible that these affect phylogeographic patterns of coastal organisms differently, depending on the species' ecologies and modes of dispersal. In the present study, genealogies of 3 estuarine crustaceans, each characterized by a different mode of passive dispersal and present in more than one biogeographic province, were reconstructed using mtDNA COI sequences, and the impacts of biogeographic boundaries on their phylogeographic patterns were compared. The species were (mode of dispersal in brackets): (1) the mudprawn Upogebia africana (planktonic larvae), (2) the isopod Exosphaeroma hylecoetes (adult rafting), and (3) the cumacean Iphinoe truncata (adult drifting). Two major mtDNA lineages with slightly overlapping distributions were identified in U. africana (the species with the highest dispersal potential). The other 2 species had 3 mtDNA lineages each, which were characterized by strict geographic segregation. Phylogeographic breaks in U. africana and E. hylecoetes coincided with biogeographic boundaries, whereas the phylogeographic patterns identified in I. truncata may reflect persistent palaeogeographic patterns. Ecological factors and modes of dispersal are likely to have played a role in both cladogenesis of the different lineages and in the establishment of their present-day distribution patterns. © Inter-Research 2006.	Isolation by distance; Mode of dispersal; mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I; Parapatry; Planktonic larvae; Rafting	biogeography; crustacean; hydrology; marine environment; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeography; population distribution; species richness; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Crustacea; Cumacea; Exosphaeroma hylecoetes; Iphinoe; Upogebia africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745652456	Studies on the growth performance of native chicken ecotypes and RIR chicken under improved management system in Northwest Ethiopia	Hassen H., Neser F.W.C., Dessie T., De Kock A., Van Marle-Koster E.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	6	None	Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Hematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Animal Science and Grassland Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Hassen, H., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Neser, F.W.C., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Dessie, T., ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; De Kock, A., Department of Hematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Van Marle-Koster, E., Department of Animal Science and Grassland Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa	A study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of native and RIR chickens under intensive management condition for 22 weeks using a standard commercial ration. Seven native chicken populations were collected from representative administrative zones in northwest Ethiopia. The experimental layout was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Data on feed consumption, body weight and related parameters were collected up to the age of 22 weeks. The mean total feed intake for the seven native chicken ecotypes and RIR chicken lines at the end of their growth phase were 13.80, 15.16, 13.44, 13.25, 13.81, 13.36, 14.11 and 12.83 kg for the native chicken types named as Tilili, Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR, respectively. There was no significant difference in feed consumption among the tested chicken ecotypes. However, a significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in average body weight and body weight gain between the different lines. The average body weights for Tilili , Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR were 1191, 1186, 1054, 1222, 1038, 1249, 1257 and 1394 g respectively. The lowest and highest mean mature body weight at the age of 22 weeks were 1038 g for Gassay and 1257g for Mecha native chicken lines, respectively. Besides, the average mature body weight for Tilili, Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR was 1191, 1186, 1054, 1222, 1038, 1249, 1257 and 1394 g and their mean daily body weight growth rates were 7.6, 7.5, 6.7, 7.8, 6.6, 7.9, 8.0 and 8.8 g per bird, respectively. The native chicken lines named as Mello-Hamusit, Guangua and Mecha were the fastest growers among the native chicken lines. Mortality from hatching to end of the growth period i.e. at maturity was higher for all the native and RIR chickens used under intensive management condition.	Growth; Intensive; Native chickens; RIR	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745685571	Production, acceptability and microbiological evaluation of weaning food formulations	Badau M.H., Jideani I.A., Nkama I.	2006	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	52	3	10.1093/tropej/fmi079	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria	Badau, M.H., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Jideani, I.A., Department of Biological Sciences Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Nkama, I., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Weaning food formulations were produced from pearl millet cultivar (SOSAT C-88), cowpea and groundnut in the ratio of 70:20:10 and 5 per cent malt from six pearl millet cultivars (SOSAT C-88, ZANGO, EX-BORNO, ICMV IS 94206, GWAGWA, GB 8735) and one sorghum cultivar (ICSV III) were added to produce seven formulations plus the one without malt. Microbiological quality of eight weaning food formulations was evaluated. Twenty weaning mothers were used to determine the acceptability of gruels from the eight weaning food formulations using a nine-point hedonic scale. Addition of 5 per cent malt did not affect the microbial count of weaning food formulations. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Klebsiella aerogenes and Aspergillus niger were found in all the weaning food formulations. Shigella and Salmonella were not encountered in this study. Addition of 5 per cent SOSAT C-88, ZANGO, EX-BORNO, ICMV-IS 94206 and GWAGWA malt improved the taste and texture of weaning food formulations. The population of micro-organisms isolated from weaning formulations was not high enough to produce effective dose. However, the need for processors of weaning foods to adopt strict hygiene practices cannot be overemphasized. © 2006 Oxford University Press.	None	article; Aspergillus niger; baby food; controlled study; cowpea; cultivar; food processing; food quality; food texture; hygiene; Klebsiella aerogenes; malt; microbiology; mother; nonhuman; peanut; rating scale; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Salmonella; Shigella; sorghum; taste; weaning; Cereals; Consumer Satisfaction; Diarrhea, Infantile; Food Microbiology; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Nigeria; Panicum; Sorghum; Weaning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745700882	Efforts by small-scale farmers to maintain soil fertility and their impacts on soil properties, Luwero District, Uganda	Nyombi K., Zake J.Y.K., Esser K.B.	2006	Journal of Sustainable Agriculture	27	4	10.1300/J064v27n04_03	Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Noragric, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5001, N-1432 Aas, Norway	Nyombi, K., Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Zake, J.Y.K., Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Esser, K.B., Noragric, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5001, N-1432 Aas, Norway	Low soil fertility remains a major reason for rural poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. In light of the need to set priorities and formulate development policies, this study investigates efforts by farmers in central Uganda to maintain soil fertility, factors affecting their capacity to act and impacts on soil fertility parameters. Using questionnaire-based interviews and soil chemical analyses, information from 60 randomly selected farms was collected in four subcounties. Farmers use traditional conservation methods like legumes, crop rotation, cover crops, fallow and agroforestry in addition to applying manure, ash, mineral fertilizers and concoctions to improve soil fertility. Most farmers construct some soil bunds. Limited access to supplies, markets, credit and extension service, labor and organic materials are limitations to their ability to maintain soil fertility. Present application of fertility measures are clearly insufficient and are not reflected in soil fertility parameters. Copyright © 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Fertilizer; Soil conservation; Soil fertility; Subsistence farming	farming system; soil conservation; soil fertility; soil property; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745714036	Membrane distillation of concentrated brines-Role of water activities in the evaluation of driving force	Mariah L., Buckley C.A., Brouckaert C.J., Curcio E., Drioli E., Jaganyi D., Ramjugernath D.	2006	Journal of Membrane Science	280	42371	10.1016/j.memsci.2006.03.014	School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 17 /C, 87030 Rende, CS, Italy; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 45 /A, 87030 Rende, CS, Italy; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Mariah, L., School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Buckley, C.A., School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Brouckaert, C.J., School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Curcio, E., Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 17 /C, 87030 Rende, CS, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 45 /A, 87030 Rende, CS, Italy; Drioli, E., Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 17 /C, 87030 Rende, CS, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 45 /A, 87030 Rende, CS, Italy; Jaganyi, D., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Ramjugernath, D., School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa	Membrane distillation crystallisation (MDC) can be used to recover crystalline products from solutions. MDC of a concentrated solution of magnesium sulphate of 375 g/l was investigated. It was found that the MDC of epsomite was achievable at a feed temperature of only 33 °C and a distillate temperature of approximately 17 °C. The orthorhombic crystals were formed at a growth rate of 1.6 × 10-8 m s-1. The transmembrane flux was then measured for the membrane distillation (MD) of two concentrated solutions of mixed electrolytes, MgSO4 and NaCl with concentrations of 225 and 225 g/l, respectively, for one mix; and 275 and 137.5 g/l, respectively, for the other mix. For the mixtures of salts, only sodium chloride was precipitated while magnesium sulphate remained in solution but increased in concentration. The geochemical equilibrium speciation program, PHRQPITZ, was used to determine solution activities. These results were verified by experimental vapour pressure values determined by dynamic vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) experiments to calculate the vapour pressures of the solution (and hence driving force) at each stage during the distillation. The accountability of water activities showed how the trend of decreasing flux fitted with that of the driving force for the distillation process. When operated in batch concentration mode the flux and driving force showed a constant initial rise (due to stabilisation of temperature and concentration profiles and fluid dynamics inside the module) after which it plateaus off before rapidly declining. Preliminary computer modelling has demonstrated how the understanding of membrane distillation processes can be improved by being able to predict driving forces. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crystallisation; Flux decline; Membrane distillation; Vapour pressure	Brines; Crystallization; Electrolytes; Membranes; Sodium chloride; Solutions; Flux decline; Membrane distillation; Mixed electrolytes; Vapour pressure; Distillation; crystallin; electrolyte; magnesium sulfate; sodium chloride; water; Brines; Crystallization; Distillation; Electrolytes; Membranes; Sodium chloride; Solutions; analytic method; article; concentration response; crystal; crystallization; distillation; equilibrium constant; geochemical analysis; growth rate; membrane model; priority journal; species differentiation; temperature; thermostability; vapor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745726538	Impact of bacterial genetics on the transmission of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Gagneux S., Burgos M.V., DeRiemer K., Enciso A., Muñoz S., Hopewell P.C., Small P.M., Pym A.S.	2006	PLoS Pathogens	2	6	10.1371/journal.ppat.0020061	Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States; School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Unidad de Investigacion Medica de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States; Unit for Clinical and Biomedical TB Research, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Gagneux, S., Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States, Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States; Burgos, M.V., Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States; DeRiemer, K., Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Enciso, A., Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States, Unidad de Investigacion Medica de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico; Muñoz, S., Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Hopewell, P.C., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Small, P.M., Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States; Pym, A.S., Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States, Unit for Clinical and Biomedical TB Research, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Understanding the ecology of drug-resistant pathogens is essential for devising rational programs to preserve the effective lifespan of antimicrobial agents and to abrogate epidemics of drug-resistant organisms. Mathematical models predict that strain fitness is an important determinant of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, but the effects of strain diversity have been largely overlooked. Here we compared the impact of resistance mutations on the transmission of isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis in San Francisco during a 9-y period. Strains with a KatG S315T or inhA promoter mutation were more likely to spread than strains with other mutations. The impact of these mutations on the transmission of isoniazid-resistant strains was comparable to the effect of other clinical determinants of transmission. Associations were apparent between specific drug resistance mutations and the main M. tuberculosis lineages. Our results show that in addition to host and environmental factors, strain genetic diversity can influence the transmission dynamics of drug-resistant bacteria. © 2006 Gagneux et al.	None	isoniazid; adult; aged; allele; antibiotic resistance; article; bacterial genetics; bacterial strain; bacterial transmission; controlled study; female; gene mutation; gene sequence; genetic variability; human; major clinical study; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; promoter region; United States; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745726656	Modelling the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa and the likely impact of interventions	Johnson L.F., Dorrington R.E.	2006	Demographic Research	14	None	10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.22	Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Johnson, L.F., Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Dorrington, R.E., Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This paper describes an approach to incorporating the impact of HIV/AIDS and the effects of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programmes into a cohort component projection model of the South African population. The modelled HIV-positive population is divided into clinical and treatment stages, and it is demonstrated that the age profile and morbidity profile of the HIV-positive population is changing significantly over time. HIV/AIDS is projected to have a substantial demographic impact in South Africa. Prevention programmes - social marketing, voluntary counselling and testing, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and improved treatment for sexually transmitted diseases - are unlikely to reduce AIDS mortality significantly in the short term. However, more immediate reductions in mortality can be achieved when antiretroviral treatment is introduced. © 2006 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.	Antiretroviral treatment; Demographic impact; HIV/AIDS prevention; Simulation model; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745747755	Evaluation of in vivo antiplasmodial activity of Aspilia africana	Okokon J.E., Nwidu L.L., Essiet G.A.	2006	International Journal of Pharmacology	2	3	10.3923/ijp.2006.348.351	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology	Okokon, J.E., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Nwidu, L.L., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Essiet, G.A., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	The antiplasmodial activity of ethanol leaf extract of Aspilia africana was evaluated in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei during early and established infections. Aspilia africana extract (100-300 mg kg-1 day-1) exhibited a significant (p&lt;0.05) blood schizonticidal activity both in 4 day early infection and in established infection. The extract produced a significant (p&lt;0.05) chemosuppression in both early and established infections tests though lower than that produced by chloroquine, 5 mg kg-1 day-1. Also, significant mean survival time was recorded in extract treated groups compared to the control group during established infection. The leaf extract posseses a promising antiplasmodial activity which can be exploited in malaria therapy. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Antimalarial; Antiplasmodial; Aspilia africana; Plasmodium berghei; Schizonticidal	antimalarial agent; Aspilia africana extract; chloroquine; plant extract; unclassified drug; acute toxicity; animal experiment; animal model; antimalarial activity; article; Aspilia; controlled study; dose response; drug efficacy; drug synthesis; experimental infection; female; herbal medicine; in vivo study; LD 50; malaria; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; Plasmodium berghei; survival time; toxicity testing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745778922	Human impact on the plains Zebra (Equus quagga) population in Nechisar plains, Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia	Doku Y., Bekele A., Balakrishnan M.	2006	International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences	32	2	None	Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box No. 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Doku, Y., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box No. 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bekele, A., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box No. 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Balakrishnan, M., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box No. 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Socio-economic and physical surveys were conducted in eight Guji Oromo settlements in Nechisar plains, Nechisar National Park (NNP), southern Ethiopia during November 2001-April 2002 to assess human impact on the population of the plains zebra Equus quagga. Data collected since 1970 were also examined to indicate trends of human, livestock and plains zebra populations in the area. In 1980, the then military government forcefully evicted the local inhabitants. However, they returned to the area during the political change in 1991, which caused widespread destruction of the habitat and the wildlife in the area. The survey confirmed the presence of 250 households in eight settlements in the Nechisar plains, comprising 1640 people and 7080 heads of livestock. Cutting of grass and trees by local people has affected the population of plains zebra by decreasing the effective foraging area and cover. The population of plains zebra has declined since 1991, but there are signs of recovery in recent years. The current population of plains zebra in NNP was estimated to be around 4500. Active measures have to be implemented to control human utilization of Nechisar plains to prevent further deterioration of the habitat and to safeguard the future of plains zebra. © International Scientific Publications, New Delhi.	Ethiopia; Human impacts; Nechisar National Park; Plains zebra	anthropogenic effect; habitat; mammal; nature-society relations; population ecology; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Equus burchellii; Equus quagga	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745807956	Improving the laboratory diagnosis of TB in Ghana: The impact of a quality assurance system	Addo K.K., Dan-Dzide M., Yeboah-Manu D., Owusu-Darko K., Caulley P., Minamikawa M., Bonsu F., Lienhardt C., Akpedonu P., Ofori-Adjei D.	2006	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	10	7	None	Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Korle-Bu, Ghana; National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Korle-Bu, Ghana; West African TB Research Initiative, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana	Addo, K.K., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana, Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana; Dan-Dzide, M., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Yeboah-Manu, D., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Owusu-Darko, K., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Caulley, P., National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Korle-Bu, Ghana; Minamikawa, M., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Bonsu, F., National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Korle-Bu, Ghana; Lienhardt, C., West African TB Research Initiative, Dakar, Senegal; Akpedonu, P., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Ofori-Adjei, D., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana	SETTING: Greater Accra region, Ghana. OBJECTIVE: To establish a pilot quality assurance (QA) system in sputum smear microscopy and to evaluate its impact. DESIGN: Quarterly supporting visits were paid to participating laboratories between 2000 and 2002. Fifteen examined slides were selected randomly from each laboratory during the visits and blindly re-assessed. Feedback was given promptly to the various laboratories. Training and stakeholder workshops were organised whenever necessary. RESULTS: General improvements in smear preparation and staining as well as the reading ability of the laboratory personnel included in the study were observed. The average marks for specimen quality, staining ability, smear cleanness, thickness, size and evenness increased from 64%, 79%, 69%, 46%, 67% and 60% in the last quarter of 2000 to 81%, 90%, 86%, 79%, 80% and 74%, respectively, 24 months after the establishment of the QA system. Within the same period, the rate of false-positives and -negatives decreased from respectively 14.8% and 20.5% to 0%, and agreements in positivity grade increased from 74% to 95%. The performance of the participating laboratories in keeping the laboratory registers up to date also improved. CONCLUSION: The QA system needs to be extended to the rest of the country. © 2006 The Union.	Ghana; Pilot system; Quality assurance; Sputum smear microscopy	article; false negative result; false positive result; Ghana; health care quality; human; job performance; laboratory diagnosis; medical education; priority journal; sputum smear; tuberculosis; Ghana; Humans; Laboratory Techniques and Procedures; Pilot Projects; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745821549	Evaluation of mucin as a release enhancer for rectal delivery of glibenclamide	Adikwu M.U., Okafor J.O.	2006	Current Drug Delivery	3	3	10.2174/156720106777731064	Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Adikwu, M.U., Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Okafor, J.O., Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	In this work mucin was evaluated as a release and absorption enhancer for glibenclamide from rectal glycerogelatin suppository. Glycerogelatin suppositories containing different ratios of glibenclamide to I-mucin (insoluble), S-mucin (soluble) and sodium salicylate respectively, were formulated using the fusion method. The suppositories were evaluated using standard parameters. Release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.6). The pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluation of the formulations was carried out on normoglycaemic albino rats. The results of the physical tests showed that the suppositories possessed high resistance to rupture and had uniformity of weight and drug contents. The erosion times of the suppositories with I-mucin, S-mucin and sodium salicylate were shorter than glycerogelatin suppositories BP without any release enhancer (control). Analysis of the release data showed that the release pattern was bi-phasic with initial fast release and subsequent slow release of the glibenclamide from the suppositories. The release mechanism followed first order kinetics. All the suppositories containing either S-mucin, I-mucin or sodium salicylate showed better glibenclamide release than the control without any release enhancer (p < 0.05). The pharmacodynamic studies showed that the overall glucose lowering effect in rats was greater in S-mucin suppositories than in sodium salicylate and I-mucin suppositories. The results of this study indicated that mucin extracted from Bovine spp. could be used to enhance the release and subsequent absorption of glibenclamide from rectal glycerolgelatin suppositories. © 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.	Evaluation; Glibenclamide; Mucin; Rectal delivery; Release enhancer; Suppository	glibenclamide; mucin; salicylate sodium; article; controlled study; drug effect; drug release; female; hyperglycemia; kinetics; male; nonhuman; priority journal; rat; suppository; weight; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Administration, Rectal; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biological Availability; Blood Glucose; Drug Delivery Systems; Female; Gelatin; Glyburide; Glycerol; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Mucins; Rats; Sodium Salicylate; Suppositories; Swine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745905023	Range of normal neutrophil counts in healthy Zimbabwean infants: Implications for monitoring antiretroviral drug toxicity	Wells J., Shetty A.K., Stranix L., Falkovitz-Halpern M.S., Chipato T., Nyoni N., Mateta P., Maldonado Y.	2006	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	42	4	10.1097/01.qai.0000224975.45091.a5	Univ. of Zimbabwe-Univ. of California, S. Francisco (UZ-UCSF) Collab. Res. Prog. in Women's Health, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; UZ-UCSF Collaborative Program in Women's Health, 15 Phillips Ave, Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe	Wells, J., Univ. of Zimbabwe-Univ. of California, S. Francisco (UZ-UCSF) Collab. Res. Prog. in Women's Health, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States, UZ-UCSF Collaborative Program in Women's Health, 15 Phillips Ave, Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe; Shetty, A.K., Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Stranix, L., Department of Pediatrics, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Falkovitz-Halpern, M.S., Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Chipato, T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyoni, N., Univ. of Zimbabwe-Univ. of California, S. Francisco (UZ-UCSF) Collab. Res. Prog. in Women's Health, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mateta, P., Univ. of Zimbabwe-Univ. of California, S. Francisco (UZ-UCSF) Collab. Res. Prog. in Women's Health, Harare, Zimbabwe; Maldonado, Y., Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States	Mother-to-child HIV prevention trials in sub-Saharan Africa use the US National Institutes of Health Division of AIDS (DAIDS) grading scale to monitor hematologic toxicity. A recent study of nevirapine prophylaxis given for 6 months in breast-feeding Zimbabwean infants reported several cases of relative neutropenia in clinically well infants, raising concerns of drug toxicity. However, the DAIDS tables are based on normal blood counts for white infants, although there is evidence that black African infants may have lower absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) than white infants. To establish normal hematologic values in black Zimbabwean infants and to quantify the apparent prevalence of relative neutropenia in this population, we evaluated HIV-uninfected healthy infants born to HIV-uninfected women at birth, 10 days, 6 weeks, 3, and 4 months of life. A physical examination and blood count were performed at each visit, and an HIV test was performed at the final visit. The ANC values were graded using the DAIDS table. A total of 145 healthy term infants satisfied the inclusion criteria. The mean ANC values for Zimbabwean infants were less than half of the corresponding standard values at all 5 time points (P < 0.0001). Using the DAIDS table in use at the time that the blood was collected, 57% of these healthy infants had relative neutropenia of any grade at birth, followed by 29% at day 10, 53% at 6 weeks, 32% at 3 months, and 37% at 4 months of life. Our data indicate that relative neutropenia exists in healthy black Zimbabwean infants. The guidelines for identifying toxicity were changed in December 2004. However, even by the new DAIDS tables, 43%, 23%, 24%, 42%, and 43% of these healthy babies had relative neutropenia at the time of the 5 visits. Future HIV prevention and treatment trials in sub-Saharan Africa should use normal hematologic values derived from African infants to avoid the overestimation of antiretroviral drug toxicity. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral prophylaxis; HIV-1; Infant; Neutropenia; Toxicity; Zimbabwe	antiretrovirus agent; nevirapine; Africa; article; breast feeding; controlled study; disease severity; drug monitoring; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infant; infection prevention; male; neutropenia; neutrophil count; newborn; physical examination; priority journal; race difference; Zimbabwe; Anti-HIV Agents; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Drug Monitoring; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lymphocyte Count; Neutrophils; RNA, Viral; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745921485	The impact of HIV on maternal quality of life in Uganda	Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H., Mayon-White R., Okong P., Carpenter L., Jenkinson C.	2006	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	18	6	10.1080/09540120500359298	Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), London, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Health Services Research Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom; St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda; Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom	Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, H., Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), London, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom; Mayon-White, R., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Okong, P., St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda; Carpenter, L., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Jenkinson, C., University of Oxford, Health Services Research Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom	To study the effect of HIV infection on quality of life (QOL) during pregnancy and puerperium, QOL was measured in a cohort study at St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda. Dartmouth COOP charts were administered to 132 HIV-positive and 399 HIV-negative women at 36 weeks of pregnancy and six weeks post-partum. Responses were coded from 0 = best health-status to 4 = worst health-status and scores of 3-4 defined as poor. Odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals(CI)) for poor scores were calculated and independent predictors of poor QOL examined using logistic regression. In pregnancy, HIV-positive women were more likely to have poor scores in feelings: OR = 3.2(1.9-5.3), daily activities: OR = 2.8(1.4-5.5), pain: OR = 2.1(1.3-3.5), overall health: OR = 1.7(1.1-2.7) and QOL: OR = 7.2(3.6-14.7), all p = ≤ 0.01. Differences in physical fitness, change in health, social activities and social support were not statistically significant (all p >0.2). HIV infection was independently associated with poor QOL: OR = 8.5(3.8-19). Findings in puerperium were similar to those in pregnancy except more HIV-positive women had poor scores in social activities: OR = 2.5(1.4-4.7) and change in health: OR = 5.4(2-14.5) and infant death also predicted poor QOL: OR = 6.7(2.4-18.5). The findings reflect HIV's adverse impact on maternal QOL and the need for interventions to alleviate this infection's social and emotional effects. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	None	adult; article; cohort analysis; comparative study; confidence interval; controlled study; daily life activity; female; fitness; health status; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; maternal welfare; pain assessment; pregnancy; priority journal; puerperium; quality of life; risk; scoring system; social behavior; social support; Uganda; Adult; Female; Health Status; HIV Infections; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Puerperal Disorders; Quality of Life; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745927404	Replacement value of bambaranut Voandzeia subterranea sievate for soyabean meal Glycin max on the performance of finisher broiler chicken	Ekenyem B.U., Onyeagoro C.P.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	4	10.3923/ijps.2006.381.384	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Onyeagoro, C.P., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	One hundred and sixty 4-week old broiler chicks were used in a 28-day feeding trial in a completely randomized design, to evaluate the performance of finisher broiler chicks fed varying replacement values of Bambaranut sievate (BNS) Voandzeia subterranea for soyabean meal (SBM) Glycin max. The four dietary treatments were further replicated four times. Treatments having 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% BNS replaced corresponding weights of SBM in the diets. Feed and potable water were supplied ad libitum while vaccination and medication were appropriately applied. The initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed cost per kg gain were measured. Results show that birds on 0% and 5% BNS with weights 1.85kg and 1.83kg respectively were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than those on 10% and 15% BNS weighing 1.68kg and 1.65kg respectively. This trend was also observed for weight gain where birds on 0% and 5% BNS were superior (P<0.05) to those on 10% and 15% levels respectively. However, the initial weight and feed intake were not statistically different (P>0.05), feed conversion ratio and feed cost/kg gain were significantly (P<0.05) different between their various treatment means. BNS was found to appreciably reduce cost of broiler chick production and could be included up to 15% in chicks diets. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Bambaranut sievate; Finisher broiler chicks; Performance; Soyabean meal	Aves; Glycine max; Vigna subterranea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745930524	Reproductive performances of dairy cows in smallholder production system in Selalle, Central Ethiopia	Lobago F., Bekana M., Gustafsson H., Kindahl H.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	4	10.1007/s11250-006-4328-1	Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Swedish Dairy Association, SE-63184 Eskilstuna, Sweden	Lobago, F., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Bekana, M., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Gustafsson, H., Swedish Dairy Association, SE-63184 Eskilstuna, Sweden; Kindahl, H., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden	A study was conducted to assess the reproductive performance and factors that influence reproductive efficiency of cows in smallholder dairy farms in Selalle, Central Ethiopia. Three hundred dairy farms (average herd size = 8) were visited and data on reproductive, breeding and management histories were collected and analysed. The overall geometric means for calving to conception interval (n = 382) and duration after last calving (n = 422) were 187 and 201 days in pregnant and non-pregnant cows, respectively. The least-squares mean calving to conception interval was higher (p < 0.05) in mixed crop-livestock production (MCLP) than in small urban dairy production (SUDP) systems and was lower (p < 0.01) in non-suckling than in suckling cows. District significantly influenced (p < 0.01) the least-squares mean duration after last calving and, among the districts, non-pregnant cows in Wuchale-Jida had the highest values, whereas cows in Sululta and Mulo had the lowest values. The overall average number of services per conception (±SD) and the first service conception rate were 1.6 ± 1.0 (n = 382) and 56% (n = 456), respectively. The prevalences of abortion, dystocia (assisted parturition), retained fetal membrane, vulval discharge/endometritis and pre-weaning calf mortality were 1.4%, 1.3%, 5.4%, 2.8% and 17.4%, respectively. The present estimates of extended calving to conception interval and duration after last calving indicate poor reproductive performances of cows in Selalle smallholder dairy farms. The pre-weaning calf mortality rate is highly significant. Accordingly, a further detailed investigation is necessary to identify and quantify the specific reproductive disorders and associated interacting factors attributing to such poor performance and to determine the causes and predisposing factors behind such high calf mortality. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2006.	Dairy cows; Ethiopia/Selalle; Reproductive performance; Smallholder	animal; animal disease; article; breeding; cattle; cattle disease; dairying; Ethiopia; female; methodology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; pregnancy rate; puerperal disorder; reproduction; suckling; time; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Ethiopia; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Animal; Puerperal Disorders; Reproduction; Time Factors; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745936605	The influence of biological maturation on physical and motor performance talent identification determinants of U-14 provincial girl tennis players	Van Den Berg L., Coetzee B., Pienaar A.E.	2006	Journal of Human Movement Studies	50	4	None	School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Van Den Berg, L., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Coetzee, B., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Pienaar, A.E., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	The aim of this study was to determine the effect of biological maturation on the motor performance and physical talent identification determinants of u-14 provincial, girl tennis players. Twenty five (25) of the top sixteen (16) provincial female players (X̄ = 13.21± 0.72 years) from the Northern Gauteng and the North-West Provinces (South Africa) respectively, participated in the study. A comprehensive battery of 21 physical and motor performance tests was conducted on each subject. Subjects were asked to complete a biological maturation identification questionnaire (BMIQ) on their stage of secondary sexual characteristics development as well as on their age of menarche (Van den Berg et al, 2002). The data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and a Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. The girls could be grouped into early (n = 4), average (n = 11) and late maturing girls (n = 10) according to the feedback from the BMIQ. No statistically significant differences were found in the physical and motor performance talent identification determinants of the different biological maturation groups. However, later maturing girls seemed to have an advantage at a young age in tennis, due to the result that this group attained the highest speed, speed endurance, muscle endurance, agility and cardiovascular endurance values. ©2006 Teviot Scientific Publications.	Growth development; Maturity; Motor performance; Physical components; Talent identification; Tennis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745942349	Intensity and direction of anxiety and self-confidence among elite South African crawl stroke swimmers and its relationship to performance	Grobbelaar H.W., Coetzee B.	2006	Journal of Human Movement Studies	50	5	None	School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Grobbelaar, H.W., School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Coetzee, B., School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	The purpose of this study was to determine the intensity and direction (i.e., perceived effect) of anxiety and self-confidence among elite South African crawl stroke swimmers as well as its relationship to the performance of this population. Fifteen men (19.0 ± 3.36 years) and 12 women (17.7 ± 2.45 years) finalists of at least one crawl stroke item during the South African Swimming Championships completed the Competitive State Anxiety Questionnaire Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) of Martens et al (1990) with an added Facilitative/Debilitative scale (Jones and Swain, 1992). Low to moderate relationships existed between the three psychological constructs levels and swimming performances. Significant (p<0.05) correlations were observed among the women swimmers for the perceived effect of somatic state anxiety and cognitive state anxiety with performance respectively. Standard multiple regression analyses showed that the performances of women swimmers were more related to their perception of cognitive state anxiety towards performance (-39.85%), while that of men swimmers were more related to their perception of state self-confidence (-9.19%). It should, however, be noted that variables other than the psychological variables included in this study, were also highly related to swimming performances, especially in the case of the men. ©2006 Teviot Scientific Publications.	Cognitive anxiety; CSAI-2; Performance; Self-confidence; Somatic anxiety; Sport psychology; Swimmers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745962104	Childhood unintentional injuries: The perceived impact of the environment, lack of supervision and child characteristics	Munro S.-A., van Niekerk A., Seedat M.	2006	Child: Care, Health and Development	32	3	10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00593.x	University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council, MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505 Cape Town, South Africa	Munro, S.-A., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., Medical Research Council, MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505 Cape Town, South Africa; Seedat, M., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Investigations into the context and causation of injury, including injury risks, are an essential part of the injury prevention knowledge base. Caregiver perceptions of childhood injury risks may assist in the design of safety interventions and influence the way in which an intervention is received within a community. Methods: Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted in two low-income neighbourhoods in South Africa to collect information on caregiver perceptions of injury risks. The data were analysed via thematic content analysis. Results: The results revealed that injury risks are perceived as multifaceted and as contributing synergistically to an injury event. Parents of children also tended to attribute most risks to the environment instead of individual action. Conclusions: Interventions including passive strategies and less activity from the parent may be welcomed in communities. Attention should be given to child injury prevention methods specifically for low-income contexts. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Developing countries; Environmental influences; Health; Injury; Parent perceptions; Perceptions	accident prevention; accidental injury; adult; article; caregiver; child; child safety; childhood injury; community; content analysis; controlled study; data analysis; environment; female; human; information processing; interview; knowledge base; lowest income group; parent; perception; priority journal; South Africa; thematic analysis; Accidental Falls; Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Attitude to Health; Burns; Caregivers; Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Female; Heating; Humans; Internal-External Control; Middle Aged; Parenting; Parents; Poisoning; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Wounds and Injuries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745990562	Monitoring and displacements at Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station tunnels	Clayton C.R.I., Van Der Berg J.P., Thomas A.H.	2006	Geotechnique	56	5	10.1680/geot.2006.56.5.323	School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Jones and Wagener, Rivonia, South Africa; Mott MacDonald Ltd., Croydon, United Kingdom	Clayton, C.R.I., School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Van Der Berg, J.P., Jones and Wagener, Rivonia, South Africa; Thomas, A.H., Mott MacDonald Ltd., Croydon, United Kingdom	A wide variety of instrumentation was deployed during the construction of the sprayed-concrete lined tunnels at Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station. This paper presents data from the in-tunnel displacement monitoring system and for settlements above the tunnels, providing data on instrument survival and performance, and an overall summary of the displacements arising from tunnel excavation.	Case history; Tunnels	Concrete construction; Excavation; Geotechnical engineering; Monitoring; Performance; Case history; Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station; Sprayed-concrete lined tunnels; Tunnels; displacement; monitoring; railway construction; tunnel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746054903	Evaluation of Clitoria, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows	Juma H.K., Abdulrazak S.A., Muinga R.W., Ambula M.K.	2006	Livestock Science	103	02-Jan	10.1016/j.livsci.2005.12.006	Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; KARI Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya	Juma, H.K., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; Muinga, R.W., KARI Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya; Ambula, M.K., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya	A study was carried out at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Mtwapa in Coastal lowland Kenya to evaluate the effects of supplementing Napier grass variety Bana (Pennisetum purpureum) with Clitoria ternatea (Clitoria), Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia) and Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk yield of lactating Jersey cows. Clitoria and Mucuna were compared with Gliricidia; a widely studied nitrogen supplement to roughage-based diets in dairy rations in coastal Kenya. Twelve lactating Jersey cows in their mid lactation were assigned to four groups balanced for initial milk yield and live weight in a completely randomised design. One group was fed Napier grass ad libitum and 3 kg of maize bran daily (control). The remaining three groups were fed the control diet supplemented with 8 kg of fresh Clitoria, Gliricidia or Mucuna. Mucuna had lower CP (180 g kg- 1) concentration compared to Gliricidia (232 g kg- 1) and Clitoria (218 g kg- 1). Tannin concentration was higher in Gliricidia compared to the other legumes. They were however below the critical level of 6% hence were not expected to have any negative effect on animal performance. The total dry matter intake was not affected by legume supplementation (P &gt; 0.05). Legume supplementation had no significant effect on organic and dry matter digestibilities (P &gt; 0.05). Nitrogen supplementation (P &lt; 0.05) increased daily milk yield by 20%, 27.5% and 32.5% for cows fed Gliricidia, Clitoria and Mucuna respectively. Results from this study show that Mucuna and Clitoria can give similar lactation performance to Gliricidia as nitrogen supplements Napier grass basal diet. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diet digestibility; Feed intake; Jersey cows; Milk yield; Nitrogen supplementation	Animalia; Clitoria; Clitoria ternatea; Gliricidia; Gliricidia sepium; Mucuna; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746067847	The human factor II: Creating a high performance culture in an organization	Kaliprasad M.	2006	Cost Engineering (Morgantown, West Virginia)	48	6	None	Murray and Roberts Engineering Solutions of Bedfordview, Gauteng, South Africa; AACE, South Africa	Kaliprasad, M., Murray and Roberts Engineering Solutions of Bedfordview, Gauteng, South Africa, AACE, South Africa	An organization's long-term success depends on the ability of that organization to sustain the delivery of quality products and services, yet many organizations fail in the area of a sustainable high performance culture. This article explores the three major deterrents to sustaining this high performance in an organization. The key aspects of what constitutes an organizational culture, and more importantly, a high performance culture will also be discussed, as will the "Four Cultures Model," providing some clarity on the central tendencies of all organizations. The stronger the culture, the more resistant it is to change. For an organizational culture to maintain its strength and adapt to shifts in its environment requires contribution, candor, and constant learning. Having a high performance culture has financial implications, as indicated by a study showing non-high performers increasing net income by just one percent over an 11-year period, compared to the 756 percent improvement for the organizations identified as having high-performing cultures. The importance of establishing a culture of business excellence is also discussed as is the dynamics of striving beyond business excellence. What is key throughout are the concepts of teamwork, global thinking, and dynamic leadership, with specific focus on solutions. A sustainable high performance culture model is also discussed highlighting five key success factors. It has to be said that the only way that organizations can be considered as high performing is if the people who comprise these organizations succeed. Performance can also be influenced from any number of factors, including not just the internal elements such as organizational culture, structures, processes and leadership, but also external elements. High performance depends upon the alignment of internal systems with the larger system within which the organization operates.	Education; Leadership; Organizational performance; Profits; Team work	Leadership; Organizational performance; Profits; Team work; Mathematical models; Quality control; Societies and institutions; Sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746087113	Sonographic evaluation of pancreatic segments in a normal adult population in Nigeria	Okoye I.J., Agwu K.K., Kolawole K.T., Okoye I.J.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	4	None	Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Okoye, I.J., Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Agwu, K.K., Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kolawole, K.T., Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okoye, I.J., Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Aim: To sonographically determine the normal range of values of pancreatic segments and their relationship with each other in a normal adult population in Nigerian and to determine if these values show any racial bias. Materials and methods: The anteroposterior (AP) diameters of the pancreatic segments (Head, Neck, Body and Tail) were measured prospectively in the transverse/oblique planes by trans-abdominal sonography in 500 healthy adults (aged 18 to 67 years) from the South-Eastern region of Nigeria. The subjects gave informed consent and were selected by convenient sampling. Results: The normal range of AP diameters of the pancreatic head, neck, body and tail were (18-32)mm, (7-12)mm, (10-20)mm and (10-20)mm respectively and the overall mean AP diameters were 27.83±2.14mm, 9.51±1.35mm, 13.26±1.47mm and 13.30±1.68mm in the same respective order. The ratios of each segment relative to each other were found to be 3:1 (Head/Neck); 2:1 (Head/Body); 2:1 (Head/Tail); 2:3 (Neck/Body); 2:3 (Neck/Tail); 1:1 (Body/Tail).When each segment was related to the entire pancreas, the ratios were 3:7; 1:7; 3:14; 3:14; for the Head/ pancreas, Neck/pancreas, Body/pancreas and Tail/pancreas respectively. The subjects' ages showed negative correlation (P<0.001) with the pancreatic sizes and there was progressive decline in size of the pancreatic segments after the fifth decade of life. There were statistical significant differences between the mean AP diameters of the pancreatic segments of this study population and that of the Caucasian values obtained from literature, except for the neck. Conclusion: This study recommends that in assessing the pancreas, ratios of the (Head/Neck); (Head/Body); (Head/Tail); (Neck/Body); (Neck/Tail); (Body/Tail), Head/pancreas, Neck/pancreas, Body/pancreas and Tail/ pancreas, which exceeds 3:1, 2:1, 2:1, 2:3, 2:3, 1:1, 3:7, 1:7; 3:14; 3:14; respectively, should raise suspicion for focal enlargement. The positive correlation between each segment and the pancreas shown in this study, suggest that these ratios may be used alone to discriminate accurately between focal and diffuse involvement of the pancreas. The population-specific values have the potential to enable; early detection/ screening of patients with cancer and inflammatory disorders of the pancreas, monitoring response in patients with starvation disorders and discriminating between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, (NIDDM) patients. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	IDDM; NIDDM; Pancreatic segments; Starvation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746092916	Categorical imperatives for alleviating the problems militating against organizational performance in Nigeria	Aluko M.A.O.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	4	None	Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Aluko, M.A.O., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	This study examined the problems militating against organizational performance in Nigeria and then proceeded by suggesting the necessary categorical imperatives for alleviating the identified problems. Data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods. In all, 630 respondents who were selected via multiple sampling techniques were used for the study. The data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric statistics. The findings reveal that the problems' militating against organizational performance is multidimensional and comprises of economic, technological, political, social and management issues. On the basis of these findings, the paper made some categorical imperatives, which will be of immense benefits in the area of policy formulation in the quest to alleviate these problems so that organizations can contribute their quota to national development. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	Capacity utilization; Collectivistic; Downsizing; Industrializing; Liberalization; Materialistic	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746116972	Impact of water soluble fractions of crude oil on growth performance of the catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Geoffrey St. Hilaire, 1809)	Nwabueze A.A., Agbogidi O.M.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	3	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Abraka, Nigeria	Nwabueze, A.A., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Abraka, Nigeria; Agbogidi, O.M., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Abraka, Nigeria	The impact of sub lethal concentration of water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of crude oil on growth performance of the catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings (mean weight: 1.36±0.05g) was investigated under laboratory conditions during a 10 - week period of exposure in a renewal static bioassay system. The concentrations of WSFs used were 0.00 - control, 0.125, 0.50 and 1.00 ml per litre. Mortality was recorded in the 0.50 and 1.00 ml per litre concentrations. Results indicate that growth rate of fish was significantly (P≥0.05) reduced as compared with the control fish. Observations on behaviour of fish showed reduced activity especially feeding with increasing concentrations of WSFs. There were significant (P≤0.05) differences in growth and mortality rate in fish exposed to WSFs compared with the control. Investigation on the physiochemical parameter of WSFs such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O), bilogical oxygen demand (B.O.D) and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) indicated a significant (P≤0.05) increase and decrease in B.O.D and D.O. respectively as compared with controls. The temperature and pH remained the same in various experimental tanks. The present study indicated that Heterobranchus bidorsalis can serve as a bio indicator of crude oil polluted water bodies. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	Crude oil; Growth; Heterobranchus bidorsalis; Water-soluble fractions	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746131235	Effect of supplementation on performance of calves on smallholder dairy farms in Bahati division of Nakuru district, Kenya	Lanyasunya T.P., Wang H.R., Abdulrazak S.A., Mukisira E.A.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	2	10.3923/pjn.2006.141.146	National Animal Husbandry Research Centre (NAHRC), P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Department Animal Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Department Animal Science, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Nairobi, Kenya	Lanyasunya, T.P., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre (NAHRC), P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Wang, H.R., Department Animal Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Abdulrazak, S.A., Department Animal Science, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya; Mukisira, E.A., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Nairobi, Kenya	Inadequate feeding and high disease prevalence are considered as the major setback to dairy production on smallholder farms in Kenya. Under such circumstances, heavy losses of young calves occur. This is the situation presently on these farms. The current study was conducted in Bahati division of Nakuru district over a period of 3 years. Out of 120 smallholder farmers randomly visited and interviewed, 60 of them were selected to participate in the trial, based on whether they have dairy cattle and willing to collaborate. The selected farmers were trained on data recording and provided with a heart-girth measuring tape, a spring balance (25 kg), a 10-litre plastic bucket (for feed weighing), a 1-litre graduated jug (for measuring milk) and a record book. They were then divided into two groups (Control and test) of 30 each. Control group was asked to continue with their ordinary calf management, where supplementation was not offered. Test farmers were asked to strictly follow the research calf-feeding schedule where Napier grass cv Bana was fed as a basal diet and supplemented with protein rich forages (Lucernne; Sweet potato vines cv Munsinya; Desmodium cv Green leaf and fodder shrubs (Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania sesban). Parameters of study were growth rate, mortality, morbidity and dynamics. The collected data was stored in MS-excel and later subjected to appropriate statistical models (SAS) to established the calf performance difference between the 2 farm groups and livestock production systems. The results showed that calves in test farms performed better (370 g/d) compared to those in control farms (307 g/d)(P<0.01). The study further revealed that calves supplemented with an assortment of protein rich forages showed a rapid body weight gain (375 and 417 g/d) compared to those offered SPV as a sole protein supplement (345 g/d) (P<0.05). It was further observed that the overall female calf mortality in zero grazing test farms was low (6%) compared to semi-zero and free grazing test farms (15 and 20%, respectively)(P<0.05). In the same farms mortality of male and female calves was different (P<0.05). Mortality for male calves was observed to be higher (Test-zero: Male - 13%; Female - 6%; Control-zero: Male - 11 % and Female 9%). The same trend was observed across the test and control farms in semi-zero and free grazing systems. On calf dynamics, off-take for male (33-78%) calves was observed to be much higher that for female calves (6-33%)(P<0.001). It was therefore concluded that protein supplementation, using farm grown forages improves performance of dairy calves on smallholder farms. The authors recommend that resource-poor farmers emphasize on cultivation of forage legumes so as to have sufficient protein rich diets for young dairy calves. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Calf survival; Daily weight gain; Forages; Legumes; Mortality; Off-take	agricultural management; animal experiment; animal food; anthropometry; article; cattle farming; controlled study; dairy cattle; dairy industry; diet supplementation; female; food composition; forage crop; forage quality; grazing; growth rate; Kenya; legume; livestock; male; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein diet; randomization; sex difference; statistical model; survival; weight gain; Bos taurus; Desmodium; Ipomoea batatas; Leucaena leucocephala; Pennisetum purpureum; Sesbania sesban; Swinepox virus (STRAIN KASZA)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746141273	Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) leaves	Antia B.S., Akpan E.J., Okon P.A., Umoren I.U.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	2	10.3923/pjn.2006.166.168	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Antia, B.S., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Akpan, E.J., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Okon, P.A., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Umoren, I.U., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Levels of some nutrients and antinutrients of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), leaves were determined using standard analytical methods. Crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, carbohydrate, moisture contents and calorific values were 24.85%, 4.90%, 7.20%, 11.10%, 51.95%, 82.21% and 351.30 kcal respectively. The vitamin composition was found to be at the levels of 0.672 mg/100g for vitamin A and 15.20 mg/100g for vitamin C. The elemental analysis of the leaves in mg/100g Dry matter (DM) indicated that the leaves contained appreciable levels of zinc (0.08), potassium (4.05), sodium (4.23), manganese (4.64), calcium (28.44), magnesium (340.00) and iron (16.00). The antinutrient composition for phytic acid, cyanide, tannins and total oxalate were 1.44 ± 0.02, 30.24 ± 0.02, 0.21 ± 0.02 and 308.00 ± 1.04 mg/100g respectively. These results reveal that the leaves contain an appreciable amount of nutrients, vitamins and mineral elements and low levels of toxicants and should be included in diets to supplement our daily allowance needed by the body. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Human diet; Minerals; Sweet potatoes; Vitamins	ascorbic acid; calcium; carbohydrate; cyanide; element; magnesium; manganese; oxalic acid; phytic acid; plant extract; potassium; retinol; sweet potato extract; tannin derivative; unclassified drug; vegetable oil; vegetable protein; zinc; article; ash; biomass; calorie; diet supplementation; moisture; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; nutritional health; nutritional requirement; nutritional value; phytochemistry; plant fiber; plant leaf; plant nutrient; sweet potato; Ipomoea batatas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746161581	Performance of dairy cows in different livestock production systems on smallholder farms in Bahati division, Nakuru District, Kenya	Lanyasunya T.P., Rong W.H., Mukisira E.A., Abdulrazak S.A.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	2	10.3923/pjn.2006.130.134	National Animal Husbandry Research Centre (NAHRC), P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; KARI-Hq, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya; Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Animal Science Department, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China	Lanyasunya, T.P., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre (NAHRC), P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Rong, W.H., Animal Science Department, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Mukisira, E.A., KARI-Hq, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	Kenyan dairy industry is a smallholder activity in terms of both milk production and volume of sales. The challenge, however, is how to sustain it amid myriad of constraints. The current study was carried out in Bahati division of Nakuru District over a period of 3 years. The objective was to quantify performance of dairy cows on smallholder farms. Out of the 120 smallholder households interviewed during the preceding feed survey, 60 of them were selected to participate in the trial. They were all trained on data collection. Dam weights and milk yields were monitored on monthly and daily basis respectively over 2 to 3 consecutive lactations. The collected data was stratified according to zero, semi-zero and free grazing systems and stored in MS Excel. SAS (ANOVA and proc. GLM) models were used to compare the differences between systems. Scatter plots were developed using Lotus. The study revealed that, of the many constraints facing smallholders, lack of sufficient land for forage production, is the most critical. Majority of farmers owned between 0.5 to 5 acres out of which over 80% was committed to food crop production. Established acreage of Napier grass, which is the most popular fodder crop among smallholder resource-poor farm was low (ranged: 0. 125 to 0.5 acres). This was further complicated by farmers' inability to conserve feeds (silage or hay). Consequently dairy cows' performance was observed to be low across the 3 production systems. Body weights and milk yields showed a wide variation both within and between systems. Dairy cows in zero grazing systems recorded higher body weights (480±75; range: 345-601 kg) compared to those in free (338±39; range: 275-410) and semi-zero (397±59; range: 280-490 kg) grazing systems respectively (P&lt;0.0001; r2 = 59%). A similar trend was observed with milk yield (free: 5-12; semi-zero: 6-16 and zero grazing system: 8-24 kg/cow/d) (P&lt;0.0001). Cases of dairy stock morbidity and mortality due to diseases (tickborne, worms) exacerbated by malnutrition were also recorded. It was therefore concluded that, since little can be done on land scarcity, building farmers capacity on feed production, conservation and utilization would be the way forward. Development of suitable fodder crops, cost effective methods of feed production and ration formulation is therefore critical. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Body weight; Dairy; Milk yield; Resource-poor farmers	agricultural management; agricultural worker; analysis of variance; animal disease; animal food; article; body weight; cattle farming; computer program; cost control; crop production; dairy cattle; dairy industry; dairying; economic evaluation; food preservation; forage yield; functional assessment; grazing management; human; information processing; intermethod comparison; interview; Kenya; lactation; livestock; malnutrition; milk production; milk yield; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; quantitative analysis; resource management; scoring system; statistical model; Pennisetum purpureum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746185191	Effect of enzyme supplementation of palm kernel meal and brewer's dried grain on the performance of broilers	Iyayi E.A., Davies B.I.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	2	10.3923/ijps.2005.76.80	Institut für Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Institut für Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Davies, B.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Seventy-two male broiler chickens were randomly distributed into groups of 6 totaling 12 groups. Three diets (Diet 1-Basal, maize-based with no enzyme; Diet 2-BDG + Enzyme-based and Diet 3-PKM + Enzyme-based) were formulated and randomly offered to any 4 of the groups. The aim was to compare the performance of the birds on the enzyme supplemented high fibre diets with those on the maize-based diet with no enzyme supplementation. Weight gain and feed intake were significantly (p<0.05) higher on the enzyme supplemented BDG and PKM diets at the starter phase. At the finisher phase, while feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) increased with enzyme supplementation, the weight gain was not significantly affected. The FCR also did not significantly change with enzyme supplementation at the starter phase, but at the finisher phase, feed conversion was significantly (p<0.05) poorer. Carcass measures did not significantly change with enzyme supplementation. Weight of the pancreas was significantly (p<0.05) increased and that of the kidney significantly (p<0.05) reduced in birds on the enzyme supplemented BDG and PKM diets. Apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre was significantly (p<0.05) higher with enzyme supplementation. The cost of feed per kg weight gain was lower in the enzyme supplemented diets only at the starter phase. But at the finisher phase, enzyme supplementation did not have any benefit in terms of feed cost. Enzyme supplementation resulted in the reduction of the amount of maize needed in the diets of the birds by 31% and 52% at the starter and finisher phases, respectively. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Brewer's dried grain (BDG); Broiler; Enzyme; Palm kernel meal (PKM)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746223270	Evaluation of community-based rehabilitation programs in Ghana and Benin [Evaluation de la réadaptation à base communautaire (RBC) au Ghana et au Bénin]	Jadin O., Agbogbe N., Barima O.	2005	Medecine Tropicale	65	6	None	Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, Cotonou, Benin; Faculté des Science de la Santé de Cotonou, Benin; Programme National RBC du Bénin, Cotonou, Benin; Department of Social Welfare, Programme National RBC du Ghana, Ghana; Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, 01 BP 3089 RP, Cotonou, Benin	Jadin, O., Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, Cotonou, Benin, Faculté des Science de la Santé de Cotonou, Benin, Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, 01 BP 3089 RP, Cotonou, Benin; Agbogbe, N., Programme National RBC du Bénin, Cotonou, Benin; Barima, O., Department of Social Welfare, Programme National RBC du Ghana, Ghana	This article describes two community-based rehabilitation programs set up for disabled persons in Ghana and Benin in the early 1990s. Both programs were based on the model described by the World Health Organization but differed greatly with regard to implementation. This difference had great impact on the respective effectiveness, efficiency and viability. Analysis of 624 disabled persons ranging in age from 0 to 30 years showed better progress in the Beninese group for all areas considered with a resulting improvement in quality of life. Assessment of the cost-effectiveness indicated that spending was higher and less effective in Ghana for globally less benefit than in Benin. Data also suggested that differences in implementation impacted program viability since the Ghana program collapsed in 1999 while the Beninese program is ongoing. The authors speculate that the differences in the two programs were related to failure to observe the basic principles of any com-munity development strategy hi Ghana. For successful community response to difficult local situations, populations require technical assistance from outside sources. National authorities must provide players at both lower levels with the necessary resources including subsidies, training, salaries, planning, monitoring and legislation. These basic rules were largely applied in Benin but almost completely ignored in Ghana.	Community-based rehabilitation; Developing countries; Disability	adolescent; adult; aged; article; Benin; child; community based rehabilitation; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; disability; disabled person; Ghana; health program; human; infant; major clinical study; newborn; quality of life; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746263672	The effect of supplementation on productive performance of Boer goat bucks fed winter veld hay	Almeida A.M., Schwalbach L.M., Waal H.O.D., Greyling J.P.C., Cardoso L.A.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	5	10.1007/s11250-006-4368-6	IICT, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Almeida, A.M., IICT, Lisbon, Portugal; Schwalbach, L.M., Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Waal, H.O.D., Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Greyling, J.P.C., Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Cardoso, L.A., IICT, Lisbon, Portugal	Fifteen Boer goat bucks, (6-8 months old), were allocated into two groups and fed ad libitum for a period of 29 days. The WH group (winter hay; n = 8) received a chopped diet consisting of grass hay, predominantly Themeda trianda grass (cut during the winter) from a natural pasture (veld). The WH+S group (winter hay plus supplement; n = 7) received a chopped diet consisting of Themeda trianda veld hay, supplemented with maize meal, molasses meal and urea. Body weights and feed consumption were recorded. Animals were slaughtered and carcass characteristics (weight and percentages of selected carcass cuts) and the carcass chemical composition were determined. The WH+S animals showed a higher live weight and cumulated feed intake. Carcass cuts from WH animals represented a higher percentage of the total carcass, especially cuts where muscle depots are higher (legs, best end chops and prime cuts). There is an attempt by non-supplemented animals to preserve the body's nitrogen reserves under prolonged nutritional stress conditions, and there is consequently a necessity to supplement feeding of small ruminants fed winter veld hay, especially if the animals are to be used in subsequent breeding seasons. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2006.	Boer goat; Carcass; Growth; Supplementation; Winter veld hay	animal; animal food; animal welfare; article; breeding; goat; growth, development and aging; male; methodology; nutritional requirement; physiology; randomization; reproduction; season; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animal Welfare; Animals; Breeding; Goats; Male; Nutritional Requirements; Random Allocation; Reproduction; Seasons; Weight Gain; Animalia; Bovidae; Capra hircus; Themeda; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746298345	The design of an ERT system for 3D data acquisition and a quantitative evaluation of its performance	Wilkinson A.J., Randall E.W., Long T.M., Collins A.	2006	Measurement Science and Technology	17	8	10.1088/0957-0233/17/8/006	Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Wilkinson, A.J., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Randall, E.W., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Long, T.M., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Collins, A., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	This paper describes a multi-plane implementation of a current-pulse electrical resistance tomography (ERT) data capture system. This is achieved by extending a single plane system, with 16 electrodes and 16 parallel measurement channels, to a one capable of acquiring data in a specified sequence across multiple planes (up to eight) by inserting multiplexer modules in parallel between the instrument and the electrode array. This approach allows high-speed capture systems to be configured for applications such as dual plane cross-correlation velocity measurements or more complex current injection and measurement sequences yielding 3D data sets. The measurement timing and multiplexer measurement sequences are implemented by an embedded processor. Both the executable code and the measurement sequence tables are downloaded to the instrument at start-up. This allows flexibility in specifying the data acquisition sequences and timing required for specific applications without modification of the hardware or embedded code. The effect of measurement noise on the estimated conductivity is quantified and spatial resolution discussed for the case of a 2D online imaging algorithm. Example reconstructions from recorded data sets are presented which verify the operation of the instrument. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.	3D; Current pulse; Electrical resistance tomography; ERT; Multiplexing; Noise; Resolution	Acoustic noise; Data acquisition; Electrodes; Multiplexing; Optical resolving power; Tomography; Current pulse; Electrical resistance tomography (ERT); High-speed capture systems; Multiplexer modules; Electric resistance; Acoustic noise; Data acquisition; Electric resistance; Electrodes; Multiplexing; Optical resolving power; Tomography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746301127	Feasibility of structural monitoring with vibration powered sensors	Elvin N.G., Lajnef N., Elvin A.A.	2006	Smart Materials and Structures	15	4	10.1088/0964-1726/15/4/011	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, Engineering Building 3573, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Elvin, N.G., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, Engineering Building 3573, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Lajnef, N., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, Engineering Building 3573, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Elvin, A.A., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Wireless sensors and sensor networks are beginning to be used to monitor structures. In general, the longevity, and hence the efficacy, of these sensors are severely limited by their stored power. The ability to convert abundant ambient energy into electric power would eliminate the problem of drained electrical supply, and would allow indefinite monitoring. This paper focuses on vibration in civil engineering structures as a source of ambient energy; the key question is can sufficient energy be produced from vibrations? Earthquake, wind and traffic loads are used as realistic sources of vibration. The theoretical maximum energy levels that can be extracted from these dynamic loads are computed. The same dynamic loads are applied to a piezoelectric generator; the energy is measured experimentally and computed using a mathematical model. The collected energy levels are compared to the energy requirements of various electronic subsystems in a wireless sensor. For a 5cm3 sensor node (the volume of a typical concrete stone), it is found that only extreme events such as earthquakes can provide sufficient energy to power wireless sensors consisting of modern electronic chips. The results show that the optimal generated electrical power increases approximately linearly with increasing sensor mass. With current technology, it would be possible to self-power a sensor node with a mass between 100 and 1000g for a bridge under traffic load. Lowering the energy consumption of electronic components is an ongoing research effort. It is likely that, as electronics becomes more efficient in the future, it will be possible to power a wireless sensor node by harvesting vibrations from a volume generator smaller than 5cm3. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.	None	Earthquakes; Electric power systems; Electronic equipment; Energy efficiency; Problem solving; Vibration control; Structural monitoring; Vibration powered sensors; Volume generators; Sensors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746394168	Effect of compressible foam properties on pressure amplification during shock wave impact	Seitz M.W., Skews B.W.	2006	Shock Waves	15	42433	10.1007/s00193-006-0033-2	School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Seitz, M.W., School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Skews, B.W., School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	A comprehensive study is made of the influence of the physical properties of compressible open-cell foam blocks exposed to shock-wave loading, and particularly on the pressure distribution on the shock tube walls. Seven different foams are used, with three different shock Mach numbers, and three different slab lengths. Foam properties examined include permeability, density, stiffness, tortuosity and cell characteristics. The investigations concentrate on both side-wall and back-wall pressures, and the peak pressures achieved, as well as collapse velocities of the front face and the strength and nature of the reflected shock wave. The consequences of deviations from one-dimensionality are identified; primarily those due to wall friction and side-wall leakage. The results presented are the most comprehensive and wide ranging series conducted in a single facility and are thus a significant resource for comparison with theoretical and numerical studies. The different foams show significant differences in behavior, both in terms of peak pressure and duration, depending primarily on their density and permeability.	Complex materials; Foam; Porous; Shock impact; Shock-wave reflection	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746394295	Evaluation of the integrated application of two types of modified atmosphere packaging and hot water treatments on quality retention in the litchi cultivar 'McLean's Red'	Sivakumar D., Korsten L.	2006	Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology	81	4	None	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Sivakumar, D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Korsten, L., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The efficacy of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), Xtend® (XF) or biorientated polypropylene (BOPP), and hot water dip treatments on quality retention in the litchi cultivar 'McLean's Red' was evaluated as an alternative to SO2-fumigation. Fruits were dipped in hot water at different temperatures and time regimes [50°C x 2 min; 55°C x 1 min; or 60°C x 1 s] and packed in XF or in BOPP. The XF bags were closed with rubber bands, while the BOPP bags were heat-sealed to modify the atmosphere around the fruit. Packed fruits were placed in commercial cardboard cartons and stored at 2°C and 95% RH for 34 d to simulate commercial export conditions. Commercial SO 2-fumigation, and fruit without any hot water dip treatment packed in XF or BOPP were included as controls. Weight loss, firmness, pericarp browning, severity of decay, Hunter colour values, titratable acidity, fruit pH and soluble solids concentrations were determined after storage. Sensory analysis was carried out to determine colour retention of the pericarp and aril, flavour qualities, taste, odour, juiciness and overall consumer acceptability. Fruit packed in BOPP showed reduced weight loss, colour deterioration and decay, and retained excellent eating quality during long-term storage due to the high RH and higher O2 concentrations (17%) around the fruit. Hot water dip treatments at 50°C for 2 min, or at 55°C for 1 min, caused deleterious effects on pericarp colour, surface structure and quality parameters.	None	Litchi chinensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746427577	Reviewing institutions of rural health centres: The Performance Initiative in Butare, Rwanda	Meessen B., Musango L., Kashala J.-P.I., Lemlin J.	2006	Tropical Medicine and International Health	11	8	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01680.x	Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Economics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; School of Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda; HealthNet International, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium	Meessen, B., Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Economics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Musango, L., School of Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Kashala, J.-P.I., HealthNet International, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Lemlin, J., HealthNet International, Amsterdam, Netherlands	In many low-income countries, performance of pyramidal health systems with a public purpose is not meeting the expectations and needs of the populations they serve. A question that has not been studied and tested sufficiently is, 'What is the right package of institutional mechanisms required for organisations and individuals working in these health systems?' This paper presents the experience of the Performance Initiative, an innovative contractual approach that has reshaped the incentive structure in place in two rural districts of Rwanda. It describes the general background, the initial analysis, the institutional arrangement and the results after 3 years of operations. At this stage of the experience, it shows that 'output-based payment + greater autonomy' is a feasible and effective strategy for improving the performance of public health centres. As part of a more global package of strategies, contracting-in approaches could be an interesting option for governments, donors and non-governmental organisations in their effort to achieve some of the Millennium Development Goals. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Contracting; Developing countries; Fee-for-service; Health services; Millennium development goals	health services; incentive; low income population; Millenium Development Goal; nongovernmental organization; public health; rural area; state role; article; data analysis; developing country; government; health care system; health center; health service; lowest income group; public health service; rural health care; Rwanda; Community Health Services; Contracts; Delivery of Health Care; Employee Incentive Plans; Fee-for-Service Plans; Financial Support; Health Care Costs; Health Personnel; Health Resources; Humans; Organizational Innovation; Public Health; Quality of Health Care; Rural Health; Rwanda; Africa; Butare; Central Africa; Rwanda; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746454751	Impact of land use on vegetation composition, diversity, and selected soil properties of wetlands in the southern Drakensberg mountains, South Africa	Walters D.J.J., Kotze D.C., O'Connor T.G.	2006	Wetlands Ecology and Management	14	4	10.1007/s11273-005-4990-5	Mondi Wetlands Project, Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, WWF-South Africa, P.O. Box 493, Merrivale 3291, South Africa; Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits, 2050, South Africa	Walters, D.J.J., Mondi Wetlands Project, Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, WWF-South Africa, P.O. Box 493, Merrivale 3291, South Africa; Kotze, D.C., Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; O'Connor, T.G., Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits, 2050, South Africa	Wetlands provide the ecosystem services of enhancing water quality, attenuating floods, sequestrating carbon and supporting biodiversity. In southern Africa, the pattern and intensity of land use is influenced by whether land tenure is public (state), private (individual ownership), or communal (shared agricultural and grazing resources). The influence of land tenure and its associated use on service provision was compared for communal tenure (grazing, maize production), wildlife conservation, and commercial agriculture (grazing, planted pastures) in the southern Drakensberg. Ordination analyses revealed that oxbow marshes, hill slope seepages and hygrophilous grasslands, the main hydro-geomorphic units, supported distinct plant communities that differed in their response to land use because of wetness or slope. Oxbows, uncultivated because of wetness, were inherently species poor with few exotics. Composition of hill slope seepages, uncultivated because of saturated slopes, varied among tenure types most likely in relation to grazing pressure. Seepages were threatened by the exotic invasive Rubus cuneifolius. Eighty-five percent of hygrophilous grassland had been cultivated by 1953, most of which was subsequently abandoned to secondary grassland. Primary hygrophilous grassland and hill slope seepages were the main repository for indigenous plant diversity, while communal maize fields supported a diverse mixture of mainly exotic species. Soil carbon concentrations decreased from oxbows to pastures, seepages, primary hygrophilous grassland, secondary grassland, and maize on former grassland (7.0, 4.1, 4.0, 3.5, 2.4, and 1.7%, respectively). The pattern for total soil nitrogen and sulphur were the same. Cultivation of hygrophilous grassland was estimated to have reduced soil carbon stocks to 69% of pre-settlement levels by 1953 (∼150 years BP). Stocks then increased by 8% to 2001 following crop abandonment. Cultivation has impaired water quality enhancement and flood attenuation because of greater amounts of bare ground and shorter vegetation. Further improvement of ecosystem services will depend on the influence of socio-economic factors on communal cropping. © Springer 2006.	Carbon; Communal; Cultivation; DCA; Invasives; Oxbows; Plant diversity; South Africa	community composition; grazing pressure; land use; ordination; plant community; soil carbon; soil nitrogen; soil property; vegetation; wetland; Africa; Drakensberg; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Rubus cuneifolius; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746456905	The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in sub-Saharan Africa	Williams B.G., Lloyd-Smith J.O., Gouws E., Hankins C., Getz W.M., Hargrove J., De Zoysa I., Dye C., Auvert B.	2006	PLoS Medicine	3	7	10.1371/journal.pmed.0030262	World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Policy, Evidence, and Partnerships Department, Geneva, Switzerland; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa; World Health Organization, Family and Community Health, Geneva, Switzerland; INSERM, Saint Maurice, France; University of Versailles-Saint Quentin, Faculté de Médecine, Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest, Saint Maurice, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Pare, Boulogne, France	Williams, B.G., World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Gouws, E., Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Policy, Evidence, and Partnerships Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Hankins, C., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Getz, W.M., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Hargrove, J., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa; De Zoysa, I., World Health Organization, Family and Community Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Dye, C., World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Auvert, B., INSERM, Saint Maurice, France, University of Versailles-Saint Quentin, Faculté de Médecine, Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest, Saint Maurice, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Pare, Boulogne, France	Background: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) has shown that male circumcision (MC) reduces sexual transmission of HIV from women to men by 60% (32%-76%; 95% CI) offering an intervention of proven efficacy for reducing the sexual spread of HIV. We explore the implications of this finding for the promotion of MC as a public health intervention to control HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods and Findings: Using dynamical simulation models we consider the impact of MC on the relative prevalence of HIV in men and women and in circumcised and uncircumcised men. Using country level data on HIV prevalence and MC, we estimate the impact of increasing MC coverage on HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, and HIV-related deaths over the next ten, twenty, and thirty years in sub-Saharan Africa. Assuming that full coverage of MC is achieved over the next ten years, we consider three scenarios in which the reduction in transmission is given by the best estimate and the upper and lower 95% confidence limits of the reduction in transmission observed in the RCT. MC could avert 2.0 (1.1-3.8) million new HIV infections and 0.3 (0.1-0.5) million deaths over the next ten years in sub-Saharan Africa. In the ten years after that, it could avert a further 3.7 (1.9-7.5) million new HIV infections and 2.7 (1.5-5.3) million deaths, with about one quarter of all the incident cases prevented and the deaths averted occurring in South Africa. We show that a) MC will increase the proportion of infected people who are women from about 52% to 58%; b) where there is homogenous mixing but not all men are circumcised, the prevalence of infection in circumcised men is likely to be about 80% of that in uncircumcised men; c) MC is equivalent to an intervention, such as a vaccine or increased condom use, that reduces transmission in both directions by 37%. Conclusions: This analysis is based on the result of just one RCT, but if the results of that trial are confirmed we suggest that MC could substantially reduce the burden of HIV in Africa, especially in southern Africa where the prevalence of MC is low and the prevalence of HIV is high. While the protective benefit to HIV-negative men will be immediate, the full impact of MC on HIV-related illness and death will only be apparent in ten to twenty years. © 2006 Williams et al.	None	Africa; article; circumcision; condom; health care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection control; mathematical analysis; mortality; prevalence; public health service; sexual behavior; sexual transmission; vaccination; Africa south of the Sahara; circumcision; cultural anthropology; disease transmission; female; forecasting; male; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; statistics; theoretical model; utilization review; Africa South of the Sahara; Circumcision, Male; Culture; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Female; Forecasting; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Models, Theoretical; Prevalence; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sexual Behavior; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746459406	Large scale evaluation of WHO's ultrasonographic staging system of schistosomal periportal fibrosis in Ethiopia	Berhe N., Geitung J.T., Medhin G., Gundersen S.G.	2006	Tropical Medicine and International Health	11	8	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01665.x	Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Institute for International Health, University of Oslo, Norway; Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Radiology, Haraldplass Deaconess University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Sorlandet Hospital, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway; Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Berhe, N., Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, Institute for International Health, University of Oslo, Norway, Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Geitung, J.T., Department of Radiology, Haraldplass Deaconess University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Medhin, G., Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Gundersen, S.G., Sorlandet Hospital, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the recent WHO's ultrasonographic diagnostic staging system of schistosomal periportal thickening/fibrosis and to assess intra/inter-observer variation associated with its use. METHODS: Local standard of portal branch wall thickness (PBWT) for height was established using 150 healthy subjects. Intra and inter-observer variation in image pattern identification and PBWT measurements were assessed in 94 and 35 subjects, respectively, with differing stages of periportal thickening fibrosis. WHO's diagnostic criteria were evaluated in 2451 community members (1277 males, 1174 females; mean age 18.8 years) with an overall Schistosoma mansoni prevalence estimate of 65.9%. RESULTS: There were no significant inter/intra-observer variations in image pattern identification and PBWT measurements. Based on Ethiopian PBWT-for-height standard, 128/2451 (5.2%) had insipient, 46/2451 (1.9%) had possible/probable and 112/2451 (4.6%) had definite/advanced periportal thickening/fibrosis. Comparable figures were obtained using the Senegalese PBWT-for-height standard and there was good agreement between Ethiopian and Senegalese healthy control-based diagnostic criteria in classifying the 286 subjects into stages of periportal thickening/fibrosis (κ = 0.87, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: With further improvement, the WHO's ultrasonographic diagnostic criteria can be used in health institutions and community surveys. Image pattern based assessment is simple and more reproducible than PBWT based assessment of periportal thickening/fibrosis. The latter is, however, more useful in clarifying the status of an individual with doubtful image pattern, and in monitoring post-treatment outcome of periportal thickening/fibrosis. Considering the comparability of PBWT-for-height standards, setting one international standard of PBWT-for-height is more practical than developing local standards for each endemic area. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Ethiopia; Periportal fibrosis; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis; Ultrasound; WHO staging system	comparative study; disease control; disease prevalence; health services; schistosomiasis; World Health Organization; adolescent; adult; article; comparative study; controlled study; diagnostic imaging; echography; Ethiopia; female; human; image analysis; liver fibrosis; male; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; school child; validation process; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Morbidity; Observer Variation; Parasite Egg Count; Prevalence; Reference Standards; Schistosomiasis mansoni; World Health Organization; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Senegal; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Schistosoma mansoni	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746513104	Geophysical and geotechnical evaluation of foundation conditions of a site in Ago-Iwoye area, southwestern Nigeria	Adebisi N.O., Oloruntola M.O.	2006	Journal of Mining and Geology	42	1	None	Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria	Adebisi, N.O., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oloruntola, M.O., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria	Geophysical and geotechnical studies were carried out to investigate the foundation conditions of a proposed structure in Ago-Iwoye area, southwestern Nigeria. Ago-Iwoye area is underlain mainly by porphyroblastic granite gneiss, biotite granite gneiss, biotite hornblende gneiss, porphygilitic granite pegmatite and aplite. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) revealed three different lithological layers, with apparent resistivities of 261?m, 85.?m and 170.2m respectively. These represent the lateritic horizon, underlain by a layer of wet plastic clay and the third layer is a gravelly sandy horizon, occurring at a depth of about 3.7m. The horizontal profiling on the other hand revealed a subsurface that is laterally inhomogeneous, with the variation in resistivities being very slight along 2nd profile to very high along 3rd and 4th profiles. The cone penetration tests (CPT) also revealed that the lithology of the soil vary from point to point across the study area, with cone resistance of 5-28 Kg/cm2 obtained for a depth of 0.00- 0.20m, 10-250 Kg/cm2 for a depth of 0.20m-2.00m and 40-250Kg/cm2 for a depth of 2.00m to 4.00m. The results obtained from this study have emphasized the usefulness of geophysical methods in complimenting geotechnical studies in establishing variation in lithology accompanied by variation in the allowable bearing pressure of foundation soils. © Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS).	None	electrical resistivity; foundation; geotechnical engineering; lithology; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746516218	Prevalence and impact of disability in north-western Ethiopia	Fitaw Y., Boersma J.	2006	Disability and Rehabilitation	28	15	10.1080/09638280500404552	Gondar University, Department of Community Health, Gondar, Ethiopia	Fitaw, Y., Gondar University, Department of Community Health, Gondar, Ethiopia; Boersma, J., Gondar University, Department of Community Health, Gondar, Ethiopia	Purpose. To assess the prevalence and impact of disability in one urban and three rural areas in north-western Ethiopia. Methods. The study design is cross-sectional and quantitative. Data was collected by using pretested and standardized structured questionnaires containing socio-demographic characteristics, type of disability, functional, and social dysfunction. Results. A total of 932 individuals with disability were found out of a total of 24,453 individuals giving the overall crude disability rate for the three towns as 3.8%. Disability in the lower locomotor was the most frequently reported type - 442 (47.0%) - followed by blindness 269 (28.6%), upper motor 152 (16.1%), mental retardation 97 (10.3%) and hearing loss 78 (8.3%) respectively. The major self-care problem experienced by the disabled is toileting in 292 (31.1%) cases, bathing in 248 (26.4%) and dressing 157 (16.7%). Other problems experienced by the respondents are parents' negative attitudes towards the disabled, evidenced by hiding them. This was observed in 340 (36.2%) cases. No care was provided by caregivers in 221 (23.6%) cases. Conclusion. The majority of disabled people have problems with activities of daily life especially toileting, bathing and dressing. Interventions to alleviate the problems of the disabled should be designed and implemented.	Disability; Dysfunction; Ethiopia; Impact; Prevalence; Self care	ADL disability; adolescent; adult; aged; article; bath; blindness; caregiver; child; controlled study; daily life activity; demography; Ethiopia; female; hearing loss; human; infant; information processing; major clinical study; male; mental deficiency; motor dysfunction; parental attitude; prevalence; priority journal; quantitative analysis; self care; structured questionnaire; urban rural difference; Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disability Evaluation; Disabled Persons; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746528668	Performance of Dacryodes edulis (Don. G. Lam H.J.), seeds and seedlings in a crude oil contaminated soil	Agbogidi M.O., Eshegbeyi O.F.	2006	Journal of Sustainable Forestry	22	04-Mar	10.1300/J091v22n03_01	Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria	Agbogidi, M.O., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria; Eshegbeyi, O.F., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria	Environmental pollution from oil activities in a major oil producing country like Nigeria is inevitable. Studies on the effects of crude oil contamination on forest tree species is vital because of the great deal of crude oil spillage in the coastal regions of Nigeria. This paper evaluates the performance of Dacryodes edulis seeds and seedlings in a crude oil contaminated soil in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Four crude oil concentrations (% by weight) in soil constituted treatments. These were 0.00%, 2.07%, 4.15% and 6.23% by weight per 1.3 kg weight of the soil samples. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was adopted with three replicates. The results showed that oil concentrations of 4.15% and 6.23% adversely affected percent (%) germination (62.33% and 37.67%) and performance of D. edulis seedlings in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, collar girth and dry mass at the 5% probability level. The study shows that crude oil pollution has a highly significant effect on the germination and seedling growth of this locally available multi-purpose forest fruit tree species. This further suggests that D. edulis can serve as bio-indicator of pollution in oil-producing areas of the Niger Delta. The present study has important implications for restoration of degraded areas. Copyright © by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Crude oil; Dacryodes edulis; Performance; Seedlings; Seeds; Soil pollution	Contamination; Crude petroleum; Oil spills; Performance; Restoration; Seed; Soil pollution; Dacryodes edulis; Germination; Randomized complete block design (RCBD); Seedling growth; Forestry; crude oil; oil spill; performance assessment; seed; seedling; soil pollution; tree; Crude Oil; Dacryodes; Forestry; Germination; Performance Evaluation; Pollution; Restoration; Seedlings; Spills; Dacryodes edulis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746531217	The determinants of credit access and its impacts on micro and small enterprises: The case of garment producers in Kenya	Akoten J.E., Sawada Y., Otsuka K.	2006	Economic Development and Cultural Change	54	4	10.1086/503585	Ministry of Trade and Industry, Kenya; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development, Japan	Akoten, J.E., Ministry of Trade and Industry, Kenya; Sawada, Y., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Otsuka, K., Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development, Japan	To explore the factors affecting access to various credit sources for micro and small enterprises (MSEs) and to identify the impacts of those factors on profitability and employment growth, data exclusively collected from a stratified random sample of micro and small garment producers in three garment clusters in Nairobi, Kenya were employed. It was found that MSEs in Kenya attempt to resolve the scarcity of credit by borrowing from diverse sources of credit, including such indigenous credit sources as rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs). In all the clusters studied, ROSCAs are the most important credit source at the cluster with the highest density of active garment producers.	None	employment; garment industry; microenterprise; profitability; random walk method; small and medium-sized enterprise; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746559808	Clinical evaluation of post-extraction site wound healing	Adeyemo W.L., Ladeinde A.L., Ogunlewe M.O.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	3	None	Medical College of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Germany; Department of Oral, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos Universit	Adeyemo, W.L., Medical College of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Germany, Department of Oral, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Ladeinde, A.L., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Ogunlewe, M.O., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	Aim: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical pattern of post-extraction wound healing with a view to identify the types, incidence, and pattern of healing complications following non-surgical tooth extraction. Study Design: A total of 311 patients, who were referred for non-surgical (intra-alveolar) extractions, were included in the study. The relevant pre-operative information recorded for each patient included age and gender of the patient, indications for extraction, and tooth/teeth removed. Extractions were performed under local anesthesia with dental forceps, elevators, or both. Patients were evaluated on the third and seventh postoperative days for alveolus healing assessment. Data recorded were: biodata, day of presentation for alveolus healing assessment, day of onset of any symptoms, body temperature (°C) in cases of alveolus infection, and presence or absence of pain. Results: Two hundred eighty-two patients (282) with 318 extraction sites were evaluated for alveolus healing. Healing was uneventful in 283 alveoli (89%), while 35 alveoli (11%) developed healing complications. These complications were: localized osteitis 26 (8.2%); acutely infected alveolus 5 (1.6%); and an acutely inflamed alveolus 4 (1.2%). Females developed more complications than males (p=0.003). Most complications were found in molars (60%) and premolars (37.1%). Localized osteitis caused severe pain in all cases, while infected and inflamed alveolus caused mild or no pain. Thirty patients (12%) among those without healing complications experienced mild pain. Conclusions: Most of the post-extraction alveoli healed uneventfully. Apart from alveolar osteitis (AO), post-extraction alveolus healing was also complicated by acutely infected alveoli and acutely inflamed alveoli. This study also demonstrated a painful alveolus is not necessarily a disturbance of post-extraction site wound healing; a thorough clinical examination must, therefore, be made to exclude any of the complications.	Alveoli; Evaluation; Healing; Post-extraction alveolus	adult; article; body temperature; controlled study; female; human; incidence; infection; major clinical study; male; molar tooth; osteitis; pain assessment; postoperative period; premolar tooth; symptomatology; tooth extraction; wound healing; adolescent; bone infection; chi square distribution; middle aged; physiology; postoperative complication; postoperative pain; prospective study; tooth pain; tooth socket; Adolescent; Adult; Bone Diseases, Infectious; Chi-Square Distribution; Dry Socket; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Socket; Wound Healing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746627258	Impact of an educational intervention on the behavioural pharmaceutical care scale	Oparah A.C., Enato E.F.O., Eferakeya A.E.	2006	Pharmacy Education	6	2	10.1080/15602210600624519	Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Oparah, A.C., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Enato, E.F.O., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Eferakeya, A.E., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Objective: To describe and evaluate an educational intervention that is designed to enable pharmacists in a Nigerian teaching hospital to provide pharmaceutical care (PC) and to assess the impact of the intervention on an existing behavioural PC scale. Special attention was paid to develop a documentation format. Method: A pharmaceutical educational intervention was undertaken. The impact of the intervention on the pharmacists' potential to deliver PC was quantitatively evaluated using a standard behavioural PC scale. Results: There were significant differences between self-reported knowledge (t = 3.212; p = 0.003), attitudes (t = 2.868; p = 0.008) and self-efficacy (t = 2.537; p = 0.016) (pre-intervention and post-intervention). Conclusion: The educational intervention enhanced the pharmacists' potential to deliver PC and also generated two systems of documenting PC activities.	Educational intervention; Nigeria; Pharmaceutical care scale; Pharmacy education	adult; article; attention; behavior; controlled study; documentation; education program; female; health care delivery; human; male; Nigeria; pharmaceutical care; pharmacist attitude; priority journal; professional knowledge; professional standard; quantitative analysis; rating scale; self concept; self report; statistical significance; teaching hospital	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746660810	Demographic impact of HIV/AIDS on the young and elderly populations in South Africa	Udjo E.O.	2006	Journal of Intergenerational Relationships	4	2	10.1300/J194v04n02_03	Demography Unit in the Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, Health Program, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Udjo, E.O., Demography Unit in the Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, Health Program, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Concomitant to demographic transition from high to low fertility and mortality is the structural change from a youthful to an ageing population. The change raises, among others, intergenerational demographic, economic and social issues, some of which have been perceived as problems. The HIV/AIDS epidemic poses additional challenges to policy makers in the provision of personal care and financial support as it may alter intergenerational relationships in the demand for services in transitional populations. The first HIV/AIDS case in South Africa was reported in 1981. Since then, HIV sero-prevalence as measured by women attending antenatal clinics has steadily increased in the country, and currently South Africa is one of the highest HIV prevalent countries in the world and in the African continent with sero-prevalence of 29.5% among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in 2004. In 2002, the Nelson Mandela Funds in collaboration with the Human Sciences Research Council carried out a national HIV prevalence, behavioural risks and mass media household survey. Only a few countries in the world have carried out such a national HIV prevalence survey. As an insight into the magnitude of some of the intergenerational relationships regarding HIV/AIDS, this study attempts to examine the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS on the young and elderly populations in South Africa's four main population groups (Africans, Coloureds, Indians and Whites). The study utilizes various national survey/census data, administrative records and HIV sero-prevalence data. The analysis is based on the cohort component method. The results show that demographic transition in South Africa has resulted in changes in the growth and structural characteristics of the population. Some of the results indicate that some of the changes are in opposite directions among the young and the elderly. AIDS compounds some of the trends. The changes have policy implications for intergenerational demands for services and relationships. © 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Demographic impact of HIV/AIDS; HIV prevalence survey; Intergenerational relationships	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746664193	Heat transfer performance during condensation inside horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes	Lambrechts A., Liebenberg L., Bergles A.E., Meyer J.P.	2006	Journal of Heat Transfer	128	7	10.1115/1.2194038	University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3035, United States	Lambrechts, A., University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Liebenberg, L., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Bergles, A.E., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3035, United States; Meyer, J.P., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	An experimental investigation was conducted into the heat transfer characteristics during in-tube condensation of horizontal smooth, micro-fin, and herringbone tubes. The study focused on the heat transfer coefficients of refrigerants R-22, R-134a, and R-407C inside a series of typical horizontal smooth, micro-fin, and herringbone tubes at a representative average saturation temperature of 40°C. Mass fluxes ranged from 300 to 800 kg/m2 s, and vapor qualities ranged from 0.85 to 0.95 at condenser inlet, to 0.05 to 0. 15 at condenser outlet. The herringbone tube results were compared with the smooth and micro-fin tube results. The average increase in the heat transfer coefficient of the herringbone tube, when compared with the smooth tube at comparable conditions, was found to be 322%, with maximum values reaching 336%. When compared with the micro-fin tube, the average increase in heat transfer coefficient was found to be 196%, with maximum values reaching 215%. Moreover, a new correlation was developed to predict the heat transfer coefficients in a herringbone and micro-fin tube. Semi-local heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the modified Wilson plot technique, using measurements of condenser subsection inlets and outlets, and from knowledge of the temperature gradient on the annulus side. The correlation predicted the semi-local heat transfer coefficients accurately, with 96% and 89% of the data points falling in the ±20% region for the herringbone tube and the micro-fin tube, respectively. The average heat transfer coefficients were accurately predicted, too, with all the data points for the herringbone tube and 83% of the data points for the micro-fin tube falling in the ±20% region. The derived heat transfer correlations can be used for design, especially for reversible heat pumps. This research proves that predicting the flow pattern during intermittent and annular flow is not a prerequisite for predicting the heat transfer accurately to within 20% of the measurements. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.	Condensation; Heat pumps; Heat transfer coefficient correlation; Herringbone tube; Micro-fin tube	Condensation; Fins (heat exchange); Heat flux; Heat pump systems; Optical correlation; Temperature; Tubes (components); Herringbone tube; Mass fluxes; Micro-fin tube; Saturation temperature; Heat transfer coefficients; Condensation; Fins (heat exchange); Heat flux; Heat pump systems; Heat transfer coefficients; Optical correlation; Temperature; Tubes (components)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746715037	Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: Impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control	Lawn S.D., Myer L., Bekker L.-G., Wood R.	2006	AIDS	20	12	10.1097/01.aids.0000238406.93249.cd	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	OBJECTIVES: To determine burden and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) in an antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme and its impact on ART outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Prevalent TB was assessed at baseline and incident TB was ascertained prospectively over 3 years among 944 patients accessing a community-based ART programme in South Africa. RESULTS: At enrollment, median CD4 cell count was 96 cells/μl and 52% of patients had a previous history of TB. Prevalent TB (current antituberculosis treatment or active TB) was present in 25% and was strongly associated with advanced immunodeficiency. During 782 person-years of ART, 81 cases of TB were diagnosed. The incidence was 22.1/100 person-years during the first 3 months of ART and decreased to an average of 4.5/100 person-years during the second and third years. In multivariate analysis, risk of incident TB during follow-up was only associated with the current absolute CD4 cell count at that time point; an increase of 100 cells/μl was associated with a 25% lower risk (P = 0.007). Although prevalent and incident TB were associated with greater than two-fold increased mortality risk, they did not compromise immunological and virological outcomes among survivors at 48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Late initiation of ART was associated with a major burden of TB in this ART programme. TB reduced survival but did not impair immunovirological outcomes. Reductions in TB incidence during ART were dependent on CD4 cell count; however, after 3 years of treatment, rates were still 5- to 10-fold higher than among non-HIV-infected people. Earlier initiation of ART may reduce this burden of TB. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral programme; HAART; HIV; Resource-limited country; TB control; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; didanosine; efavirenz; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; tuberculostatic agent; zidovudine; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; disease association; female; follow up; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; major clinical study; male; mortality; multivariate analysis; patient assessment; priority journal; South Africa; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cost of Illness; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746728277	Effect of progression of disease on cognitive performance in HIV/AIDS	Odiase F., Ogunrin O., Ogunniyi A.	2006	Journal of the National Medical Association	98	8	None	Neurology Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Odiase, F., Neurology Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunrin, O., Neurology Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunniyi, A., Neurology Unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: HIV infection causes a range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms that become more frequent and severe as the immune system deteriorates and symptomatic illness ensues. Objective: To determine the impact of disease progression on cognitive abilities of Nigerian Africans who present in the HIV/AIDS clinic of the university Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, using the CD4 levels as the measure of disease progression. Methods: A total of 288 subjects comprising 96 randomly selected symptomatic AIDS patients, 96 randomly selected asymptomatic HIV-positive patients and 96 HIV-negative controls participated in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect HIV infection, and CD4 levels were obtained for all subjects. The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI 'D') was used to assess cognitive performance of subjects. Subjects were matched for age, sex and level of education. Results: Each category of subjects comprised 48 males and 48 females. The mean ages were 32.94 ± 8.0 years, 31.47 ± 6.7 years and 33.56 ± 7.1 years for the controls, asymptomatic HIV-positive and symptomatic AIDS subjects respectively (p=0.127). The mean CD4 levels were 684 ± 44/μL (controls), 284 ± 62/μL (asymptomatic HIV positive) and 142 ± 36/μL (symptomatic AIDS). The mean CSI 'D' scores were 66.46 ± 1.90 (controls), 66.31 ± 2.14 (asymptomatic HIV positive) and 56.62 ± 4.23 (symptomatic AIDS). Conclusion: Cognitive abilities of HIV/AIDS patients decline as the disease progresses. This is reflected in the cognitive performances of the symptomatic AIDS patients. The lower the CD4 levels, the worse the cognitive deficits. There was, however, no significant difference in the performance of asymptomatic HIV-positive patients and the controls.	CD4 levels; Cognition; HIV/AIDS	CD4 antigen; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cognition; cognitive defect; Community Screening Interview for Dementia; controlled study; deterioration; disease course; disease severity; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; priority journal; rating scale; symptomatology; Adult; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Disease Progression; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; HIV; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Prevalence; Prognosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746803177	Geochemical evaluation of the hydrocarbon prospects of sedimentary basins in Northern Nigeria	Obaje N.G., Attah D.O., Opeloye S.A., Moumouni A.	2006	Geochemical Journal	40	3	10.2343/geochemj.40.227	Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria; Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Nigeria; Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria	Obaje, N.G., Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria; Attah, D.O., Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Nigeria; Opeloye, S.A., Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria; Moumouni, A., Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria	Sedimentary basins of Northern Nigeria comprise the Middle and Upper Benue Trough, the southeastern sector of the Chad Basin, the Mid-Niger (Bida) Basin, and the Sokoto Basin. Organic geochemical and organic petrologic studies indicate the existence of potential source rocks in the Benue Trough and the Chad Basin, with coal beds constituting major potential source rocks in the whole of the Benue Trough. The generation and production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons from coal beds presently is world-wide indisputable. Although TOC values and liptinite contents are relatively high in the Mid-Niger (Bida) Basin, Tmax values and biomarker data show that hydrocarbons are probably just being generated in the basin and may not yet have been expelled nor migrated in large quantities. Copyright © 2006 by The Geochemical Society of Japan.	Benue Trough; Biomarkers; Coal; Maceral; Petroleum	coal seam; hydrocarbon; organic geochemistry; sedimentary basin; source rock; trough; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746862189	Stone bunds for soil conservation in the northern Ethiopian highlands: Impacts on soil fertility and crop yield	Vancampenhout K., Nyssen J., Gebremichael D., Deckers J., Poesen J., Haile M., Moeyersons J.	2006	Soil and Tillage Research	90	42371	10.1016/j.still.2005.08.004	Laboratory for Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Vital Decosterstraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Relief Society of Tigray, P.O. Box 20, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium	Vancampenhout, K., Laboratory for Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Vital Decosterstraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Nyssen, J., Laboratory for Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Vital Decosterstraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Gebremichael, D., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Relief Society of Tigray, P.O. Box 20, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Deckers, J., Laboratory for Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Vital Decosterstraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Poesen, J., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Haile, M., Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Moeyersons, J., Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium	In the Ethiopian highlands, large-scale stone bund building programs are implemented to curb severe soil erosion. Development of soil fertility gradients is often mentioned as the major drawback of stone bund implementation, as it would result in a dramatic lowering of crop yield. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to assess soil fertility gradients on progressive terraces and their influence on crop yield, in order to evaluate the long-term sustainability of stone bunds in the Ethiopian Highlands. The study was performed near Hagere Selam, Tigray and comprises (i) measurement of Pav, Ntot and Corg along the slope on 20 representative plots and (ii) crop response measurement on 143 plots. Results indicate that levels of Pav, Ntot and Corg in the plough layer are highly variable between plots and mainly determined by small-scale soil and environmental features, plot history and management. After correcting for this "plot effect" a significant relationship (p &lt; 0.01) was found between the position in the plot relative to the stone bund and levels of Pav and Ntot, which are higher near the lower stone bund, especially on limestone parent material. For Corg and on basalt-derived soils in general no significant relationship was found. Although soil fertility gradients are present, they are not problematic and can be compensated by adapted soil management. Only in areas where a Calcaric or Calcic horizon is present at shallow depth, care should be taken. Crop Yields increased by 7% compared to the situation without stone bunds, if a land occupation of 8% by the structures is accounted for. Yield increased from 632 to 683 kg ha-1 for cereals, from 501 to 556 kg ha-1 (11%) for Eragrostis tef and from 335 to 351 kg ha-1 for Cicer arietinum. No negative effects reducing stone-bund sustainability were found in this study. Soil erosion on the other hand, poses a major threat to agricultural productivity. Stone bund implementation therefore is of vital importance in fighting desertification and establishing sustainable agriculture in the Ethiopian highlands. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crop response; Ethiopia; Slow-forming terraces; Soil fertility gradients; Stone bunds	Erosion; Regional planning; Soils; Sustainable development; Crop response; Slow-forming terraces; Soil fertility gradients; Stone bunds; Soil conservation; crop yield; soil conservation; soil erosion; soil fertility; terracing; upland region; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Cicer arietinum; Eragrostis; Eragrostis tef	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746933782	Impact of the malaria parasite on reproductive indices of male mice	Raji Y., Akinsomisoye O.S., Azeez M.O.	2006	Reproductive Medicine and Biology	5	3	10.1111/j.1447-0578.2006.00142.x	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinsomisoye, O.S., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Azeez, M.O., Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Aim: To investigate the impact and possible mechanism of action of the rodent malarial parasite on reproduction. Methods: Male albino mice were infected with 15, 30 and 45% Plasmodium berghei berghei through inoculation with 107 parasitized red blood cells. Each experiment had its own control that was not infected with P. berghei berghei. Mice infected with 15% P. berghei berghei were killed on days 0, 5, 10 and 15; those infected with 30% P. berghei berghei were killed on days 0, 3, 6 and 10; and those infected with 45% P. berghei berghei were killed on days 1-7 after infection. Caudal epididymal sperm motility, counts and morphology, body and wet organ weights and hematological indices were determined. Results: The results showed a progressive duration dependent decrease in sperm motility, sperm count and viability (P &lt; 0.01) in parasitized mice. There were significant decreases in serum testosterone and increases in cortisol levels (P &lt; 0.05) in the infected mice compared with the controls. There was also a progressive decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in red blood cell count and packed cell volume. However, there was a progressive increase (P &lt; 0.01) in white blood cell count and weight of the spleen and liver. There was no significant change in weight of the testis and epididymides. Conclusion: The results suggest that the malaria parasite could depress male fertility indices. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 201-209): © 2006 The Authors Journal compilation 2006 Japan Society for Reproductive Medicine.	Malaria; Male; Mice; Plasmodium; Reproduction	hydrocortisone; testosterone; analysis of variance; animal cell; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; cell viability; controlled study; disease course; epididymis; erythrocyte count; hematocrit; hydrocortisone blood level; inoculation; leukocyte count; liver weight; malaria; male; male infertility; morphology; mouse; mouse strain; nonhuman; parasitemia; Plasmodium berghei; priority journal; reproduction; semen analysis; spermatozoon count; spermatozoon motility; spleen weight; Student t test; testosterone blood level	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746995856	Evaluation of the sand-trap structures of the Wonji-Shoa sugar estate irrigation scheme, Ethiopia	Paulos T., Yilma S., Ketema T.	2006	Irrigation and Drainage Systems	20	42403	10.1007/s10795-005-9002-7	Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Nazareth, Ethiopia; Civil Engineering Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Alemaya University, P.O.Box 45, Alemaya, Ethiopia	Paulos, T., Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Nazareth, Ethiopia; Yilma, S., Civil Engineering Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ketema, T., Alemaya University, P.O.Box 45, Alemaya, Ethiopia	A study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of sand-traps at Wonji-Shoa Sugar Estate, Ethiopia. Inflow and outflow samples from the sand-traps and deposited sediment samples from the sand-traps, main canal, and reservoirs were taken. The samples were analyzed for sediment concentration and particle size distribution. During the study period, the sand-traps were performing satisfactorily in removing a good portion of suspended sediment (as high as 63% in case of sand-trap A and 54% in case of sand-trap B) in the week after flushing and they were performing poor (as low as -40% in case of sand-trap A and 6% in case of sand-trap B) when the sand-trap was running without flushing for about two months. Sediment particle size analyses of the samples indicated that the sand-traps retained almost all the sand fractions (90-95%) greater than 0.15 mm. Fifty to sixty percent of the sediment particles passing the sand-traps into the main canal was smaller than 0.002 mm. Sieve analyses of the bed materials taken from the sand-traps showed that particles up to medium gravel size (6.3-13.2mm) were entering the sand-traps and almost all were trapped. This result shows that performance of the sand-traps under the existing sediment load of Awash River was found to be satisfactory. However, it was observed that performance level of the sand-traps was very much dependent on the flushing interval of deposited sediment. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005.	Irrigation; Sand-trap; Sediment flushing; Trap efficiency	Evaluation; Particle size analysis; Performance; Sand; Sediment traps; Sand-trap; Sediment flushing; Trap efficiency; Irrigation; Evaluation; Irrigation; Particle size analysis; Performance; Sand; Sediment traps; flushing; inflow; irrigation; outflow; particle size; performance assessment; sediment analysis; suspended sediment; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747072838	Evaluation of the growth performance of brown swiss, n'dama and brown swiss x n'dama crossbred genotypes in the humid tropics	Ozoje M.O., Nwosu I.C., Ngere L.O.	2005	Journal of Genetics and Breeding	59	2	None	Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Animal Sciences and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B.2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ozoje, M.O., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Animal Sciences and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B.2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Nwosu, I.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ngere, L.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Growth performance traits of 549 calves of different genotypes, from a long term crossbreeding programme in a dual-purpose (meat and milk) herd were studied. The effects of genotype (N'Dama, Brown Swiss, F1s, F2s, 25%, 62% and 75% Brown Swiss backcrosses), year of birth, sex and season on growth rate and body weight at birth, weaning and at 365day of age were studied along with estimated genetic parameters. Genotype significantly (P<0.05) affected the growth parameters studied. At birth, the Brown Swiss (BS) calves with average weight of 31.50kg were significantly heavier than the N'Dama calves and the various crossbred progenies. Among the crossbreds, F1s weighing 26.02kg were significantly heavier when compared with the F2s, 75%, 62% and 25% Brown Swiss. At weaning, there was no significant difference between average body weight of F1s and Brown Swiss calves, whereas the differences between the Brown Swiss calves and calves of other genotype groups became wider. The weight advantage of the F1s and the Brown Swiss calves was consistently maintained till yearling age at 365 days. A general heterotic advantage was observed among the crossbred progenies. Individual and maternal heterosis was positive for all traits. Mortality rate was highest among the 75% BS calves. The significant (P<0.05) effect of year of birth affected all growth traits. Calves born in the earlier years were significantly heavier than those born the latter years. The lowest birth weight was recorded in the year 1987, while the heaviest was recorded in 1974. Similar trend was observed at weaning. Calves average daily gains were linearly related to live weight at birth and at weaning. Season significantly (P<0.05) affected weight at birth and at weaning. Calves born in the early dry season (October-December) were heavier at birth and at weaning. The estimate of heritability and repeatability were moderately high. The genetic and phenotypic correlations were all positive ranging from 0.12 to 0.77.	Birth weight; Crossbred calves; Genetic and phenotypic correlations; Heritability; Repeatability; Weaning weight; Yearling weight	Dama	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747076416	Dual-task processing: Effects of task difficulty and stimulus similarity on dual-task performance	Chipunza C., Mandeya A.	2005	South African Journal of Psychology	35	4	None	Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Department of Statistics, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Chipunza, C., Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Mandeya, A., Department of Statistics, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Previous research on factors that influence divided attention have focused on resource allocation, age of participants, task difficulty and familiarity, practice effects as well as brain areas that control dual task performance. The present study examined the effects of task difficulty and stimulus similarity on dual-task performance. One hundred and twenty participants, divided into four equal groups were asked to read a typewritten passage and at the same time to listen to an auditory message. The tasks for each group differed in terms of similarity and difficulty. The results showed no significant main effect of task difficulty (F(1.116) = 1.36, p>0.05) and a significant main effect of stimulus similarity (F(1.116) = 51.51, p<0.05). Performance in the conditions was dependent on stimulus similarity and information type. In terms of significant interaction effects, interference effects were observed more in the easy-dissimilar and difficult-dissimilar conditions than in the easy-similar and difficult-similar conditions. The results are discussed in the context of language processing and dual-task processing. Suggestions for future research are made. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Attention; Dual-task interference; Dual-task performance; Language processing; Memory; Task difficulty	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747091179	Impact of bitumen and aggregate composition on stripping in bituminous mixtures	Bagampadde U., Isacsson U., Kiggundu B.M.	2006	Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions	39	287	10.1617/s11527-005-9040-5	Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden	Bagampadde, U., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Isacsson, U., Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Kiggundu, B.M., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	The impact of bitumen and aggregate composition on stripping was investigated using four bitumens and four aggregates. Moisture sensitivity was assessed based on retained resilient modulus and tensile strength ratio (MRR and TSR, respectively). The results indicate that mixtures from the bitumen with a high acid number exhibited high resilient modulus and tensile strength in the dry condition for all the aggregates. In wet condition, this conclusion did also hold except for one aggregate. Regarding penetration grade, mixtures made with lower penetration grade bitumen exhibited higher resilient modulus and tensile strength, in dry and wet conditions, than those of higher penetration grade. Bitumen characteristics like acid number, penetration grade and molecular size distribution did not influence moisture sensitivity. Mixtures with aggregates containing alkali metals (sodium and potassium) exhibited relatively high moisture sensitivity, regardless of the bitumen used. In contrast, indications of moisture sensitivity were not apparent in mixtures made with aggregates containing calcium, magnesium and iron. Data analysis revealed that variability in moisture sensitivity is attributed to aggregate rather than bitumen. No significant interaction effect between bitumen and aggregate was found on moisture sensitivity. The results indicated good correlation between MRR and TSR in ranking mixtures for stripping. © RILEM 2006.	None	Calcium; Concrete aggregates; Iron; Magnesium printing plates; Moisture; Potassium; Sensitivity analysis; Sodium; Tensile strength; Acid number; Penetration grade; Ranking mixture; Resilient modulus; Bituminous materials	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747104303	The effect of Cirina forda larva meal in rabbit diets on performance, carcass quality and nutrient digestibility	Oluremi O.I.A., Bogbenda M., Mkah T.P.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	7	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Niger	Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Bogbenda, M., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Mkah, T.P., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria	A ten-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the nutritive potential of Cirina forda larva meal (CFLM) as an animal protein concentrate in rabbit feeding by evaluating growth response, carcass quality and nutrient digestibility. Twenty mixed breed weaner rabbits between 9-11 weeks of age were assigned randomly in groups of five to control diet (CD) and three other diets TD2.5, TD5.0 and TD7.5 containing 2.5. 5.0 and 7.5% CFLM. Rabbit had unrestricted access to drinking water and their respective diets. Diets had significant effects (p&lt;0.01) on feed intake, water consumption and live body weight (LBW). The coefficient of nutrient digestibility, and carcass, visceral and offal indices did not have significant variations (p&gt;0.05) except the forelimb (p&lt;0.05). Rabbit became heavier as feed intake decreased at higher CFLM dietary inclusion, which is an indication of improved feed conversion. The study has shown that CFLM can be used in compounding diets for grower rabbit at 7.5% level of inclusion.	Carcass quality; Cirina forda larva meal; Digestibility; Performance; Rabbit	Animalia; Cirina forda; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747144435	Monitoring change in the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover in an African savanna	Murwira A., Skidmore A.	2006	International Journal of Remote Sensing	27	11	10.1080/01431160500396683	Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Hengelosestraat 99, 7500 AA Enschede, Netherlands	Murwira, A., Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Skidmore, A., International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Hengelosestraat 99, 7500 AA Enschede, Netherlands	The extent to which a new intensity-dominant scale approach to characterizing spatial heterogeneity from remote sensing imagery can be used to monitor two-dimensional changes (i.e. variability and patch size) in the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover (estimated from a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) was tested in the Sebungwe region in north-western Zimbabwe between 1984 and 1992. Intensity of spatial heterogeneity (i.e. the maximum variance obtained when a spatially distributed landscape property is measured with a successively increasing window size) was used to measure variability in vegetation cover. Dominant scale of spatial heterogeneity (i.e. the window size at which the maximum variance in the landscape property is measured) was used to measure the dominant patch dimension of vegetation cover. This approach was validated by testing whether the observed change in the dominant scale and intensity of spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover between 1984 and 1992 was related to changes in the proportion of arable fields. The results also indicated that there was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between changes in the proportion of agricultural fields and changes in the intensity and the product of intensity and dominant scale of spatial heterogeneity (intensity × dominant scale), suggesting that the new approach captures observable changes in the landscape, and is not an artefact of the data. The results imply that the intensity-dominant scale approach to quantifying spatial heterogeneity in remote sensing imagery can be used for a comprehensive characterization and monitoring of changes in landscape condition.	None	Agriculture; Imaging techniques; Monitoring; Vegetation; Remote sensing imagery; Spatial heterogeneity; Remote sensing; Landsat thematic mapper; landscape change; NDVI; satellite imagery; savanna; vegetation cover; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747155081	Evaluation of a simplified generic bi-substrate rate equation for computational systems biology	Rohwer J.M., Hanekom A.J., Crous C., Snoep J.L., Hofmeyr J.-H.S.	2006	IEE Proceedings: Systems Biology	153	5	10.1049/ip-syb:20060026	Triple-J Group for Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa	Rohwer, J.M., Triple-J Group for Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Hanekom, A.J., Triple-J Group for Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Crous, C., Triple-J Group for Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Snoep, J.L., Triple-J Group for Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Hofmeyr, J.-H.S., Triple-J Group for Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa	The evaluation of a generic simplified bi-substrate enzyme kinetic equation, whose derivation is based on the assumption of equilibrium binding of substrates and products in random order, is described. This equation is much simpler than the mechanistic (ordered and ping-pong) models, in that it contains fewer parameters (that is, no Ki values for the substrates and products). The generic equation fits data from both the ordered and the ping-pong models well over a wide range of substrate and product concentrations. In the cases where the fit is not perfect, an improved fit can be obtained by considering the rate equation for only a single set of product concentrations. Due to its relative simplicity in comparison to the mechanistic models, this equation will be useful for modelling bi-substrate reactions in computational systems biology. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2006.	None	Computational methods; Enzyme kinetics; Mathematical models; Computational systems biology; Equilibrium binding; Generic bi-substrate rate equation; Ping-pong model; Biology; article; catalysis; controlled study; enzyme binding; enzyme kinetics; enzyme mechanism; intermethod comparison; systems biology; theoretical model; Catalysis; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Enzymes; Models, Biological; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Substrate Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747166729	Evaluation of screening methods for improved storability of soybean seed	Addai I.K., Safo-Kantanka O.	2006	International Journal of Botany	2	2	10.3923/ijb.2006.152.155	Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Crop Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Addai, I.K., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Safo-Kantanka, O., Department of Crop Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Various forms of accelerated ageing tests have been used to evaluate storability of seed lots but very little work has been done on how these tests correlate or relate well with ambient storage and their effectiveness in selecting for seed storability. In this study, hundred seeds each from three soybean genotypes were subjected to three accelerated ageing tests by soaking the seeds in 20% ethanol solution for two hours, in 20% methanol solution for two hours or in 75°C hot water for seventy seconds. The same quantity of seeds was stored on laboratory wooden shelves for a period of four months at a temperature range of 22-25°C and 30-35% relative humidity. Germination percentage of seeds from these four categories revealed that the ethanol solution predicted seed storability more than hot water and methanol treatments. In another experiment, seeds from individual M 2 plants were screened either by using the ethanol test or by storing threshed and unthreshed seeds at a temperature range of 22-25°C and relative humidity of 30-35% for a period of four months. Only the M 2 plants whose seeds produced germination percentage of 80% or above were selected. Compared to the two ambient storage methods, the ethanol solution was less effective a screening method for improved seed storability but could be used as an initial screening method to predict seed storability in soybeans. However, storability of such seeds should always be confirmed by storage under ambient conditions especially in later generations of selection. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Accelerated ageing tests; Gamma irradiation; Improved storability; Screening methods; Soybean seed	Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747196960	Validation study of the Siriraj stroke score in African Nigerians and evaluation of the discriminant values of its parameters: A preliminary prospective CT scan study	Kolapo K.O., Ogun S.A., Danesi M.A., Osalusi B.S., Odusote K.A.	2006	Stroke	37	8	10.1161/01.STR.0000229893.02732.02	Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State, Nigeria; West African Post Graduate Medical College, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Departme	Kolapo, K.O., Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ogun, S.A., Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, P.O.Box 1333, Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria; Danesi, M.A., Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State, Nigeria; Osalusi, B.S., Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Odusote, K.A., West African Post Graduate Medical College, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE - CT scanning is important to identify stroke pathology and exclude mimics. Its poor availability in our environment makes the search for simple, reliable clinical-score imperative. This study aims to validate the Siriraj Stroke score (SSS) and determine the discriminant values of its parameters in the black population of African-Nigerians. METHODS - A prospective multicenter study was carried out on patients that presented with stroke and had brain CT scan done within 14 days of onset. An interviewer structured questionnaire was administered and SSS computed. The stroke-type was classified and compared with CT diagnosis. Data were analyzed using Epi-info-2002. RESULTS - 1122 patients presented with clinical features of stroke, of which only 101 (9%) could afford the cost of CT scan. Of these, 90 had CT-scan features consistent with acute stroke, 5 had cortical atrophy and 1 was normal. Thus, 96 patients were analyzed, of which 68 (71%) had cerebral ischemia and 28 (29%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. The 6 patients with no visible infarct on CT were regarded as cerebral infarction. The correlation between SSS, headache, vomiting, loss-of-consciousness and CT diagnosis achieved statistical significance, whereas atheroma markers and diastolic blood pressure did not. The SSS has an overall predictive accuracy of 80%. CONCLUSIONS - This preliminary study has shown that only 9% of our hospital stroke population had benefit of CT scan. The limited number of patients studied and their potential lack of representativeness, represent a funding issue to properly establish the performance of clinical scoring systems and assist in descriptive epidemiology of hospital and community-based stroke studies in resource-poor settings. However, in this study, the SSS diagnosis correlates significantly with CT diagnosis. © 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.	Clinical studies; CT; Stroke	adult; aged; article; atheroma; brain atrophy; brain hemorrhage; brain infarction; brain ischemia; clinical feature; clinical trial; community; comparative study; computer assisted tomography; consciousness level; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic procedure; diastolic blood pressure; discriminant validity; female; headache; health care cost; hospital; human; interview; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; Negro; prediction; priority journal; prospective study; questionnaire; statistical significance; stroke; validation process; vomiting; brain hemorrhage; brain infarction; cerebrovascular accident; computer assisted tomography; differential diagnosis; discriminant analysis; economics; hospitalization; middle aged; Negro; Nigeria; pathophysiology; radiography; sensitivity and specificity; statistics; validation study; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Infarction; Cerebrovascular Accident; Diagnosis, Differential; Discriminant Analysis; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747329792	Evaluation of some nutritional characteristics of Indian almond (Prunus amygdalus) nut	Agunbiade S.O., Olanlokun J.O.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	4	10.3923/pjn.2006.316.318	Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Agunbiade, S.O., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Olanlokun, J.O., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	The study of nutritional characteristics of Indian almond (Prunus amygdalus) showed the proximate composition to be: 97.70% dry matter, 11.52±1.10% crude protein, 6.76±0.72% ash, 5.09±0.84% crude fibre, and 21.76±1.20% fat and 54.87±2.80% carbohydrate. The antinutrient composition was found to be 0.25% phytin, 0.07% phytin phosphorus, 0.04% cyanide, 1.82%Tannin. Its fatty acid and mineral contents were 0.65% oleic acid, 0.19% phosphorus, 0.17% potassium, 0.25%magnesium, 245.65ppm sodium, 845.45ppm calcium, 92.12ppm zinc, 70.62ppm iron and 9.21ppm copper. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Almonds; Antinutrients; Minerals; Proximate composition	calcium; carbohydrate; copper; cyanide; fatty acid; iron; magnesium; mineral; oleic acid; phosphorus; potassium; sodium; tannin; vegetable oil; vegetable protein; zinc; almond; article; chemical analysis; dry weight; food composition; nonhuman; nutrient; nutritional value; plant fiber; prunus amygdalus; Prunus dulcis; Terminalia catappa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747359079	Effects of partial replacement of soyabean meal with bread fruit (Artocarpus altilis) seed meal in broiler finisher diets on their performance, water consumption, nitrogen retention and carcass characteristics	Nwokoro S.O., Obasuyi J.O.I.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	5	10.3923/ijps.2006.404.407	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Agriculture Services Department, Edo State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, GRA, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Nwokoro, S.O., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Obasuyi, J.O.I., Agriculture Services Department, Edo State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, GRA, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	The study was carried out to determine the effects of partial replacement of soyabean meal in broiler finisher chickens diets with breadfruit seed meal on their performances, nitrogen retention and carcass characteristics. 300, four weeks old broiler chickens were divided into 15 replicates of twenty birds each such that three replicates were allocated to a diet. The diet (2900kcalMEkg -1 and 20%CP were formulated such that 26.7% of soyabean meal in the control diet were partially replaced with breadfruit meal at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent (weight- for- weight). The birds were fed and watered ad libitum. Results emanating from the study indicated that final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, water intake, nitrogen retention, eviscerated carcass weights and head portion were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Apart from the nitrogen retention and head portion, the control diet (diet 1) recorded the highest values and there were significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease between diet 1 (0) and diet 5 (40%). The best feed per gain ratio, dressing percentage and nitrogen retention were recorded in diets 1 (0), 1(0) and 3(30) respectively. There were significant increases in nitrogen retention between diet 1 and 3, followed by significant decreasing order thereafter. Higher level of breadfruit seed meal replacement beyond 30% seems not to favour the broiler finisher chickens under the conditions of the study. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Breadfruit seed meal; Broiler diet; Soyabean meal	Artocarpus altilis; Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747361215	Evaluation of Palm Kernel meal as substitute for soyabean meal in the diet of growing cockerels	Ojewola G.S., Ozuo U.K.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	5	10.3923/ijps.2006.401.403	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ozuo, U.K., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	One hundred and twenty Anak Cockerels were used in a 56-day trial to determine the substitutional value of Palm Kernel meal (PKM) for Soyabean meal in the diet of growing cockerels. The five week-old cockerels were randomly allotted to five dietary treatment groups in which the dietary soyabean meal had been substituted with PKM at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The diets were respectively designated as diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The results showed that mean daily body weight gain and feed-to-gain ratio for all the treatments were significantly (P<0.05) influenced. Birds fed diet 2 had the highest weight gain (1229.17g) followed by birds fed diet 1 (control) while birds fed diets 3, 4 and 5 respectively had their weights depressed. Birds fed diet 2 gave the best feed-to-gain ratio (3.88). The feed cost per kilogramme diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased with the increasing PKM replacement of soyabean meal. Diet 2 gave the least cost per kg weight gain (N159.90) and the highest accruable revenue (N614.58). From the results of this study, it would appear that substituting 25% of soyabean meal with PKM in growing cockerel diets would not only be economically advantageous but enhanced performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Diet of cockerels; Growing cockerels; Palm kernel meal; Soyabean meal	Aves; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747363810	Growth impact and determinants of foreign direct investment into South Africa, 1956-2003	Fedderke J.W., Romm A.T.	2006	Economic Modelling	23	5	10.1016/j.econmod.2005.10.005	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Fedderke, J.W., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Romm, A.T., School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	The paper is concerned with the growth impact and the determinants of foreign direct investment in South Africa. Estimation is in terms of a standard spillover model of investment, and in terms of a new model of locational choice in FDI between domestic and foreign alternatives. We find complementarity of foreign and domestic capital in the long run, implying a positive technological spillover from foreign to domestic capital. While there is a crowd-out of domestic investment from foreign direct investment, this impact is restricted to the short run. Further we find that foreign direct investment in South Africa has tended to be capital intensive, suggesting that foreign direct investment has been horizontal rather than vertical. Determinants of foreign direct investment in South Africa lie in the net rate of return, as well as the risk profile of the foreign direct investment liabilities. Policy handles are both direct and powerful. Reducing political risk, ensuring property rights, most importantly bolstering growth in the market size, as well as wage moderation, lowering corporate tax rates, and ensuring full integration of the South African economy into the world economy all follow as policy prescriptions from our empirical findings. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Foreign direct investment; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747375363	Performance of muscovy ducks under three management systems in South Eastern Nigeria	Etuk I.F., Ojewola G.S., Abasiekong S.F.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	5	10.3923/ijps.2006.474.476	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Etuk, I.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Abasiekong, S.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Nigerian native muscovy ducks in terms of growth and feed utilization in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under semi intensive system (SI), Intensive system with wallow (IW), and intensive system without wallow (IO). Eighteen males and equal number of female ducklings were allotted to two replicates each of the three treatments and fed from week 5 to week 20 with diet containing 17% CP and 2848.9 kcal/kg energy. Weekly weights were measured and compared using two-way analysis of variance. Final body weights were SI (males: 2507.07g, females: 1733.83g), IW (males: 2466.67g, females: 1641.17g) and IO (males: 2464.84g, females: 1657.67g). Average daily gains of drakes were 16.07g (SI), 16.39g (IW) 15.87g (IO); while those of females were 10.18g, 11.03g and 9.91g respectively. Average daily gain of drakes was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of females (16.11g versus 10.17g). Average feed intake were 128.54g, 130.68g and 131.14g daily in the respective groups while feed conversion ratios were 11.56, 11.44, and 12.16 respectively too. Management systems adopted in this trial did not have significant effect (P>0.05) on performance of muscovy ducks in the region. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Daily gain; Management systems; Muscovy ducks; Wallowing	Cairina moschata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747428051	Impact of soybean utilization project on nutritional status of under five children	Obatolu V.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	4	10.3923/pjn.2006.348.354	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Obatolu, V., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	A quasi-experimental methodology comprising of repeated cross-sectional survey of 1420 preschool children was conducted to collect information on demographic characteristics, dietary intake and anthropometric data of children within beneficiary area and comparable control area before and after the project. There was no significant difference in the demographic characteristic of children before and after the project in both the study and control area. The average, energy, protein, and magnesium intake is about 65, 44, and 75% respectively of FAO/WHO (2001) reference nutrient intake (RNI) for the children in BA before the project and the children in CCA before and after the project. A significant increase in percentage of RNI was observed for BA children after the project. The proportion of the study children below median - 3 SD (Z-score) was high for all nutritional indicators for both groups before the utilization project. After the project, acute rather than chronic malnutrition as observed before the project was observed among the BA children while the CCA children still shows incidences of chronic malnutrition. A reduction of 68.5%, 78.5% and 65.8% respectively was observed in prevalence of malnutrition for the weight-for-age, height for age and weight for height indicators among the BA children after the project. The findings of the present study revealed positive effect of soybean utilization in alleviating prevalence of under nutrition among pre-school and highlight a need for an integration of micronutrient intake in any nutritional program aimed at improving nutritional status. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Dietary intake; Nutritional indicators; Prevalence of malnutrition; Soybean utilization project	magnesium; acute disease; age distribution; anthropometry; article; body height; body weight; caloric intake; child nutrition; chronic disease; controlled study; demography; dietary intake; female; food intake; human; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; nutritional status; nutritional support; preschool child; prevalence; protein intake; reference value; scoring system; soybean; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747431938	On-farm performance evaluation of improved traditional small-scale irrigation practices: A case study from Dire Dawa area, Ethiopia	Bekele Z., Tilahun K.	2006	Irrigation and Drainage Systems	20	1	10.1007/s10795-006-5754-y	P.O. Box 843, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Alemaya University, P.O. Box 45, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Bekele, Z., P.O. Box 843, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Tilahun, K., Alemaya University, P.O. Box 45, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Field evaluation of surface irrigation systems play a fundamental role to determine the efficiency of the system as it is being used and to identify management practices and system configurations that can be implemented to improve the irrigation efficiency. This study evaluated the performance of an 'improved' traditional small-scale irrigation practice at Adada, a representative small-scale irrigation practice in Dire Dawa Administrative Council, Eastern Ethiopia. In order to determine numerical values of performance measures, certain parameters were measured/observed before, during and after an irrigation event while farmers are performing their normal irrigation practice. These parameters include: irrigated crop, irrigation method, stream size, cutoff time, soil moisture deficiency, and field size, shape and spacing. The results showed that the irrigation water applied to a farmer's plot during an irrigation event/turn was generally higher than the required depth to be applied per event. Since the irrigation method used was end-dyked, the major cause of water loss was due to deep percolation. The deep percolation loss was 32% in sorghum, 57% in maize, and 70% in tomato and potato fields. The type of irrigation system used, the ridged irrigation practice and the poor irrigation scheduling in the study sites were the main problems identified in the management and operations of the schemes. The following corrective measures are recommended to improve the system: (1) farmers should regulate the depth of irrigation water they apply according to the type of crop and its growth stage, change the field irrigation system and/or configuration especially for shallow rooted row crops, to furrow system, (2) guidance and support to farmers in developing and introduction of appropriate irrigation scheduling, and (3) future development interventions towards improvement of traditional irrigation practices should also focus in improving the on farm irrigation systems in addition to improving physical infrastructure of the scheme. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2006.	Ethiopia; Irrigation scheduling; Performance evaluation; Traditional irrigation	Agriculture; Efficiency; Evaluation; Numerical analysis; Performance; Scheduling; Irrigation scheduling; Surface irrigation systems; Traditional irrigation; Irrigation; Agriculture; Efficiency; Evaluation; Irrigation; Numerical analysis; Performance; Scheduling; irrigation system; percolation; performance assessment; traditional agriculture; Africa; Dire Dawa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Lycopersicon esculentum; Solanum tuberosum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747434821	The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) trial: Outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy	Julius S., Weber M.A., Kjeldsen S.E., McInnes G.T., Zanchetti A., Brunner H.R., Laragh J., Schork M.A., Hua T.A., Amerena J., Balazovjech I., Cassel G., Herczeg B., Koylan N., Magometschnigg D., Majahalme S., Martinez F., Oigman W., Gomes R.S., Zhu J.-R.	2006	Hypertension	48	3	10.1161/01.HYP.0000236119.96301.f2	University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Ullevaal Hospital, Oslo, Norway; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Istitito Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale Maggiore, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Novartis Pharmaceutical, East Hanover, NJ, United States; Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Australia; Faculty Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia; Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Megyei Hetényi Géza Kórház, Szolnok, Hungary; Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Institut für Hypertoniker, Vienna, Austria; Appleton Heart Institute, Appleton, WI, United States; National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina; Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hospital Santa Cruz Instituto Do Coração, Carnaxide, Portugal; Zhong Shan Hospital, Shanghai, China; University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States	Julius, S., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States; Weber, M.A., State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Kjeldsen, S.E., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, Ullevaal Hospital, Oslo, Norway; McInnes, G.T., University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Zanchetti, A., Istitito Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale Maggiore, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Brunner, H.R., University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Laragh, J., New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Schork, M.A., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Hua, T.A., Novartis Pharmaceutical, East Hanover, NJ, United States; Amerena, J., Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Australia; Balazovjech, I., Faculty Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia; Cassel, G., Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Herczeg, B., Megyei Hetényi Géza Kórház, Szolnok, Hungary; Koylan, N., Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Magometschnigg, D., Institut für Hypertoniker, Vienna, Austria; Majahalme, S., Appleton Heart Institute, Appleton, WI, United States; Martinez, F., National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina; Oigman, W., Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Gomes, R.S., Hospital Santa Cruz Instituto Do Coração, Carnaxide, Portugal; Zhu, J.-R., Zhong Shan Hospital, Shanghai, China	In the main Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) report, we investigated outcomes in 15 245 high-risk hypertensive subjects treated with valsartan- or amlodipine-based regimens. In this report, we analyzed outcomes in 7080 patients (46.4%) who, at the end of the initial drug adjustment period (6 months), remained on monotherapy. Baseline characteristics were similar in the valsartan (N=3263) and amlodipine (N=3817) groups. Time on monotherapy was 3.2 years (78% of treatment exposure time). The average in-trial blood pressure was similar in both groups. Event rates in the monotherapy group were 16% to 39% lower than in the main VALUE trial. In the first analysis, we censored patients when they discontinued monotherapy ("censored"); in the second, we counted events regardless of subsequent therapy (intention-to-treat principle). We also assessed the impact of duration of monotherapy on outcomes. No difference was found in primary composite cardiac end points, strokes, myocardial infarctions, and all-cause deaths with both analyses. Heart failure in the valsartan group was lower both in the censored and intention-to-treat analyses (hazard ratios: 0.63, P=0.004 and 0.78, P=0.045, respectively). Longer duration of monotherapy amplified between-group differences in heart failure. New-onset diabetes was lower in the valsartan group with both analyses (odds ratios: 0.78, P=0.012 and 0.82, P=0.034). Thus, despite lower absolute event rates in monotherapy patients, the relative risks of heart failure and new-onset diabetes favored valsartan. Moreover, these findings support the feasibility of comparative prospective trials in lower-risk hypertensive patients. © 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.	Clinical trials; Diabetes mellitus; Heart failure	amlodipine; valsartan; adult; aged; antihypertensive therapy; article; blood pressure measurement; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; double blind procedure; drug exposure; feasibility study; female; heart failure; high risk patient; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; monotherapy; priority journal; risk assessment; treatment outcome; Aged; Amlodipine; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cardiac Output, Low; Diabetes Mellitus; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Risk; Tetrazoles; Valine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747584147	General surgery in crisis - Factors that impact on a career in general surgery	Kahn D., Pillay S., Veller M.G., Panieri E., Westcott M.J.R.	2006	South African Journal of Surgery	44	3	None	Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Kahn, D., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Pillay, S., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Veller, M.G., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Panieri, E., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Westcott, M.J.R., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Introduction. The Association of Surgeons of South Africa (ASSA), because of a concern about the decline in the number of applicants for registrar posts, undertook this study into the various factors that may influence the choice of surgery as career option. Methods. The study involved a combination of desk research and structured interviews with heads of departments, specialists, and registrars in general surgery. Results. The reasons for choosing general surgery as a career included the immediately visible results of a surgeon's efforts and the practical and intellectual challenge of the specialty. General surgery continued to enjoy a high status in society. The greater focus on primary health care has affected facilities at tertiary and secondary institutions. General surgeons worked excessively long hours, which was associated with increased levels of stress and placed severe strains oh family life. All respondents felt that their levels of remuneration were 'poor' in relation to other disciplines and professions. Conclusion. In this study we identified various factors that impacted either positively or negatively on the choice of general surgery as a career option.	None	article; career; decision making; general surgery; health practitioner; hospital department; human; intellect; manager; medical research; medical specialist; professional practice; social status; structured interview; surgeon; tertiary health care; Career Choice; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Emigration and Immigration; Family Practice; Humans; Interviews; Life Style; South Africa; Stress, Psychological; Students, Medical; Surgery; Training Support; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747588525	The impact of routine infant immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Malawi, a country with high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence	Daza P., Banda R., Misoya K., Katsulukuta A., Gessner B.D., Katsande R., Mhlanga B.R., Mueller J.E., Nelson C.B., Phiri A., Molyneux E.M., Molyneux M.E.	2006	Vaccine	24	None	10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.076	Mzuzu Central Hospital, Mzuzu, Malawi; World Health Organization, Lilongwe, Malawi; Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; National EPI Programme, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi; Agence de Médecine Préventive a l'Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; African Regional Office, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Paediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi	Daza, P., Mzuzu Central Hospital, Mzuzu, Malawi; Banda, R., World Health Organization, Lilongwe, Malawi; Misoya, K., Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; Katsulukuta, A., National EPI Programme, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi; Gessner, B.D., Agence de Médecine Préventive a l'Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Katsande, R., African Regional Office, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mhlanga, B.R., African Regional Office, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mueller, J.E., Agence de Médecine Préventive a l'Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Nelson, C.B., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Phiri, A., Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Molyneux, E.M., Paediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Molyneux, M.E., Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi	Malawi has extreme poverty and a high-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence. Following Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine introduction during 2002, we evaluated vaccine impact by reviewing hospital surveillance data for acute bacterial meningitis in Blantyre district among children age 1-59 months admitted during 1997-2005. Documented annual Hib meningitis incidence rates decreased from 20-40/100,000 to near zero among both rural and urban residents despite no change in pneumococcal meningitis incidence rates. Before vaccine introduction, an average of 10 children/year had Hib meningitis and HIV infection compared to 2/year during 2003-2004 and none during 2005. Vaccine effectiveness was high following two or more doses of vaccine. The most urgent future need is for a sustainable routine infant immunization program, including a less expensive vaccine that preferably is delivered in a multivalent form. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Haemophilus influenzae; Malawi; Vaccine effectiveness	amoxicillin; chloramphenicol; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; penicillin G; acute disease; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic therapy; article; bacterial meningitis; clinical assessment; controlled study; diphtheria; dose response; drug cost; drug efficacy; groups by age; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hospital; hospital admission; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunization; incidence; infant; infection prevention; major clinical study; Malawi; medical documentation; medical record; pertussis; preschool child; prevalence; priority journal; rural area; tetanus; treatment outcome; urban area; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Female; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Hepatitis B Vaccines; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malawi; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Prevalence; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747617348	Performance of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) as influenced by irrigation schedules	Babatunde F.E., Mofoke A.L.E.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	4	10.3923/pjn.2006.363.367	Crop Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agriculture Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Abubakar Tafawa, Bauchi, Nigeria; Agriculture Engineering Programme, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0	Babatunde, F.E., Crop Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agriculture Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Abubakar Tafawa, Bauchi, Nigeria; Mofoke, A.L.E., Agriculture Engineering Programme, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Abubakar Tafawa, Bauchi, Nigeria	Global outcry for food security necessitates both rain fed and irrigation farming to boost up world food production. This research therefore explored the possibility of growing roselle (Hibiscus sabdarriffa. L) under irrigation. The experimental treatments comprised five irrigation schedules with irrigation intervals (f) of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days. The corresponding gross water requirements (GWR) were 37, 56, 74, 93, and 112mm. The crops were grown under check basin irrigation during the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 irrigation seasons in Bauchi state, Nigeria. Results showed that difference in number of leaves per plant was significant (p = 0.05) with the fifth irrigation schedule (f = 11 days, GWR = 112mm) giving the highest value of 347 leaves per plant, while the first irrigation schedule (f = 3 days, GWR = 37mm) resulted in only 192 leaves per plant. Variations in plant height, number of branches per plant and canopy diameter were insignificant (p = 0.05). The influence of irrigation schedule on the yield of roselle measured with respect to fresh calyx weight was highly significant with a strong coefficient of determination of 97.1%. Yield soared with increase in seasonal irrigation depth. The increase followed a second degree polynomial, reaching a projected maximum of about 682 Kg/ha. The associated maximum seasonal application depth was found to be approximately 3389 mm. Results of this study indicate that maximum yield of roselle grown under irrigation could be attained with a weekly irrigation interval and a gross application depth of 188 mm. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Irrigation; Maximum; Roselle; Yield	article; canopy; crop production; Hibiscus; irrigation (agriculture); Nigeria; plant ecology; plant growth; plant height; plant water relation; plant yield; seasonal variation; species cultivation; statistical significance; Hibiscus; Hibiscus sabdariffa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747729396	The usability of personal digital assistants (PDAs) for assessment of practical performance	Treadwell I.	2006	Medical Education	40	9	10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02543.x	Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Health Science, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Treadwell, I., Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Health Science, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa, Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Context: The administration of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) using paper checklists presents problems such as illegible handwriting, missing student names and/or numbers and lost checklists. Calculating and entering results is not only time-consuming, but is subject to human errors, and feedback to students is rarely available. To rectify these problems, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and HaPerT software were acquired to replace paper checklists and provide automated results and feedback. This study sought to determine the usability of the PDA assessment system. Methods: The usability of the PDA system was evaluated according to effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction. Effectiveness was judged by comparing the results of an OSCE conducted in 2003 (paper-based method) and repeated in 2004 and 2005 (PDA method). Efficiency was determined by calculating the amount of time required to organise the logistics for 2 consecutive PDA OSCEs and deliver results and grades, compared with the time required for the paper-based OSCE. User satisfaction was established by using questionnaires to obtain feedback on the assessors' experiences during their first assessments. Results: An independent groups t-test used to compare the means of scores achieved by students in the PDA and paper-based OSCEs, respectively, showed that the difference in effectiveness was not significant. In terms of efficiency, 77% less time was used for the PDA OSCE in 2004 and 93% less in 2005. Assessor feedback on PDA assessment was overwhelmingly positive. Assessment by PDA was found to be just as effective as and more efficient than paper-based assessment in practical examinations, and was highly rated by assessors. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2006.	*Consumer satisfaction; *Education, medical, undergraduate; Comparative study; Computers, handheld/*standards; Evaluation study [publication type]	article; clinical examination; computer program; consumer; evaluation; human; medical student; personal digital assistant; productivity; student satisfaction; Clinical Competence; Cohort Studies; Computers, Handheld; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Personal Satisfaction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747817988	Comparing trophic flows and fishing impacts of a NW Mediterranean ecosystem with coastal upwelling systems by means of standardized models and indicators	Coll M., Shannon L.J., Moloney C.L., Palomera I., Tudela S.	2006	Ecological Modelling	198	42371	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.009	Institute of Marine Science (CMIMA-CSIC), Passeig Maritim la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012 Cape Town, South Africa; Marine Biology Research Institute, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa; WWF Mediterranean Programme Office, Canuda 37, 08002 Barcelona, Spain	Coll, M., Institute of Marine Science (CMIMA-CSIC), Passeig Maritim la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Shannon, L.J., Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012 Cape Town, South Africa; Moloney, C.L., Marine Biology Research Institute, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa; Palomera, I., Institute of Marine Science (CMIMA-CSIC), Passeig Maritim la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Tudela, S., WWF Mediterranean Programme Office, Canuda 37, 08002 Barcelona, Spain	The NW Mediterranean has a number of structural features in common with upwelling ecosystems. Therefore, an ecological model representing a NW Mediterranean exploited ecosystem was standardized and compared with four previously standardized models from coastal upwelling ecosystems: the Northern and Southern Humboldt (Chile and Peru upwelling systems) and the Northern and Southern Benguela (Namibia and South Africa upwelling systems). Results from biomasses, flows and trophic levels indicated important differences between ecosystems, mainly caused by differences in primary production, which was smallest in the NW Mediterranean Sea. However, principal component analysis (PCA) of biomasses and flows suggested a similar pattern between the NW Mediterranean and the South African systems due to the inclusion of an important fraction of the continental shelf in both ecological models representing these areas. At the same time, diets of commercial species from the NW Mediterranean were more similar to Benguela than Humboldt species. However, the relatively heavy fishing pressure in the NW Mediterranean ecosystem was highlighted relative to its primary production, and was evident from the large catches and small primary production, largest flows from TL 1 required to sustain the fishery (%PPR), the low trophic level of the catch (TLc), high exploitation rates (F/Z), largest values in the trophic spectra portraying catch: biomass ratio, the FIB index and the demersal: total catch ration. Comparisons of %PPR, the trophic level of the community (TLco), the biomass of consumers and F/Z ratios seemed to capture the ecosystem effects of fishing: large in the NW Mediterranean, Namibia and Peru upwelling systems. Small pelagic fish were the most important component of the fisheries in the NW Mediterranean and Peruvian systems. However, the smaller production and biomass ratios from the NW Mediterranean could be an indirect indicator of intense fishing pressure on small pelagic fish, also in line with results from consumption of small pelagic fish by the fishery, F/Z ratios and trophic spectra. Moreover, similarities between the NW Mediterranean and Namibian systems were found, mainly related to the demersal: total catch ratios, the FIB index, the relevance of gelatinous zooplankton in the consumption of production and the importance of pelagic-demersal coupling, in remarkable contrast to the other ecosystems. These similarities should be interpreted in terms of dynamic trajectories that the Namibian system has shown due to the collapse of its pelagic ecosystem, partly due to fishing intensity, and the signs that the NW Mediterranean could follow suit in the future. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ecological modelling; Ecosystem indicators; Fishing impact; Mediterranean; Trophic flows; Upwelling ecosystems	Biodiversity; Biomass; Ecology; Environmental impact; Mathematical models; Principal component analysis; Ecological modeling; Ecosystem indicators; Fishing impact; Trophic flows; Upwelling ecosystems; Ecosystems; biomass; coastal zone; commercial species; comparative study; diet; ecological modeling; fishing; oceanic circulation; pelagic fish; principal component analysis; trophic level; upwelling; Africa; Atlantic Ocean; Benguela Current; Chile; Humboldt Current; Mediterranean Sea; Mediterranean Sea (Northwest); Namibia; Pacific Ocean; Peru; South Africa; South America; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747838015	'My eyes went wide open' - An evaluation of the special needs education awareness course at Molepolole College of Education, Botswana	Dart G.	2006	British Journal of Special Education	33	3	10.1111/j.1467-8578.2006.00428.x	Molepolole College of Education, Private Bag 008, Molepolole, Botswana	Dart, G., Molepolole College of Education, Private Bag 008, Molepolole, Botswana	This article is an evaluation of the special needs education awareness course run at Molepolole College of Education, Botswana. The course directly reflects the Government of Botswana's policy on special education and seeks to provide students with a wide range of skills and knowledge to help them identify and support pupils with a variety of special needs. It also seeks to examine teachers' attitudes towards the inclusion of children with a wide range of learning support needs in the ordinary school. The evaluation was carried out by Gareth Dart, senior lecturer in the Department of Special Needs Education at Molepolole College of Education, who, in this article, reports the views of the first cohort of student graduates to complete the full course. This account also includes feedback from staff at schools who were involved with supervising the students as they did their special education assignments while on teaching practice. Feedback from the students and teachers is very positive in terms of the content and effect of the course although Gareth Dart suggests that a more thorough evaluation will have to wait until the graduates have been in the field some time. In the future, there will be a need to assess the long-term impact of the course upon the practice of teachers; to review the sustainability of this form of teacher education; and to make judgements about the influence that new generations of teachers have upon schools and policies promoting inclusion. © nasen 2006.	Attitudes; Disabilities; Inclusion; Special educational needs; Teacher education	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747844636	The profile and impact of probable dementia in a sub-Saharan African community: results from the Ibadan Study of Aging	Gureje O., Ogunniyi A., Kola L.	2006	Journal of Psychosomatic Research	61	3	10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.016	Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunniyi, A., Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kola, L., Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Objective: This study aimed to determine the profile of dementia in a sub-Saharan Africa country and assess its effects on role functioning and quality of life. Methods: Using a multistage, stratified, clustered sampling of households in the Yoruba-speaking areas of Nigeria, representing 22% of the national population, 2152 persons aged 65 years and above were studied. Probable dementia was evaluated using a validated cognitive test - the 10-Word Delay Recall Test. Activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL, and quality of life were also assessed. Results: The prevalence of probable dementia in this sample was 10.1% (95% confidence interval, 8.6-11.8). Female sex and increasing age were risk factors. Also, lifetime history of alcohol use doubles the risk. Affected persons had relatively preserved functioning and quality of life. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the diagnosis of dementia may be downwardly biased in this culture due to relatively preserved levels of social and functional roles. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Dementia; Prevalence; Quality of life; Role functioning	Africa; age distribution; aged; aging; anamnesis; article; controlled study; dementia; evaluation; female; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; quality of life; risk factor; sex ratio; validation process; Africa South of the Sahara; Aged; Aging; Cognition Disorders; Dementia; Female; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Severity of Illness Index; Sickness Impact Profile	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748085679	Statistical monitoring of a grinding circuit: An industrial case study	Groenewald J.W.d.V., Coetzer L.P., Aldrich C.	2006	Minerals Engineering	19	11	10.1016/j.mineng.2006.05.009	Process Control and Instrumentation Department, Anglo Platinum Management Services, P.O. Box 62179, Marshalltown, 2107 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	Groenewald, J.W.d.V., Process Control and Instrumentation Department, Anglo Platinum Management Services, P.O. Box 62179, Marshalltown, 2107 Johannesburg, South Africa; Coetzer, L.P., Process Control and Instrumentation Department, Anglo Platinum Management Services, P.O. Box 62179, Marshalltown, 2107 Johannesburg, South Africa; Aldrich, C., Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	With the increasing availability of large amounts of real-time process data and a better fundamental understanding of the operation of mineral processing units, statistical monitoring of mineral processing plants is becoming increasingly widespread. Process plants are typically too complex to model from first principles and therefore models based on historical process data are used instead. Multivariate methods such as principal component analysis are indispensable in these analyses and in this paper, it is shown how the statistical analysis of process data from a grinding circuit and a sound fundamental knowledge of the operation of mineral processing plants complement one another. For this purpose a philosophy for the statistical monitoring and cause and effect analysis of a process was outlined. It was shown how a well defined process hierarchy with complementing performance measures can effectively be used to detect a shift in the operation of a mineral processing plant and find the root cause of the shift. Visualisation of the results was found fundamental in communicating the findings of the statistical analysis to the processing plant. This resulted in the requirement for multidimensional visualisation of the process for which principal component analysis plots and process performance graphs in the form of two-dimensional histogram plots and parallel plots were found to be the most effective. Data availability, process variable selection, process hierarchy definition and performance measure selection were also found to be critical factors directly impacting on the success of statistically monitoring a process. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Comminution; Flotation; Mineral processing; Process control	Comminution; Data reduction; Flotation; Graph theory; Hierarchical systems; Industrial plants; Process control; Real time systems; Statistical methods; Grinding circuits; Mineral processing; Mineral processing plants; Real-time process data; Minerals	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748122168	Mortality and morbidity among postpartum HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in Zimbabwe: Risk factors, causes, and impact of single-dose postpartum vitamin A supplementation	Zvandasara P., Hargrove J.W., Ntozini R., Chidawanyika H., Mutasa K., Iliff P.J., Moulton L.H., Mzengeza F., Malaba L.C., Ward B.J., Nathoo K.J., Zijenah L.S., Mbizvo M., Zunguza C., Humphrey J.H., Mahomva A., Majo F., Marinda E., Ndhlovu M., Piwoz E., Pr	2006	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	43	1	10.1097/01.qai.0000229015.77569.c7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; College of Science, Institute of Nutrition and Family Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Harare City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; WHO, Switzerland; ZVITAMBO Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe	Zvandasara, P., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe, ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hargrove, J.W., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ntozini, R., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chidawanyika, H., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutasa, K., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Iliff, P.J., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Moulton, L.H., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mzengeza, F., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, College of Science, Institute of Nutrition and Family Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Malaba, L.C., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, College of Science, Institute of Nutrition and Family Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ward, B.J., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada; Nathoo, K.J., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zijenah, L.S., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mbizvo, M., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, WHO, Switzerland; Zunguza, C., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Harare City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Humphrey, J.H., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States, ZVITAMBO Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mahomva, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Majo, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Marinda, E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ndhlovu, M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Piwoz, E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Propper, L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rambanepasi, P., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ruff, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tavengwa, N., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe	BACKGROUND: Vitamin A deficiency is common among women in resource-poor countries and is associated with greater mortality during HIV. METHODS: Fourteen thousand one hundred ten mothers were tested for HIV and randomly administered 400,000 IU vitamin A or placebo at less than 96 hours postpartum. The effects of vitamin A and HIV status on mortality, health care utilization, and serum retinol were evaluated. RESULTS: Four thousand four hundred ninety-five (31.9%) mothers tested HIV positive. Mortality at 24 months was 2.3 per 1000 person-years and 38.3 per 1000 person-years in HIV-negative and HIV-positive women, respectively. Vitamin A had no effect on mortality. Tuberculosis was the most common cause of death, and nearly all tuberculosis-associated deaths were among HIV-positive women. Among HIV-positive women, vitamin A had no effect on rates of hospitalization or overall sick clinic visits, but did reduce clinic visits for malaria, cracked and bleeding nipples, pelvic inflammatory disease, and vaginal infection. Among HIV-negative women, serum retinol was responsive to vitamin A, but low serum retinol was rare. Among HIV-positive women, serum retinol was largely unresponsive to vitamin A, and regardless of treatment group, the entire serum retinol distribution was shifted 25% less than that of HIV-negative women 6 weeks after dosing. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose postpartum vitamin A supplementation had no effect on maternal mortality, perhaps because vitamin A status was adequate in HIV-negative women and apparently unresponsive to supplementation in HIV-positive women. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	HIV; Morbidity; Mortality; Mothers; Serum retinol; Tuberculosis; Vitamin A; Zimbabwe	placebo; retinol; adult; article; controlled study; female; health care utilization; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; malaria; morbidity; mortality; pelvic inflammatory disease; priority journal; puerperium; retinol deficiency; risk factor; tuberculosis; vaginitis; vitamin blood level; vitamin supplementation; Zimbabwe; Adult; Cause of Death; Dietary Supplements; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seronegativity; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Morbidity; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders; Risk Factors; Survival Rate; Tuberculosis; Vitamin A; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748307618	Performance analysis of listed construction and real estate companies in Nigeria	Abdul-Rasheed A., Tajudeen A.B.	2006	Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management	12	2	None	Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Abdul-Rasheed, A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Tajudeen, A.B., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The acquisition of shares in investment companies specializing in real estate have become a popular form of indirect property investment. However, the publicly listed real estate and construction companies are only a minute portion of the total commercial real estate market, and the speed of securitization has been very slow in Nigeria. This paper examines the investment performance of listed property and construction companies from 1998 to 2005 with a view to developing their competitive and comparative advantage in attracting investment. The risk-adjustment performance of the companies, assessed through Sharpe ratios, show that both property and construction companies do not perform better than stocks, but, nevertheless, do offer diversification possibilities due to their low correlation with the stock market.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748316525	Production and evaluation of chocolate bars from roasted and unroasted African breadfruit, and bambara groundnut flours	Onwuka U.N., Abasiekong K.S.	2006	Journal of Food Processing and Preservation	30	5	10.1111/j.1745-4549.2006.00087.x	Department of Food Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, P.M. 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Onwuka, U.N., Department of Food Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, P.M. 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Abasiekong, K.S., Department of Food Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, P.M. 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Bambara groundnut (Voandezia subterranea,) and African breadfruit (ABF) (Treculia africana) were procured, and then processed into flours by roasting or without roasting. The flours and cocoa powder were analyzed for functional properties. The flours of 25, 20 or 15 g were mixed with 15, 20 and 25 g of cocoa powder plus 40-g sugar, 30-g milk and 10-g margarine, respectively, and heated for 20 or 10 min, then molded into bars. The chocolate bars produced were evaluated for nutrient composition and sensory properties. Results showed higher bulk density (67 g/mL) and water absorption capacity (2.1 mL/g) in cocoa powder than the substitute flours while the roasted ABF flour had the highest oil absorption capacity of 1.6 (mL/g). There was a considerable increase in protein, ash, fat, soluble carbohydrate, minerals and vitamin, except for the total lost of vitamin C in the bars. Protein varied significantly P < 0.05 per samples, where sample UG3 had the highest protein content at 8.25%, while sample RAI the least at 3.80%. Chocolate bar from unroasted ABF (UA2) at 20:20 g combination had the best taste, and most samples were accepted by the taste panelist, indicating that these legumes could be used in the food industries to substitute for cocoa powder in chocolate bar production at levels of 50:50%. © 2006, Blackwell Publishing.	None	Arachis hypogaea; Artocarpus altilis; Bambara; Theobroma cacao; Treculia africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748324762	Chemical analysis and sensory evaluation of Ogi enriched with soybeans and crayfish	Samuel F.O., Otegbayo B.O.	2006	Nutrition and Food Science	36	4	10.1108/00346650610676785	Department of Home Economics, Oyo State College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria	Samuel, F.O., Department of Home Economics, Oyo State College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria; Otegbayo, B.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria	Purpose - The objective of this work is to prepare two complementary diets based on the enrichment of the traditional Ogi with soybeans and crayfish and comparatively evaluate the compositional and sensory attributes of the two diets. Design/methodology/approach - The diets were formulated by mixing Ogi with soybean flour in the ratio of 7:3 to produce diet A, and with the crayfish flour in the same ratio, giving rise to diet B. These diets were evaluated for their nutritive value using proximate analysis. Sensory evaluation was also carried out to assess the acceptability of the diets. Findings - Chemical analysis showed that diet A (Ogi-soybeans) contained 14.16 per cent protein, 18.6 per cent fat, 2.0 per cent crude fibre and 2.14 per cent ash, while diet B (Ogi-crayfish) contained 17.66 per cent protein, 12.6 per cent fat, 2.45 per cent crude fibre and 5.35 per cent ash. Sensory evaluation showed that diet A was generally more acceptable in terms of colour, tastes, consistency and aroma. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p<0.05). Original ity/value - The methods employed in this study are very simple and ingredients used are available and acceptable to local tastes. Both prepared diets, in their present form, are compared favourably with industrially prepared Nutrend. It is therefore possible for small-scale and cottage industries to engage in suitable complementary food production in Nigeria, utilizing local resources.	Fish; Food products; Nigeria; Nutrition; Soya	Astacoidea; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748329424	Determinants of mortality and nondeath losses from an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa: Implications for program evaluation	Lawn S.D., Myer L., Harling G., Orrell C., Bekker L.-G., Wood R.	2006	Clinical Infectious Diseases	43	6	10.1086/507095	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Harling, G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Orrell, C., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. The scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) services in resource-limited settings requires a programmatic model to deliver care to large numbers of people. Understanding the determinants of key outcome measures-including death and nondeath losses-would assist in program evaluation and development. Methods. Between September 2002 and August 2005, all in-program (pretreatment and on-treatment) deaths and nondeath losses were prospectively ascertained among treatment-naive adults (n = 1235) who were enrolled in a community-based ART program in South Africa. Results. At study censorship, 927 patients had initiated ART after a median of 34 days after enrollment in the program. One hundred twenty-one (9.8%) patients died. Mortality rates were 33.3 (95% CI, 25.5-43.0), 19.1 (95% CI, 14.4-25.2), and 2.9 (95% CI, 1.8-4.8) deaths/100 person-years in the pretreatment interval, during the first 4 months of ART (early deaths), and after 4 months of ART (late deaths), respectively. Pretreatment and early treatment deaths together accounted for 87% of deaths, and were independently associated with advanced immunodeficiency at enrollment. Late deaths were comparatively few and were only associated with the response to ART at 4 months. Nondeath program losses (loss to follow-up, 2.3%; transfer-out, 1.9%; relocation, 0.7%) were not associated with immune status and were evenly distributed during the study period. Conclusions. Loss to follow-up and late mortality rates were low, reflecting good cohort retention and treatment response. However, the extremely high pretreatment and early mortality rates indicate that patients are enrolling in ART programs with far too advanced immunodeficiency. Causes of late access to the ART program, such as delays in health care access, health system delays, or inappropriate treatment criteria, need to be addressed. © 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine; lopinavir; nevirapine; ritonavir; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; zidovudine; adult; article; female; health care; health care access; health care delivery; health care quality; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune deficiency; major clinical study; male; mortality; priority journal; South Africa; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Program Evaluation; Public Health Practice; Risk Assessment; South Africa; Treatment Failure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748367852	Evaluation of fever of unknown origin before starting antiretroviral therapy	Conradie F., Wilson D.	2006	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	23	None	Clinical HIV Research Unit, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Conradie, F., Clinical HIV Research Unit, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wilson, D., Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; efavirenz; fluconazole; lamivudine; stavudine; tenofovir; adult; article; blood transfusion; bone marrow biopsy; case report; coughing; death; diarrhea; disease course; drug substitution; esophagus candidiasis; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory test; patient assessment; patient referral; peripheral neuropathy; physical examination; pyrexia idiopathica; treatment refusal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748421385	Regional response of Odonata to river systems impacted by and cleared of invasive alien trees	Samways M.J., Grant P.B.C.	2006	Odonatologica	35	3	None	Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland-7602, South Africa	Samways, M.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland-7602, South Africa; Grant, P.B.C., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland-7602, South Africa	Invasive alien organisms are a major threat to indigenous biodiversity. Invasive alien trees (IATs) are a component of this threat to South African odonates. IATs shade out the habitat of the sun-loving odonate species. A national programme to remove IATs from river systems has been initiated in South Africa. Results from widely-sepaTated sites show that the impacts of IATs are the same in different physiognomic areas. In turn, removal of the IATs is beneficial to a range of species from narrow endemics to widespread generalists. Indications are that this nation-wide IAT-removal programme is beneficial across a wide geographical area, leading to rapid and significant odonate assemblage recovery The IAT-removal programme must also consider removal of alien seedlings so as not to reverse the recovery programme.	None	biodiversity; biological invasion; ecosystem response; environmental impact; invasive species; recovery; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Odonata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748457318	Solar chimney power plant performance	Pretorius J.P., Kroger D.G.	2006	Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME	128	3	10.1115/1.2210491	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Pretorius, J.P., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Kroger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	This paper evaluates the performance of a large-scale solar chimney power plant. The study considers the performance of a particular reference plant under specified meteorological conditions at a reference location in South Africa. A computer simulation program is employed to solve the governing conservation and draught equations simultaneously. Newly developed convective heat transfer and momentum equations are included in the numerical model and multiple simulations are performed. Results indicate 24 hr plant power production, while illustrating considerable daily and seasonal power output variations. It is shown that plant power production is a function of the collector roof shape and inlet height. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.	None	Chimneys; Computer simulation; Heat convection; Heat transfer; Mathematical models; Numerical analysis; Chimney power plants; Draught equations; Power output variations; Solar power plants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748498933	Distribution of two Striga species and their relative impact on local and resistant sorghum cultivars in East Ethiopia	Hussien T.	2006	Tropical Science	46	3	10.1002/ts.70	Department of Plant Sciences, Alemaya University, PO Box 165, Ethiopia	Hussien, T., Department of Plant Sciences, Alemaya University, PO Box 165, Ethiopia	In five districts of east Ethiopia, only Striga hermonthica was identified in sorghum fields in three districts, and only S. asiatica in two. When the Striga-resistant sorghum variety Gubiye/P9401 was grown there was indicated scanty occurrence of Striga (1 to 4/m2), whereas local varieties showed 133 to 288/m2. Such severe infestation of the local cultivars with Striga resulted in drastic yield reductions of sorghum. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	East Ethiopia; Soil types; Sorghum; Striga occurrence	Striga; Striga asiatica; Striga hermonthica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748504355	Evaluation of four Musa hybrids in Ghana	Dzomeku B.M., Armo-Annor F., Adjei-Gwen K., Nkakwa A., Akyeampong E., Baning I.S.	2006	Tropical Science	46	3	10.1002/ts.174	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; World Vision Ghana, Assin-Foso, Ghana; International Network for the Improvement of Bananas and Plantains, Douala, Cameroon	Dzomeku, B.M., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Armo-Annor, F., World Vision Ghana, Assin-Foso, Ghana; Adjei-Gwen, K., World Vision Ghana, Assin-Foso, Ghana; Nkakwa, A., International Network for the Improvement of Bananas and Plantains, Douala, Cameroon; Akyeampong, E., International Network for the Improvement of Bananas and Plantains, Douala, Cameroon; Baning, I.S., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	In a survey of farmers' attitudes to four Musa hybrids, the majority (84%) considered them superior to the landraces in terms of plant establishment, plant growth, vigour and fruit yield. The hybrids had more green leaves at harvest, an added advantage as they provided shade for the young cocoa plants grown as an intercrop. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Banana; Farmers' attitudes; Hybrid; Musa; Plant performance; Plantain	Musa; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748526198	UV-visible and electrochemical monitoring of carbon monoxide release by donor complexes to myoglobin solutions and to electrodes modified with films containing hemin	Obirai J.C., Hamadi S., Ithurbide A., Wartelle C., Nyokong T., Zagal J., Top S., Bedioui F.	2006	Electroanalysis	18	17	10.1002/elan.200603571	Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, UMR CNRS 8151/U INSERM 640, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Facultad de Química Y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Complexes Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 7576, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France	Obirai, J.C., Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, UMR CNRS 8151/U INSERM 640, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Hamadi, S., Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, UMR CNRS 8151/U INSERM 640, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Ithurbide, A., Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, UMR CNRS 8151/U INSERM 640, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Wartelle, C., Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, UMR CNRS 8151/U INSERM 640, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Nyokong, T., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Zagal, J., Facultad de Química Y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile; Top, S., Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Complexes Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 7576, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; Bedioui, F., Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, UMR CNRS 8151/U INSERM 640, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France	This study reports on the evaluation of the CO donating behavior of tricarbonyl dichloro ruthenium(II) dimer ([Ru(CO)3Cl 2]2) and 1,3-dimethoxyphenyl tricarbonyl chromium (C 6H3(MeO)2Cr(CO)3) complex by UV-visible technique and electrochemical technique. The CO release was monitored by following the modifications of the UV-visible features of MbFe(II) in phosphate buffer solution and the redox features of reduced Hemin, HmFe(II), confined at the surface of a vitreous carbon electrode. In the latter case, the interaction between the hemin-modified electrode and the released CO was seen through the observation of an increase of the reduction current related to the FeIII/FeII redox process of the immobilized porphyrin. While the ruthenium-based complex, ([Ru(CO)3Cl2] 2), depended on the presence of Fe(II) species to release CO, it was found that the chromium-based complex released spontaneously CO. This was facilitated by illuminating and/or simple stirring of the solution containing the complex. © 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA.	Carbon monoxide; Chromium CO-releasing complex; Cyclic voltammetry; Hemin modified electrode; Myoglobin; Ruthenium complex; UV-visible spectrophotometry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748526514	The influence of catalyst layer morphology on the electrochemical performance of DMFC anode	Wang Z., Liu Y., Linkov V.M.	2006	Journal of Power Sources	160	1	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.056	South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Wang, Z., South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Liu, Y., South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, V.M., South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	The anodes with different morphology for DMFC were prepared, and the influences of the microstructure of anode catalyst layer on their electrochemical performance were investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and electrochemical methods, respectively. The surface morphology of catalyst layer was observed by SEM, and the elements dispersion status and its distribution of activity intensity on electrode catalyst layer were mapped by PIXE and SECM, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and anode polarization experiment were employed to analyze the electrochemical properties of anode. The results reveal that the anode with a relative smooth surface of catalyst layer and less cracks shows good interfacial properties and the lower resistance on the electrode reaction of methanol, and its maximum power of MEA as a single cell was about 178 mW cm-2 at 70 °C. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Catalyst; DMFC; EIS; SECM	Anodes; Electrochemistry; Fuel cells; Scanning electron microscopy; Spectroscopy; X ray analysis; DMFC; Electrode reaction; Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM); Catalysts	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748528140	The effects of ontogenetic maturation in Pinus patula - Part II: Hedge cycling and field performance	Mitchell R.G., Jones N.B.	2006	Southern African Forestry Journal	None	207	None	Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 3290, South Africa	Mitchell, R.G., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 3290, South Africa; Jones, N.B., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 3290, South Africa	Early studies suggest that the juvenile period, during which favourable rooting can be achieved from Pinus patula seedling hedges, may be as short as 2 years from the date of sowing. If the effects of hedge maturation cannot be delayed, productivity from seedling hedges will be severely limited. The most common technique to postpone hedge maturation in some coniferous species is by rejuvenating the donor plant (ramet) through serial propagation or hedge cycling. This involves taking a cutting from the parent hedge and, once rooted, establishing a new donor hedge from the rooted cutting. Cuttings harvested from such cycled hedges have been reported to grow better than those from non-cycled hedges that have passed the point of ontogenetic maturation. This paper summarises the effects of cycling P. patula hedge plants in the nursery on subsequent field performance. Seedling comparisons were included in the field trial. The effects of cycling were measured for the first three years after planting. The field results indicate that cycling hedges within the first 24 months since sowing negatively affected early field growth in one treatment. Cuttings from the non-cycled three-year-old seedling hedge treatment performed similarly to the seedling controls in the field trial, which supports other studies. Based on these results, it is currently recommended that P. patula cuttings be produced from seedling hedges for a period of 36 months from sowing, without the inclusion of a hedge-cycling regime.	Cuttings; Growth; Ontogenetic maturation; Pinus patula; Stem form (tropism); Survival	Pinus patula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748608268	Effect of enzyme supplemented cassava root sieviate on egg quality gut morphology and performance of egg type chickens	Aderemi F.A., Lawal T.E., Alabi O.M., Ladokun O.A., Adeyemo G.O.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	6	10.3923/ijps.2006.526.529	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Management Bowen University (of the Nigerian Baptist Convention) Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Lead City University Ibadan, Ni	Aderemi, F.A., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Management Bowen University (of the Nigerian Baptist Convention) Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria; Lawal, T.E., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Management Bowen University (of the Nigerian Baptist Convention) Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria; Alabi, O.M., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Management Bowen University (of the Nigerian Baptist Convention) Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria; Ladokun, O.A., Department of Biochemistry, Lead City University Ibadan, Nigeria; Adeyemo, G.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Enzymic supplementation of cassava root sieviate (CRS) in cassava -based diet was investigated in layers. One hundred and twenty laying birds of Nera strain at 22 weeks old were divided into twelve groups and randomly assigned to the four groups of diets. It lasted for 84 days at the teaching and research farm of the university of Ibadan Nigeria. Results of control avizyme and dried pure yeast (DPY) supplemented diet were similar and significantly (P<0.05) higher than unsupplemented cassava diets. Feed intake revealed that layers fed cassava-based diet had lower consumption when compared to those fed control. Feed conversion however showed that those layers on DPY supplemented diet were significantly (P<0.05) better than others. Final body weight of the layers showed that those on control were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than others. The kidney, heart, abdominal fat and oviduct of layers cassava diet either supplemented or not were significantly (P<0.05) reduced when compared with others on control. The gizzard weight of layers fed unsupplemented and supplemented was also significantly (P<0.05) increased. No mortality was recorded during the feeding trial. Considering egg production layers on control performed better than others, economically DPY diet ranked second to control. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Cassava root sieviate; Egg quality parameters; Gut morphology; Performance	Aves; Gallus gallus; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748632889	The impact of an HIV and AIDS life skills program on secondary school students in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa	James S., Reddy P., Ruiter R.A.C., McCauley A., Van Den Borne B.	2006	AIDS Education and Prevention	18	4	10.1521/aeap.2006.18.4.281	Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands; Horizons Program, Population Council, Washington, DC, United States; Medical Research Council, Health Promotion R and D Group, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	James, S., Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Medical Research Council, Health Promotion R and D Group, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Reddy, P., Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Ruiter, R.A.C., Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands; McCauley, A., Horizons Program, Population Council, Washington, DC, United States; Van Den Borne, B., Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands	The evaluation of the Department of Educations' life skills program on HIV and AIDS prevention among Grade 9 students in 22 randomly allocated schools in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, showed only a significant increase in student knowledge about HIV/AIDS in the intervention group compared with the control group. No effects were found on safe sex practices (condom use, sexual intercourse) or on measures of psychosocial determinants of these practices (attitude and self-efficacy). A process evaluation among the teachers showed that some implemented the program fully (seven schools) and some partially (four schools). An exploratory analysis showed that students who received the full intervention were more positive in their perceptions about sexual behavior and social connectedness (at 10-month follow-up) and reported less sex and more condom use (at 6-month follow-up) than students in the partial and control groups. These limited effects therefore call for further analysis of the content and implementation strategies used in the classroom. © 2006 The Guilford Press.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; child; condom; controlled study; demography; education program; female; follow up; health education; high school student; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; knowledge; male; medical society; questionnaire; safe sex; sexual behavior; sexual education; skill; social psychology; social support; South Africa; teacher; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Condoms; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Safe Sex; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748685240	Variation of the genomic proportion of the recurrent parent in BC 1 and its relation to yield performance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) breeding for low-input conditions	Uptmoor R., Wenzel W., Ayisi K., Donaldson G., Gehringer A., Friedt W., Ordon F.	2006	Plant Breeding	125	5	10.1111/j.1439-0523.2006.01270.x	Institute of Vegetable and Fruit Science, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany; Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Grain Crops Institute (GCI), Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Plant Production, University of the North, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Northern Province Department of Agriculture, Land and Environment (NPDALE), Potgietersrus, South Africa; Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding I (IPZ), Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Resistance Resources, Federal Center for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, D-06449 Aschersleben, Germany	Uptmoor, R., Institute of Vegetable and Fruit Science, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany; Wenzel, W., Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Grain Crops Institute (GCI), Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Ayisi, K., Department of Plant Production, University of the North, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Donaldson, G., Northern Province Department of Agriculture, Land and Environment (NPDALE), Potgietersrus, South Africa; Gehringer, A., Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding I (IPZ), Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Friedt, W., Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding I (IPZ), Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Ordon, F., Institute of Epidemiology and Resistance Resources, Federal Center for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, D-06449 Aschersleben, Germany	In order to define the variation of the genomic proportion of the recurrent parent [G(RP)] and its relation to yield, G(RP) of individual BC1 plants of two sorghum populations composed of a high-yielding cultivar as recurrent parent (RP) and a donor with superior drought resistance or grain quality, respectively, was estimated using AFLPs and SSRs. G(RP) in BC1 ranged from 0.53 to 0.95 and averaged to 0.76 in the population (NP4453 x 'SV-2') x 'SV-2'. G(RP) varied between 0.60 and 0.86 and averaged to 0.74 in the BC1 of (ICV-219 x 'SV-2') x 'SV-2'. Results show that plants with a G(RP) equivalent to BC2 (0.875) or BC3 (0.938), respectively, can be selected from BC1. Yield performance of BC1S1 families was tested in field trials carried out in South Africa. The correlation between yield and G(RP) in BC1 was low. Selection according to G(RP) did not result in an effective preselection for yield. © 2006 The Authors.	AFLP; BC1; Genomic proportion of the recurrent parent; Sorghum bicolor; SSR; Yielding ability	Sorghum bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748687021	Preliminary investigation on fuel related properties of clove stem oil-diesel blended fuels and performance parameters of diesel engine	Mbarawa M., Haji A.I.	2006	Journal of the Energy Institute	79	3	10.1179/174602206X117788	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Mbarawa, M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Haji, A.I., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Oil extracted from clove stems was tested for several important fuel properties and compared with standard diesel fuel. The viscosity of this oil lies between the minimum and maximum required values of the standard diesel fuel. It has very low cetane number (CN) and high density. The CN of this oil prohibits its direct use as an alternative fuel in diesel engines, but it could be used in blends with standard diesel fuel, because most of the determined properties of clove stem oil (CSO)-diesel blended fuels were very close to the South African requirements (SABS 324) for automotive standard diesel fuel. Engine tests show that performance parameters of the CSO-diesel blended fuels do not differ greatly from those of the standard diesel fuel. Slight power losses, combined with an increase in fuel consumption, were experienced with CSO-diesel blended fuels. This may be due to the lower heating value of the CSO-diesel blended fuels. Emissions of CO and HC are low for CSO-diesel blended fuels. NOx emissions were increased remarkably when the engine was fuelled with 50% CSO-diesel blended fuel. © 2006 Energy Institute.	Clove steam oil; Diesel engine; Diesel fuels; Fuel properties; Performance	Clove steam oil; Diesel blended fuels; Fuel properties; Antiknock rating; Diesel engines; Fuel consumption; Performance; Viscosity of liquids; Diesel fuels	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748688828	Preliminary evaluation of hydrochemistry of the Kalambaina Formation, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria	Alagbe S.A.	2006	Environmental Geology	51	1	10.1007/s00254-006-0302-5	Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Alagbe, S.A., Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Hydrochemical investigations in the Kalambaina Formation have been initiated to determine potability and suitability of the shallow groundwater for domestic and agricultural uses. This limestone formation is an extensive aquifer supplying water to livestock and domestic wells in its outcrop areas. The aquifer is recharged by rainfall and discharges mainly into the Sokoto-Rima River system and lakes at Kware, Gwadabawa and Kalmalo in Nigeria. Because recharge to the aquifer is mainly from rainfall, the quality of the groundwater is controlled essentially by chemical processes in the vadose zone and locally by human activities. Water samples were taken at 11 sites comprising boreholes, dug wells and a spring and were chemically analysed for their major ion components. Hydrochemical results show water of fairly good quality. It is, however, hard and generally of moderate dissolved solids content. Concentration of the total dissolved solids is between 130 and 2,340 mg/l. Concentrations of ions vary widely but a high concentration of K+ is found in places. NO 3- is on the higher side of the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating pollution in such areas. Groundwater chemistry is predominantly of two facies, namely the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate and calcium-magnesium-sulphate-chloride facies. These facies probably evolved primarily as a result of dissolution of calcium and magnesium carbonates as well as some human/land-use activities. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Hydrochemistry; Kalambaina Formation; Limestone aquifer; Nigeria; Sokoto Basin	Aquifers; Groundwater; Land use; Rain; Water quality; Water supply; Groundwater chemistry; Hydrochemistry; Kalambaina Formation; Sokoto Basin, Nigeria; Limestone; groundwater; hydrochemistry; limestone; recharge; shallow water; vadose zone; World Health Organization; Africa; Nigeria; Sokoto Basin; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748694684	Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands	Agegnehu G., Ghizaw A., Sinebo W.	2006	European Journal of Agronomy	25	3	10.1016/j.eja.2006.05.002	Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Agronomy and Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Agegnehu, G., Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Agronomy and Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ghizaw, A., Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Agronomy and Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Sinebo, W., Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Agronomy and Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mixed intercropping of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was compared with sole cropping for three growing seasons (2001-2003) at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre, in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The treatments were sole barley (125 kg ha-1), sole faba bean (200 kg ha-1) and an additive series of 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 and 62.5% of the sole seed rate of faba bean mixed with full barley seed rate. A randomised complete block design replicated four times was used. Mixed cropping and year effects were significant for seed and biomass yields of each crop species. Barley yield was reduced by mixed cropping only when the seed rate of faba bean exceeded 50 kg ha-1 or 25% of the sole seed rate. There was no mixed cropping by year interaction effect for barley grain yield but for faba bean seed yield. Total yield, barley yield equivalent, land equivalent ratio (LER) and system productivity index (SPI) of mixtures exceeded those of sole crops especially when faba bean seed rate in the mixture was increased to 75 kg ha-1 (37.5%) or more. The highest barley yield equivalent, SPI, crowding coefficient and LER were obtained when faba bean was mixed at a rate of 37.5% with full seed rate of barley. From this study, it is inferred that mixed intercropping of faba bean in normal barley culture at a density not less than 37.5% of the sole faba bean density may give better overall yield and income than sole culture of each crop species. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Aggressivity; Barley; Crowding coefficient; Faba bean; Intercropping; Land equivalent ratio; Mixed cropping	barley; comparative study; intercropping; land use; legume; mixed farming; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare; Vicia faba	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748775800	Land use changes and hydrological impacts related to up-scaling of rainwater harvesting and management in upper Ewaso Ng'iro river basin, Kenya	Ngigi S.N., Savenije H.H.G., Gichuki F.N.	2007	Land Use Policy	24	1	10.1016/j.landusepol.2005.10.002	Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, Netherlands; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Ngigi, S.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Savenije, H.H.G., Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, Netherlands; Gichuki, F.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Some land use changes are driven by the need to improve agricultural production and livelihoods. Rainwater harvesting and management is one such change. It aims to retain additional runoff on agricultural lands for productive uses. This may reduce river flows for downstream users and lead to negative hydrological, socio-economic and environmental impacts in a river basin. On the other hand, rainwater storage systems may lead to positive impacts by reducing water abstractions for irrigation during dry periods. This paper presents a conceptual framework for assessing the impacts of land use changes in the upper Ewaso Ng'iro river basin in Kenya. It is based on a people-water-ecosystem nexus and presents the key issues, their interactions and how they can be addressed. The paper presents hydrological assessment of up-scaling rainwater harvesting (HASR) conceptual framework, which assesses the impacts of land use changes on hydrological regime in a river basin. The results will enhance formulation of sustainable land and water resources management policies and strategies for water-scarce river basins. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Conceptual framework; Hydrological impacts; Integrated water resources management; Land use policy; Rainwater management; Water abstraction	agricultural land; agricultural production; environmental impact; hydrological change; land use change; land use planning; water management; water resource; Africa; East Africa; Ewaso Ngiro Basin; Kenya; Rift Valley; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748854390	Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of four organic materials as nutrient resources for maize in the Nigerian savanna	Daudu C.K., Uyovbisere E., Amapu I.Y., Onyibe J.E.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	2	10.3923/ja.2006.220.227	Department of Soil Science, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Daudu, C.K., Department of Soil Science, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Uyovbisere, E., Department of Soil Science, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Amapu, I.Y., Department of Soil Science, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Onyibe, J.E., National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	This study reports on the evaluation of four organic materials as key ecosystem resources for maize intensification in the Nigerian savanna. Two aspects are examined, first the qualitative value of the organic materials as sources of nutrients and secondly the quantitative significance of the organic materials within the context of the Nigerian savanna. The results showed that cow dung, M. pruriens vines and L. leucocephala pruning contained sufficient nutrients to meet the N and K requirements of a maize crop at an application rate of 5 t ha-1. Phosphorus contents of maize stover and L. leucocephala pruning were not in sufficient quantities to meet crop demand. The calcium and magnesium requirements can be adequately met by this rate for all the organic amendments used. When the organic materials were evaluated based on the contents of nutrients and deduced ratios, cow dung, M. pruriens vines and L. leucocephala pruning were characterized as high quality materials, while maize stover was considered to be a low quality material. Based on their nutrient concentrations and deduced ratios, cow dung, M pruriens vines and L. leucocephala pruning were characterized as high quality materials. Maize stover may be considered as a low quality material. This grouping of the organic materials was confirmed using principal component and correlation analysis. The study also indicated that there are insufficient amounts of organic materials available to support crop production at a scale wider than small on-farm levels. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Maize; Nutrient quality; Organic materials; Savanna; Soil fertility	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748867207	Assessing the performance of SIA in the EIA context: A case study of South Africa	du Pisani J.A., Sandham L.A.	2006	Environmental Impact Assessment Review	26	8	10.1016/j.eiar.2006.07.002	School of Social and Government Studies, North-West University, P.O. Box 19772, Potchefstroom, 2522 Noordbrug, South Africa; School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	du Pisani, J.A., School of Social and Government Studies, North-West University, P.O. Box 19772, Potchefstroom, 2522 Noordbrug, South Africa; Sandham, L.A., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	This article, a theoretical perspective based on a literature study, is a critical evaluation of SIA as part of the EIA process in South Africa against the background of international guidelines and best practices. It includes sections on the historical background of the development of SIA in South Africa, the legal status and requirements of SIA in the country, and a critical evaluation of SIA regulation in South Africa. The conclusion reached in the article is that the persistent problems of SIA practice, experienced in other parts of the world, are also evident in South Africa. Apart from institutional, financial and professional constraints, there are also serious problems associated with approach and methods. This conclusion confirms the findings of empirical studies that SIA in South Africa is neglected, that the practice of SIA in South Africa is not yet on a sound footing, and that it does not receive the professional attention it deserves in a country beset by enormous social challenges. To conclude the article recommendations are made to improve the level of SIA practice in South Africa, and the possible significance of this national case study for international practice is indicated. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); Integrated impact assessment; National legislation; Social Impact Assessment (SIA); South Africa	Economic and social effects; Environmental impact; Finance; Laws and legislation; Professional aspects; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); Integrated impact assessment; National legislation; Social Impact Assessment (SIA); South Africa; International law; development level; environmental impact assessment; financial crisis; guideline; historical ecology; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748875045	Gender differences in enrolment and academic performance in physics among secondary school students	Adolphus T.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	14	2	None	Department of Science and Technical Education, Faculty of Science and Technical Education, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Adolphus, T., Department of Science and Technical Education, Faculty of Science and Technical Education, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This paper looks at the gender differences in enrolment and academic performance in physics among secondary school students. The study was an empirical survey conducted in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Seven (7) co-educational schools were selected by simple random sampling. Research instruments included records of enrolment and results of senior secondary school certificate examinations (SSCE) for five (5) years (1999-2003). Simple means, percentages and t-test were employed to analyze the data obtained from the study. Two hypotheses were formulated for the study. The results of the study showed significant difference in both enrolment and academic performance of male and female students in physics in favor of male students. It is recommended among others that government should encourage in form of scholarship the education of women in physics and science in general at higher levels. This will produce more female physics teachers, who will motivate more girls at the secondary schools to study physics. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748902038	Managing the impact of gold panning activities within the context of integrated water resources management planning in the Lower Manyame Sub-Catchment, Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe	Zwane N., Love D., Hoko Z., Shoko D.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.024	Africa Management and Development Institute, P.O. Box 6146, Mbabane, Swaziland; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; United Nations Industrial Development Organization, P.O. Box 4775, Harare, Zimbabwe	Zwane, N., Africa Management and Development Institute, P.O. Box 6146, Mbabane, Swaziland, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Hoko, Z., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Shoko, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, P.O. Box 4775, Harare, Zimbabwe	Riverbed alluvial gold panning activities are a cause for degradation of river channels and banks as well as water resources, particularly through accelerated erosion and siltation, in many areas of Zimbabwe. The lower Manyame sub-catchment located in the Northern part of the country is one such area. This study analysed the implications of cross-sectoral coordination of the management of panning and its impacts. This is within the context of conflicts of interests and responsibilities. A situational analysis of different stakeholders from sectors that included mining, environment, water, local government and water users who were located next to identified panning sites, as well as panners was carried out. Selected sites along the Dande River were observed to assess the environmental effects. The study determined that all stakeholder groups perceived siltation and river bank degradation as the most severe effect of panning on water resources, yet there were divergent views with regards to coordination of panning management. The Water Act of 1998 does not give enough power to management institutions including the Lower Manyame Sub-catchment Council to protect water resources from the impacts of panning, despite the fact that the activities affect the water resource base. The Mines and Minerals Act of 1996 remains the most powerful legislation, while mining sector activities adversely affect environmental resources. Furthermore, complexities were caused by differences in the definition of water resources management boundaries as compared to the overall environmental resources management boundaries according to the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2000, and by separate yet parallel water and environmental planning processes. Environmental sector institutions according to the EMA are well linked to local government functions and resource management is administrative, enhancing efficient coordination. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Conflict resolution; Consensus building; Environment; Gold panning; Integrated water resources management; Small-scale mining	Degradation; Environmental impact; Erosion; Management; Rivers; Concensus building; Conflict resolution; Gold panning; Integrated water resources management; Small-scale mining; Water resources; catchment; environmental effect; gold mine; river channel; water management; water resource; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zambezi Belt; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748902768	Zimbabwean mine dumps and their impacts on river water quality - a reconnaissance study	Meck M., Love D., Mapani B.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.029	Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Geology Department, University of Namibia, P. Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia	Meck, M., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Mapani, B., Geology Department, University of Namibia, P. Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia	Zimbabwe has a substantial number of mines and 67 minerals have been mined in the country since 1900 but at present only 30 different minerals are being mined. Exploitation of a variety of ores, in rocks of diverse composition, provides the potential for a range of pollution problems. The severity and extent of contamination differs with the type of minerals mined. This paper presents part of the results of a broad study, carried out across Zimbabwe, which assessed the potential of different mine tailings dumps to cause environmental problems. The dumps considered in the study were divided into six dump types, namely: gold-mine dumps, base-metal mine dumps (dumps associated with the mining of nickel, zinc, copper and lead), minor-metals mine dumps (dumps associated with mining of antimony, arsenic, and selenium), platinum-group metal mine dumps, chromite and asbestos mine dumps, and sulphur (pyrite) mine dumps. The elemental chemistry of the dumps and physical characteristics (pH, total dissolved solids) of the dumps, tailings' leachates, and stream waters around the dumps were used to assess the potential of the dumps to pollute water bodies. Samples were collected in both the dry and wet seasons. The dispersion and pollution patterns were derived from Eh-pH conditions around the dumps after considering the mobility of the elements present in these dumps under different Eh-pH conditions. In this paper potential to pollute is considered as the likelihood of the elements to disperse under the prevailing conditions at the dump. The concentrations of elements, type of elements and the potential dispersion and pollution patterns from each dump were used to characterise potential risk of water pollution associated with the different dump types. The results showed a slight increase in concentrations of most elements studied in downstream waters compared to upstream waters. The dump conditions varied from acidic to alkaline, and so the elements studied have different mobilities in different dumps. The elements that pose environmental risks differed from one dump type to another thus different dumps have different potentials to pollute the water bodies. From the study it emerged that the minor metals dumps show the worst pollution risk, followed by base metal dumps, gold-mine dumps, platinum group metals mine dumps, chromite asbestos mine dumps and sulphur mine dumps. The pH values of 79% of the waters sampled in streams both before and after the dumps were neutral, though the pH values of the leachates themselves was frequently very acidic (pH < 4). The low pH levels in leachate are associated with elevated metal and metalloid concentrations in the leachate and in adjacent streams. From this study, a decrease in stream water pH is only expected when there is severe contamination. However, most streams were sampled near the dumps, and results from such samples would not represent entire stream profiles. The general trend from the results is that pH increases downstream as the leachate and run-off from a dump are diluted. Although concentrations of elements are affected the pH for streams did not show significant changes as near the dumps the overall pH of the stream water was not affected. The dumps rarely dry up, and leachate continues to seep from dumps throughout the year, suggesting that AMD is a continuous process. © 2006.	Environmental geochemistry; Mine drainage; Mine dumps; Waste management; Water pollution; Water quality	Contamination; Environmental impact; Mining; Precious metals; Rivers; Waste management; Water pollution; Water quality; Environmental geochemistry; Gold-mine dumps; Platinum group metals mine dumps; River water quality; Water analysis; environmental impact; environmental impact assessment; mine drainage; mine waste; pollution effect; river water; tailings dam; waste management; water pollution; water quality; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748916258	Impacts of irrigation return flows on the quality of the receiving waters: A case of sugarcane irrigated fields at the Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation (RSSC) in the Mbuluzi River Basin (Swaziland)	Mhlanga B.F.N., Ndlovu L.S., Senzanje A.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.028	SWADE, P.O. Box 13, Tshaneni, Swaziland; RSSC, P.O. Box 1, Simunye, Swaziland; University of Zimbabwe, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Mount Pleasant, P.O. Box MP 167 Harare, Zimbabwe	Mhlanga, B.F.N., SWADE, P.O. Box 13, Tshaneni, Swaziland; Ndlovu, L.S., RSSC, P.O. Box 1, Simunye, Swaziland; Senzanje, A., University of Zimbabwe, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Mount Pleasant, P.O. Box MP 167 Harare, Zimbabwe	In Swaziland sugarcane is grown on more land than any other crop. It is irrigated and on average it consumes about 10,000 m3/ha. Nevertheless, limited studies have been conducted on the water quality status of return flows from the sugarcane fields and the resultant impact on the Mbuluzi River. The Mbuluzi River is of particular interest because the River has two main functions; first is a source of drinking and irrigation water to both Swaziland and Mozambique, and secondly as a sink that receives contaminated flows from irrigated fields. Samples were collected each month between the period March 2003 and March 2005 from drainage streams that also receive water returning from irrigated fields at the Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation (RSSC). The samples were analysed to determine the extent of pollution resulting from irrigation return flows. The RSSC is comprised of two main estates known as Mhlume and Simunye which are referred in the study as Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 1 comprised of three sampling sites (sites 1-3), while Group 2 comprised of seven sampling sites (sites 4-10). Ten parameters namely TDS, SS, Na, Ca, Mg, COD, K, EC, SAR, and pH were measured. The results from both groups indicated elevated TDS, Na and Mg levels in the drainage streams when compared to the control sites upstream of the river. Results from Group 1 samples showed average TDS concentrations of 300 mg/l (standard deviation 169), average Na concentrations of 60 mg/l (standard deviation 25.1), average Mg concentrations of 48 mg/l (standard deviation 16.7), COD concentrations of 60 mg/l (standard deviation 77.8). Results from the Group 2 sites showed average TDS concentration of 700 mg/l (standard deviation 274), average Na concentration of 140 mg/l (standard deviation 69.2), average Mg concentration of 53 mg/l (standard deviation 31.7) and COD concentration of 27.2 mg/l (standard deviation 11.6) The results are indicative of the fact that TDS, Na and Mg concentrations exceeded the Swaziland guidelines for drinking water and the South African standard for irrigation water for infield drainage streams. The summer and spring seasons recorded significantly higher TDS, Na and Mg concentrations in both groups. The field drainage streams were salt affected and may deem water unpalatable for domestic and irrigation use downstream in the near future. © 2006.	Environmental impact; Irrigation return flows; Mbuluzi river; Sugarcane; Water quality; Water quality guidelines	Contamination; Drainage; Environmental impact; Flow of water; Irrigation; Potable water; Water pollution; Water quality; Irrigation return flows; Sugarcane; Sugarcane irrigated fields; Water quality guidelines; Rivers; agricultural runoff; environmental impact; environmental impact assessment; parameterization; river water; waste management; water pollution; water quality; Africa; Mbuluzi Basin; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Swaziland	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748927816	Electricity sector reform in Mozambique: a projection into the poverty and social impacts	Nhete T.D.	2007	Journal of Cleaner Production	15	2	10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.11.058	Infrastructure Services, Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) Southern Africa, 4 Ludlow Road, Newlands, Harare, Zimbabwe	Nhete, T.D., Infrastructure Services, Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) Southern Africa, 4 Ludlow Road, Newlands, Harare, Zimbabwe	The Government of Mozambique, in step with global trends, has embarked on a process of regulatory and structural reform of its electricity sector with support from the World Bank. The reform which is part of the Energy Reform and Access Programme (ERAP) aims to increase efficiency of the electricity distribution services, as well as expand access mainly in the urban and peri-urban areas. This paper takes a closer look at the basis for the reform, as well as a projection into the likely poverty and social impacts of this process on the poor. The paper draws mainly from secondary literature from Latin America, Africa and Asia to compare and contrast the presence of needed critical success factors from past experiences, if the reform is to deliver on its objectives. In conclusion, the paper makes recommendations on how the process could be adjusted to deliver on poverty and social objectives in line with the government framework, as set out in the Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty (PARPA 2001-2005). © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Electricity sector reform; Mozambique; Poverty	Electric power distribution; Energy policy; Regulatory compliance; Social aspects; Strategic planning; Urban planning; Electricity sector reform; Energy Reform and Access Programme (ERAP); Mozambique; Poverty; Electricity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748936111	The impact of the use of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on the presence of cervical human papillomavirus in female sex workers	Marais D., Carrara H., Kay P., Ramjee G., Allan B., Williamson A.-L.	2006	Virus Research	121	2	10.1016/j.virusres.2006.04.009	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical, Research Council, Durban, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Marais, D., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Carrara, H., Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kay, P., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ramjee, G., HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical, Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Allan, B., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	This study investigated the effectiveness of a nonoxynol-9 (52.5 mg, 3.5%), vaginal gel (Advantage S), in the prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in female sex workers. We showed by HPV DNA determination in cervico-vaginal rinses a significant increase in multiple (>1) HPV infection in HIV-1 seropositive women compared with HIV-1 seronegative women (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.3-11.9). We also demonstrated a significant increase in multiple HPV infections in HIV-1 seronegative women using nonoxynol-9 compared with HIV-1 seronegative women using placebo (OR 3.5 95% CI 1.0-11.8). We conclude that the use of nonoxynol-9 did not prevent genital HPV infection and could increase the virus' ability to infect or persist. © 2006.	HIV; Human papillomavirus; Nonoxynol-9; Vaginal microbicides	nonoxinol 9; adolescent; adult; article; comparative study; controlled study; DNA determination; drug efficacy; female; gel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; infection risk; major clinical study; prevalence; priority journal; prostitution; virus infection; Wart virus; Administration, Intravaginal; Cervix Uteri; Cohort Studies; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); DNA, Viral; Female; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Nonoxynol; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prostitution; South Africa; Spermatocidal Agents; Treatment Outcome; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human papillomavirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748942478	Key performance indicators and assessment methods for infrastructure sustainability-a South African construction industry perspective	Ugwu O.O., Haupt T.C.	2007	Building and Environment	42	2	10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.018	Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Southern African Built Environment Research Center (SABERC), Faculty of Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) Bellville, South Africa	Ugwu, O.O., Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Haupt, T.C., Southern African Built Environment Research Center (SABERC), Faculty of Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) Bellville, South Africa	This paper identifies key performance indicators (KPI) for infrastructure delivery and maps computational methods required to achieve sustainability objectives in developing countries. It builds on previous research that developed taxonomy of infrastructure sustainability indicators and computational methods, to propose an analytical decision model and a structured methodology for sustainability appraisal in infrastructure projects in a developing country like South Africa. The paper uses the 'weighted sum model' technique in multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and the 'additive utility model' in analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for multi-criteria decision-making, to develop the model for computing the sustainability index-a crisp value for evaluating infrastructure design proposals. It discusses the development of the KPIs that are encapsulated within the analytical model. It concludes by discussing other potential applications of the proposed model and methodology for process automation as part of integrated sustainability appraisal in infrastructure design and construction in developing countries. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Design for sustainability; Developing countries; Key performance indicators (KPI); Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA); South africa; Susaip framework; Sustainability index; Sustainability science; Utility model	Computational methods; Construction industry; Developing countries; Mathematical models; Sustainable development; Infrastructure sustainability; Key performance indicators (KPI); Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA); Sustainability index; Sustainability science; Structural design; Computational methods; Construction industry; Developing countries; Mathematical models; Structural design; Sustainable development; architectural design; construction industry; decision analysis; developing world; infrastructure; infrastructure planning; modeling; performance assessment; sustainability; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748960781	Determination of the impact on the standing losses of installing blankets to electric hot water heaters in South Africa	Bosman I.E., Grobler L.J., Dalgleish A.Z.	2006	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	17	2	None	North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Bosman, I.E., North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Grobler, L.J., North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Dalgleish, A.Z., North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Electric hot water heater blankets are being used as a demand-side management (DSM) measure to save electricity consumption in residential areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of installing blankets to hot water heaters. A residential apartment building consisting of eighteen similar flats were used for the study. All the flats were equipped with the same 100-litre hot water heaters. The set points of the geysers used in the test were set at 60°C and 70°C. The standing losses were measured over an extended period and related to the ambient temperatures. The data was then used to develop a generic equation describing the standing losses of the specific hot water heaters using the ambient and set point temperatures as inputs. The hot water heaters were covered with insulation blankets and the study was repeated. A generic equation was again developed for the heaters with blankets. Finally, the generic equations were applied to determine the annual savings that would be realised if the hot water heaters were situated in Pretoria, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban and Bloemfontein, using hourly meteorological weather data of the different locations.	Blankets; Demand side management; Hot water heaters; Measurement and verification; Standing losses	Electricity; Energy utilization; Geysers; Thermal effects; Blankets; Demand side management; Hot water heaters; Standing losses; Water heaters	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748963805	Enhancement of GMM speaker identification performance using complementary feature sets	Lerato L., Mashao D.J.	2005	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	96	1	None	Intelleca Voice and Mobile (Pty) Ltd., P O Box 1537, Parklands, 2121, South Africa; Speech Technology and Research (STAR), Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7800, South Africa	Lerato, L., Intelleca Voice and Mobile (Pty) Ltd., P O Box 1537, Parklands, 2121, South Africa; Mashao, D.J., Speech Technology and Research (STAR), Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7800, South Africa	This paper describes a way of enhancing speaker identification (SiD) performance using N-best list method which utilises complementary feature sets. The SiD process is first done by training the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classifier using parameterised feature sets (PFS) to form speaker models. During testing, the likelihood of a speaker, given a set of speaker models is her score. Performance scores of SiD system is normally degraded as the population of speakers increases. This paper addresses this problem by using linear prediction cepstral coefficients (LPCC) to complement the results obtained from the PFS and the final identification is performed on a smaller population set. Results obtained using 2-best list indicate performance improvement.	LPCC; N-best list; PFS; Speaker identification	Linear prediction cepstral coefficients (LPCC); N-best list; Parameterised feature sets (PFS); Speaker identification; Classification (of information); Identification (control systems); Linear systems; Mathematical models; Problem solving; Speech recognition	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748979968	Chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil	Ajayi I.A., Oderinde R.A., Ogunkoya B.O., Egunyomi A., Taiwo V.O.	2006	Food Chemistry	101	3	10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.053	Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ajayi, I.A., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oderinde, R.A., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunkoya, B.O., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Egunyomi, A., Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Taiwo, V.O., Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil have been investigated in order to determine the possibility of using them for human and/or animal consumption. Proximate analysis showed that the seeds had high amount of carbohydrate and were rich in oil (21.68 ± 6.18%) but have a low protein content. The physical properties of the oil extracts showed the state to be liquid at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C) and the colour of the oil golden-orange. The specific gravity of the oil was 0.98 ± 0.01. Among the chemical properties of the oil extracts, acid value, saponification number, iodine value, percent free fatty acid and peroxide value compared well with those of conventional edible oils. The seed flour was found to be a good source of minerals. It contained considerable amounts of potassium (7071 mg/kg), magnesium (865 mg/kg) and calcium (454 mg/kg). Fatty acid composition of the seed oil indicated that the oil contained one essential fatty acids small proportions: linoleic acid (1.30%). The most prevalent fatty acids were palmitic acid (49.5%) and oleic acid (34.0%). Weanling albino rats appeared to suffer no toxicological effects when fed with G. mangostana seed oil in their diet for 8 weeks. Weekly monitoring of the rats showed good physical appearance and steady weight increase. Histological examination of sections of the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and lung revealed that the kidney of some of the rats had some degrees of pathology which included diffuse glomerular and tubular degeneration. No lesion was found in the heart and liver of the rats. The seed oil could be useful as an edible oil and for industrial applications. © 2006.	Fatty acid; Garcinia mangostana; Mineral elements; Toxicology effect	calcium; carbohydrate; fatty acid; iodine; linoleic acid; magnesium; oleic acid; palmitic acid; peroxide; potassium; vegetable oil; acidity; animal tissue; article; chemical analysis; chemical composition; color; comparative study; degeneration; diet; fluor; Garcinia mangostana; glomerulus; heart; histology; kidney; kidney tubule; lipid composition; liquid; liver; lung; monitoring; nonhuman; pathology; plant seed; rat; relative density; room temperature; saponification; spleen; toxicology; Animalia; Garcinia mangostana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749016456	Growth and reproductive performance of West African Dwarf sheep fed endophyte-infected maize stover supplemented with soybean meal	Gbore F.A., Ewuola E.O., Ogunlade J.T.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	9	None	Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Akoko, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Universi	Gbore, F.A., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Akoko, Nigeria; Ewuola, E.O., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunlade, J.T., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding endophyte-infected maize stover on growth and reproductive parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. In a six weeks feeding trial, twenty-one individually caged growing WAD sheep were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Treatment 1 (NF = control) consisted of diet with healthy maize stover without Fusarium inoculation while treatments 2 and 3 consisted of diets with slight (SF) and high (HF) Fusarium-infected maize stover respectively. The mean daily dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals fed the control diet when compared with animals fed the test diets. The mean daily weight gain of the animals fed diet HF was significantly (P<0.05) lower. The feed conversion ratio revealed that it will take 3.76 kg of the highly-infected stover (HF) to produce the same unit weight of meat that was produced by 2.12 kg of healthy maize stover (NF). The mean relative kidney weight tended to decline with an increase in the level of Fusarium infection. The reproductive parameters examined were not significantly different among the treatments. The results suggest that ingestion of Fusarium-infected maize stover by sheep for a short time will depress dry matter intake and weight gain without adverse effect on the organ traits and reproductive potential.	Endophyte-infected maize stover; Growth; Reproductive performance; Sheep	Animalia; Fusarium; Glycine max; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749017033	Milk yield and reproductive performances of lactating cows as affected by intakes of certain dietary macro minerals in Ethiopia	Tolla N., Vijchulata P.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	9	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Tolla, N., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Vijchulata, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	This study was conducted to investigate the influences of dietary intakes of certain minerals on milk yield and reproductive performances of lactating cows fed on concentrate supplement with/without cottonseed cake and/or bole soil. Thirty-two pregnant Holstein Friesian cows with average body weight of 524±54 kg were blocked by their expected due date of calving as early (B1) and late (B2). Soon after calving animals were assigned in a randomized complete block design to one of the following four dietary treatments: concentrate alone (control) (C), 45% of the concentrate diet by weight substituted with cottonseed cake (C + CSC), concentrate plus 3% bole (lake soil) (C + Bole) and 45% of the concentrate substituted with cottonseed cake plus 3% bole (C + CSC + Bole) for 135 days of data collection. Statistically daily milk yield and FC milk yield were not ifferent among treatments. However, animals fed on the treatment diets of concentrate + CSC, concentrate + Bole and concentrate + CSC + Bole, produced 7.4, 16.3 and 18.2% respectively higher actual milk and 14.3, 24.2 and 25.7% respectively higher 4% fat corrected milk than the control group. Inclusion of bole soil alone as a mineral source or in combination with CSC supported higher daily actual and FC milk production than feeding concentrate diet with CSC alone. Days from calving to first estrus, days open and number of services per conception were not different among treatments. Nevertheless, Shorter intervals of days from calving to first estrus, days open and lowest number of services per conception were recorded for animals fed on concentrate diet with bole soil alone followed by those fed the control diet. Inclusion of 3% bole soil alone appeared to improve both milk yield and reproductive performances of dairy cattle.	Bole soil; Cottonseed cake; Cows; Ethiopia; Milk yield; Minerals; Reproduction	Animalia; Bos taurus; Friesia; Micropus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749019447	Modeling the impact of a partially effective HIV vaccine on HIV infection and death among women and infants in South Africa	Amirfar S., Hollenberg J.P., Abdool Karim S.S.	2006	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	43	2	10.1097/01.qai.0000230526.79341.83	Weill Medical College, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; CAPRISA, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durbana, South Africa; Division of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Weill Medical College, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States	Amirfar, S., Weill Medical College, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States, Weill Medical College, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States; Hollenberg, J.P., Weill Medical College, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Abdool Karim, S.S., Weill Medical College, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States, CAPRISA, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durbana, South Africa, Division of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States	OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential impact over 10 years of a partially effective HIV vaccine in a cohort of 15-year-old adolescent girls in South Africa in terms of HIV infections and deaths prevented in mothers and infants. METHODS: A computer simulation was constructed using a population of all 15-year-old adolescent girls in South Africa followed for 10 years. A partially effective vaccine is introduced into this population with the ability to reduce the HIV incidence rates of the adolescents and vertical transmission to their infants through birth and breast-feeding. At the end of this 10 year period, the number of HIV infections and death prevented in adolescents and infants is analyzed. RESULTS: Using a 5% HIV incidence rate, a 50% effective vaccine decreases the number of HIV cases among adolescents by 57,653 (28.7%) and the number of cases among infants by 13,765 (28.9%) over 10 years. In addition, assuming a vaccine cost of $20 per dose, the vaccination program can save approximately $120 million for the South African government over 10 years. CONCLUSION: A partially effective HIV vaccine has an important role in HIV prevention in adolescents and infants in South Africa irrespective of other public policy implementations. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Cost-effectiveness; Decision analysis; HIV/AIDS; Perinatal transmission; Vaccine	Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; adolescence; article; breast feeding; cohort analysis; computer simulation; drug cost; drug efficacy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; policy; priority journal; South Africa; vaccination; vertical transmission; Adolescent; AIDS Vaccines; Cohort Studies; Computer Simulation; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Support Techniques; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749021330	Outcome evaluation of a South African surgical ICU - A baseline study	Hanekom S.D., Coetzee A., Faure M.	2006	Southern African Journal of Critical Care	22	1	None	Department of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Hanekom, S.D., Department of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Coetzee, A., Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Faure, M., Department of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Objectives. To describe the baseline data of patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital in the Western Cape, and their outcome at discharge from the ICU. Design. Prospective cohort observational study. Setting. Ten-bed closed surgical unit in a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. Sample. One hundred and sixty consecutive adult ICU admissions from 16 June to 30 September 2003. Measurements. Demographic information, admission diagnosis, surgery classification (elective or emergency} and co-morbidities were recorded on admission to the unit. APACHE II score was calculated. The two outcomes of ICU length of stay (LOS) and mortality were recorded on discharge from the unit. Results. Patients were 49 ± 19.95 years of age. The mean APACHE II score was 12.3 ± 7.19 and 12.3% mortality was observed. The standardised mortality ratio was 0.87. Patients stayed in the unit for 5.94 ± 6.55 days. Hypertension was the most frequent co-morbidity found in this cohort (42%}, and 21% (N = 5) of patients tested were HIV positive. Neither age, gender nor co-morbidities had any significant association with mortality or ICU LOS (p > 0.01). A significant correlation was established between APACHE II scores, mortality and ICU LOS (p < 0.001). Conclusions. This baseline study of a surgical ICU in a tertiary environment in the Western Cape presents a picture of a unit providing care comparable to First-World environments. It is debatable whether the current admission and discharge criteria are making optimal use of the technology available in a level 1 intensive care unit. Other cost-effective ways of managing patients who are not as ill could be investigated.	None	adult; age; aged; APACHE; article; cohort analysis; comorbidity; controlled study; correlation analysis; demography; elective surgery; emergency surgery; female; health care delivery; hospital admission; hospital discharge; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hypertension; intensive care; intensive care unit; length of stay; major clinical study; male; mortality; observational study; outcome assessment; scoring system; sex difference; South Africa; surgical ward; tertiary health care; university hospital	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749035973	Evaluation of dried cassava leaf meal and maize offal as supplements for goats fed rice straw in dry season	Ngi J., Ayoade J.A., Oluremi O.I.A.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	9	None	Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi. Benue State, Nig	Ngi, J., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria; Ayoade, J.A., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria; Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria	Nine Maradi x West African Dwarf cross bred goats of mixed sexes between 8-10 months old and with an average body weight of 10 kg were used to evaluate mixtures of dried cassava leaf meal and maize offal as dietary supplements to rice straw ad libitum. The animals were randomly allotted to three dietary groups of three animals each and each animal put in a metabolic cage. The diets were: diet CL30 (70% maize offal: 30% dried cassava leaf meal, diet CLM50 (50% maize offal:50% dried cassava leaf meal) and diet CLM70 (30% maize offal:70% dried cassava leaf meal). Daily rice straw intake was significantly lower for goats on diet CLM30 than for goats on diets CLM50 and CLM70. There were no statistical differences in average daily gains and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). Goats on diet CLM50 had a daily weight gain of 20.8g which is relatively higher than 13.1g and 18.6g for dietary groups CLM30 and CLM70, respectively. Goats on diet CLM30 had a significantly higher (p<0.05) apparent dry matter digestibility of 64.49% than those on diets CLM50 (57.27%) and CLM70 (54.01%). Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract decreased as dietary inclusion of dried cassava leaf meal increased. The optimum level of inclusion of CLM in a basal diet of rice straw and maize offal appears to be of the order of 20% of the DM intake, which is equivalent to about 1 g crude protein (from the CLM) per 1 kg live weight.	Cassava leaf; Goats; Maize offal; Rice straw	Animalia; Capra hircus; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749044246	The impact of parental death on school outcomes: Longitudinal evidence from South Africa	Case A., Ardington C.	2006	Demography	43	3	10.1353/dem.2006.0022	Research Program in Development Studies, Princeton University, 367 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, Saldru Research Associate, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Case, A., Research Program in Development Studies, Princeton University, 367 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa; Ardington, C., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa, Department of Statistical Sciences, Saldru Research Associate, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	We analyze longitudinal data from a demographic surveillance area (DSA) in KwaZulu-Natal to examine the impact of parental death on children's outcomes. The results show significant differences in the impact of mothers' and fathers' deaths. The loss of a child's mother is a strong predictor of poor schooling outcomes. Maternal orphans are significantly less likely to be enrolled in school and have completed significantly fewer years of schooling, conditional on age, than children whose mothers are alive. Less money is spent on maternal orphans' educations, on average, conditional on enrollment. Moreover, children whose mothers have died appear to be at an educational disadvantage when compared with non-orphaned children with whom they live. We use the timing of mothers' deaths relative to children's educational shortfalls to argue that mothers' deaths have a causal effect on children's educations. The loss of a child's father is a significant correlate of poor household socioeconomic status. However, the death of a father between waves of the survey has no significant effect on subsequent asset ownership. Evidence from the South African 2001 Census suggests that the estimated effects of maternal deaths on children's outcomes in the Africa Centre DSA reflect the reality for orphans throughout South Africa.	None	adolescent; article; child; death; educational status; female; human; infant; longitudinal study; male; management; newborn; parent; preschool child; South Africa; student; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Death; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Parents; Policy Making; South Africa; Students	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749050002	Involvement of stakeholders in the water quality monitoring and surveillance system: The case of Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe	Nare L., Love D., Hoko Z.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.037	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Provincial Medical Department (Matabeleland South), Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Box A5225 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Nare, L., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, Provincial Medical Department (Matabeleland South), Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Box A5225 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Love, D., WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Hoko, Z., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe	Stakeholder participation is viewed as critical in the current water sector reforms taking place in the Southern African region. In Zimbabwe, policies and legislation encourage stakeholder participation. A study was undertaken to determine the extent of stakeholder participation in water quality monitoring and surveillance at the operational level, and also to assess indigenous knowledge and practices in water quality monitoring. Two hundred and forty one questionnaires were administered in Mzingwane Catchment, the portion of the Limpopo Basin that falls within Zimbabwe. The focus was on small users in rural communities, whose experiences were captured using a questionnaire and focus group discussions. Extension workers, farmers and NGOs and relevant sector government ministries and departments were also interviewed and a number of workshops held. Results indicate that there is very limited stakeholder participation despite the presence of adequate supportive structures and organisations. For the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA), stakeholders are the paying permit holders to whom feedback is given following analysis of samples. However, the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare generally only releases information to rural communities when it is deemed necessary for their welfare. There are no guidelines on how a dissatisfied member of the public can raise a complaint - although some stakeholders carry such complaints to Catchment Council meetings. With regard to water quality, the study revealed widespread use of indigenous knowledge and practice by communities. Such knowledge is based on smell, taste, colour and odour perceptions. Residents are generally more concerned about the physical parameters than the bacteriological quality of water. They are aware of what causes water pollution and the effects of pollution on human health, crops, animals and aquatic ecology. They have ways of preventing pollution and appropriate interventions to take when a source of water is polluted, such as boiling water for human consumption, laundry and bathing, or abandoning a water source in extreme cases. Stakeholder participation and ownership of resources needs to be encouraged through participatory planning, and integration between the three government departments (water, environment and health). Local knowledge systems could be integrated into the formal water quality monitoring systems, in order to complement the conventional monitoring networks. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Catchment management; Participatory management; Stakeholder participation; Water quality monitoring	Laws and legislation; Public policy; Water analysis; Water bacteriology; Water pollution control; Water quality; Catchment management; Participatory management; Stakeholder participation; Water quality monitoring; Catchments; catchment; environmental legislation; environmental policy; health impact; participatory approach; pollution monitoring; stakeholder; water management; water planning; water quality; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749051862	Impacts of land and water use on plankton diversity and water quality in small man-made reservoirs in the Limpopo basin, Zimbabwe: A preliminary investigation	Basima L.B., Senzanje A., Marshall B., Shick K.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.026	Department of Biology/Hydrobiology, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Biology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; P.O. Box 56, Wise River, MT 59762, United States	Basima, L.B., Department of Biology/Hydrobiology, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo; Senzanje, A., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Marshall, B., Department of Biology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Shick, K., P.O. Box 56, Wise River, MT 59762, United States	This paper reports on a study carried out from February to April 2005 in the southern part of Zimbabwe in the Mzingwane catchment, Limpopo basin to investigate the impacts of land and water use on the water quality and ecosystem health of eight small man-made reservoirs. Four of the reservoirs of were located in communal lands while the remaining four were located in the National Park Estates, considered pristine. Plankton community structure was identified in terms of abundance and diversity as an indirect assessment of water quality and ecosystem health. In addition, phosphorus, nitrogen, pH, transparency, electric conductivity and hardness were analysed. The results obtained indicate that a significant difference in abundance of phytoplankton groups was found between the communal lands and the National Park Estates (P < 0.01). Though the highest phytoplankton abundance was observed in April, February showed the highest number of taxa (highest diversity). Chlorophytes was the major group in both periods with 29 genera in February and 20 in April followed by Diatoms with 17 genera in February and 12 in April. The zooplankton community was less diverse and less abundant and did not show any seasonality pattern. Phosphorus (0.022 ± 0.037 mg/l) and nitrogen (0.101 ± 0.027 mg/l) had similar trends in the study area during the study period. Transparency of water was very low (ca. 27 cm secchi depth) in 75% of the reservoirs with communal lands' reservoirs having a whitish colour, likely reducing light penetration and therefore photosynthetic potential. Evidence from the study indicates that, at this time, activities in the communal lands are not significantly impacting the ecosystem health of reservoirs, as water quality characteristics and plankton diversity on communal lands were not significantly different from the pristine reservoirs in National Park. However, water managers are urged to continuously monitor the changes in land and water uses around these multipurpose reservoirs in order to prevent possible detrimental land and water uses that might occur in the future. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ecosystem health; Land use; Plankton community; Small man-made reservoir; Water quality; Water resources management	Catchments; Ecosystems; Electric conductivity of liquids; Hardness; Land use; Nitrogen; pH; Phosphorus; Transparency; Water quality; Man-made reservoir; Water resource management; Water use; Reservoirs (water); ecological impact; ecosystem health; environmental monitoring; human activity; hydrological response; land use; national park; plankton; reservoir; species diversity; water quality; water use; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe; Bacillariophyta; Chlorophyta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749053144	The impacts of decentralization on health care seeking behaviors in Uganda	Hutchinson P., Akin J., Ssengooba F.	2006	International Journal of Health Planning and Management	21	3	10.1002/hpm.848	Department of International Health and Development, School Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Department of Economics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Hutchinson, P., Department of International Health and Development, School Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Akin, J., Department of Economics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Ssengooba, F., Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	This paper examines the impacts of a public sector decentralization program on health care seeking behaviors in Uganda in the 1990s. Shifting priorities by local governments in Uganda's decentralized health system away from provision of primary health care, in particular the provision of public goods or goods with substantial consumption externalities, and toward provision of private health goods such as curative care are linked to shifts in individual-level care utilization behaviors. This analysis finds that, while the country has been undergoing a multitude of changes in recent years, decentralization appears to have led to increases in the use of curative services with largely private benefits, perhaps at the expense of the use of primary health care services and services with consumption externalities. A longer period of analysis is required to determine the persistence of these effects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Decentralization; Impact evaluation; Uganda	decentralization; health policy; health services; public sector; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; budget; decentralization; evidence based practice; government; health care delivery; health care policy; health care system; health care utilization; health program; health service; help seeking behavior; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunization; outcomes research; primary health care; Uganda; vaccination; Health Care Reform; Health Care Surveys; Health Priorities; Humans; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Politics; Primary Health Care; Privatization; Regional Health Planning; Uganda; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749064631	Impact of household food security and nutrition programme on the nutritional status of children in Oyo state, Nigeria	Lawal B.O., Jibowo A.A.	2006	Nutrition and Food Science	36	5	10.1108/00346650610703171	Farming Systems Research and Extension Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Lawal, B.O., Farming Systems Research and Extension Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Jibowo, A.A., Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of household food security and nutrition programme (HFSN) on the nutritional status of children (0-5 years) in Oyo state, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - Pre-tested structured and unstructured questionnaires were used to elicit information from 201 programme and 201 non-programme women participants. The participants who are farmers were selected using systematic random sampling technique from each of the six local government areas covered by the programme, while non-participants were selected using simple random sampling technique. Also, anthropometry technique was used to assess the nutritional status of the children of both groups. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and means were used to describe the findings while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant difference in the nutritional status of the children of the two groups. Findings - The results show that the women farmers who participated in programme activities possessed some personal and household characteristics which influenced the nutritional status of the children. The participants utilized most of the prograrmme recommendations and significant differences existed in the weight for age and height for age indices of their children. Originality/value - The results indicate theneed for constant surveillance and collaborative effort of the health, agricultural extension and education departments in providing women farmers with the education and training needed to reduce the incidence of malnutrition and food insecurity.	Children (age groups); Diet; Health education; Nigeria; Nutrition	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749070374	Assessment of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality in rural areas: A case study from Marondera district, Zimbabwe	Dzwairo B., Hoko Z., Love D., Guzha E.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.031	Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Geology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mvuramanzi Trust, P.O. Box MR103, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe	Dzwairo, B., Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hoko, Z., Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Geology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Guzha, E., Mvuramanzi Trust, P.O. Box MR103, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe	In resource-poor and low-population-density areas, on-site sanitation is preferred to off-site sanitation and groundwater is the main source of water for domestic uses. Groundwater pollution potential from on-site sanitation in such areas conflicts with Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles that advocate for sustainable use of water resources. Given the widespread use of groundwater for domestic purposes in rural areas, maintaining groundwater quality is a critical livelihood intervention. This study assessed impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality in Kamangira village, Marondera district, Zimbabwe. Groundwater samples from 14 monitoring boreholes and 3 shallow wells were analysed during 6 sampling campaigns, from February 2005 to May 2005. Parameters analysed were total and faecal coliforms, NH4+ s(-) N, NO3- s(-) N, conductivity, turbidity and pH, both for boreholes and shallow wells. Total and faecal coliforms both ranged 0-TNTC (too-numerous-to-count), 78% of results meeting the 0 CFU/100 ml WHO guidelines value. NH4+ s(-) N range was 0-2.0 mg/l, with 99% of results falling below the 1.5 mg/l WHO recommended value. NO3- s(-) N range was 0.0-6.7 mg/l, within 10 mg/l WHO guidelines value. The range for conductivity values was 46-370 μS/cm while the pH range was 6.8-7.9. There are no WHO guideline values for these two parameters. Turbidity ranged from 1 NTU to 45 NTU, 59% of results meeting the 5 NTU WHO guidelines limit. Depth from the ground surface to the water table for the period February 2005 to May 2005 was determined for all sampling points using a tape measure. The drop in water table averaged from 1.1 m to 1.9 m and these values were obtained by subtracting water table elevations from absolute ground surface elevation. Soil from the monitoring boreholes was classified as sandy. The soil infiltration layer was taken as the layer between the pit latrine bottom and the water table. It averaged from 1.3 m to 1.7 m above the water table for two latrines and 2-3.2 m below it for one pit latrine. A questionnaire survey revealed the prevalence of diarrhoea and structural failure of latrines. Results indicated that pit latrines were microbiologically impacting on groundwater quality up to 25 m lateral distance. Nitrogen values were of no immediate threat to health. The shallow water table increased pollution potential from pit latrines. Raised and lined pit latrines and other low-cost technologies should be considered to minimize potential of groundwater pollution. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Groundwater pollution; Groundwater quality; Infiltration layer; On-site sanitation; Pit latrines; Sandy soil	Coliform bacteria; pH effects; Sand; Sanitation; Soils; Water analysis; Water quality; Water wells; Groundwater quality; Infiltration layer; Pit latrines; Sandy soil; Groundwater pollution; groundwater pollution; health impact; pollution monitoring; sanitation; water management; water planning; water quality; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749074178	Evaluation of insecticides for protecting southwestern ponderosa pines from attack by engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)	DeGomez T.E., Hayes C.J., Anhold J.A., McMillin J.D., Clancy K.M., Bosu P.P.	2006	Journal of Economic Entomology	99	2	None	University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, NAU Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States; USDA-Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Forestry and Forest Health, Arizona Zone, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001-6381, United States; USDA-Forest Service Research and Development, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-6381, United States; Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University, P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana	DeGomez, T.E., University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, NAU Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States; Hayes, C.J., University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, NAU Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States; Anhold, J.A., USDA-Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Forestry and Forest Health, Arizona Zone, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001-6381, United States; McMillin, J.D., USDA-Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Forestry and Forest Health, Arizona Zone, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001-6381, United States; Clancy, K.M., USDA-Forest Service Research and Development, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-6381, United States; Bosu, P.P., University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, NAU Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University, P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana	Insecticides that might protect pine trees from attack by engraver beetles (Ips spp.) have not been rigorously tested in the southwestern United States. We conducted two field experiments to evaluate the efficacy of several currently and potentially labeled preventative insecticides for protecting high-value ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl ex. Laws., from attack by engraver beetles. Preventative sprays (0.19% permethrin [Permethrin Plus C]; 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12% bifenthrin [Onyx]; and 1.0 and 2.0% carbaryl [Sevin SL] formulations) and systemic implants (0.875 g per capsule acephate [Acecap] and 0.650 g per capsule dinotefuran) were assessed on bolts (sections of logs) as a surrogate for live trees for a period of 13 mo posttreatment. The pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), was the most common bark beetle found attacking control and treated bolts, but sixspined ips, Ips calligraphus (Germar), and Ips lecontei Swain also were present. After ≈13 mo posttreatment in one experiment, the spray treatments with 2.0% carbaryl, 0.19% permethrin, and 0.06 or 0.12% bifenthrin prevented Ips attack on the bolts at a protection level of ≥70%. The acephate and dinotefuran systemic insecticides, and the 0.03% bifenthrin spray, provided inadequate (≤36%) protection in this experiment. For the other experiment, sprayed applications of 1.0% carbaryl, 0.19% permethrin, and 0.06% bifenthrin prevented beetle attack at protection levels of ≥90, ≥80, and ≥70%, respectively, when bolts were exposed to Ips beetle attack for ≈9-15 wk posttreatment. The sprays with 0.19% permethrin and 0.06% bifenthrin also provided ≥90% protection when bolts were exposed for ≈15-54 wk posttreatment. We concluded that under the conditions tested, 1.0 and 2.0% carbaryl, 0.19% permethrin, and 0.06 and 0.12% binfenthrin were acceptable preventative treatments for protecting ponderosa pine from successful engraver beetle attack for one entire flight season in the U.S. Southwest.	Acephate; Bifenthrin; Carbaryl; Dinotefuran; Permethrin	insecticide; animal; article; beetle; drug effect; parasitology; ponderosa pine; time; Animals; Beetles; Insecticides; Pinus ponderosa; Time Factors; Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Ips; Ips calligraphus; Ips lecontei; Ips pini; Onyx; Pinus ponderosa; Scolytinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749075996	Impact and sustainability of low-head drip irrigation kits, in the semi-arid Gwanda and Beitbridge Districts, Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe	Moyo R., Love D., Mul M., Mupangwa W., Twomlow S.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.020	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands	Moyo, R., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, D., WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Mul, M., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Mupangwa, W., ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Twomlow, S., ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Resource-poor smallholder farmers in the semi-arid Gwanda and Beitbridge districts face food insecurity on an annual basis due to a combination of poor and erratic rainfall (average 500 mm/a and 345 mm/a, respectively, for the period 1970-2003) and technologies inappropriate to their resource status. This impacts on both household livelihoods and food security. In an attempt to improve food security in the catchment a number of drip kit distribution programmes have been initiated since 2003 as part of an on-going global initiative aimed at 2 million poor households per year. A number of recent studies have assessed the technical performance of the drip kits in-lab and in-field. In early 2005 a study was undertaken to assess the impacts and sustainability of the drip kit programme. Representatives of the NGOs, local government, traditional leadership and agricultural extension officers were interviewed. Focus group discussions with beneficiaries and other villagers were held at village level. A survey of 114 households was then conducted in two districts, using a questionnaire developed from the output of the interviews and focus group discussions. The results from the study showed that the NGOs did not specifically target the distribution of the drip kits to poor members of the community (defined for the purpose of the study as those not owning cattle). Poor households made up 54% of the beneficiaries. This poor targeting of vulnerable households could have been a result of conditions set by some implementing NGOs that beneficiaries must have an assured water source. On the other hand, only 2% of the beneficiaries had used the kit to produce the expected 5 harvests over the 2 years, owing to problems related to water shortage, access to water and also pests and diseases. About 51% of the respondents had produced at least 3 harvests and 86% produced at least 2 harvests. Due to water shortages during the dry season 61% of production with the drip kit occurred during the wet season. This suggests that most households use the drip kits as supplementary irrigation. Conflicts between beneficiaries and water point committees or other water users developed in some areas especially during the dry season. The main finding from this study was that low cost drip kit programs can only be a sustainable intervention if implemented as an integral part of a long-term development program, not short-term relief programs and the programme should involve a broad range of stakeholders. A first step in any such program, especially in water scarce areas such as Gwanda and Beitbridge, is a detailed analysis of the existing water resources to assess availability and potential conflicts, prior to distribution of drip kits. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Access to water; Drip kits; Intervention targeting; Sustainable intervention; Water availability	Catchments; Food supply; Rain; Water analysis; Drip kits; Intervention targeting; Sustainable intervention; Water availability; Irrigation; agricultural development; agricultural extension; food security; irrigation; resource development; sustainability; water availability; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749146538	Nutritive evaluation of some trees and browse species from Scotland	Odeyinka S.M., Hector B.L., Ørskov E.R.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	14	3	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom	Odeyinka, S.M., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Hector, B.L., The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; Ørskov, E.R., The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom	The nutritive value of twelve Scottish plants (trees, legumes and grasses): 1. Pinus sylvestris L., 2. Lolium perenne L., 3. Calluna vulgaris L., 4. Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr; 5. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L) Scop., 6. Luzula sylvatica, 7. Pseudotsuga menziesii F. Mirb., 8. Fagus sylvatica L., 9. Vaccinum myrtillus L., 10. Brassica oleracea, 11. Acer pseudoplatanus L., 12. Juncus effusus L. were determined using in vitro gas production, in sacco DM degradability and in vivo digestibility. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used in the gas production to determine presence of phenolic related antinutritive factor. Species had significant effect on in vitro gas production (P<0.001). B. oleracea produced significantly highest volume of gas while V. myrtillus produced the lowest volume of gas though no significant difference between it and that of P. sitchensis. There was significant increase in gas production with the addition of PEG (P<0.001) except in L. perenne and A. pseudoplatanus where the increase was not significant. Species had significant effect on DM degradability (P<0.001). B. oleracea had the highest % DM degradability and F. sylvatica the least. There were no significant differences in DM degradability of C. angustifolium; L. perenne and B. oleracea at the 96hr. F. sylvatica and C. vulgaris were the least degraded. Species had significant effect on dry matter (DM) digestibility in vivo. As with in sacco digestibility, B. oleracea had the highest in vivo digestibility while P. sitchensis and F. sylvatica were the least digested. The results suggest that B. oleracea, C. angustifolium, L. perenne, P. menziesii, J. effusus, L. sylvatica and A. pseudoplatanus from Scotland are more than 70% degradable and are useful as animal feeds. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	In sacco degradability; In vitro gas production; In vivo digestibility; Scottish plants	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749154694	Health impact assessement of multinational corporations oil exploration in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria	Ewhrudjakpor C.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	14	3	None	Department of Sociology and Psychology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1 Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria	Ewhrudjakpor, C., Department of Sociology and Psychology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1 Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria	This study aimed at assessing the multinational oil corporations exploration activities impacting on health conditions of the peoples of the Niger Delta region in Nigeria. 435 respondents and 65 interviewees selected using the accidental sampling technique participated in this study. The structured questionnaire and an interview schedule was used to gather data which were analysed using simple percentages and the chi-square (X2) statistic. Results (X2 = (1) 3.87, P &lt; .05; X2 (7) 361.46, P &lt; .05) obtained shows that oil exploration activities impacted negatively on the health conditions of the inhabitants of these multinational oil companies host communities. Suggestions to reverse this corporate social irresponsibility were proffered. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749248312	Impacts of the 26 December 2004 tsunami in Eastern Africa	Obura D.	2006	Ocean and Coastal Management	49	11	10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.004	CORDIO East Africa, P.O. BOX 10135, Mombasa, 80101, Kenya	Obura, D., CORDIO East Africa, P.O. BOX 10135, Mombasa, 80101, Kenya	The tsunami of 26 December 2004 was the largest ever recorded in the Indian Ocean, triggered by the 3rd largest earthquake in 100 years measuring 9.2 moment magnitude. The epicenter of the earthquake was off Banda Aceh on the Indian Ocean coast of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, centered at 3.316°N, 95.854°E. A sudden upward movement of the seafloor that averaged ∼6 m occurred along almost 1300 km of the north-east Indian Ocean plate at 0059 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and lasted 8 min. Because of the lack of preparedness and absence of warning systems in the Indian Ocean the tsunami spread silently across the ocean over a span of 8 h causing massive destruction including the deaths of over 250,000 people, with maximum damages occurring in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India and the Maldives. Moderate to low damages were recorded in the Seychelles, Socotra (Yemen) and Somalia, though in the latter a highly vulnerable town was impacted resulting in over 300 deaths. Most of eastern Africa was spared massive damages from the waves due to (a) distance from the epicenter (>6000 km), (b) the dissipation of energy of the tsunami by shallow banks in the middle of the Indian Ocean (the Seychelles banks, Saya de Malha and Cargados Carajos Shoals) and (c) at least for Kenya and Tanzania, the first and largest waves hit at low tide. In Kenya and Tanzania these factors resulted in the waves being experienced as tidal surges of 1-1.5 m amplitude lasting 5-10 min. Damages recorded for eastern Africa include 11 deaths in Tanzania and 1 in Kenya, of people walking and swimming over shallow intertidal flats being trapped by the advancing and receding tidal surges, damage to boats anchored in shallow water and inundation in Mauritius and Rodrigues. Official information, warning and response networks were nonexistent, and even when an official response was generated in Kenya the public demonstrated no faith or willingness to act on warnings from officials such as the police. Importantly, information on the tsunami and the generation of an official response was dependent on two technologies, satellite television and mobile telephony, and these should be built into future warning systems as key mechanisms and backups to official information and warning networks. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Alarm systems; Earthquake effects; Energy dissipation; Satellites; Television; Tidal power; Inundation; Mobile telephony; Satellite televisions; Tidal surges; Tsunamis; earthquake; earthquake damage; earthquake epicenter; intertidal environment; seafloor; tsunami; warning system; Africa; Asia; East Africa; Eurasia; Greater Sunda Islands; India; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean (Northeast); Indian Ocean islands; Kenya; Malay Archipelago; Maldives; Middle East; Seychelles; Socotra; Somalia; South Asia; South Yemen; Southeast Asia; Sri Lanka; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sumatra; Sunda Isles; Thailand; Yemen	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749249955	Major and trace element compositions of melt particles and associated phases from the Yaxcopoil-1 drill core, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico	Tuchscherer M.G., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., De Bruin D., Späth A.	2006	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	41	9	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Caracle Creek International Consulting Inc., Private Bag X9, Melville 2109, South Africa; Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Council for Geoscience, Private Bag X112, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondesbosch 7701, South Africa	Tuchscherer, M.G., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa, Caracle Creek International Consulting Inc., Private Bag X9, Melville 2109, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa, Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; De Bruin, D., Council for Geoscience, Private Bag X112, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Späth, A., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondesbosch 7701, South Africa	Melt particles found at various depths in impactites from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole into the Chicxulub impact structure (Yucatán) have been analyzed for their major and trace element abundances. A total of 176 electron microprobe and 45 LA-ICP-MS analyses from eight different melt particles were investigated. The main purpose of this work was to constrain the compositions of precursor materials and secondary alteration characteristics of these melt particles. Individual melt particles are highly heterogeneous, which makes compositional categorization extremely difficult. Melt particles from the uppermost part of the impactite sequence are Ca- and Na-depleted and show negative Ce anomalies, which is likely a result of seawater interaction. Various compositional groupings of melt particles are determined with ternary and binary element ratio plots involving major and trace elements. This helps distinguish the degree of alteration versus primary heterogeneity of melt phases. Comparison of the trace element ratios Sc/Zr, Y/Zr, Ba/ Zr, Ba/Rb, and Sr/Rb with compositions of known target rocks provides some constraints on protolith compositions; however, the melt compositions analyzed exceed the known compositional diversity of possible target rocks. Normalized REE patterns are unique for each melt particle, likely reflecting precursor mineral or rock compositions. The various discrimination techniques indicate that the highly variable compositions are the products of melting of individual minerals or of mixtures of several minerals. Small, angular shards that are particularly abundant in units 2 and 3 represent rapidly quenched melts, whereas larger particles (>0.5 mm) that contain microlites and have fluidal, schlieric textures cooled over a protracted period. Angular, shard-like particles with microlites in unit 5 likely crystallized below the glass transition temperature or underwent fragmentation during or after deposition. © The Meteoritical Society, 2006.	None	chemical composition; electron probe analysis; impact structure; inductively coupled plasma method; mass spectrometry; meteorite; trace element	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749343809	Performance of rice cultivars in various Sawah ecosystems developed in Inland valleys, Ashanti region, Ghana	Ofori J., Hisatomi Y., Kamidouzono A., Masunaga T., Wakatsuki T.	2005	Soil Science and Plant Nutrition	51	4	10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00054.x	Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan; Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	Ofori, J., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan, Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Hisatomi, Y., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Kamidouzono, A., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Masunaga, T., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Wakatsuki, T., Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan	Experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the agronomic responses of 23 rice cultivars with various growth traits in order to select suitable cultivars based on the ecosystems and local farming systems, in the Ashanti region of Ghana. The ecosystems included irrigated sawah* (IS), rainfed sawah (RS) and unbunded and unleveled lowland (UBLL). Two input levels consisted of a high input level (HIL-90 kg N + 45 kg P2O5 + 45 kg K2O ha-1 + herbicide application at 21 d after transplanting (DAT)+hand weeding at 42 DAT) and a low input level (LIL-20 kg N + farmers' weed control practices). The results showed that the adoption of the high input level resulted in the increase of the rice grain yield by 100% with a mean yield of 4.2 Mg ha-1, compared with 2.1 Mg ha-1 for the low input level. Rice yield in IS exceeded that in UBLL by 323%, whereas the yield in RS exceeded that in UBLL by 130%. Under the rainfed systems (RS and UBLL), the early maturing cultivars, WAB 208-5-HB, Emokokoo, Bouake189, PSBRC 34 and PSBRC 66 were less affected by the terminal drought that characterized the end of the rainy season, compared with the medium maturing ones such as WITA 1, WITA 3 and IR58088-16-2-2. Interspecific WAB208-5-HB (O. glaberrima x O. sativa) out-yielded most of the improved Oryza sativa cultivars in the UBLL ecosystem under both high and low input regimes.	Ecosystem; Farming system; Input regimes; Interspecific; Sawah	Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749344765	Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal activity of Byrsocarpus coccineus	Akindele A.J., Adeyemi O.O.	2006	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	108	1	10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.038	Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Akindele, A.J., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeyemi, O.O., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Based on its use in traditional African medicine, the antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus, Connaraceae, was evaluated on normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit, castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastric emptying. The extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant (P &lt; 0.05) dose dependent decrease in propulsion in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice. The mean peristaltic index (%) for these doses of extract, control (distilled water; 10 ml/kg, p.o.) and morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) were 55.27 ± 1.86, 53.12 ± 3.73, 38.60 ± 3.79, 30.25 ± 1.27, 89.33 ± 5.62 and 20.29 ± 3.38, respectively. The effect of the extract at the highest dose was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower than that of the standard drug. This effect was antagonised by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) but not by isosorbide dinitrate (IDN, 150 mg/kg, p.o.). At 200 mg/kg, the extract produced a significant decrease in propulsion in normal intestinal transit. In a dose dependent manner, it delayed the onset of diarrhoea, produced a significant decrease in the frequency of defaecation, severity of diarrhoea and protected the mice treated with castor oil. Mean diarrhoea scores were 30.83 ± 1.72, 22.40 ± 1.71, 21.43 ± 1.32, 13.80 ± 0.33, 18.00 ± 3.94 and 7.67 ± 2.41 for control, extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and morphine, respectively. This effect was not antagonized by IDN. The extract (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the volume (ml) of intestinal fluid secretion induced by castor oil (0.60 ± 0.23) compared with 1.27 ± 0.12 for control. However, there was no significant effect on gastric emptying. The results obtained suggest that Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses antidiarrhoeal activity due to its inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal propulsion, mediated through α2 adrenoceptors, and also inhibition of fluid secretion. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, glycosides and anthraquinones. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antidiarrhoeal; Byrsocarpus coccineus; Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; Intestinal transit	alpha 2 adrenergic receptor; Byrsocarpus coccineus extract; castor oil; isosorbide dinitrate; morphine; plant extract; unclassified drug; water; yohimbine; acute toxicity; animal experiment; animal model; antidiarrheal activity; article; Byrsocarpus coccineus; controlled study; diarrhea; dose response; drug activity; female; gastrointestinal motility; intestine fluid; intestine motility; intestine secretion; intestine transit time; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; peristalsis; rat; stomach emptying; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Connaraceae; Diarrhea; Female; Gastrointestinal Transit; Male; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Preparations; Rats; Byrsocarpus coccineus; Connaraceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749364121	Education resourcing in post-apartheid South Africa: The impact of finance equity reforms in public schooling	Motala S.	2006	Perspectives in Education	24	2	None	Education Policy Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Motala, S., Education Policy Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Through an analysis of recent quantitative data on equity and school funding in South Africa, this article aims to explicate the patterns and typology of inequality in post-apartheid South Africa, and to deepen our understanding of the construct of equity. It also aims to understand the application of equity in the context of public schooling through a disaggregated school-level analysis of a key equity indicator, per capita expenditure. This approach quantifies inequity and progress towards equality, and establishes a broader set of variables and correlates by which to understand school finance equity. It also analyses the impact of private contributions on formal basic schooling. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the quantification of finance equity and inequity through a better understanding of finance input data analyses that go beyond race-based analyses.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749380087	Foreign direct investment in Africa: Performance, challenges, and responsibilities	Dupasquier C., Osakwe P.N.	2006	Journal of Asian Economics	17	2	10.1016/j.asieco.2005.07.002	UN Economic Commission for Africa, P.O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Dupasquier, C., UN Economic Commission for Africa, P.O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Osakwe, P.N., UN Economic Commission for Africa, P.O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	This paper examines the performance, promotion, and prospects for foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa. Factors such as political and macroeconomic instability, low growth, weak infrastructure, poor governance, inhospitable regulatory environments, and ill-conceived investment promotion strategies, are identified as responsible for the poor FDI record of the region. The paper stresses the need for more trade and investment relations between Africa and Asia. It also argues that countries in the region should pay more attention to the improvement of relations with existing investors and offer them incentives to assist in marketing domestic investment opportunities to potential foreign investors. Finally, the paper argues that the current wave of globalization sweeping through the world has intensified the competition for FDI among developing countries. Consequently, concerted efforts are needed at the national, regional, and international levels in order to attract significant investment flows to Africa and improve the prospects for sustained growth and development. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Africa; Foreign direct investment; Promotion; Responsibilities	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749415376	Comparative performances of Holstein-Friesian cows under smallholder and large scale farmers' management in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia	Tolla N., Vijchulata P., Chairatanayuth P., Swsdiphanich S.	2006	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	40	1	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Tolla, N., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Vijchulata, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Chairatanayuth, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Swsdiphanich, S., Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	A study was conducted in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia to assess comparative productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows under small and large scale farmers' management. A total of 28 animals from both small (14) and large scales farms (14) in different parity classes were used for data collection for a period of 28 weeks. Significant differences were observed in daily intakes of dry matter, crude protein and P (p<0.001) as well as metabolizable energy and Na (p<0.01) between the two farming scales. Daily milk yield and fat corrected (FC) milk yields were also significantly (p<0.001) different. The differences in the composition of milk and postpartum reproductive parameters measured were not statistically significant (p>0.05) between the farm scales. However, the longer days open (171) was observed for small scale farms than the large scale farms (148). Days from calving to the first sign of estrus (115d) and numbers of services per conception (2.1) were higher on large scale farms than on the small scale farms (96 and 1.6 respectively). Milk yield, milk composition and reproductive efficiencies did not significantly (p>0.05) differ between parity classes. Generally, the productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows in this study were under their expected genetic potential, as compared to other parts of the tropics. This might be attributed mainly to poor nutritional qualities of the available feed resources, in terms of protein, energy and mineral balance which needed further investigation.	Dairy cows; Ethiopia; Farm scales; Parity; Productivity	Animalia; Bos taurus; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749467285	Residual stresses and fatigue performance	James M.N., Hughes D.J., Chen Z., Lombard H., Hattingh D.G., Asquith D., Yates J.R., Webster P.J.	2007	Engineering Failure Analysis	14	2	10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.02.011	School of Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; FaME38, ILL, ESRF, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6000, South Africa; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom; Institute for Materials Research, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom	James, M.N., School of Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Hughes, D.J., FaME38, ILL, ESRF, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France; Chen, Z., FaME38, ILL, ESRF, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France; Lombard, H., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6000, South Africa; Hattingh, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6000, South Africa; Asquith, D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom; Yates, J.R., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom; Webster, P.J., Institute for Materials Research, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom	Residual stresses are an inescapable consequence of manufacturing and fabrication processes, with magnitudes that are often a high proportion of the yield or proof strength. Despite this, their incorporation into life prediction is primarily handled through sweeping assumptions or conservative application of statistics. This can lead to highly conservative fatigue design methodologies or unforeseen failures under dynamic loading. The pull from the desire for higher levels of materials performance, coupled with the push of more sophisticated techniques for residual stress measurement, favours a reassessment of the accuracy of assumptions made about residual stresses and their modification during fatigue cycling. A viewpoint is also emerging that the fatigue performance of welded joints might be optimised through careful process control, coupled with understanding of the relative positions of, and interaction between, residual stress peaks, weld defects, hardness and microstructure. This paper will present information regarding the residual stress profiles in aluminium and steel welds, and in shot peened aluminium, obtained via synchrotron and neutron diffraction at the ESRF-ILL in Grenoble. Certain specimens were then subjected to specific cases of fatigue loading and the residual stress field was again measured. Difficulties associated with determining the strain-free lattice spacing will be mentioned, and the potential import of these data for life prediction modelling will be considered. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Fatigue performance; Residual stress; Shot peening; Synchrotron and neutron diffraction; Welded joints	Fatigue loading; Strain-free lattice spacing; Welded joints; Aluminum; Fatigue of materials; Mathematical models; Residual stresses; Shot peening; Steel; Welds; Failure analysis; Aluminum; Failure analysis; Fatigue of materials; Mathematical models; Residual stresses; Shot peening; Steel; Welds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749480381	Evaluation of gellan gum as a potential pharmaceutical adjuvant: Binding properties in tablets containing a poorly water soluble and poorly compressible drug	Ike-Nor U.O., Ofoefule S.I., Chukwu A.	2006	Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology	16	5	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nuke, Enough State, Nigeria	Ike-Nor, U.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nuke, Enough State, Nigeria; Ofoefule, S.I., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nuke, Enough State, Nigeria; Chukwu, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nuke, Enough State, Nigeria	Gellan gum was evaluated as a binding agent in lactose-based tablets containing metronidazole or paracetamol. The binding properties of the gum were compared with acacia and gelatin. Granules were prepared by the conventional wet granulation method. Properties evaluated include: bulk and tapped densities, Hausner quotient, compressibility index, angle of repose, flow rate and moisture sorption at different relative humidity. Prepared granules were compressed into tablets in an F-3 Manesty Single Punch tableting machine fitted with flat-faced punches. Tablet properties such as uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, binding capacity, disintegration time and in vitro dissolution (t50, t70 and A20 [amount of metronidazole and paracetamol released in 20 min]) were evaluated using well-established procedures. Results of the mechanical properties of metronidazole and paracetamol tablets indicated that gellan gum possessed lower cohesive and adhesive properties than gelatin and acacia. There was faster release of metronidazole from tablets containing gellan gum than that from tablets containing gelatin or acacia. This was not the case in the release of paracetamol from the tablets, the release was slower than that obtained with acacia and gelatin. The overall results of the study indicated that even though the hardness of tablets containing gellan gum was lower than that containing gelatin or acacia, gellan gum can be employed in the formulation of normal release of metronidazole and paracetamol with moderate hardness, low friability and good disintegration and dissolution properties.	Binding agent; Dissolution; Gellan gum; Granules; Metronidazole; Paracetamol; Tablets	gelatin; gellan; gum arabic; lactose; magnesium stearate; metronidazole; paracetamol; article; drug formulation; drug granule; in vitro study; sustained drug release; tablet	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749480619	The impact of meaning in life and life goals on adherence to a tuberculosis medication regimen in South Africa	Corless I.B., Nicholas P.K., Wantland D., McInerney P., Ncama B., Bhengu B., McGibbon C., Davis S.	2006	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	10	10	None	Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States; University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; MGH Institute of Health Professions, CNY 36 1st Ave, Boston, MA 02129, United States	Corless, I.B., Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States, MGH Institute of Health Professions, CNY 36 1st Ave, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Nicholas, P.K., Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States; Wantland, D., University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; McInerney, P., University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ncama, B., University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Bhengu, B., University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; McGibbon, C., Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; Davis, S., Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States	SETTING: Out-patient tuberculosis (TB) clinics in Durban, South Africa. OBJECTIVE: Health care provider concerns about persons with active TB defaulting on medications led to a study of adherence among persons receiving anti-tuberculosis therapy and, specifically, the relationships between meaning in life, life goals, sense of coherence, social support, symptom presence and intensity, and adherence in individuals diagnosed with TB. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive design was used to gather self-reported data from TB-infected individuals who were enrolled in out-patient clinics. Data were collected from 159 Zulu and/or English-speaking persons who agreed to participate in the study. RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between higher life goals and adherence to TB treatment (P = 0.027). Analysis of variance revealed that higher meaning in life ratings were significantly associated with older age (P = 0.007). Having children and children living in the same household were significantly associated with low meaning in life ratings (P = 0.006 and P ≤ 0.001, respectively), indicating that these individuals were more concerned about basic matters of home and sustenance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that meaning in life and life goals may be useful for identifying individuals who will require additional support in adhering to anti-tuberculosis treatment. © 2006 The Union.	Adherence; Life goals; Meaning in life; South Africa; Tuberculosis	tuberculostatic agent; adult; aged; article; controlled study; demography; female; health care personnel; human; life; lung tuberculosis; male; outpatient department; patient compliance; priority journal; social support; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Goals; Humans; Life; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Social Support; Social Values; South Africa; Tuberculosis; Value of Life	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749513576	PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoretic evaluation of changes in the non-methanogenic population of stressed upflow anaerobic sludge blanket granules	Keyser M., Witthuhn R.C., Britz T.J.	2006	World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology	22	10	10.1007/s11274-005-3575-z	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa	Keyser, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa; Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa	The performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactors is influenced by the composition of the substrate and the microbial species present in the granules. The aim of this study was to determine if a change in the structure of the non-methanogenic microbial community takes place when UASB brewery granules are subjected to the sudden addition of different carbon sources at different concentrations. A shift in the microbial community did occur when the granules were subjected to lactate medium. The granules that were stressed with glucose medium did not show changes in the microbial consortium regardless of the increase in the glucose concentrations. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was successfully applied to show changes in the structure of the microbes present in UASB granules that were cultivated under different environmental conditions. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Bacteria; Microbial consortium; PCR-based DGGE; UASB granules	Microbial consortium; PCR-based DGGE; Polymerase chain reaction; UASB granules; Biodiversity; Concentration (process); Electrophoresis; Microorganisms; Molecular structure; Sewage sludge; Bioreactors; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749518067	Economic impact of a provincial fuel levy: A CGE analysis	Mcdonald S., Reynolds S., van Schoor M.	2006	South African Journal of Economics	74	3	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2006.00078.x	University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Agriculture, Western Cape, South Africa	Mcdonald, S., University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Reynolds, S., Department of Agriculture, Western Cape, South Africa; van Schoor, M., University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom	Provincial governments in South Africa, commencing with the Western Cape, are expected to institute provincial fuel levies in addition to the existing national fuel levy in future. This paper presents results from a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model calibrated with a detailed Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) to evaluate the effects of a 3 per cent provincial fuel levy implemented simultaneously in all provinces. The results are presented for the petroleum products market, government, the macro economy, industries, factor income (including employment) and household income and expenditure. Results indicate that although the impact of the fuel levy is not drastic, it is large relative to the expected revenue gain. The impact is distributed more uniformly than was expected. © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2006 Economic Society of South Africa.	CGE model; Fuel levy; Fuel tax; Policy analysis; SAM	computable general equilibrium analysis; economic impact; fuel; petroleum; policy analysis; tax system; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749532875	Evaluation of maize genotypes using parametric and non-parametric stability estimates	Abera W., Labuschagne M.T., Maartens H.	2006	Cereal Research Communications	34	42403	10.1556/CRC.34.2006.2-3.221	Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Abera, W., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Labuschagne, M.T., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Maartens, H., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	High and stable yield is very desirable in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Stable yield of a genotype means that its rank relative to other genotypes remains unchanged in a given set of environments. Grain yield of 10 maize genotypes was tested in a randomised block design with four replications across 15 environments (five locations in three years) in Ethiopia. The combined analysis of variance for environment (E), genotypes (G) and GE interaction was highly significant, suggesting differential responses of the genotypes and the need for stability analysis. The parametric stability measure of Wricke's ecovalence (Wi) and the regression coefficient (bi) showed that BH-660 was the most stable genotype. Nassar and Huehn's non-parametric measures S(1) and S(2), were significantly and positively correlated with Eberhart and Russell's Sdi2 and Wi. The stability measures are useful in characterising cultivars by showing their relative performance in various environments. Results revealed that high-yielding cultivars can also be stable cultivars. The stability statistics generally identified BH-660, L2 and Gibe-1 as the most stable genotypes, whereas Kulani and BH-140 were the least stable.	GE interaction; Stability parameters; Zea mays	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749535399	South Africa's export performance: Determinants of export supply	Edwards L., Alves P.	2006	South African Journal of Economics	74	3	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2006.00087.x	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Edwards, L., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Alves, P., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	This paper presents both a comparative analysis of South Africa's export structure and performance and an econometric investigation of the determinants of export volumes. The paper finds that the improved growth and diversification of South African manufactured exports during the 1990s lag those of East Asia and a few other resource-based economies. This performance in part reflects relatively low world growth in resource-based products, but factors that affect the profitability of export supply, such as the real effective exchange rate, infrastructure costs, tariff rates and skilled labour, are also shown to be important. Export demand and the ability to compete in the export market on the basis of price are not found to be a major constraint to export growth. © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2006 Economic Society of South Africa.	Export determinants; Panel estimation; South Africa	comparative study; econometrics; economic growth; export; panel data; trade performance; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749593864	Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] seed meal in layer diets: 1. Performance of point of lay pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Ironkwe M.C., Obioha F.C.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.639.645	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, N	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ironkwe, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Performance of point of lay black Bovan Nera pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets was determined with 150 (20 week old) pullets. They have not been fed any PSM diet before the study. The seeds (brown colored) were used as raw or processed (toasted for 30 minutes, boiled for 30 minutes, or soaked in water for 24 hours), all of which were milled. Each treatment had three replicates; each replicate had 10 birds in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Measurements were feed intake, live weight, hen-day and hen-housed egg production, mortality, age at 1st, 25 and 50% egg production, external and internal egg quality characteristics. Raw PSM diet fed to point of lay pullets (POL) significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved hen-day production (67.79%), feed intake (101.50 g), and lowered age at 50% egg production (180.67 d) more than other diets. Layers fed toasted PSM diet laid eggs with superior weight (66.17 g), width (4.51 cm) and the lowest shell weight (4.37 g). Also layers fed toasted PSM diet laid eggs with superior albumen (11.87 mm) and yolk (20.50 mm) heights, albumen weight (45.80 g), albumen + yolk weight (61.60 g) and significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher Haugh unit (123.63) than the rest. It was concluded that 30% raw, toasted or soaked PSM diet could be fed to point of lay pullets without adverse effect on egg production, external and internal egg quality characteristics. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Diets; Layers; Pigeon pea seed meal; Point of lay	Aves; Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749599186	Performance characteristics and nutrient utilization of starter broilers fed raw and processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal	Onu P.N., Okongwu S.N.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.693.697	Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Onu, P.N., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Okongwu, S.N., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	A 28 - day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of processing of pigeon pea seeds on the performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated such that each diet contained raw, boiled, boiled with potash and toasted pigeon pea seed meals at 26% dietary level respectively. One hundred and ninety two 5-week old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the four experimental diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment group was replicated four times with 12 birds per replicate. At the end of the 4 weeks feeding trial, three birds were randomly selected from each replicate and transferred to metabolic cages for faecal collection and determination of apparent nutrient digestibility. Another set of 3 birds were randomly selected from each replicate, deprived of water but not feed for 24 hours, slaughtered and eviscerated for organ weight determination. Results showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in performance among the birds fed processed and raw pigeon pea seed meals. Birds fed processed pigeon pea seed meal performed significantly (P < 0.05) better than those on raw pigeon pea seed meal. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in performance among the groups fed differently processed pigeon pea seed meals. The results of the digestibility trial showed that significant (P < 0.05) differences existed among the groups in protein digestibility only. The results of the trial indicated that the three processing methods boiling, boiling with potash and toasting were effective in reducing the antinutritional factors in pigeon pea seeds. The result of the study also indicated improved nutritive value of pigeon pea boiled with potash. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Finisher broilers; Nutrient digestibility; Nutritive value; Performance; Processed pigeon pea	Aves; Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749604249	Evaluation of sun and oven-dried broiler offal meal as replacement for fishmeal in broiler and layer rations	Isika M.A., Eneji C.A., Agiang E.A.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.646.650	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, P O Luyengo Campus, University of Swaziland, Swaziland	Isika, M.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, P O Luyengo Campus, University of Swaziland, Swaziland; Eneji, C.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Agiang, E.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Two feeding trails were conducted to determine the replacement value of broiler offal meal for fishmeal, if it is processed by oven-drying in addition to sun-drying. Fishmeal was replaced at the rate of 0%, 50%, and 100% with sun and oven dried offal meal (SOBOM) in broiler and layer diets each. While the broiler rations had 230g/kg crude protein and 2906 Kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, the layer diets had 175g/kg crude protein and 2700 Kcal/kg of metabolizable energy in a completely randomized designed experiment. The three treatments were replicated thrice in experiment I using 315 Anak 2000 broiler chicks, while experiment II had 360, 32-week Lohmann brown layers. The birds were randomly assigned to three treatments with three replicates in each group. The broiler results showed that, the body weight and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P<0.05) superior in birds fed with fishmeal than those on SOBOM diets. However, in the layers; hen-day production, egg-size, shell thickness, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were statistically similar in all groups. The study showed that broiler offal meal was inferior to fishmeal in broiler performance, but was comparable even at 100% replacement level for layers performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broiler offal; Broilers; Fishmeal; Layers; Performance; Processing	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749617437	Integrated ecological economics accounting approach to evaluation of inter-basin water transfers: An application to the Lesotho Highlands Water Project	Matete M., Hassan R.	2006	Ecological Economics	60	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.12.010	Department of Agricultural Economics, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma, 180, Lesotho; Center for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Matete, M., Department of Agricultural Economics, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma, 180, Lesotho; Hassan, R., Center for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	This study developed a generalised analytical framework that can be applied to integrating environmental sustainability aspects into economic development planning in the case of exploiting water resources through inter-basin water transfers (IBWT). The study developed and applied a multi-country ecological social accounting matrix (MC-ESAM) for Lesotho and SA to evaluate the ecological implications of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) and their consequent economic costs and benefits for the two countries. The study further used the developed MC-ESAM multipliers to analyse the impact of lost ecological services downstream the LHWP dams in Lesotho on the wellbeing of households directly affected by the project in Lesotho and the general economies of Lesotho and SA. The results revealed that while the LHWP has significant direct and indirect benefits in terms of social and economic development in Lesotho and SA, the project has serious unintended impacts on ecological resources and services, with deleterious wellbeing implications for populations residing within the reaches of the LHWP rivers and downstream the LHWP dams in Lesotho. The empirical analysis results showed relatively small impacts in general, but were significant for groups of people directly affected by the project in Lesotho. An important limitation of the empirical contributions of the study relates to the inability to measure and include in the analyses values of critical other ecosystem services of affected freshwater resources. Nevertheless, the study demonstrated the importance of integrated ecological economic accounting for comprehensive assessment of IBWT projects' impacts. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ecological social accounting matrix (ESAM); Human wellbeing; Inter-basin water transfers (IBWT); Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP); Riparians	ecological economics; economic development; social development; sustainability; water resource; Africa; Lesotho; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749622375	Performance of broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus) fed maize offal-based diets supplemented with roxazyme G enzyme	Nnenna O.P., Emeka N.P., Okpoko C.L.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.607.610	Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Nnenna, O.P., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Emeka, N.P., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Okpoko, C.L., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of broiler chicks fed maize offal-based diets supplemented with roxazyme G enzyme. Seven experimental diets were formulated such that diet T1 which served as the control, contained 0% maize offals and without enzyme supplementation. Diets T2 and T5 served as control for enzymes at increased levels of maize-offal supplementation. Diets T3 and T4 contained 20% maize offal supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg of enzyme respectively, while diets T6 and T contained 40 % of maize offal supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg of enzyme respectively. One 7 hundred and forty seven (147) 4 week-old Anak broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the seven diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated thrice with seven (7) birds per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 day. Results showed that there were significant differences in the performance of the birds on the treatment groups in all the measurements recorded. Birds fed the control 1 diet had the highest weight gain and best feed conversion ratio, though this was not significantly higher than those fed diet T3. There was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference between the weight gain of the birds fed diets T3 T4 and T 7. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in weight gain as dietary level of maize offal increased without enzyme supplementation. The feed intake of bird fed diet T5 was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those fed other treatment diets. The feed conversion ratio of birds fed T1, T3 and T4 diets did not differ significantly (P &gt; 0.05). Though there were significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences on the feed conversion ratio of birds fed diets T2, T5 and T6, there was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference on the feed conversion ratio of birds fed diets T3, T 4 and T7. The result of the experiment showed that with Roxazyme G supplementation at either 100 mg or 200 mg/kg feed, maize offal can replace maize in the diets at up to 20 % level without any deleterious effect. However, at 40 % inclusion level, 200 mg/kg feed proved more effective. Economics of production showed that Roxazyme G supplementation were profitable as regards the cost of feed per kg weight gain and thus cost savings. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broiler chicks; Enzyme supplementation; Maize offal; Performance	Aves; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749636130	Impact of oil spill on the fecundity and gonadosomatic index of ichthyofaunal species in the cross river coastal waters	Ekwu A.O.	2006	Pollution Research	25	2	None	Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Ekwu, A.O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	The fecundity, egg size and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of some commercially important ichthyofaunal species from the Cross River coastal waters was investigated after an oil spill. There was significant reduction in fish landings compared with catches prior to the oil spill. Mean fecundity values ranged from 1596 eggs to 2581 eggs for chrysichthys nigrodigitatus; 1538 eggs to 2300 eggs for Heterobranchus bidorsalis; 1020 eggs to 1460 eggs for Clarias gariepinus; 138 eggs to 320 eggs for Oreochromis niloticus; 1415 eggs to 2039 eggs for Chrysichthys auratus, 1824 to 2341 eggs for Heterobranchus niloticus and 108 to 155 eggs for Tilapia galilea. The mean, GSI values ranged from 15.28 to 18.6 for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus; 13.0 to 17.6 for Heterobranchus bidorsalis; 12.58 to 13.6 for Heterbranchus niloticus; 7.2 to 8.71 for Oreochromis niloticus; 12.28 to 14.9 for Clarias gariepinus; 13.2 to 14.75 for Chrysickthys auratus and 5.5 to 5.8 for Tilapia galilea. The oil spill also affected the egg size, which varied between 1.5mm in chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and 3.3mm in Oreochromis niloticus, across the sampling stations. Fecundity and GSI values were much lower than expected, being the onset of the breeding season. Copyright © Enviromedia.	Coastal waters; Fecundity; Gonadosomatic index; Ichthyofauna; Oil spill	coastal water; ecological impact; egg size; fecundity; ichthyofauna; oil spill; Africa; Cross River [(RVR) West Africa]; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Chrysichthys auratus; Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus; Clarias gariepinus; Heterobranchus; Heterobranchus bidorsalis; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749640288	Evaluation of toxic action mechanisms of binary mixtures of spent lubricant oil and detergent against littoral estuarine macro-invertebrates	Chukwu L.O.	2006	Pollution Research	25	2	None	Aquatic Toxicology and Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Chukwu, L.O., Aquatic Toxicology and Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	The toxicities of spent engine oil and a Nigerian brand of detergent (Omo), and their binary mixture in ratio of 9:1 were evaluated against hermit crab, Clibanarius africanus and periwinkle, Tympanotfonus fuscatus in laboratory bioassays. The interactions between binary mixture showed significant variations from the action of the individual constituent toxicants when acting singly. On the basis of synergistic ratio (SRs) and concentration-addition models, the relationship between binary mixture. (9:1) of spent engine oil and detergent against C africanus and T fuscatus were in conformity with the models of synergism (S.R=4.12; RTU=3.95 and S.R=1.21; RTU=10 respectively) indicating that the toxicity of the constituent toxicants in the mixtures were enhanced. The importance of the results obtained from the joint action toxicity evaluations in setting effective and environmentally safe limits for control and management of petroleum pollutants is discussed. Copyright © Enviromedia.	None	bioassay; crab; detergent; laboratory method; oil; pollution monitoring; snail; synergism; toxicity test; Catharanthus roseus; Clibanarius; Decapoda (Crustacea); Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749658952	Infectivity of Theileria parva sporozoites following cryopreservation in four suspension media and multiple refreezing: Evaluation by in vitro titration	Mbao V., Berkvens D., Dolan T., Speybroeck N., Brandt J., Dorny P., Van Den Bossche P., Marcotty T.	2006	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	73	3	None	Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, P.O. Box 670050, Mazabuka, Zambia; Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Livestock Services Limited, P.O. Box 24437, 00502 Karen, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Mbao, V., Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, P.O. Box 670050, Mazabuka, Zambia, Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Berkvens, D., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Dolan, T., Livestock Services Limited, P.O. Box 24437, 00502 Karen, Nairobi, Kenya; Speybroeck, N., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Brandt, J., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Dorny, P., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Van Den Bossche, P., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Marcotty, T., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium	Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates are used for immunizing cattle against East Coast fever and in in vitro sporozoite neutralization assays. In this study, we attempted to identify a cheaper freezing medium and quantified the infectivity loss of sporozoites due to refreezing of stabilates, using an in vitro technique. Pools of stabilates prepared using Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI 1640), foetal calf serum (FCS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were compared. All were supplemented with bovine serum albumin except the FCS. RPMI 1640 was as effective as MEM in maintaining sporozoite infectivity while the infectivity in PBS and FCS reached only 59% and 67%, respectively. In a second experiment, a stabilate based on MEM was subjected to several freeze-thaw cycles including various holding times on ice between thawing and refreezing. Refrozen stabilate gave an average sporozoite infectivity loss of 35% per cycle. The results indicate that RPMI can be used as a cheaper freezing medium for T. parva stabilates and that refrozen stabilate doses need to be adjusted for the 35% loss of infectivity.	Cryopreservation; Culture media; In vitro; Refreezing; Sporozoites; Theileria parva; Ticks	protozoal vaccine; animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; article; cattle; cattle disease; chemistry; cryopreservation; culture medium; disease carrier; growth, development and aging; immunology; methodology; parasitology; pathogenicity; physiology; protozoan spore; sporozoite; Theileria parva; theileriosis; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cryopreservation; Culture Media; Insect Vectors; Protozoan Vaccines; Spores, Protozoan; Sporozoites; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Acari; Bos taurus; Ixodida; Theileria parva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749988863	Evaluation of kinetic parameters of traps in thermoluminescence phosphors	Ogundare F.O., Balogun F.A., Hussain L.A.	2006	Radiation Measurements	41	42559	10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.06.014	Department of Physics, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Physics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Ogundare, F.O., Department of Physics, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa, Physics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Balogun, F.A., Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Hussain, L.A., Physics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A method for evaluating trap depth E, order of kinetics b and frequency factor s from a thermoluminescence (TL) glow peak has been developed. The method is based on using intensities and temperatures at any three points on the glow peak. Unlike similar techniques that provide no expression for frequency factor, the present formulation provides such an expression. The expression does not require knowledge of the temperature at which maximum intensity occurs, a parameter not usually known accurately from experimental glow peak data. For the method, it is found that use of points in the ascending part of the glow peak where the intensities are less than 10% maximum intensity gives parameter values closest to the true ones. Possible reasons for getting less accurate results when points are taken beyond this region are discussed. Values of the activation energy calculated using the present technique were always close to the true value. However, the frequency factor only approaches the true value as the dose given to the sample approaches saturation. When the three data points are selected in the initial-rise region, the equation for evaluating E in the method described in this paper becomes a two-point version of the initial-rise method. The advantage of the present technique over the initial-rise method is that it also gives b and hence s. The method is used to analyse the TL glow curve of a gamma-irradiated sample from Ijero-Ekiti, Nigeria. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Kinetic parameters; Thermoluminescence phosphor; Traps	Frequency factor; Initial-rise method; Kinetic parameters; Thermoluminescence phosphors; Traps; Two-point version; Activation energy; Dosimetry; Gamma rays; Saturation (materials composition); Thermal effects; Thermoluminescence; Phosphors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749990905	The impact of aerial application of organophosphates on the cholinesterase levels of rural residents in the Vaalharts district, Northern Cape Province, South Africa	Dalvie M.A., London L.	2006	Environmental Research	102	3	10.1016/j.envres.2006.01.008	Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Dalvie, M.A., Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; London, L., Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	A cluster of Guillaine-Barre syndrome cases in the Vaalharts region, South Africa prompted an investigation of the impact of aerial organophosphate spraying on cholinesterase levels of residents in the region. A prospective study of cholinesterase levels among residents and workers in the area and a control area was performed. Standardized red blood cell cholinesterase levels amongst participants were monitored before (round 1), during (round 2), and after (round 3) the 1996/1997 aerial spraying season. Participants were assigned environmental exposure categories based on the time since (within 10 or 30 days) and distance from (on farm, on neighboring farm, &lt;10 km from farm) aerial pesticide application. There were 342 participants in round 1, of whom 78% participated in round 2, 62% in round 3, and 56% in all three rounds. There was an increase in cholinesterase levels in round 2 (mean increase=5.96±6.25 IU/g hemoglobin) and then a decrease in round 3 (6.17±6.51), significantly associated with environmental exposure (participants living on farm or neighboring farm and &lt;10 km from spraying area) controlling for age, gender, alcohol dependence, and usual and recent domestic and occupational pesticide use (e.g., for round 2-round 1 cholinesterase differences, over(β, ^) (exposed group relative to unexposed)=5.72±1.21 IU/g hemoglobin, P = 0.000, R2 = 0.27, n = 171). The results show a shift in cholinesterase levels associated with residence in the spraying area, but in the direction opposite to that expected from the spraying of pesticides. Seasonal fluctuations in ambient temperature during the study may have influenced the results. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Aerial; Cholinesterase; Neurotoxic; Organophosphate; Pesticides	organophosphate; pesticide; enzyme activity; farm; organophosphate; rural society; adult; alcoholism; article; cholinesterase blood level; controlled study; environmental exposure; environmental temperature; erythrocyte; female; hemoglobin blood level; human; male; neurotoxicity; priority journal; rural area; season; sex difference; South Africa; Adult; Cholinesterases; Environmental Exposure; Erythrocytes; Female; Geography; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pesticides; Phosphoric Acid Esters; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; South Africa; Africa; Cape Province; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750022318	Evaluation of shrimp waste meal as a probable animal protein source for broiler chickens	Okoye F.C., Ojewola G.S., Njoku-Onu K.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	7	10.3923/ijps.2005.458.461	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Okoye, F.C., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Njoku-Onu, K., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Sixty unsexed Anak broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of Shrimp waste meal (swm) in broilers diet. They were randomly allotted to four treatment diets which were both isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The text ingredient was included in the four diets at 0.0%, 10%, 20% and 30% respectively for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, both at the starter and finisher phases. There were 15 birds per treatment and 5 birds per replicate. The trial lasted 8 weeks. The result showed that the dietary treatments had significant (p<0.05) effects on body weight gain, feed intake and feed-to-gain ration at the starter phase while the feed-to-gain ratio and weight gain were not significant (p>0.05) influenced at the finisher phase. At the starter and finisher phases, average body weight gain ranged from 446.56 to 600.00g/bird and 1096.67 to 1166.67g/bird with corresponding average total feed intake which ranged from 1318.00 to 1462.42g/bird and 2712.00 to 2880.00g/bird. Birds fed diets 1 and 2 had statistically comparable weight gain while those fed diets 3 and 4 were depressed at the starter phase. At the finisher phase all the diets were comparable. The study revealed that swm is a valuable animal protein source for broilers and can be included up to 10% in both starter and finisher broiler diets. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Animal protein; Broilers diet; Shrimp waste meal	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750047201	The impact of a situationally focused individual human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted disease risk-reduction intervention on risk behavior in a 1-year cohort of Nigerian military personnel	Ross M.W., Essien E.J., Ekong E., James T.M., Amos C., Ogungbade G.O., Williams M.L.	2006	Military Medicine	171	10	None	WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, P.O. Box 20036, Houston, TX 77225, United States; HIV Prevention Research Group, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houst	Ross, M.W., WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, P.O. Box 20036, Houston, TX 77225, United States; Essien, E.J., HIV Prevention Research Group, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Ekong, E., Office of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Research, 68Th Nigerian Military Reference Hospital, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; James, T.M., WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, P.O. Box 20036, Houston, TX 77225, United States; Amos, C., WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, P.O. Box 20036, Houston, TX 77225, United States; Ogungbade, G.O., HIV Prevention Research Group, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Williams, M.L., WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, P.O. Box 20036, Houston, TX 77225, United States	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted disease (STD)-related risks in peacekeeping troops is a concern when they are stationed in areas of high HIV prevalence. We carried out an assessment of a situationally focused individual HIV/STD reduction intervention (where avoidance of risk situations, as well as risk behaviors, are emphasized) in one Nigerian military unit (N = 1,222), with a comparable unit from the same service as a waiting list control (N = 987). The intervention consisted of a possible five modules that were presented to groups of up to 50 personnel. Data were collected on reported sexual behaviors, condom beliefs, sexual risk behaviors with casual partners, and number of interventions attended. Data indicated significant increases in reported condom use with casual partners and positive condom beliefs at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Risk behavior was reduced 30% from baseline at 6 months and 23% from baseline at 12 months. There was also a significant dose-response effect for number of interventions attended. These data suggest that relatively brief situationally focused individual interventions are effective in military and West African contexts in reducing HIV/STD risk behaviors. Copyright © by Association of Military Surgeons of U.S., 2006.	None	adult; Africa; army; article; cohort analysis; condom; controlled study; dose response; female; follow up; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; intervention study; major clinical study; male; military service; Nigeria; nonhuman; risk reduction; sexual behavior; sexuality; sexually transmitted disease; soldier; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Research; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Military Medicine; Military Personnel; Nigeria; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750056977	Nutritional evaluation of cornflakes waste in diets for broilers	Ayanwale B.A., Aya V.E.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	5	10.3923/pjn.2006.485.489	Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Ayanwale, B.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Aya, V.E., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	A nine week feeding trial was conducted to assess the nutritional value of cornflakes waste in broiler diets. Maize and cornflakes waste were used in various proportions as energy sources such that diets T1, T2, T3 T4, and T5 had maize at 100.0, 80.0, 60.0, 40.0 and 0.0 %; and cornflakes waste at 0.0, 20.0, 40.0, 60.0 and 100.0 % levels respectively. Data were collected on chemical composition of cornflakes waste and on the amino acid profile, nutrient digestibility, cooking loss and cooking yield of the meat from the broilers. Results showed that the cornflakes waste is higher in DM, CF and NFE but lower in CP, EE, ash, M.E. and methionine compared to maize. The highest nutrient digestibility was obtained in broilers fed 80.0% maize and 20.0% cornflakes waste mixture similar to the one from birds fed 100 % cornflakes waste as an energy source. This was an improvement over the digestibility of birds fed control diet at the starter phase. The results were attributed to the physicochemical changes that occurred during the processing of raw maize and other materials into cornflakes waste. Broilers fed 100 % cornflakes waste had higher (p&lt;0.05) cooking loss and lower cooking yield compared to birds fed the control diet. Diet T2 with 80% maize and 20% cornflakes waste produced broilers with better meat quality due to its rigid structure as a result of the low cooking loss. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broiler diet; Cornflakes waste; Maize; Nutrient digestibility	amino acid; methionine; amino acid analysis; animal food; animal tissue; article; ash; cereal; chemical composition; chicken; controlled study; cooking; digestion; energy resource; food processing; food quality; information processing; maize; meat; nonhuman; nutrient; nutritional assessment; nutritional value; physical chemistry; waste; Aves; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750109560	Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30% [Beurteilung der wirkung von eplerenon in der subgruppe der EPHESUS-patienten mit einer linksventrikulären auswurffraktion ≤30% zu studienbe	Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F., Anderson J.L., Van Veldhuisen D.J., Parkhomenko A., Corbalan R., Klug E.Q., Mukherjee R., Solomon H.	2006	Perfusion	19	42559	None	University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hôpital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States; University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States	Pitt, B., University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Gheorghiade, M., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Zannad, F., Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hôpital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; Anderson, J.L., LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Van Veldhuisen, D.J., University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Parkhomenko, A., Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Corbalan, R., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Klug, E.Q., Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Mukherjee, R., Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States; Solomon, H., Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States	Aims: Because of the prognostic importance of LV dysfunction following an AMI and the increasing use of electrical and/or mechanical interventions in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, this retrospective analysis of EPHESUS patients with LVEF ≤30% at baseline was conducted to determine the value of eplerenone in this setting. Methods and results: In EPHESUS, 6632 patients with LVEF ≤40% and clinical heart failure (HF) post-AMI who were receiving standard therapy were randomized to eplerenone 25 mg/day titrated to 50 mg/day or placebo for a mean follow-up of 16 months. Treatment with eplerenone in the subgroup of patients with LVEF ≤30% (n=2106) resulted in relative risk reductions of 21% versus placebo in both all-cause mortality (p=0.012) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality/CV hospitalization (p=0.001), and 23% for CV mortality (p=0.008). The relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) was reduced 33% (p=0.01) and HF mortality/HP hospitalization was reduced 25% (p=0.005) with eplerenone compared with placebo. Within 30 days of randomization, eplerenone resulted in relative risk reductions of 43% for all-cause mortality (p=0.002), 29% for CV mortality/CV hospitalization (p=0.006), and 58% for SCD (p=0.008). Conclusions: Treatment with eplerenone plus standard therapy in patients with post-AMI HF and LVEF ≤30% provided significant incremental benefits in reducing both early and late mortality and morbidity. © Verlag Perfusion GmbH.	Aldosterone; EPHESUS; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750186643	Impact of four-dimensional seismic and production activities on the mangrove systems of the Niger Delta, Nigeria	Osuji L.C., Ndukwu B.C., Obute G.C., Agbagwa I.	2006	Chemistry and Ecology	22	5	10.1080/02757540600917559	Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Osuji, L.C., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ndukwu, B.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Obute, G.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Agbagwa, I., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Reconnaissance survey and laboratory appraisal of the mangrove system in seven communities in the Niger Delta (Nigeria) endangered by seismic and production operations revealed several alterations of soil, sediment, and vegetation. Hydrocarbon content in the range of 0.3-1.1 mg/100 g was extracted within the proximities of spill sources and seismic lines. The prospect area covered by our investigation was characterized by a mixed mangrove forest dominated by Rhizophora racemosa. It was observed that the construction of the seismic lines was responsible for the vegetal disorientation recurrent in the area. The grass, Paspalum vaginatum, and the saltwater fern, Acrostichum aureum, were found at the fringe of most dredge spoils. The characteristic tidal inundation which increases mobility of the substrate, salinity fluctuation, and anoxia may also have contributed, at least in part, to the observed despoliation of some of these species found within the vicinities of the seismic lines and hydrocarbon percolation. Extensive revegetation program is recommended to ensure an effective restoration process of this ecologically fragile zone.	Mangroves; Oil production; Sediment; Seismic; Soil	hydrocarbon; mangrove; oil production; oil spill; restoration ecology; revegetation; seismicity; Africa; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Acrostichum aureum; Filicophyta; Paspalum; Paspalum vaginatum; Rhizophora racemosa; Rhizophoraceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750199016	Considerations for the efficient spectral evaluation of reaction integrals associated with separated domains	Mayhew-Ridgers G., Odendaal J.W., Joubert J.	2006	IEE Proceedings: Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation	153	5	10.1049/ip-map:20050194	Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Mayhew-Ridgers, G., Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Odendaal, J.W., Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Joubert, J., Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The authors address some aspects that have to be considered when using a recently proposed contour-deformation technique for the efficient numerical evaluation of reaction integrals arising in the spectral-domain method of moments for testing and expansion functions that exist on separated domains. The method is particularly efficient in the context of microstrip patch antenna elements and arrays where the testing and expansion functions can either be entire-domain functions on different antenna elements or where they are widely separated subdomain functions on the same or different antenna elements. However, the method becomes less efficient for testing and expansion functions that are not so widely separated. It is shown how the separation distance between the testing and expansion functions, in addition to substrate thickness, affects the behaviour of the reaction integrand and how the choice of a more suitable integration contour can simplify the numerical evaluation of the associated integral, especially for closely spaced testing and expansion functions on thick substrates, where the original method becomes less efficient. The minimum separation distance between the domains of the testing and expansion functions, that can be accommodated with this method, is also better defined. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2006.	None	Antenna arrays; Contour measurement; Integral equations; Numerical methods; Contour-deformation techniques; Microstrip patch antenna; Reaction integrals; Spectral evaluation; Microstrip antennas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750220095	Evaluation of soilless production systems for small scale production of two Amaranthus species and Swiss chard, Beta vulgaris	Sedibe M.M., Combrink N.J.J., Reinten E.Y.	2006	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	23	3	None	Dept. of Agronomy, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; CUT, FS, School of Environmental Health and Agriculture, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; ARC-Roodeplaat (W. Cape), P/Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa	Sedibe, M.M., Dept. of Agronomy, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, CUT, FS, School of Environmental Health and Agriculture, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Combrink, N.J.J., Dept. of Agronomy, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Reinten, E.Y., ARC-Roodeplaat (W. Cape), P/Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa	To improve the diet of rural families, small scale production of leafy vegetables, as a source of vitamin A and other nutrients should be encouraged. In this study, conducted under controlled environmental conditions (day temperatures in the greenhouse varied between 22 and 29°C with night temperatures between 13 and 16°C), Beta vulgaris (Swiss chard) and Amaranthus spp. (imbuya) were grown, using gravel and pumice as substrates for 'Ebb-and-Flood' and 'constant level' production systems. The results of this study showed that a combination of an 'Ebb-and-Flood' system with gravel as substrate, gave the best results of root development and leaf yield, especially for 'imbuya'. The water-use-efficiency (WUE) of 'imbuya' was significantly higher than that of Swiss chard. The yield and leaf chlorophyll content of 'imbuya' was low for the 'constant level' system with gravel used as substrate. Pumice improved root production, leaf yield and leaf chlorophyll content only for the 'constant level' system, probably owing to capillary action in pumice and associated improved root aeration.	Amaranthus; Beta vulgaris; Fertigation; Gravel; Pumice	chlorophyll; crop production; diet; environmental conditions; gravel; production system; pumice; rural area; substrate preference; vegetable; Amaranthus; Beta vulgaris; Beta vulgaris cicla; Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750237049	Impact of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine introduction in South Africa	Von Gottberg A., De Gouveia L., Madhi S.A., Du Plessis M., Quan V., Soma K., Huebner R., Flannery B., Schuchat A., Klugman K.P.	2006	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	84	10	10.2471/BLT.06.030361	Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States	Von Gottberg, A., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; De Gouveia, L., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; Madhi, S.A., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; Du Plessis, M., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; Quan, V., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; Soma, K., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; Huebner, R., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit (RMPRU), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa; Flannery, B., Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Schuchat, A., Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Klugman, K.P., Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States	Objective: To analyse trends in reported invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in South Africa within the first five years of introduction of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in the routine child immunization schedule. Methods: We used national laboratory-based surveillance data to identify cases of invasive H. influenzae disease between July 1999 and June 2004, and submitted isolates for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Findings: The absolute number of Hib cases (reported to the national surveillance system) among children below one year of age decreased by 65%, from 55 cases in 1999-2000 to 19 cases in 2003-04. Enhanced surveillance initiated in 2003, identified human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection and incomplete vaccination as contributing factors for Hib transmission. The total number of laboratory-confirmed cases of H. influenzae remained unchanged because non-type b disease was being increasingly reported to the surveillance system concomitant with system enhancements. Children with non-typable disease were more likely to be HIV-positive (32 of 34, 94%) than children with Hib disease (10 of 14, 71%), P = 0.051. Recent Hib isolates were more likely to be multidrug resistant (2% in 1999-2000 versus 19% in 2003-04, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Data from a newly established national laboratory-based surveillance system showed a decrease in Hib disease burden among South African children following conjugate vaccine introduction and identified cases of non-typable disease associated with HIV infection.	None	ampicillin; beta lactamase; diphtheria pertussis tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; antimicrobial activity; disease transmission; health impact; human immunodeficiency virus; immunization; influenza; vaccination; antibiotic sensitivity; article; controlled study; Haemophilus influenzae type b; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunization; infant; influenza; major clinical study; multidrug resistance; preschool child; serotyping; South Africa; Streptococcus pneumonia; vaccination; Child Health Services; Child, Preschool; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Population Surveillance; South Africa; Vaccines, Conjugate; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Haemophilus influenzae; Haemophilus influenzae serotype B; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750284876	Evaluation of Picralima nitida: Hypoglycemic activity, toxicity and analytical standards	Inya-Agha S.I., Ezea S.C., Odukoya O.A.	2006	International Journal of Pharmacology	2	5	None	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Inya-Agha, S.I., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ezea, S.C., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Odukoya, O.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Hypoglycemic activity in Picralima nitida Stapf (Apocynaceae), recorded as an index of blood glucose was confirmed in normal and intraperitonially induced alloxan diabetic albino rats with glibenclamide as reference standard and normal saline as control. Toxicity study was evaluation of acute (15 days) tests. 100, 300 and 900 ing kg-1 of the extracts to normal rats resulted in significant (p&lt;0.01) lowering of fasting blood sugar after 8 h. Extract maintained hypoglycemic action throughout the 24 h of study indicating a long duration of action. In normal rats, pulp extract (100 mg kg-1) produced a maximum percentage reduction of 38.35%, rind extract (900 mg kg-1) 46.19% and seed extract (100 mg kg-1) 36.81%. Alloxan induced rats were pulp 85.85% (300 mg kg-1), seed 83.26% (300 mg kg-1) and rind 80.25% (900 mg kg-1), respectively. Order of activity recorded as pulp &gt; seed &gt; rind. Acute toxicities (LD50) of pulp, seed and rind were 7071.06, 948.68 and 1364.91 mg kg-1, respectively. Analytical standards were moisture content, ash and extractive values for quality assurance. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Analytical standards; Hypoglucemic activity; Phytochemical screening; Picralima nitida; Toxicity	alkaloid; alloxan; carbohydrate; flavonoid; glibenclamide; glycoside; Picralima nitida extract; plant medicinal product; resin; saponin; sodium chloride; steroid; tannin; terpenoid; unclassified drug; vegetable protein; animal experiment; animal model; Apocynaceae; article; controlled study; diabetes control; diabetes mellitus; diet restriction; dose response; drug dose regimen; drug screening; extraction; female; glucose blood level; male; medicinal plant; moisture; nonhuman; picralima nitida; plant morphology; plant seed; quality control; rat; rat strain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750290855	Impact of repeated mass treatment on human Oesophagostomum and hookworm infections in northern Ghana	Ziem J.B., Magnussen P., Olsen A., Horton J., Asigri V.L.L., Polderman A.M.	2006	Tropical Medicine and International Health	11	11	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01729.x	Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; DBL-Institute for Health Research and Development, Charlottenlund, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Parasitic Diseases Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands	Ziem, J.B., Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Magnussen, P., DBL-Institute for Health Research and Development, Charlottenlund, Denmark; Olsen, A., DBL-Institute for Health Research and Development, Charlottenlund, Denmark; Horton, J., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Asigri, V.L.L., Parasitic Diseases Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Tamale, Ghana; Polderman, A.M., Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands	Oesophagostomum bifurcum is a common parasite of humans causing disease in parts of northern Ghana and northern Togo. The impact of repeated mass treatment with albendazole on infection with O. bifurcum and hookworm is analysed and the results compared with those in a control area where no treatment was given. At baseline, O. bifurcum and hookworm prevalences were 53.0% and 86.9%, respectively (n = 1011). After 12 months, following two rounds of albendazole treatment, prevalences decreased significantly to 5.4% for O. bifurcum and 36.8% for hookworm (n = 535). Twenty-four months after the baseline survey and following a total of four rounds of treatment, prevalences were further reduced to 0.8% and 23.4% for O. bifurcum and hookworm, respectively (n = 478). Overall, there was a significant decrease in the larval counts, measured as geometric mean larval count per 4 g of stool of O. bifurcum from 3.0 to 0.1 and of hookworm from 47.2 to 1.8. The fourth mass treatment was carried out in April 2003 by the Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme. Overall, compliance to treatment varied from 70% to 80%. In the control area, Oesophagostomum prevalence increased from 18.5% to 37.0% and the intensity from 0.4 to 1.4. For hookworm, both prevalence (86.1-91.3%) and intensity (54.8-74.3) increased but not to a significant level. The prospects of eliminating human oesophagostomiasis from the intervention area, while simultaneously achieving an important reduction of hookworm prevalences by albendazole mass treatment, are discussed. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Control; Ghana; Hookworm; Mass treatment; Oesophagostomum bifurcum	albendazole; disease treatment; drug; filariasis; infectious disease; parasite prevalence; parasitic disease; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; controlled study; feces analysis; female; geometry; Ghana; health program; health survey; hookworm infection; human; larval development; major clinical study; male; measurement; nematodiasis; patient compliance; prevalence; statistical significance; Strongyloidea; treatment outcome; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Endemic Diseases; Female; Ghana; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Oesophagostomiasis; Parasite Egg Count; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Rural Health; Sex Distribution; Treatment Outcome; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; Togo; West Africa; Ancylostomatoidea; Oesophagostomum; Oesophagostomum bifurcum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750294417	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing effects of Eupatorium odoratum	Umukoro S., Ashorobi R.B.	2006	International Journal of Pharmacology	2	5	10.3923/ijp.2006.509.512	Department of Pharmacology and Therauptics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology and Therauptics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ashorobi, R.B., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Eupatorium odoratum was investigated in this study. The effect of the extract on acute inflammation was studied in carrageenin-treated rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of E. odoratum was further assessed in rats subjected to sub-chronic inflammatory conditions induced by formaldehyde. The membrane-stabilizing property of the extract was studied using its ability to reduce the levels of haemolysis of rat Red Blood Cells (RBC) exposed to hypotonic solution. The results of the study showed that the extract (100-400 mg kg-1, p.o) possess anti -inflammatory property, as it significantly reduced oedema formation induced by the phlogistic agents in rats. At a concentration range of 1.0-2.0 mg kg-1, the extract offered significant protection of RBC against the haemolytic effect of hypotonic solution, an indication of membrane-stabilizing activity. It appears that the membrane-stabilizing effect exhibited by Eupatorium odoratum might be playing a significant role in its anti-inflammatory activity. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Anti-imflammatory; Eupatorium odoratum; Membrane-stabilizing; Property	acetylsalicylic acid; carrageenan; eupatorium odoratum extract; formaldehyde; hypotonic solution; plant extract; sodium chloride; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; aqueous solution; article; Asteraceae; cell protection; chronic inflammation; concentration response; controlled study; drug dose regimen; drug synthesis; edema; erythrocyte; eupatorium odoratum; female; hemolysis; male; membrane stabilization; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750303862	Performance of recalibration systems for GCM forecasts for southern Africa	Shongwe M.E., Landman W.A., Mason S.J.	2006	International Journal of Climatology	26	12	10.1002/joc.1319	Swaziland National Meteorological Service, Mbabane, Swaziland; Department of Geography Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; South Africa Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa; International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands	Shongwe, M.E., Swaziland National Meteorological Service, Mbabane, Swaziland, Department of Geography Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands; Landman, W.A., Department of Geography Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, South Africa Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa; Mason, S.J., International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States	Two regression-based methods that recalibrate the ECHAM4.5 general circulation model (GCM) output during austral summer have been developed for southern Africa, and their performance assessed over a 12-year retroactive period 1989/90-2000/01. A linear statistical model linking near-global sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) to regional rainfall has also been developed. The recalibration technique is model output statistics (MOS) using principal components regression (PCR) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to statistically link archived records of the GCM to regional rainfall over much of Africa, south of the equator. The predictability of anomalously dry and wet conditions over each rainfall region during December-February (DJF) using the linear statistical model and MOS models has been quantitatively evaluated. The MOS technique outperforms the raw-GCM ensembles and the linear statistical model. Neither the PCR-MOS nor the CCA-MOS models show clear superiority over the other, probably because the two methods are closely related. The need to recalibrate GCM predictions at regional scales to improve their skill at smaller spatial scales is further demonstrated in this paper. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.	Canonical correlation analysis; Climate variability; General circulation models; Model output statistics; Model validation; Principal components regression; Sea-surface temperatures; Seasonal climate pediction; Southern Africa	Atmospheric movements; Atmospheric temperature; Climate change; Correlation methods; Mathematical models; Principal component analysis; Rain; Regression analysis; Canonical correlation analysis; Climate variability; General circulation model (GCM); Model output statistics; Principal components regression; Sea-surface temperature; Seasonal climate prediction; Climatology; atmospheric modeling; calibration; climate variation; forecasting method; general circulation model; model validation; principal component analysis; regression analysis; sea surface temperature; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750429282	Assessing the performance of global solar radiation empirical formulations in Kampala, Uganda	Mubiru J., Banda E.J.K.B., D'Ujanga F., Senyonga T.	2007	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	87	04-Jan	10.1007/s00704-005-0196-2	Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Mubiru, J., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Banda, E.J.K.B., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; D'Ujanga, F., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Senyonga, T., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Solar radiation incident on the Earth's surface is a determining factor of climate on Earth, hence having a proper solar radiation database is crucial in understanding climate processes in the Earth's atmosphere. Solar radiation data may be used in the development of insolation maps, analysis of crop growth and in the simulation of solar systems. Unfortunately, measured solar radiation data may not be available in locations where it is most needed. An alternative to obtaining observed data is to estimate it using an appropriate solar radiation model. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of thirteen global solar radiation empirical formulations, in Kampala, Uganda, located in an African Equatorial region. The best performing formulations were determined using the ranking method. The mean bias error, root mean square error and t-statistic value were calculated and utilized in the ranking process. Results have shown that the formulation: H̄/ H̄0 = a + b(S̄/S̄0) + c(S̄/ S̄0)2 is ranked the highest and therefore is the recommended empirical equation for the estimation of the monthly mean global solar irradiation in Kampala, Uganda and in other African Equatorial locations with similar climate and terrain. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	None	empirical analysis; error analysis; numerical model; performance assessment; ranking; solar radiation; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750431074	Potential impacts of climate change on Sub-Saharan African plant priority area selection	McClean C.J., Doswald N., Küper W., Sommer J.H., Barnard P., Lovett J.C.	2006	Diversity and Distributions	12	6	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2006.00290.x	Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa	McClean, C.J., Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Doswald, N., School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Küper, W., Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Sommer, J.H., Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Barnard, P., Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Lovett, J.C., Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) aims to protect 50% of the most important areas for plant diversity by 2010. This study selects sets of 1-degree grid cells for 37 sub-Saharan African countries on the basis of a large database of plant species distributions. We use two reserve selection algorithms that attempt to satisfy two of the criteria set by the GSPC. The grid cells selected as important plant cells (IPCs) are compared between algorithms and in terms of country and continental rankings between cells. The conservation value of the selected grid cells are then considered in relation to their future species complement given the predicted climate change in three future periods (2025, 2055, and 2085). This analysis uses predicted climate suitability for individual species from a previous modelling exercise. We find that a country-by-country conservation approach is suitable for capturing most, but not all, continentally IPCs. The complementarity-based reserve selection algorithms suggest conservation of a similar set of grid cells, suggesting that areas of high plant diversity and rarity may be well protected by a single pattern of conservation activity. Although climatic conditions are predicted to deteriorate for many species under predicted climate change, the cells selected by the algorithms are less affected by climate change predictions than non-selected cells. For the plant species that maintain areas of climatic suitability in the future, the selected set will include cells with climate that is highly suitable for the species in the future. The selected cells are also predicted to conserve a large proportion of the species richness remaining across the continent under climate change, despite the network of cells being less optimal in terms of future predicted distributions. Limitations to the modelling are discussed in relation to the policy implications for those implementing the GSPC. © 2006 The Authors.	Africa; Climate change; Global Strategy for Plant Conservation; Important plant areas; Persistence; Reserve selection algorithms	algorithm; biodiversity; climate change; climate effect; database; nature conservation; nature reserve; persistence; plant; spatial distribution; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750442908	Impact of climate change and development scenarios on flow patterns in the Okavango River	Andersson L., Wilk J., Todd M.C., Hughes D.A., Earle A., Kniveton D., Layberry R., Savenije H.H.G.	2006	Journal of Hydrology	331	42371	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.039	Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden; Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Geography, University College of London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom; Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; AWIRU, University of Pretoria, Suite 17, P/Bag X1, Vlaeberg 8018, South Africa; University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 1 9 QJ, United Kingdom; Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands	Andersson, L., Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden; Wilk, J., Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Todd, M.C., Department of Geography, University College of London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom; Hughes, D.A., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Earle, A., AWIRU, University of Pretoria, Suite 17, P/Bag X1, Vlaeberg 8018, South Africa; Kniveton, D., University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 1 9 QJ, United Kingdom; Layberry, R., University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 1 9 QJ, United Kingdom; Savenije, H.H.G., Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands	This paper lays the foundation for the use of scenario modelling as a tool for integrated water resource management in the Okavango River basin. The Pitman hydrological model is used to assess the impact of various development and climate change scenarios on downstream river flow. The simulated impact on modelled river discharge of increased water use for domestic use, livestock, and informal irrigation (proportional to expected population increase) is very limited. Implementation of all likely potential formal irrigation schemes mentioned in available reports is expected to decrease the annual flow by 2% and the minimum monthly flow by 5%. The maximum possible impact of irrigation on annual average flow is estimated as 8%, with a reduction of minimum monthly flow by 17%. Deforestation of all areas within a 1 km buffer around the rivers is estimated to increase the flow by 6%. However, construction of all potential hydropower reservoirs in the basin may change the monthly mean flow distribution dramatically, although under the assumed operational rules, the impact of the dams is only substantial during wet years. The simulated impacts of climate change are considerable larger that those of the development scenarios (with exception of the high development scenario of hydropower schemes) although the results are sensitive to the choice of GCM and the IPCC SRES greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios. The annual mean water flow predictions for the period 2020-2050 averaged over scenarios from all the four GCMs used in this study are close to the present situation for both the A2 and B2 GHG scenarios. For the 2050-2080 and 2070-2099 periods the all-GCM mean shows a flow decrease of 20% (14%) and 26% (17%), respectively, for the A2 (B2) GHG scenarios. However, the uncertainty in the magnitude of simulated future changes remains high. The simulated effect of climate change on minimum monthly flow is proportionally higher than the impact on the annual mean flow. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Climate change; Hydrological modelling; Okavango; River basin; Scenarios; Water resources development	Climate change; Discharge (fluid mechanics); Flow of water; Flow patterns; Mathematical models; River basin projects; Annual mean flow; Hydrological modeling; River basin; Water resources development; Water resources; Climate change; Discharge (fluid mechanics); Flow of water; Flow patterns; Mathematical models; River basin projects; Water resources; climate change; deforestation; development strategy; flow pattern; greenhouse gas; hydrological modeling; resource management; river discharge; river flow; water resource; Africa; Okavango Basin; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750456985	Nutritional evaluation of rumen epithelial tissue scrapings in goat nutrition	Oluwakemi T.O., Olaleye A.O.	2006	Nutrition and Food Science	36	6	10.1108/00346650610712225	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oluwakemi, T.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olaleye, A.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Purpose - High cost of feed forms a major constraint to livestock production in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to show how improved nutritional strategies such as incorporation of unconventional feed resources, such as rumen epithelial tissue scrapings (RETS), which are cheap in cost and availability into the livestock diets, can reduce feed cost and hence achieve a greater profit with a optimal animal performance, become imperative. Design/methodology/approach - Fifteen lactating West African dwarf goats were randomly allotted into each of three dietary groups (A, B and C) of five animals in a completely randomized design. Each diet contained one of the three dietary protein sources, namely, urea (A), RETS (B) and groundnut cake (GNC) (C) representing non-protein nitrogen, unconventional natural protein and conventional natural protein sources respectively. After 90 day feeding trial, the performances (dry matter intake, weight gain, milk yield/composition and the blood chemistry) of the goats fed with RETS diet (B) were assessed and compared with those of other two groups (A and C) fed with urea and GNC diets respectively. Findings - The result show that goats fed with RETS and GNC diets had similar performances and performed better than those fed with urea diet. Practical implications - RETS is inexpensive and portends no danger to animal health on account of toxicity, as compared to GNC and urea respectively. Its' inclusion in goat diet, however, gives a least cost wholesome ration formula. Original/value - Nutrition accounts for a greater proportion of production cost expenses in livestock industry. The results indicate that the cost of production can be minimized with the utilization of unconventional feed resources in goat nutrition for farmers to achieve the maximum profit.	Animal feed; Livestock; Nigeria; Nutrition	Animalia; Arachis hypogaea; Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750466165	Chiari I anatomy after ventriculoperitoneal shunting: Posterior fossa volumetric evaluation with MRI	Osuagwu F.C., Lazareff J.A., Rahman S., Bash S.	2006	Child's Nervous System	22	11	10.1007/s00381-006-0118-3	Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Division of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 957039, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, United States; Department of Radiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 957039, Los Angeles, CA 90095-703	Osuagwu, F.C., Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Division of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 957039, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, United States; Lazareff, J.A., Division of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 957039, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, United States; Rahman, S., Division of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 957039, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, United States; Bash, S., Department of Radiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Box 957039, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, United States	Introduction: Cephalocranial disproportion was said to be responsible for Chiari I malformation after ventriculoperitoneal shunt. We aimed to evaluate if the volumetric characteristics of Chiari I after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was due to a general volumetric reduction and if it is restricted to the posterior fossa. Results: Our results show that the posterior fossa volume, cisternal, clival length, and posterior cranial fossa volume ratio were reduced in the shunted group compared to the controls (p<0.05). Cerebellar and supratentorial volumes were similar between both groups. Craniocaudal extent, inferior, and superior tonsillar herniations were greater in the shunted group than control (p<0.05). The frontal occipital horn ratio in both groups was within normal range. Discussion: Chiari I anatomy after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt could develop in children and we propose a "posterior cranial fossa disproportion" rather than a "cephalocranial disproportion." © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Acquired Chiari; Hydrocephalus; Intraventricular hemorrhage; Posterior cranial fossa reduction; V-Pshunt	adolescent; Arnold Chiari malformation; article; brain decompression; brain ventricle peritoneum shunt; child; clinical article; clivus; cohort analysis; computer assisted tomography; controlled study; female; human; hydrocephalus; male; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; posterior fossa; priority journal; statistical significance; volumetry; Arnold-Chiari Malformation; Child, Preschool; Cranial Fossa, Posterior; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750474426	Multicenter evaluation of a new 4th generation HIV screening assay elecsys HIV combi	Weber B., Orazi B., Raineri A., Thorstensson R., Bürgisser P., Mühlbacher A., Areal C., Eiras A., Villaescusa R., Camacho R., Diogo I., Roth H.-J., Zahn I., Bartel J., Bossi V., Piro F., Atamasirikul K., Permpikul P., Webber L., Singh S.	2006	Clinical Laboratory	52	42623	None	Universitätskliniken Frankfurt/Main, Institut für Med. Virologie, Zentrum f. Hygiene Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Laboratoires Reunis, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; Ospedale Santa Maria degli Angeli, Centro Immunotrasfusionale Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm-Solna, Sweden; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Departement de Medecine Interne, Division d'Immunologie et Allergie, Laussane, Switzerland; Universitätsinstitut für Blutgruppenserologie und Transfusionsmedizin der PMU, Salzburg, Austria; Centro de Transfusión de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Hospital Egas Moniz, Virology Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal; Limbach Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, Laboratorio di Virologia e Microbiologia, Turin, Italy; Ramithibodi Hospital, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Hospital, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	Weber, B., Universitätskliniken Frankfurt/Main, Institut für Med. Virologie, Zentrum f. Hygiene Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Laboratoires Reunis, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; Orazi, B., Ospedale Santa Maria degli Angeli, Centro Immunotrasfusionale Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy; Raineri, A., Ospedale Santa Maria degli Angeli, Centro Immunotrasfusionale Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy; Thorstensson, R., Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm-Solna, Sweden; Bürgisser, P., Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Departement de Medecine Interne, Division d'Immunologie et Allergie, Laussane, Switzerland; Mühlbacher, A., Universitätsinstitut für Blutgruppenserologie und Transfusionsmedizin der PMU, Salzburg, Austria; Areal, C., Centro de Transfusión de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Eiras, A., Centro de Transfusión de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Villaescusa, R., Centro de Transfusión de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Camacho, R., Hospital Egas Moniz, Virology Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal; Diogo, I., Hospital Egas Moniz, Virology Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal; Roth, H.-J., Limbach Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Zahn, I., Limbach Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Bartel, J., Limbach Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Bossi, V., Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, Laboratorio di Virologia e Microbiologia, Turin, Italy; Piro, F., Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, Laboratorio di Virologia e Microbiologia, Turin, Italy; Atamasirikul, K., Ramithibodi Hospital, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Permpikul, P., Siriraj Hospital, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Webber, L., Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Singh, S., Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	Fourth-generation screening assays which permit a simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigen and antibody reduce the diagnostic window on average by four days in comparison to third-generation antibody assays. Recently, the new automated Elecsys® HIV combi was compared in a multicenter study to alternative fourth- and third-generation assays, p24 antigen test and HIV-1 RNA RT-PCR. A total of 104 serocon-version panels, samples of the acute phase of infection after seroconversion (n = 33), anti-H1V-1 positive specimens (n = 572) from patients in different stages of the disease, 535 subtyped samples from different geographical locations, including group M (subtypes A-J) and group O, anti-HIV-2 positive sera (n = 364), dilutions of cell culture supernatants (n = 60) infected with different HTV-1 subtypes, selected performance panels, 8406 unselected samples from blood donors originating from different blood transfusion centers, 3810 unselected sera from daily routine and from hospitalized patients, 9927 unselected samples from South Africa and 1943 potentially interfering samples were tested with the Elecsys® HIV combi. Elecsys® HIV combi showed a comparable sensitivity to HIV-1 Ag stand-alone assays for early detection of HTV infection in seroconversion panels. The mean time delay of Elecsys® HIV combi (last negative sample + 1 day) in comparison to HIV-1 RT-PCR for 92 panels tested with both methods was 3.23 days. The diagnostic window was reduced with Elecsys® HIV combi between 1.56 and 5.32 days in comparison to third-generation assays. The specificity of Elecsys® HIV combi in blood donors was 99.80% after repeated testing. Our results show that a fourth-generation assay with improved specificity and sensitivity like the Elecsys® HIV combi is suitable for blood donor screening due to its low number of false positives and since it detects HIV p24 antigen with a comparable sensitivity to single antigen assays.	Combined antigen and antibody detection; Genetic variability; HIV; HIV-1 RNA; HIV-1 subtypes; Seroconversion	Gag protein; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; virus RNA; antigen detection; article; blood donor; blood transfusion; cell culture; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic kit; dilution; disease course; donor selection; false positive result; geographic distribution; health care facility; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; laboratory automation; major clinical study; multicenter study; nonhuman; performance; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; screening test; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; seroconversion; South Africa; supernatant; virus detection; Early Diagnosis; HIV Antibodies; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Immunoassay; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750475184	Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner as an alternative control of small hive beetles, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)	Buchholz S., Neumann P., Merkel K., Hepburn H.R.	2006	Journal of Pest Science	79	4	10.1007/s10340-006-0141-x	Institut für Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg 06099 Halle, Germany; Swiss Bee Research Centre, Swiss Federal Research Station for Animal Production and Dairy Products (ALP), CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa; Eastern Bee research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China	Buchholz, S., Institut für Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg 06099 Halle, Germany; Neumann, P., Swiss Bee Research Centre, Swiss Federal Research Station for Animal Production and Dairy Products (ALP), CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa, Eastern Bee research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China; Merkel, K., Institut für Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg 06099 Halle, Germany; Hepburn, H.R., Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa, Eastern Bee research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China	Small hive beetles, Aethina tumida Murray, are parasites and scavengers of honeybee colonies, Apis mellifera L., and have become an invasive species that can cause considerable damage in its new distribution areas. An effective subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (=Bt) would provide an alternative to chemical control of this pest. Therefore, we tested three different Bt strains [B. thuringiensis, var. aizawai (B401®), B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Novodor®) and B. thuringiensis var. San Diego tenebrionis (Jackpot®)] and Perizin® (3.2% coumaphos), each applied on combs with a pollen diet fed to pairs of adult beetles. This evaluates the products for the suppression of successful small hive beetle reproduction. While none of the tested Bt strains showed a significant effect on the number of produced wandering larvae, we could confirm the efficacy of coumaphos for the control of small hive beetles. We further show that it is also efficient when applied with a lower concentration as a liquid on the combs. We suggest the continued search for efficient Bt strains naturally infesting small hive beetles in its endemic and new ranges, which may become a part of the integrated management of this pest. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Aethina tumida; Bacillus thuringiensis; Coumaphos; Honeybee; Integrated pest management; Small hive beetle	beetle; honeybee; integrated pest management; Aethina tumida; Apis mellifera; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus thuringiensis serovar berliner; Coleoptera; Nitidulidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750475961	Psychiatric evaluation of offenders referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex according to sextions 77 and/or 78 of the Criminal Procedures Act	Calitz F.J.W., van Rensburg P.H.J.J., Fourie C., Liebenberg E., van den Berg C., Joubert G.	2006	South African Journal of Psychiatry	12	3	None	Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Calitz, F.J.W., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van Rensburg, P.H.J.J., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Fourie, C., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Liebenberg, E., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van den Berg, C., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, G., Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background. The increase in crime is a problem of great concern in South Africa and complications arise when the accused is mentally ill. Objective. Analysis of the offenders referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex from 1995 to 2001 according to section 77 (triability) and/or section 78 (accountability) of the Criminal Procedures Act (Act 51 of 1977). Method. The study population consisted of 514 persons awaiting trial in the Free State. They were referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex for 30 days' observation from 1995 to 2001. A data form was created and used to transfer the relevant information from the accused's clinical files. Data analysis. The data collected were analysed by the Department of Biostatistics at the University of the Free State. Results. The majority of the offenders were male (94.6%) and unmarried (66.3%). The median age of the group was 30 years. The unemployment rate was 60%. Most of the referrals (84.2%) were in terms of sections 77 and 78. The accused were found to have mainly average intelligence (75.3%). The main offences were theft (27.8%), murder (18.9%), assault (18.1%) and rape (16.2%). The most common mental disorder diagnosed was schizophrenia (23.0%), with 54.3% having no mental disorder. Nearly half the offenders (48.6%) were found to be triable and accountable. Conclusion. The majority of the offenders referred for psychiatric observation were found to have no mental illness and were referred back to the courts. This results in high costs for the Department of Health. To reduce the high rate of unnecessary referrals it is recommended that courts give clear reasons for the referrals according to each section (77 and 78).	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; assault; biostatistics; controlled study; court; criminal law; data analysis; female; groups by age; health care cost; homicide; human; intelligence quotient; major clinical study; male; marriage; medical record; mental disease; mental health service; observational study; offender; patient information; patient referral; population research; psychologic assessment; public health service; rape; schizophrenia; school child; sex ratio; statistical analysis; theft; unemployment; university	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750491291	Evaluation of uridine metabolism in human and animal spermatozoa	Niemeyer T., Dietz C., Fairbanks L., Schroeder-Printzen I., Henkel R., Löeffler M.	2006	Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids	25	42624	10.1080/15257770600894584	Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Denmark; Purine Research Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Denmark; Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany; Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35033, Marburg, Germany	Niemeyer, T., Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Denmark; Dietz, C., Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Denmark; Fairbanks, L., Purine Research Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Schroeder-Printzen, I., Department of Urology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Denmark; Henkel, R., Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Löeffler, M., Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35033, Marburg, Germany	The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of uridine for spermatozoa, since this pyrimidine nucleoside was found in millimolar concentration in human seminal plasma. Here, the degradative activity of uridine-phosphorylase [EC 2.4.2.3] and the salvage activity of uridine kinase [EC 2.7.1.48] were detected in human spermatozoa. HPLC analysis depicted the uptake of exogeneous 14C-labelled adenine, but not of uridine and of hypoxanthine, into nucleotide pools of boar spermatozoa. On addition of uridine, the computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) of human cells revealed a reduction of the percentage of motile spermatozoa in contrast to an elevation of some velocity parameters. It is concluded that exogeneous uridine could function as suppressor for early capacitation and as a substrate for phosphorolysis, if ribose is needed, rather than to satisfy a demand for intracellular pyrimidine nucleotides. Copyright © Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.	CASA; Kinase; Nucleotide pools; Spermatozoa; Uridine phosphorylase	adenine; hypoxanthine; pyrimidine nucleoside; uridine; uridine kinase; uridine phosphorylase; article; controlled study; enzyme degradation; high performance liquid chromatography; human; normal human; semen analysis; seminal plasma; spermatozoon; Adenine; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Hypoxanthine; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Nucleotides; Phosphorylation; Ribose; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Uridine; Uridine Phosphorylase; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750508938	Evaluation of a commercial rubella IgM assay for use on oral fluid samples for diagnosis and surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome and postnatal rubella	Vijaylakshmi P., Muthukkaruppan V.R., Rajasundari A., Korukluoglu G., Nigatu W., L.A.Warrener, Samuel D., Brown D.W.G.	2006	Journal of Clinical Virology	37	4	10.1016/j.jcv.2006.09.005	Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India; Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, National Measles Laboratory, Cemal Gursel Cad.No: 18, 06100 Yenisehir, Ankara, Turkey; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), PO Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Microimmune Limited, 104A High Street, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 8AT, United Kingdom	Vijaylakshmi, P., Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India; Muthukkaruppan, V.R., Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Rajasundari, A., Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Korukluoglu, G., Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, National Measles Laboratory, Cemal Gursel Cad.No: 18, 06100 Yenisehir, Ankara, Turkey; Nigatu, W., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), PO Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; L.A.Warrener, Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Samuel, D., Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, Microimmune Limited, 104A High Street, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 8AT, United Kingdom; Brown, D.W.G., Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom	Background: Clinical diagnosis (surveillance) of rubella is unreliable and laboratory confirmation is essential. Detection of virus specific IgM in serum is the most commonly used method. However, the use of serum necessitates the drawing of blood, either through venipuncture or finger/heel prick, which can be difficult in young babies. Oral fluid samples have proved useful as an alternative, less invasive sample for virus specific IgM detection however until recently no commercial rubella IgM tests were available, restricting the usefulness of this approach. Objectives: To evaluate the performance of the Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA using oral fluid samples from outbreaks as well as in cases of suspected congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Study design: Paired serum and oral fluids were collected from cases during a rubella outbreak in three provinces in Turkey. Matched serum and oral fluid samples were collected from children with suspected CRS in an active surveillance programme at the Aravind Eye Hospital in South India. Serum samples were collected as part of the measles surveillance programme in Ethiopia. Results: On serum samples the sensitivity and specificity of the Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA compared to Behring Enzygnost rubella IgM test was 96.9% (62/64; 95% CI 94.2-100%) and 100% (53/53; 95% CI 93.2-100%). On oral fluids compared to matched Behring results on serum the sensitivity was 95.5% (42/44; 95% CI 84.5-99.4%). The sensitivity and specificity of Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA on oral fluids from suspected CRS cases compared to serum results using Behring Enzygnost IgM assay was 100% (95% CI 84.5-100%) and 100% (95% CI 95.8-100.0%) respectively. Conclusion: Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA has adequate performance for diagnosis and surveillance of rubella in outbreak using either serum or oral fluid specimens.	IgM; Oral fluid; Rubella	immunoglobulin M; antigen detection; article; child; congenital rubella syndrome; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; enzyme immunoassay; Ethiopia; human; immune deficiency; India; infant; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; measles; priority journal; rubella; Turkey (republic); Antibodies, Viral; Biological Assay; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rubella; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750579636	Synthesis and pesticidal evaluation of novel quin-8- oxytetramethyldiphenyldioxaphosphonine analogue	Zubair M.F., Oladosu I.A.	2006	South African Journal of Chemistry	59	None	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria	Zubair, M.F., Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oladosu, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria	Although a great deal of success has been achieved in the synthesis of dibenzodioxaphosphepin derivatives during the last few decades with the introduction of hundreds of its six-, and seven-membered ring systems, the search for more practical agronomic pesticides that is readily available and of good activity, remains attractive and important to an agronomic chemist. During the course of the development of synthetic routes to a promising pesticide, a facile preparation for a nine-membered heterocyclic dibenzodioxaphosphonine compound was discovered. Previously reported compounds consist of six- and seven-membered ring systems. The pure product was fully characterized by spectroscopic [IR, NMR (1H, 13C, 31P) and Mass] analyses. The pure compound possesses a LC50 value of 19.3 μg cm-3 in a brine shrimp lethality assay (BST). The preliminary field study on the cowpea weevil bioassay shows 51% success. Details of the synthetic route as well as bioassay results are reported herein.	BST; Candidate; Dibenzodioxaphosphonine; LC50	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750624282	Extended grinding curves are essential to the comparison of milling performance	Powell M., Mainza A.	2006	Minerals Engineering	19	15	10.1016/j.mineng.2006.08.004	Mineral Processing Research Unit, University of Cape Town, P/B Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Powell, M., Mineral Processing Research Unit, University of Cape Town, P/B Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Mainza, A., Mineral Processing Research Unit, University of Cape Town, P/B Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	The technique of developing curves of how the operation and product of a mill responds to a change in one of the prime operating variables is presented. This has been investigated to the great benefit of research into the comparison of mill performance when an operating parameter of interest is changed. These 'grindcurves' can be used to select the correct conditions for meaningful comparative tests. It is shown that the conclusions drawn from pilot work can be totally changed by shifting the mill to operate under optimal conditions for the comparison. The use of the technique in quantifying SAG mill performance is demonstrated. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Comminution; Grinding; Process control; SAG milling	Grinding (comminution); Optimal control systems; Process control; Production control; Operating parameters; Pilot work; SAG milling; Comminution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750696681	Pre-deployment evaluation of amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules	Radue C., van Dyk E.E.	2007	Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells	91	42403	10.1016/j.solmat.2006.07.007	Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa	Radue, C., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; van Dyk, E.E., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa	In this study, the indoor evaluation of amorphous silicon modules was conducted using extended visual inspection and various electrical characterisation tools. The visual inspection, which included low-magnification optical microscopy, revealed several defects resulting from physical damage and bad scribing. These defects, as well as poor material quality, are likely contributors to the degradation in performance observed during the measurement of current-voltage characteristics under standard conditions, as well as at different temperature and irradiance levels. The observed degradation is carefully analysed in this paper. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Amorphous silicon; Current-voltage characteristics; Photovoltaic modules	Amorphous silicon; Current voltage characteristics; Defects; Optical microscopy; Material quality; Photovoltaic modules; Photovoltaic cells	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750807946	Evaluation of poultry litter as feedstuff for growing rabbits	Onimisi P.A., Omage J.J.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	11	None	Animal Science Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria	Onimisi, P.A., Animal Science Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria; Omage, J.J., Animal Science Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria	Twenty five eight weeks old growing rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes were used to evaluate the nutritive value of poultry litter (PL) by a graded level substitution of maize and soyabeans in the diet. There were five dietary treatments with five rabbits per treatment housed individually in cages in complete randomization. The treatment diets contained 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32% level of PL respectively. The rabbits were fed the treatment diets for the 8 weeks period of the experiment. Average daily weight gain and feed to gain ratio were not statistically different among the dietary treatments. It may be concluded from the results of this experiment that poultry litter could replace up to 32% of maize - soyabeans in rabbit diets without detrimental effects on growth performance.	Growing rabbits; Growth performance; Poultry litter	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750863935	Evaluation of rate of swelling and erosion of verapamil (VRP) sustained-release matrix tablets	Khamanga S.M., Walker R.B.	2006	Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy	32	10	10.1080/03639040600599822	Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	Khamanga, S.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Walker, R.B., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	Tablets manufactured in-house were compared to a marketed sustained-release product of verapamil to investigate the rate of hydration, erosion, and drug-release mechanism by measuring the wet and subsequent dry weights of the products. Swelling and erosion rates depended on the polymer and granulating fluid used, which ultimately pointed to their permeability characteristics. Erosion rate of the marketed product was highest, which suggests that the gel layer that formed around these tablets was weak as opposed to the robust and resistant layers of test products. Anomalous and near zero-order transport mechanisms were dominant in tests and commercial product, respectively. Copyright © Informa Healthcare.	Drug release; Erosion; Eudragit; Surelease; Swelling; Verapamil hydrochloride	calcium phosphate dibasic; carbomer; ethyl cellulose; eudagrit; eudragit; magnesium stearate; microcrystalline cellulose; polymer; verapamil; article; drug formulation; drug penetration; drug release; dry weight; evaluation; gel; hydration; sustained release preparation; tablet formulation; water transport; Calcium Channel Blockers; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Polymers; Tablets; Verapamil; Water	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750897390	Performance of eight tree species in the highland Vertisols of central Ethiopia: Growth, foliage nutrient concentration and effect on soil chemical properties	Mekonnen K., Yohannes T., Glatzel G., Amha Y.	2006	New Forests	32	3	10.1007/s11056-006-9003-x	Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter-JordanStrasse 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria; Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), P.O. Box 2003, Holetta, Ethiopia	Mekonnen, K., Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter-JordanStrasse 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria; Yohannes, T., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), P.O. Box 2003, Holetta, Ethiopia; Glatzel, G., Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter-JordanStrasse 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria; Amha, Y., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), P.O. Box 2003, Holetta, Ethiopia	The coverage of trees in the highland Vertisol areas of Ethiopia is very scarce. A tree screening trial was conducted from 1997 to 2002 in Ginchi (central Ethiopia) to select fast growing and high biomass producing tree species; evaluate foliage macronutrient concentration of different tree species; and assess effects of trees on soil chemical properties beneath their canopies. Acacia decurrens Willd, A. mearnsii De Wild and Eucalyptus globulus Labill attained the highest height growth at 64 months as compared to other indigenous and exotic species. E. globulus provided better height increment from 24 to 36 and 36 to 64 months than other tree and shrub species. Acacia mearnssi and A. saligna Labill Wendl produced high biomass at 40 and 64 months. Differences between the highest and lowest dry biomass at 12, 40 and 64 months were 1.13, 29.19 and 38.89 kg tree -1, respectively. None of the tree species resulted in a foliage to stem biomass ratio of &gt;0.98 at 40 and 64 months. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr had high N and P concentrations in its foliages and stems at 12 and 40 months. Total N under Acacia abyssinica Hochst. Ex Benth, A. saligna and S. sesban was slightly greater at 40 months than 12 months. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Available P; Biomass; Foliage and soil N; Foliage to stem ratio; Height	Biomass; Nutrition; Available P; Foliage and soil N; Foliage to stem ratio; Forestry; foliage; growth rate; height; nutrient availability; soil property; tree; upland region; Vertisol; Biomass; Height; Nutrition; Trees; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Ginchi; Sub-Saharan Africa; Acacia; Acacia abyssinica; Acacia decurrens; Acacia mearnsii; Acacia saligna; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus globulus; Sesbania sesban	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750953470	Performance of immunologic responses in predicting viral load suppression: Implications for monitoring patients in resource-limited settings	Moore D.M., Mermin J., Awor A., Yip B., Hogg R.S., Montaner J.S.G.	2006	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	43	4	10.1097/01.qai.0000243105.80393.42	British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; CDC-Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Moore, D.M., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda, CDC-Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Mermin, J., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Awor, A., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Yip, B., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hogg, R.S., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Montaner, J.S.G., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada	BACKGROUND: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings state that CD4 cell counts may be used to indicate when ART regimens should be changed because of treatment failure. The performance of immunologic monitoring for this purpose has not been evaluated, however. METHODS: Participants aged ≥18 years from the British Columbia HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Program who had CD4 cell counts ≤200 cells/μL or an AIDS diagnosis at baseline had CD4 cell counts measured at 6 and 12 months after treatment initiation. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for immunologic responses in terms of predicting failure to achieve 2 viral load measurements <500 copies/mL within 1 year. RESULTS: Viral load suppression occurred in 674 (60%) of 1125 subjects. Using no increase in CD4 cell counts at 6 months as a definition of treatment failure had a sensitivity of 34%, specificity of 94%, positive predictive value of 75%, and negative predictive value of 71% for predicting failure to achieve virologic suppression. Using 12-month CD4 cell count values, the measurements were 35%, 95%, 79%, and 73%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Immunologic criteria to predict which patients have not achieved virologic suppression results in significant misclassification of therapeutic responses. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Antiretroviral therapy; Developing countries; Immunologic monitoring; Virologic responses	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; treatment failure; virus load; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Developing Countries; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; RNA, Viral; Treatment Failure; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750994051	Comparative evaluation of EDTA, pyridine and acetic acid for the assessment of available heavy metals from domestic and industrial sludges	Olajire A.A., Bello M.O., Abdul-Hammed M., Olabemiwo O.M.	2006	International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology	3	4	None	Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Olajire, A.A., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Bello, M.O., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Abdul-Hammed, M., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Olabemiwo, O.M., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Various sludge samples from different domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants were analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) to evaluate their total and available contents of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd and Zn). The EDTA pyridine and acetic acid single extraction techniques were applied to these samples with the objective of studying the leaching behavior of the metals in different sludges and also to predict their possible mobility when these wastes are disposed on the environment and landfills. In EDTA higher extraction efficiency was observed for major part of the elements studied in the industrial sludges except for Hg and Cd, which were also considerably released from domestic sludges. Acetic acid and pyridine gave a better extraction efficiency for Zn in industrial sludge than EDTA. Moreover, the results of total digestions were compared, for total metal contents, with those obtained using pseudototal digestion procedure and a good correlation (r2 = 0.95) was found between the two methods of digestion. © Autumn 2006, IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.	Domestic sludges; Heavy metals; Industrial sludges; Pseudototal digestion; Total digestion	Cadmium; Extraction; Leaching; Mercury (metal); Metal recovery; Sewage sludge; Sewage treatment; acetic acid; domestic waste; EDTA; extraction; heavy metal; industrial waste; sludge; wastewater	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751017408	Impact of sustained use of insecticide-treated bednets on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes	Lindblade K.A., Gimnig J.E., Kamau L., Hawley W.A., Odhiambo F., Olang G., Ter Kuile F.O., Vulule J.M., Slutsker L.	2006	Journal of Medical Entomology	43	2	10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0428:IOSUOI]2.0.CO;2	Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; CDC/HHS, AE Guatemala Unit 3321, APO AA 34024, Guatemala; Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Lindblade, K.A., Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States, CDC/HHS, AE Guatemala Unit 3321, APO AA 34024, Guatemala; Gimnig, J.E., Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kamau, L., Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya; Hawley, W.A., Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Odhiambo, F., Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Olang, G., Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Ter Kuile, F.O., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Vulule, J.M., Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya; Slutsker, L., Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya	Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) significantly reduce malaria vector populations. Susceptibility to ITNs differs by vector species, and culicine mosquitoes have not been shown to be significantly affected by the use of ITNs. We examined the impact of 2-4 yr of ITN use on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes. Routine entomological surveillance was conducted in adjacent areas with and without ITNs from November 1999 to January 2002. Use of ITNs reduced the proportion of Anopheles gambiae Giles relative to Anopheles arabiensis Giles. The number of culicines per house was significantly lower in the ITN area than in the neighboring area. Changes in the An. gambiae sibling species distribution may help to explain apparent mosquito behavioral changes attributed to ITNs. Reductions in culicines by ITNs may have implications for community perceptions of ITN effectiveness and for control of other diseases such as lymphatic filariasis.	Africa; Insecticide-treated bednets; Malaria	insecticide; permethrin; animal; article; bed; blood; comparative study; demography; disease carrier; drug effect; female; Kenya; malaria; methodology; mosquito; parasitology; physiology; population density; sporozoite; time; Animals; Bedding and Linens; Blood; Culicidae; Demography; Female; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Kenya; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Permethrin; Population Density; Sporozoites; Time Factors; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751068997	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting all school-age children of Burkina Faso against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Performance, financial costs and implications for sustainability	Gabrielli A.-F., Touré S., Sellin B., Sellin E., Ky C., Ouedraogo H., Yaogho M., Wilson M.D., Thompson H., Sanou S., Fenwick A.	2006	Acta Tropica	99	42403	10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.008	Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso	Gabrielli, A.-F., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Touré, S., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Sellin, B., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Sellin, E., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Ky, C., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Ouedraogo, H., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Yaogho, M., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Wilson, M.D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Thompson, H., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Sanou, S., Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting the entire school-age population of Burkina Faso with drugs against schistosomiasis (praziquantel) and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (albendazole) was implemented in 2004-2005. In total, 3,322,564 children from 5 to 15 years of age were treated, equivalent to a 90.8% coverage of the total school-age population of the country. The total costs of the campaign were estimated to be US$ 1,067,284, of which 69.4% was spent on the drugs. Delivery costs per child treated were US$ 0.098, in the same range as school-based only interventions implemented in other countries; total costs per child treated (including drugs) were US$ 0.32. We conclude that a combined school- and community-based strategy is effective in attaining a high coverage among school-age children in countries where school enrolment is low and where primary schools cannot serve as the exclusive drug distribution points. The challenge for Burkina Faso will now be to ensure the sustainability of these disease control activities. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Burkina Faso; Control; Financial costs; Performance; Schistosomiasis; Soil-transmitted helminthiasis; Sustainability	albendazole; praziquantel; child health; community care; cost; disease transmission; disease treatment; drug; performance assessment; sustainability; adolescent; article; Burkina Faso; child; community care; controlled study; disease control; drug cost; drug distribution; female; health care cost; health care delivery; helminthiasis; human; intervention study; major clinical study; male; primary school; schistosomiasis; school health service; Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Burkina Faso; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Costs; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male; Praziquantel; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Schools; Africa; Burkina Faso; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751092512	Performance of a penetrating corrosion nihibitor in concrete fafected by carbonation-induced corrosion	Heiyantuduwa R., Alexander M.G., Mackechnie J.R.	2006	Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering	18	6	10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:6(842)	Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand	Heiyantuduwa, R., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Alexander, M.G., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Mackechnie, J.R., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand	The performance of an organic, penetrating corrosion inhibitor in reducing the rate of corrosion and delaying the onset of corrosion in carbonated concrete was investigated. Laboratory trials were undertaken on specimens treated with the corrosion inhibitor before and after accelerated carbonation. Corrosion monitoring was undertaken for 11 months measuring corrosion rate, rebar potential, and resistivity. Results indicate that the penetrating corrosion inhibitor is capable of reducing corrosion rates and delaying the onset of corrosion under carbonation conditions. The effectiveness of the inhibitor was also assessed on site structures exhibiting severe carbonation-induced corrosion. Corrosion monitoring on site was done for a period of nine months. Findings from site studies confirmed that surface application of the corrosion inhibitor significantly reduced the corrosion rate of reinforcement embedded in carbonated concrete when compared with untreated elements. © 2006 ASCE.	Carbonation; Concrete; Corrosion; Rehabilitation	Carbonation; Concretes; Surface treatment; Carbonation-induced corrosion; Corrosion monitoring; Corrosion inhibitors; concrete; corrosion control; inhibitor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751107960	In vitro evaluation of effects of two ghanaian plants relevant to wound healing	Mensah A.Y., Houghton P.J., Dickson R.A., Fleischer T.C., Heinrich M., Bremner P.	2006	Phytotherapy Research	20	11	10.1002/ptr.1978	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom	Mensah, A.Y., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Houghton, P.J., Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Dickson, R.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Fleischer, T.C., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Heinrich, M., Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Bremner, P., Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom	Commelina diffusa and Spathodea campanulata are used as wound-healing agents in Ashanti traditional medicine in Ghana. The methanol extracts of Commelina diffusa herb and Spathodea campanulata bark showed some level of antimicrobial activity with C. diffusa exhibiting selective antifungal activity against Trichophyton species. The extracts reduced the peroxidation of bovine brain extract with an IC50 value of 1.39 mg/mL and 0.24 mg/mL, respectively. In addition the extracts also exhibited significant antioxidant activity by protecting MRC-5 cells from hydrogen peroxide induced oxidant injury at concentrations between 1 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL. The extracts showed no inhibition of NF-κB at 100 μg/mL. The antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities suggest that the use of the plants in wound healing may be based on antioxidant and antiseptic effects of its constituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	Bacteria; Commelina diffusa; Lipid peroxidation; Ringworm fungi; Spathodea campanulata; Wound healing	brain extract; hydrogen peroxide; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; plant extract; antifungal activity; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; article; bark; cell line; Commelina; controlled study; Ghana; IC 50; in vitro study; nonhuman; peroxidation; Trichophyton; wound healing; Animals; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Bignoniaceae; Brain; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Commelina; Fungi; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries; Bos taurus; Commelina diffusa; Fungi; Spathodea campanulata; Trichophyton	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751165076	Customer-focus and business performance: The study of food and beverages organizations in Nigeria	Nwokah N.G., Maclayton D.W.	2006	Measuring Business Excellence	10	4	10.1108/13683040610719281	Department of Marketing, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Nwokah, N.G., Department of Marketing, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Maclayton, D.W., Department of Marketing, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of customer-focus on the performance of the organisation. While many empirical works have centered on customer-focus, the generalisability of its impact on performance of the food and beverages organisations in the Nigeria context has been under-researched. Design/methodology/approach - The paper adopted a triangulation methodology (quantitative and qualitative approach). Data were collected from key informants using a research instrument. Returned instruments were analyzed using non-parametric correlation through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10. Findings - The paper validated the earlier instruments but did not find any strong association between customer-focus and business performance in the Nigerian context using the food and beverages organisations for the study. The reasons underlying the weak relationship between customer-focus and business performance of the food and beverages organizations are government policies, new product development, diversification, innovation and devaluation of the Nigerian currency. One important finding of this paper is that customer-focus leads to business performance through some moderating variables. Practical implications - The paper recommends that the Nigerian Government should ensure a stable economy and make economic policies that will enhance existing business development in the country. Also, organisations should have performance measurement systems to detect the impact of investment on customer-focus with the aim of knowing how the organization works. Originality/value - This paper significantly refines the body of knowledge concerning the impact of customer-focus on the performance of the organization, and thereby offers a model of customer-focus and business performance in the Nigerian context for marketing scholars and practitioners. This model will, no doubt, contribute to the body of existing literature of customer-focus.	Beverages; Business performance; Customer orientation; Food industry; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751172520	Impact of chronic β-adrenoceptor activation on neurotensin-induced myocardial effects in rats	Osadchii O., Norton G., Deftereos D., Muller D., Woodiwiss A.	2006	European Journal of Pharmacology	553	42372	10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.037	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Osadchii, O., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Deftereos, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Muller, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	In heart failure chronic sympathetic activation results in contractile dysfunction in part through down-regulation of the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP system. However, the impact of chronic adrenergic activation on cardiac sympathetic neuromodulator systems is unclear. In this study, we sought to determine whether chronic adrenergic activation modifies myocardial norepinephrine release and contractile responses elicited by neurotensin, a neuropeptide found in cardiovascular system. Chronic administration of isoproterenol, a β-adrenoceptor agonist, to rats (0.05 mg/kg daily for 1 month, i.p.), produced cardiac hypertrophy with preserved baseline ventricular systolic function, but reduced contractile responses to exogenous norepinephrine as shown in isolated, isovolumically-contracting heart preparations. Neurotensin produced a marked increase in coronary effluent norepinephrine release, an effect abolished by SR 48692, a specific neurotensin receptor antagonist. In isoproterenol-treated rats, neurotensin has no significant impact on myocardial norepinephrine release. Consistently, concentration-dependent positive inotropic responses elicited by neurotensin in control rat hearts were blunted over a wide range of neurotensin concentrations (10- 10-10- 5.5 M) in isoproterenol-treated rats. In conclusion, these data indicate that following chronic β-adrenoceptor activation, neurotensin-induced effects on norepinephrine release and subsequent contractile changes are markedly down-regulated. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cardiac hypertrophy; Myocardial norepinephrine; Neurotensin; Ventricular contractility	2 [[1 (7 chloro 4 quinolinyl) 5 (2,6 dimethoxyphenyl) 3 pyrazolyl]carbonylamino] 2 adamantanecarboxylic acid; beta adrenergic receptor; beta adrenergic receptor stimulating agent; isoprenaline; neurotensin; propranolol; adrenergic activity; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; drug effect; heart muscle; heart muscle contractility; heart ventricle contraction; heart ventricle hypertrophy; isolated heart; male; nonhuman; noradrenalin release; priority journal; rat; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Coronary Circulation; Heart; Isoproterenol; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium; Neurotensin; Norepinephrine; Organ Size; Pyrazoles; Quinolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751317994	The IS-business relationship and its implications for performance: An empirical study of South African and Australian organisations	Cohen J.F., Toleman M.	2006	International Journal of Information Management	26	6	10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2006.06.002	School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, WITS, 2050, South Africa; Department of Information Systems, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia	Cohen, J.F., School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, WITS, 2050, South Africa; Toleman, M., Department of Information Systems, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia	Lack of a close 'Information systems (IS)-business relationship' has been described as a potential inhibitor to improving the contribution that information systems (IS) make to business performance. Yet the value of specific attributes of an enduring relationship between IS and business remains to be demonstrated by empirically confirming their link to IS performance. Using data collected from 167 South African and Australian companies, this study examined the effect of three relational attributes, namely commitment, mutual understanding and shared vision, on the contribution of IS to business performance. The study also examines the interrelationship amongst the relational attributes. Results revealed that a strong IS-business relationship is a significant determinant of IS performance. Organisations more successful in their use of IS are characterised by strong commitment on the part of the business to IS efforts, higher levels of IS understanding of the business, and a long-term agreement, between business and IS executives, on IS priorities. Results have important implications for organisations looking to improve the contribution of IS to organisational performance. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Commitment; IS performance; IS-business relationship; Shared vision; Understanding	Computer vision; Data reduction; Information dissemination; Societies and institutions; IS-business relationships; Shared vision; Information retrieval systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751331914	The impact of recent queenloss and colony pheno-type on the removal of small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) eggs and larvae by African honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.)	Spiewok S., Neumann P.	2006	Journal of Insect Behavior	19	5	10.1007/s10905-006-9046-z	Institut für Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Swiss Federal Research Station ALP, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China	Spiewok, S., Institut für Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; Neumann, P., Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Swiss Federal Research Station ALP, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa, Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China	The removal of small hive beetle [=SHB] eggs and larvae was studied in queenright and recently queenless Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, colonies over a range of phenotypes. The overall removal efficiency was not influenced by phenotypes or queenstate, because all introduced eggs and larvae were removed within 24 hours. Queenless colonies removed them merely slower than queenright ones. The latter ones rejected up to 300 larvae within one hour. However, colonies undergoing preparation for absconding did not completely remove SHB offspring, suggesting that removal efficiency was reduced. Since even small and recently queenless colonies effectively removed immature SHB, and no differences in the overall efficiency was found compared to A. m. scutellata we conclude that this defense behavior is well developed in African honeybees. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Aethina tumida; Apis mellifera; Honeybee; Hygienic behavior; Parasite; Small hive beetle	Aethina tumida; Apis mellifera; Apis mellifera scutellata; Coleoptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751354610	Petrographic studies of "fallout" suevite from outside the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana	Boamah D., Koeberl C.	2006	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	41	11	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Geological Survey Department, P.O. Box M80, Accra, Ghana	Boamah, D., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Geological Survey Department, P.O. Box M80, Accra, Ghana; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Field studies and a shallow drilling program carried out in 1999 provided information about thickness and distribution of suevite to the north of the Bosumtwi crater rim. Suevite occurrence there is known from an ∼1.5 km2 area; its thickness is ≤15 m. The present suevite distribution is likely the result of differential erosion and does not reflect the initial areal extent of continuous Bosumtwi ejecta deposits. Here we discuss the petrographic characteristics of drill core samples of melt-rich suevite. Macroscopic constituents of the suevites are melt bodies and crystalline and metasedimentary rock (granite, graywacke, phyllite, shale, schist, and possibly slate) clasts up to about 40 cm in size. Shock metamorphic effects in the clasts include multiple sets of planar deformation features (PDFs), diaplectic quartz and feldspar glasses, lechatelierite, and ballen quartz, besides biotite with kink bands. Basement rock clasts in the suevite represent all stages of shock metamorphism, ranging from samples without shock effects to completely shock-melted material that is indicative of shock pressures up to ∼60 GPa. © The Meteoritical Society, 2006.	None	crater; crystalline rock; ejecta; fallout; impact structure; metasedimentary rock; suevite; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751357810	Evaluation of a strict protocol approach in managing women with severe disease due to abortion	Pattinson R.C., Snyman L.C., Macdonald A.P.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	11	None	MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Pattinson, R.C., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Snyman, L.C., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Macdonald, A.P., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim. To evaluate whether the introduction of a strict protocol approach based on the systemic evaluation of critically ill pregnant women with complications of abortion affected outcome. Setting. Indigent South Africans managed in the regional and tertiary hospitals of the Pretoria Academic Complex. Method. Since 1997 a standard definition of severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) has been used in the Pretoria Academic Complex. All cases of SAMM and maternal deaths were entered on the Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Audit System programme. A comparison of outcome of severely ill women who had complications of abortion was made between 1997-1998 (original protocol) and 2002-2004 (strict protocol). Outcome measures. The mortality index and prevalence of organ system failure or dysfunction. Results. In 1997-1998 there were 43 women with SAMM who survived and a further 10 maternal deaths due to complications of abortion, compared with 107 women with SAMM and 7 maternal deaths during 2002-2004. The mortality index declined from 18.9% in 1997-1998 to 6.1% in 2002-2004 (p=0.02, odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence limits 0.10-0.79). Significantly more women had hypovolaemic shock in 2002-2004 compared with 1997-1998 (54.4% v. 35.8%, p=0.04), but fewer women had immune system failure including septic shock (18.4% v. 47.2%, p=0.0002) and metabolic dysfunction (0 v. 5.7%, p=0.03) and there was a trend to less renal failure (10.5% v. 22.6%, p=0.06) and cardiac failure (4.4% v. 13.2%, p=0.08). Conclusion. The strict protocol approach based on systemic evaluation in managing critically ill pregnant women with complications of abortion, coupled with an intensive, regular feedback mechanism, has been associated with a reduction in the mortality index.	None	cephalosporin derivative; gentamicin; metronidazole; abortion; antibiotic therapy; article; brain disease; clinical article; clinical protocol; controlled study; critically ill patient; disease severity; female; fluid resuscitation; heart failure; hematologic disease; human; hypovolemic shock; immunopathology; indigent; kidney failure; liver failure; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; medical audit; metabolic disorder; outcomes research; risk reduction; septic abortion; septic shock; South Africa; tertiary health care; trophoblastic disease; Abortion, Induced; Adult; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Quality of Health Care; Severity of Illness Index; South Africa; Survival Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751360305	Impact of research findings on the agronomic, sociocultural and economic base of small holder rubber farmers-A case study of two farm settlements in Southern Nigeria	Esekhade T.U., Ogeh J.S., Akpaja E.O.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	11	10.3923/jas.2006.2496.2500	Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Esekhade, T.U., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogeh, J.S., Department of Soil Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Akpaja, E.O., Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	A survey to evaluate the impact of research findings on the agronomic, socio cultural as well as the economic base of small holder rubber farmers was conducted in two farm settlements on acid soils in Southern Nigeria. The survey was conducted to provide information on the present state of rubber-based cropping systems in the farm settlements with a view to conducting research oriented towards the management of the environmental resource base to ensure sustainability. Data was generated through a single-visit questionnaire survey of a sample of rubber farmers. Results however showed that all the farmers surveyed intercropped arable crops with rubber saplings. Melon/maize/cassava ranked the highest in the choice of cropping pattern in a 1 year cropping cycle. The mean rubber area of 1-5 years with 1.52 ha was the highest in the two farm settlements. Seventy percent of the farmers surveyed use chemical fertilizers. Cash income of N72,000 from rubber at Mbiri farm settlements ranked highest in the two farm settlements. The highest cash income from other crops was N55,000 and from Mbiri farm settlement. Non cash income was highest at Mbiri while mean gross income of N134,000 and mean net income of N42,000 was also highest at Mbiri farm settlements. On cropping pattern basis income that accrued to farmers were N17,000, N26,500 and N15,000 for rubber/melon/maize/cassava (1 year), rubber/melon/maize/yam/cassava (2 years) and rubber/melon/ pineapple (3 years), respectively. The study highlighted the need to take low input technology developed to farmers in the farm settlements. The lack of technical assistance have affected the net earnings of the settlers. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Acid soil; Agronomic; Economic; Farm settlements; Rubber-based cropping systems; Small holder farmer	Acid soils; Agronomic; Chemical fertilizers; Cropping systems; Environmental resources; Questionnaire surveys; Small holder farmer; Technical assistance; Agronomy; Crops; Economics; Fertilizers; Information management; Research; Soils; Surveys; Sustainable development; Rubber	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751364289	Palm nut cracking under repeated impact load	Koya O.A.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	11	10.3923/jas.2006.2471.2475	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Koya, O.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Cracking a whole palm nut under repeated impact load, with the object of minimizing kernel breakage, was modeled and tested. The models were based on the conservation of energy impacted on the nut by a failing weight, or the kinetic energy of a moving nut and the strain energy required in fracturing the nutshell. One of the two models predicts the falling height required to crack a nut, in terms of stiffness, maximum deformation and size of the nut and the load cycles. The second model predicts the hurling speed required to crack a nut, in terms of stiffness, maximum deformation, mass and size of the nut and the load cycles. Experimental verification, which is in good agreement with the theory showed significant reduction in kernel breakage when palm nuts were subjected to low but repeated impact. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cracking; Fatigue; Fracture; Impact; Palm nut	Conservation of energy; Experimental verification; Impact; Load cycle; Palm nut; Palm nut cracking; Repeated impact; Repeated impact load; Crack initiation; Deformation; Fatigue of materials; Fracture; Kinetics; Stiffness; Cracks	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751367681	New observations on shatter cones in the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa, and evaluation of current hypotheses for shatter cone formation	Wieland F., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L.	2006	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	41	11	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Museum for Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany	Wieland, F., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa, Museum for Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Shatter cones have been described from many meteorite impact structures and are widely regarded as a diagnostic macroscopic recognition feature for impact. However, the origin of this meso- to macroscopic striated fracture phenomenon has not yet been satisfactorily resolved, and the timing of shatter cone formation in the cratering process still remains enigmatic. Here, previous results from studies of shatter cones from the Vredefort impact structure and other impact structures are discussed in the light of new field observations made in the Vredefort Dome. Contrary to earlier claims, Vredefort cone fractures do not show uniform apex orientations at any given outcrop, nor do small cones show a pattern consistent with the previously postulated "master cone" concept. Simple back-rotation of impact-rotated strata to a horizontal pre-impact position also does not lead to a uniform centripetal-upward orientation of the cone apices. Striation patterns on the cone surfaces are variable, ranging from the typically diverging pattern branching off the cone apex to subparallel-to-parallel patterns on almost flat surfaces. Striation angles on shatter cones do not increase with distance from the center of the dome, as alleged in the literature. Instead, a range of striation angles is measured on individual shatter cones from a specific outcrop. New observations on small-scale structures in the collar around the Vredefort Dome confirm the relationship of shatter cones with subparallel sets of curviplanar fractures (so-called multipli-striated joint sets, MSJS). Pervasive, meter-scale tensile fractures cross-cut shatter cones and appear to have formed after the closely spaced MSJ-type fractures. The results of this study indicate that none of the existing hypotheses for the formation of shatter cones are currently able to adequately explain all characteristics of this fracturing phenomenon. Therefore, we favor a combination of aspects of different hypotheses that includes the interaction of elastic waves, as supported by numerical modeling results and which reasonably explains the variety of shatter cone shapes, the range of striation geometries and angles, and the relationship of closely spaced fracture systems with the striated surfaces. In the light of the currently available theoretical basis for the formation of shatter cones, the results of this investigation lead to the conclusion that shatter cones are tensile fractures and might have formed during shock unloading, after the passage of the shock wave through the target rocks. © The Meteoritical Society, 2006.	None	cratering; impact structure; meteorite; numerical model; shatter cone; striation; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751377243	Impact of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act on maternal morbidity and mortality in the west of Pretoria	Mbele A.M., Snyman L., Pattinson R.C.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	11	None	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa	Mbele, A.M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Snyman, L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim. To evaluate the impact of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act on maternal morbidity and mortality in the west of Pretoria. Setting. Indigent South Africans managed in two public hospitals in the west of Pretoria. Method. Data were collected on all abortions (incomplete or induced) treated in the hospitals in the study area in 1997-1998 and 2003-2005. All cases of severe acute maternal morbidity and maternal deaths due to abortion were identified for these time periods. Data exclude referrals from outside the west of Pretoria. Outcome measures. The case fatality rate (CFR), mortality index (MI) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) due to abortions. Results. In 1997-1998 there were 2 050 abortions, of which 80.2% were regarded as being incomplete, and in 2003-2005 there were 3 999 abortions, of which 42.8% were regarded as incomplete. Twenty-four women who were critically ill due to complications of abortion presented in 1997-1998 (a rate of 3.05/1 000 births), compared with 50 (2.76/1 000 births) in 2003-2005. There were 5 deaths in 1997-1998 (CFR of 2.4/1 000 abortions) compared with 1 death in 2003-2005 (CFR 0.25/1 000 abortions) (p=0.01, relative risk (RR) 0.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01-0.89). The MI fell from 21.7% to 2.0% (p=0.02, RR 0.1, 95% CI 0.01-0.89). The MMR was 63.6/100 000 births in 1997-1998 compared with 5.54/100 000 in 2003-2005 (p=0.017, RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.74). Conclusion: The introduction of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act has been associated with a massive reduction in women presenting with incomplete abortions. The prevalence of critically ill women due to complications of abortion has not changed, but the CFR, MI and MMR have declined significantly.	None	article; clinical article; confidence interval; controlled study; critically ill patient; disease severity; female; human; indigent; induced abortion; law enforcement; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; pregnancy termination; public hospital; risk assessment; South Africa; spontaneous abortion; statistical significance; Abortion, Legal; Abortion, Spontaneous; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751394202	The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa	Reinecke S.A., Reinecke A.J.	2007	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	66	2	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.006	Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Reinecke, S.A., Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Reinecke, A.J., Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Earthworm population density was measured in and adjacent to an orchard in an agricultural area in the Western Cape, South Africa. Worm densities were very low in orchards (22/m2) compared to adjacent uncultivated fields (152/m2) at a distance from the orchards. The possible effect of organophosphate pesticides on the earthworms was investigated. Background soil concentrations of chlorpyrifos prior to the start of the spraying season were low (0.2-2.7 μg/kg) but persistent for up to 6 months after the last spraying event, and the pesticide was, as a result of rainfall, transported to nontarget areas by runoff. Background concentrations of azinphos methyl were higher than those of chlorpyrifos (1.6-9.8 μg/kg) but not detectable 2 weeks after a spraying event. Azinphos methyl was mostly transported by wind (spray drift) to adjacent areas. A microcosm study indicated effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms as determined by measuring biomass change and Cholinesterase inhibition. It is concluded that earthworms were affected detrimentally by the pesticides due to chronic (chlorpyrifos) and intermittent (azinphos methyl) exposure. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Azinphos methyl; Biomarker; Biomass; ChE; Chlorpyrifos; Earthworms; Microcosms; Organophosphates; Runoff; Spray drift	azinphos methyl; chlorpyrifos; cholinesterase; organophosphate pesticide; chlorpyrifos; earthworm; orchard; organophosphate; pesticide; population decline; article; biomass; concentration (parameters); controlled study; earthworm; environmental exposure; enzyme inhibition; microcosm; nonhuman; population density; season; soil; South Africa; Agriculture; Animals; Azinphosmethyl; Biomass; Chlorpyrifos; Cholinesterases; Environmental Monitoring; Insecticides; Oligochaeta; Population Density; Soil Pollutants; South Africa; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751509951	Design optimization of containers for sloshing and impact	Craig K.J., Kingsley T.C.	2007	Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization	33	1	10.1007/s00158-006-0038-6	Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Craig, K.J., Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kingsley, T.C., Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) method is presented to support the design process of partially filled liquid containers subject to the disciplines of sloshing and impact analyses. Experimental techniques are used to understand sloshing as a phenomenon and to evaluate the computational fluid dynamics code. Validation includes qualitative comparison of visual free-surface behavior and quantitative comparisons of pressure measurements in the time and frequency domain. The liquid motion exhibits good comparisons in time. Deviations are caused by both the experimental signal filtration process and deficiencies in the low-frequency measurement capability of the accelerometer. The first two odd oscillatory modes are accurately captured. An objective function for the quantitative evaluation of the sloshing phenomenon is proposed. For impact the von Mises baffle stress is used. Single and multidisciplinary optimization formulations using LS-OPT are presented and examined. The multidisciplinary optimum proved to be a compromise between the optima obtained when considering the two single disciplines independently. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Free-surface modeling; Impact; Mathematical optimization; MDO; Sloshing	Computational fluid dynamics; Design; Optimization; Signal filtering and prediction; Free surface; Frequency measurement; Liquid containers; Containers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751526274	Testing antecedents to sales performance in postapartheid era: A field study	Barbuto Jr. J.E., Barbuto L., De La Rey P., Boshoff A.B., Ye X.	2006	Psychological Reports	99	2	10.2466/PR0.99.2.603-618	University of Nebraska, Lincoln, United States; Future Leadership Consulting; University of Pretoria, South Africa; Stellenbosch University, South Africa; 306 Ag Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0709, United States	Barbuto Jr., J.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, United States, 306 Ag Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0709, United States; Barbuto, L., Future Leadership Consulting; De La Rey, P., University of Pretoria, South Africa; Boshoff, A.B., Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Ye, X., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, United States	The predictors of objectively measured sales performance were assessed with 245 sales representatives from a large South African life insurance company. Sales representatives completed measures of their locus of control, entrepreneurial attitudes, biographical history, and performance was assessed from company records of sales, net commissions earned, and lapse ratios. The nature of employment contract, job status, and race explained significant differences in performance outcomes. The predictive nature of locus of control and entrepreneurial attitudes for performance outcomes was tested using structural equation modeling procedures, with limited validity. The implications for research and practice are also discussed. © Psychological Reports 2006.	None	achievement; adult; article; attitude; Caucasian; commercial phenomena; control; female; human; income; insurance; male; middle aged; Negro; personnel management; policy; psychological aspect; self concept; social problem; South Africa; statistics; Achievement; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Attitude; Commerce; Employee Performance Appraisal; Entrepreneurship; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Income; Insurance, Life; Internal-External Control; Male; Middle Aged; Public Policy; Race Relations; Self Concept; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751545050	Investigation of El Niño and La Niña effects and the impact of Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs), on precipitation in Nigeria from 1950 to 1992	Okeke F.N., Marengo J.A., Nobre C.	2006	Surveys in Geophysics	27	5	10.1007/s10712-006-9009-0	Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Centro de Previsão de Estudos Climãticos, Cachoeira, Paulista SP, Brazil	Okeke, F.N., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Marengo, J.A., Centro de Previsão de Estudos Climãticos, Cachoeira, Paulista SP, Brazil; Nobre, C., Centro de Previsão de Estudos Climãticos, Cachoeira, Paulista SP, Brazil	Monthly precipitation data from meteorological stations in Nigeria are analysed from 1950 to 1992, in relation to sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The analyses have shed some light on understanding the variability of rainfall anomalies observed in Nigeria for this period. The correlation values between rainfall anomaly indices (RAI) and different meteorological indices are not all significant. Thus, the analyses show some indication that rainfall in Nigeria is associated with El Niño-related circulation and rainfall anomalies. The low correlations between RAI and SST in the Pacific confirm low correlations between rainfall and southern oscillation indices (SOI). SST correlations in the tropical Atlantic suggest that warm surface water in this part of the Atlantic moves the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) southward and away from the SouthEast of Nigeria, indicating less rainfall, while, in SouthWest of Nigeria, the warm surface waters in this part of the Atlantic are likely to be responsible for a more northern position of the ITCZ, which produces more rainfall. The lower correlation in Northern Nigeria may be attributed to its continentality, away from the influence of the sea surface conditions in the Gulf of Guinea and the tropical Atlantic. The drought, or rainfall, cycles in Northern Nigeria are more closely connected to the land surface conditions in the nearby Sahel region. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006.	Atlantic Ocean; El Nino; Interannual variability; Nigeria; Pacific Ocean; Precipitation anomaly; Rainfall	Atmospheric temperature; Climatology; Correlation methods; Oceanography; El Nino; La Nina; Sea surface temperatures (SSTs); Precipitation (meteorology); annual variation; correlation; El Nino; intertropical convergence zone; La Nina; precipitation (climatology); rainfall; sea surface temperature; Southern Oscillation; temperature effect; Africa; Atlantic Ocean; Nigeria; Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean (Tropical); Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751549294	High rates of HIV in surgical patients in Soweto, South Africa: impact on resource utilisation and recommendations for HIV testing	Martinson N.A., Omar T., Gray G.E., Vermaak J.S., Badicel M., Degiannis E., Steyn J., McIntyre J.A., Smith M.	2007	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	101	2	10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.04.002	Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Martinson, N.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Omar, T., Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gray, G.E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Vermaak, J.S., Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Badicel, M., Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Degiannis, E., Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Steyn, J., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Smith, M., Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Interactions between HIV and surgical diseases are relatively poorly described in high HIV prevalence settings. We report HIV prevalence and its associations in a prospective study of adults admitted to surgical units in Soweto, South Africa. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV was offered to surgical inpatients. Research nurses interviewed participants at enrolment and doctors reviewed records after discharge. In HIV-infected participants, CD4 counts and viral loads were ascertained. Of 1000 participants, 537 consented to VCT, of whom 176 (32.8%, 95% CI 28.8-36.9%) tested HIV positive. A history of tuberculosis (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.0, 95% CI 1.5-6.2) or sexually transmitted infection (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.8-4.2) was associated with HIV infection. Diagnoses of cutaneous abscesses (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8.1) and anorectal sepsis (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1-9.0) were associated with HIV and indicated advanced disease. There were no differences in rates of operative procedures, wound sepsis, investigations or length of stay by HIV status. Hospital-acquired pneumonia was more common in HIV-infected participants (P = 0.028). In conclusion, in this high HIV prevalence setting, resource utilisation is similar between HIV-infected and uninfected patients in surgical wards where high rates of HIV in young adults support routine HIV testing. WHO clinical staging of HIV should include anal sepsis as an indicator of advanced HIV disease. © 2006 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Anal sepsis; Clinical staging; HIV; South Africa; Surgery; VCT	CD4 antigen; abdominal wall hernia; adult; anorectal disease; appendicitis; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cellulitis; controlled study; female; hemorrhoid; hospital admission; hospital infection; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; informed consent; injury; interview; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; male; medical record review; patient counseling; pneumonia; prevalence; prospective study; resource management; screening test; sepsis; sexually transmitted disease; skin abscess; skin disease; South Africa; staging; surgical infection; surgical patient; surgical technique; surgical ward; tuberculosis; virus load; wound infection; Adult; Aged; Cohort Studies; Female; Health Resources; HIV Infections; Hospitalization; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; South Africa; Viral Load; Wounds and Injuries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751556348	Dambo mapping for environmental monitoring using Landsat TM and SAR imagery: Case study in the Zambian Copperbelt	Limpitlaw D., Gens R.	2006	International Journal of Remote Sensing	27	21	10.1080/01431160600835846	University of the Witwatersrand, School of Mining Engineering, Private Bag 3, 2050 Wits, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320, United States	Limpitlaw, D., University of the Witwatersrand, School of Mining Engineering, Private Bag 3, 2050 Wits, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gens, R., University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320, United States	The purpose of this study was to monitor the impact of mining in the Zambian Copperbelt, specifically using dambos as an environmental indicator for pollution. Data fusion using a Brovey transform was used for combining speckle filtered radar data with optical data to effectively map natural dambos and dambos that have degraded due to human impact. Comparative analysis of raw images and fusion product reveals that, whereas natural dambos show low values on Landsat reflective bands and low backscatter response in SAR imagery, degraded dambos have mixed spectral responses. Degraded dambos are difficult to identify in either optical or SAR images alone, but a fusion product highlights complimentary spectral information, making these environmental indicators uniquely identifiable.	None	Environmental engineering; Image analysis; Mapping; Radar imaging; Synthetic aperture radar; Dambo mapping; Environmental indicator; Environmental monitoring; Optical data; Speckle filtered radar; Mining; environmental monitoring; image analysis; Landsat thematic mapper; mapping method; radar imagery; synthetic aperture radar; Africa; Copperbelt; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751566546	Cytotoxicity evaluation and isolation of a chroman derivative from Phyllanthus amarus aerial part extract	Ajaiyeoba E., Kingston D.	2006	Pharmaceutical Biology	44	9	10.1080/13880200601006905	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Chemistry Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States	Ajaiyeoba, E., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kingston, D., Chemistry Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States	Chemical and cytotoxicity examinations of the crude methanol extract of the aerial parts of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae) were investigated. The cytotoxicity property of the P. amarus was evaluated in vitro, using the human ovarian A2780 cancer cell. Bioassay-guided fraction of the crude extract (IC50 value of 31.2 μg/mL) showed that the dichloromethane fraction was most toxic with an IC50 value of 22.7 μg/mL, whereas the polar methanol fraction was least cytotoxic with an IC50 value of 31.2 μg/mL. This led to the isolation of a new chroman derivative from the dichloromethane fraction. On the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral data, the structure of the chroman was established as 4,4,8-trimethoxy chroman. The compound exhibited very little or no in vitro cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 16.2 μg/mL, relative to actinomycin, the reference compound, with an IC50 of 2.0 ng/mL. It can therefore be concluded that the aerial parts of P. amarus, an extensively used plant remedy in various African and Asian Pacific ethnomedicines, is relatively nontoxic. © 2006 Informa Healthcare.	Aerial parts; Cancer cell; Chroman derivative; Cytotoxicity; Phyllanthus amarus	4,4,8 trimethoxychroman; chroman derivative; dactinomycin; dichloromethane; methanol; Phyllanthus amarus extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; article; bioassay; cancer cell; controlled study; cytotoxicity; drug isolation; drug structure; human; human cell; IC 50; mass spectrometry; medicinal plant; nuclear magnetic resonance; ovary cancer; Phyllanthus amarus; traditional medicine; Euphorbiaceae; Phyllanthus amarus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845241674	Evaluation of the antiplasmodial effect of retinol on plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice	Oreagba A.I., Ashorobi R.B.	2006	Journal of Medical Sciences	6	5	None	Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Oreagba, A.I., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ashorobi, R.B., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The present study was conducted to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of retinol on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. Albino mice weighing 18-25 g where treated with retinol (50-200 mg kg-1) in a set of experiments to investigate chemotherapeutic and prophylactic effect against Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. Treatment in one of the chemotherapeutic groups continued throughout the study period. Retinol demonstrated a mild dose dependent schizontocidal effect on early and established infection. This effect became stronger on chronic administration but it also produced toxic manifestations and eventual death in most of the animals. Retinol also demonstrated a prophylactic effect by significantly delaying the onset of infection. The repository activity of retinol was however lower than that of the standard drug (Pyrimethamine-1.2 mg kg/day). Retinol possesses antiplasmodial activity especially during chronic administration thus suggesting that it might have a role in malaria control. Further studies in the area of its structural activity relationships are needed to justify this assertion.	Antiplasmodial activity; Plasmodium berghei berghei; Retinol	chloroquine; pyrimethamine; retinol palmitate; animal experiment; animal model; antimalarial activity; article; chronic drug administration; chronic toxicity; controlled study; dose response; drug fatality; drug sensitivity; experimental infection; female; malaria; malaria control; male; mouse; nonhuman; Plasmodium berghei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845252900	Evaluation of antifungal activity and phytochemical analysis of leaves, roots and stem barks extracts of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae)	Hassan S.W., Bilbis F.L., Ladan M.J., Umar R.A., Dangoggo S.M., Saidu Y., Abubakar M.K., Faruk U.Z.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	9	14	10.3923/pjbs.2006.2624.2629	Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria	Hassan, S.W., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Bilbis, F.L., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Ladan, M.J., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Umar, R.A., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Dangoggo, S.M., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Saidu, Y., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Abubakar, M.K., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria; Faruk, U.Z., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria	The aqueous and organic solvents extracts of leaves, stem barks and roots of Calotropis procera were screened for antifungal (agar dilution method) and phytochemical properties. Organic solvents extracts of the stem bark significantly (p&lt;0.05) inhibited growth of Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum gypseum. The petroleum ether (PE) extract however was significantly (p&lt;0.05) active on only Trichophyton rubrum at concentrations ranging from 0.66 to 5.33 mg mL-1. All the leave extract fractions completely inhibited the growth of the tested organisms. The roots fractions of hexane (HX) and PE extracts showed significant (p&lt;0.05) growth inhibitions of Microsporum gypseum and Aspergillus niger. All the aqueous extract fractions of the plant parts showed complete growth inhibition of all the tested organisms. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins and saponin glycosides were detected in the leaves and roots extract fractions, with only flavonoids, triterpenoids and saponins in the stem bark extracts. The results obtained lend scientific credence for the use of the plant against fungal diseases. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Antifungal; Calotropis procera; In vitro screening	Apocynaceae; Arthroderma gypseum; Aspergillus niger; Calotropis; Calotropis procera; Trichophyton rubrum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845263248	Impact of the rift valley on restriction fragment length polymorphism typing of the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)	Koekemoer L.L., Kamau L., Garros C., Manguin S., Hunt R.H., Coetzee M.	2006	Journal of Medical Entomology	43	6	10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1178:IOTRVO]2.0.CO;2	Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private bag X 4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillance, School of Pathology of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Montpellier, France; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Private bag X 3, Wits 2080, South Africa	Koekemoer, L.L., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private bag X 4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa, Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillance, School of Pathology of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kamau, L., Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Garros, C., Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Montpellier, France; Manguin, S., Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Montpellier, France; Hunt, R.H., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Private bag X 3, Wits 2080, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private bag X 4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa, Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillance, School of Pathology of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of Africa's major malaria vectors. To understand population structure within An. funestus, various molecular markers have recently been developed. We investigated the impact of the Rift Valley on one such molecular marker, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). This system distinguishes An. funestus populations into types M, W, and MW. Generally, these types correlate between geographical location and RFLP type, whereby M associates essentially with eastern Africa, W with western and central Africa, and MW with southern Africa. In total, 606 specimens were screened from 12 countries. Specimens from southern African localities were of the expected MW-type with the exception of the sample from Malawi, which showed all three types. The specimens from Tanzania showed the M- and MW-types, whereas specimens from Kenya showed M- and W-types. We also recorded different RFLP types not recorded previously. Type Y was recorded in Malawi, and Z-type was recorded from four localities: Angola, Malawi, Ghana, and Zambia. © 2006 Entomological Society of America.	Anopheles funestus; Malaria; Population structure; Restriction fragment length polymorphism types	Africa; animal; Anopheles; article; classification; comparative study; demography; disease carrier; DNA sequence; genetics; geography; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; parasitology; Plasmodium; population genetics; restriction fragment length polymorphism; Africa, Eastern; Animals; Anopheles; Base Sequence; Demography; Genetics, Population; Geography; Insect Vectors; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmodium; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Anopheles funestus; Culicidae; Diptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845295765	Utility of the Koppitz norms for the Bender Gestalt Test performance of a group of Sesotho-speaking children	Makhele L., Walker S., Esterhuyse K.	2006	Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health	18	2	None	Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Makhele, L., Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Walker, S., Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Esterhuyse, K., Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Objective: This study investigated the utility of the Koppitz administration, scoring and norms for the Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) as a neurocognitive screening instrument for Sesotho-speaking children. Method: The BGT protocols of 671 Sesotho-speaking children between the ages of seven and nine were reviewed. Data pertaining to socioeconomic status were also gathered for 360 of the participants. The BGT performance of the Sesotho sample was compared to that of the original Koppitz norm group. Furthermore, the two groups were compared with regard to their respective age-related rates of improvement in BGT performance. The effects of gender and socioeconomic status on the BGT performance of the Sesotho group were also investigated. Results: The Sesotho-speaking group incurred a significantly higher number of errors, compared to the Koppitz norm group. Moreover, the Sesotho group exhibited no age-related improvement in their BGT performance. Socioeconomic status showed no effect on the group's BGT performance, while age only showed a significant effect within the nine-year-old group. Conclusions: The BGT exhibits limited utility as a screening instrument for neurocognitive impairment amongst Sesotho-speaking children. Limitations of the current study are highlighted and suggestions are made regarding future directions for research. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	article; Bender test; cognition; controlled study; education program; ethnic group; female; human; human experiment; language; language ability; male; medical research; neuropsychological test; practice guideline; school child; socioeconomics; Student t test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845335195	Effect of β-xylanase supplementation of boiled castor seed meal-based diets on the performance, nutrient absorbability and some blood constituents of pullet chicks	Babalola T.O.O., Apata D.F., Atteh J.O.	2006	Tropical Science	46	4	10.1002/ts.181	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Babalola, T.O.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Apata, D.F., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Atteh, J.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	β-xylanase addition improved apparent nitrogen and fibre absorption as well as feed transit time. Up to 150 g kg-1 boiled castor seed meal could be incorporated into pullet chick diets without any adverse effect on growth performance or blood constituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	β-xylanase; Blood constituents; Castor seed meal; Growth; Nutrient absorbability; Pullet chicks	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845340163	Multiple accountability relationships and improved service delivery performance in Hyderabad City, Southern India	Caseley J.	2006	International Review of Administrative Sciences	72	4	10.1177/0020852306070082	Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Caseley, J., Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	This article examines a series of service delivery reforms that were undertaken at the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board in Andhra Pradesh State, southern India. Key to sustained improvements in service delivery performance were three effective accountability relationships, triangulating between citizens, senior managers, and frontline workers. In this dynamic, consistent citizen demand for accountability provided new sources of performance information to senior managers, which they could then use to hold frontline workers to account for responsive service provision. Transparent and accessible citizen-based accountability mechanisms have the potential to contribute to organizational change and sustained improvements in service delivery performance in public sector service providers.	Accountability; India; Public sector reform; Service delivery performance; South Asia; Urban water supply	accountability; organizational change; public sector; service provision; water supply; Andhra Pradesh; Asia; Eurasia; Hyderabad; India; South Asia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845346476	Evaluation of cowpea accessions for the Southern Guinea savannah	Awopetu J.A., Aliyu O.M.	2006	Tropical Science	46	4	10.1002/ts.183	Department of Crop Production, University of Florin, Nigeria; Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Awopetu, J.A., Department of Crop Production, University of Florin, Nigeria; Aliyu, O.M., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Twenty-five accessions of cowpea of different origin were evaluated in Ilorin, in the Southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. They showed variable adaptation in terms of flowering time, leaves at flowering, pattern of branching, yield capabilities and time of maturity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Adaptation; Breeding; Cowpea accessions; Savannah ecology	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845372104	The development impact of solar cookers: A review of solar cooking impact research in South Africa	Wentzel M., Pouris A.	2007	Energy Policy	35	3	10.1016/j.enpol.2006.06.002	Institute for Technological Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, PO Box 11906, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa; Institute for Technological Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Lynwood Road, South Africa	Wentzel, M., Institute for Technological Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, PO Box 11906, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa; Pouris, A., Institute for Technological Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Lynwood Road, South Africa	Solar cooking is often considered "a solution looking for a problem". Solar cookers have long been presented as an interesting solution to the world's problem of dwindling fuel wood sources and other environmental problems associated with wood fuel demand for cooking. However, recent GTZ field work in South Africa showed different benefits instead: the use of solar cookers resulted in appreciable fuel and time savings as well as increased energy security for households using commercial fuels. These observations are based on field tests in South Africa that started in 1996 to investigate the social acceptability of solar cookers and to facilitate local production and commercialisation of the technology. Impact studies and use rate studies have been carried out by a number of different organisations since the inception of the project and although commercialisation of the technology has not been achieved to its fullest potential, impact studies indicate that solar cookers have a positive development impact on households through fuel-, energy- and time savings. The article aims to summarise the findings of the various studies and present an overview of use rates and impact data. A variety of factors influence solar cooker use rates, which in turn determine impacts. Some factors are related to the user, some to the environment in which the cooker is used and some to the cooker itself. Ultimately, the data shows that on average, only 17% of solar cooker owners do not use their stoves after purchase and that active solar cooker users utilise their stoves on average for 31% of their cooking incidences. Since the majority of solar stove buyers actually use their stoves and obtain real benefits, this suggests that that solar cookers are indeed not a solution looking for a problem but a solution worth promoting. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Developing impacts; Household energy; Solar cooking	Economic and social effects; Energy resources; Environmental impact; Social aspects; Wood fuels; Household energy; Solar cooking; Solar equipment; alternative energy; household energy; solar cooker; solar power; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845395990	Impact of urbanisation on bionomics and distribution of malaria vectors in Lagos, southwestern Nigeria	Oyewole I.O., Awolola T.S.	2006	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	43	4	None	Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria	Oyewole, I.O., Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Awolola, T.S., Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria	Background &amp; objectives: The patterns of annual, rainfall as well as average daily temperature have not changed drastically in the study area since 1960 when detailed baseline entomological surveys were carried out. However, the increase in human population from 1.2 to 10 million has resulted in both expansion of land and tremendous ecological and environmental change. This has led to drastic changes in vectors' densities as well as species' composition while the preferred larval habitat of malaria vectors has shifted to water reservoirs. A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the impact of urbanisation on bionomics and distribution of malaria vectors in Lagos, a mega city in Nigeria. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using WHO standard techniques in the selected areas between January and December 2000. Specimens were identified using the morphological keys and PCR assays. ELISA tests were used for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection. Results: The Anopheles gambiae species-specific PCR identified 56% (435/777) of the An. gambiae s.l. as An. gambiae s.s. and 44% (342/777) as An. arabiensis. The molecular M and S forms represented 35.3 and 64.7% of the An. gambiae s.s. population, respectively. The An. funestus species-specific PCR identified 60% (239/401) of the An. funestus group as An. funestus s.s. and 40% (162/401) as An. rivulorum. The biting activity of An. funestus s.s. both indoors and outdoors attained a peak at 0200 and 2200 hrs, respectively, with a significant increase in the "pre-bed time" collections indoors (χ2 = 6.15, df = 1, p &lt; 0.05) and outdoors (χ2 = 6.28, df = 1, p &lt; 0.05). The overall outdoor collection was significantly higher (χ2 = 28.23, df =3, p &lt; 0.05) than that recorded indoors. The overall sporozoite rates for An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis and An. funestus were significantly different in both localities (χ2 = 0.58, df = 2, p &lt; 0.01). Infection rates in both indoor and outdoor collections were also different statistically (χ2 = 0.67, df = 2, p &lt; 0.01). Interpretation &amp; conclusion: Large number and species of anopheline mosquitoes collected in the study area may be associated with the availability of aquatic breeding sites. A phenomenon leading to an increase in man-vector contact and a high level of risk to the crowded urban population is observed.	Anopheles mosquitoes; Nigeria; Urbanisation	anopheles arabiensis; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Anopheles rivolurum; article; climate change; controlled study; ecology; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; geographic distribution; infection rate; malaria; morphology; mosquito; Nigeria; nonhuman; parasite vector; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; urbanization; world health organization; Animals; Anopheles; Anopheles gambiae; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Malaria, Falciparum; Nigeria; Species Specificity; Urbanization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845417015	Quality evaluation of water sources in Ife North Local Government area of Osun State, Nigeria	Oluyemi E.A., Adekunle A.S., Makinde W.O., Kaisam J.P., Adenuga A.A., Oladipo A.A.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	15	3	None	Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oluyemi, E.A., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adekunle, A.S., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Makinde, W.O., Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Kaisam, J.P., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adenuga, A.A., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oladipo, A.A., Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The quality examination of water in Ife - North Local Government of Osun State Nigeria was conducted by determining the physico - chemical parameters. Fourty samples including surface water, bore holes, well and pipe borne water were collected from major towns in the Local Government Area and analyzed. Results showed temperature range of 26.5 - 33.0oC, pH (6.526 - 8.905), conductivity (63.0 - 1039.0 S/cm), resistivity (0.00 - 0.02mΩ.cm), salinity (300.0 - 700.0 mg/l), total solids (90.0 - 1175.0 mg/l), total dissolved solids (37.8 - 622.5mg/l), suspended solids (34.5 - 794.0 mg/l),dissolved oxygen (4.483 - 9.483 mg/l), Biological oxygen demand-BOD5 (0.690 - 6.745 mg/l), chloride (3.64 - 184.04 mg/l), Nitrate (1.08 -53.03 mg/l), phosphate (4.99 - 23.07 mg/l) and sulphate (6.02 - 28.95 mg/l). The results obtained agreed with the limits set by both national and international bodies for drinking and domestic water with few exceptions. Pipe borne water was observed to be safest while the surface waters would support aquatic life and recreational activities. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	Behavioural animation; Collision avoidance; Crowd simulation; Path finding	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845422044	Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment investigation of Dioscorea cayenensis cultivars in Ghana based on the GGE biplot analysis	Otoo E., Asiedu R.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	04-Mar	None	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Otoo, E., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Asiedu, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment identification are the most important objectives of multi-environment trials (MET). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of genotype and genotype x environment interaction on the tuber yield of 18 yellow yam (D. cayenensis L.) genotypes via GGE (genotype plus genotype x environment) biplot methodology. Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (RCD) 4 years at 3 locations (12 environments). The biplot analysis identified three D. cayenensis mega-environments in Ghana. The first mega-environment contained Wenchi 2002 (WEN02) with G10 as the winning genotype; Genotype 16 won in the second mega-environment consisting of Wenchi 2004 (WEN04), Bodwease 2001 (BOD01), Bodwease (BOD02), Fumesua 2001 (FUM01), Wenchi 2003 (WEN03), Bodwease 2004 (BOD04) and Fumesua 2002 (FUM02) and the winning genotype at Fumesua 2003 (FUM03), Wenchi 2001 (WEN01), Bodwease 2003 (BOD03) and Fumesua 2004 (FUM04) (the third mega-environment) was Genotype 17. Two thirds of the tested genotypes were identified as redundant. Genotype 16 was the most stable and highest yielding genotype and Genotype 11 the poorest. Genotypes 16 and 17 were closest to the ideal genotype. FUM02 and BOD04 were closest to the ideal environment with BOD04 as the best and WEN02 the poorest environment.	Dioscorea cayenensis; GGE; Ghana; Yams	Dioscorea alata; Dioscorea cayenensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845431630	Evaluation of productivity potentials of soils of the Gubi soil series	Voncir N., Mustapha S., Amba A.A., Kparmwang T.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	13	10.3923/jas.2006.2843.2845	Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria	Voncir, N., Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Mustapha, S., Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Amba, A.A., Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kparmwang, T., Department of Soil Science, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria	Six soils subgroups; two each from Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols in the Gubi soil series of Bauchi State were evaluated for their productivity potential using soil site characteristics and physicochemical properties. Ratings and grades for these soil characteristics were allotted and their means used for comparison. The result of the land evaluation grading was observed to ranged from A to E i.e., Extremely high productivity potential (Oxyaquic Ustifluvent, profile 02T2/02T3) to moderately low productivity potential (Typic Ustropept and Ustic Dystropept). The grading is highly correlated with the soil subgroups and is recommended for assessing productivity potential of soils under defined climate and management practice. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Gubi soil series; Potential; Productivity	Gubi soil series; High productivity; Highly-correlated; Land evaluation; Management practices; Physicochemical property; Potential; Soil characteristics; Grading; Productivity; Soils	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845447744	Comparative assessment of yield potentials of improved cowpea breeding lines using performance index and ranking methods	Ajeigbe H.A., Mohammed S.G., Singh B.B.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	04-Mar	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria	Ajeigbe, H.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Mohammed, S.G., Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Singh, B.B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria	Identification of the best variety from a variety trial is often done using the least significant difference (LSD), Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) and stability analysis methods. However, these methods are unable to discriminate among a smaller group of varieties which are not statistically significantly different from each other. Therefore, there is a need for another method which can further discriminate among these small groups of varieties. This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of the performance index (PI) and rank total (RT) methods in identifying the best variety from a variety trial. Eighteen cowpea breeding lines including a local check were grown for two years in three environments representing the major cowpea growing zone of West Africa to assess their grain yield potential. The yield data were analyzed and variety means were compared using different methods. The PI revealed that IT98K-398-14 was the best with a PI index of 88% compared to 59% for IT98K-412-13 and IT98K-506-1 with 35%, and RT method showed IT98K-412-13 with RT of 34, IT98K-398-14 with RT of 35 and IT98K-506-1 with RT 42 as the most promising cowpea varieties while the stability analysis indicated IT98K-506-1 with a b value of 1.03 as the most stable variety in the test environments with a mean yield of 1491 kg ha -1 which is above overall mean yield of 1340 kg ha-1. The PI is a simple and easy approach to classify varieties especially when the number of varieties and test environments is large. The RT method is also an alternative approach devoid of much calculation and will therefore be a valuable tool for plant breeders especially when quick decisions are to be made on the selections of varieties. All three methods identified the same three varieties as the best varieties.	Cowpea breeding lines; Performance index; Ranking total; Variety trial	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845452200	Compost maturity evaluation and its significance to agriculture	Iwegbue C.M.A., Egun A.C., Emuh F.N., Isirimah N.O.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	9	15	10.3923/pjbs.2006.2933.2944	Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Agric. Education Unit, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Crop/Soil Science, Delta State University, Anwai Asaba, Nigeria; Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State U	Iwegbue, C.M.A., Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Egun, A.C., Agric. Education Unit, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Emuh, F.N., Department of Crop/Soil Science, Delta State University, Anwai Asaba, Nigeria; Isirimah, N.O., Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	One of the main obstacles to the successful utilization of compost in agriculture is the lack of reliable quality criteria and understanding the transformation of organic matter, which take place throughout the whole process. Proper evaluation of composts maturity essential for establishment of such criteria. Because of the diversity of origin of composts. It is impossible to use a single method to evaluate compost maturity. It is best done by a combination of methods. A good index of compost maturity should have an overall trend describable by a monotonic function. Methods for evaluating composts maturity can be categorized into (1) chemical analysis (C/N, CEC and nitrification) (2) physical analysis (odour and temperature) (3) spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and 13C-NMR) (4) plant bioassay (germination and plant growth) (5) chromatographic analysis (sephadex fractionation) (6) degree of humification (HI, DH and HR) (7) microbial analysis (respiration). These tests vary in precision, simplicity, costs, duration and approach. Plant bioassays are considered the most direct test for compost maturity since it shows the effect of compost maturity on plant growth and other maturity tests are correlated with plant growth performance. Spectroscopic methods, sephadex fractionation and degree of humification give an insight to the feasibility of starting material to be transformed, the level of humification and the quality of the humic fraction and the efficiency of a given composting process. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Degree of humification; Humic acid evolution index; Maturity index; Phytotoxicity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845475437	The impact of inadequate wastewater treatment on the receiving water bodies - Case study: Buffalo City and Nkokonbe Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province	Momba M.N.B., Osode A.N., Sibewu M.	2006	Water SA	32	5 SPEC. ISS.	None	Tshwane University of Technology, Water Care Department, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag x 680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Momba, M.N.B., Tshwane University of Technology, Water Care Department, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag x 680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Osode, A.N., Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Sibewu, M., Tshwane University of Technology, Water Care Department, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag x 680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The performance of four wastewater treatment plants that serve the Buffalo City (Dimbaza, East London) and Nkokonbe (Alice, Fort Beaufort) Municipal areas in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa was investigated for the removal of microbial and chemical contaminants. Statistical evidence showed a relationship between the quality of the final effluent and that of the receiving water body and the relationship was such that the better the quality of the final effluent, the better the quality of the receiving water body. The quality of both the effluents and the receiving water bodies was acceptable with respect to the temperature (mean range: 16.52 to 23.33°C), pH (mean range: 7.79 to 8.97), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (mean range: 7 to 20 mg/ℓ) and total suspended solids (TSS) (mean range: 161.43 to 215.67 mg/ℓ). However, in terms of the nutrients (orthophosphate - mean range: 3.70 to 11.58 mg/ℓ and total nitrogen - mean range: 2.90 to 6.90 mg/ℓ) the effluents and the receiving water bodies were eutrophic. The dissolved oxygen (DO) (mean range: 3.26 to 4.57 mg/ℓ) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) (mean range: 14 to 24 mg/ℓ) did not comply with the EU guidelines for the protection of the aquatic ecosystems. The general microbiological quality of the effluents discharged from all the plants did not comply with the limits set by the South African authorities in respect of pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera and coliphages. The effluents discharged from the Dimbaza, East London, Alice and Fort Beaufort wastewater treatment plants were identified as pollution point sources into their respective receiving water bodies (Tembisa Dam, the Nahoon and Eastern Beach which are part of the Indian Ocean; the Tyume River and the Kat River).	Effluent; Pollution; Receiving water bodies; Treatment; Wastewater	Biochemical oxygen demand; Dissolution; Microorganisms; pH effects; Statistical methods; Suspensions (fluids); Chemical contaminants; Receiving water bodies; Wastewater treatment; Biochemical oxygen demand; Dissolution; Microorganisms; pH effects; Statistical methods; Suspensions (fluids); Wastewater treatment; effluent; microbial community; pathogen; wastewater; water treatment; Africa; Buffalo City; Eastern Cape; Nkonkobe; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Catha edulis; Salmonella; Shigella; Vibrio cholerae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845491086	Natural variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages and the development of a biological banding system for interpreting bioassessment data - A preliminary evaluation using data from upland sites in the south-western Cape, South Africa	Dallas H.F., Day J.A.	2007	Hydrobiologia	575	1	10.1007/s10750-006-0374-y	Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Cape Town, Western Cape 7700, South Africa	Dallas, H.F., Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Cape Town, Western Cape 7700, South Africa; Day, J.A., Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Cape Town, Western Cape 7700, South Africa	The variability of macroinvertebrate assemblages was investigated at 27 upland reference sites in the south-western Cape, South Africa. Multivariate analyses showed that sites did not group on the basis of geomorphological zonation, i.e. mountain stream and foothill-cobble bed. When separate analyses were undertaken for mountain stream (n = 21) and foothill-cobble bed sites (n = 6), assemblages formed three and two groups, respectively. Similarity amongst groups ranged from 47% to 52%, while within-group similarity was between 54% and 67%. Environmental variables shown to contribute to this variability included distance from source, cation ratio ([Na+]+[K+]/([Na +]+[K+]+[Ca2+]+[Mg2+]), pH, longitude and stream width. Whilst overall variability in the metrics of the biotic index, SASS (South African Scoring System), is high at reference sites, the interpretation of monitoring-site data using biological bands derived from a range of reference sites, ensured that variability was taken into account and that detection of disturbance at a monitoring site was not impeded. A biological banding system has been developed for upland sites in the south-western Cape, together with a list of reference or expected SASS-taxa. This list includes details pertaining to seasonality and biotope preferences. The ability to define reference conditions that take intrinsic variability amongst reference sites into account is important for the accurate interpretation of bioassessment data. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Bioassessment; Biological bands; Biotic indices; Reference condition; SASS; South African Scoring System; Spatial variability	Assembly; Data reduction; Positive ions; Sodium; Bioassessment data; Biological banding system; Biological bands; Cation ratio; Geomorphological zonation; Macroinvertebrate assemblages; Reference condition; South African Scoring System (SASS); Natural sciences computing; bioassay; macroinvertebrate; mountain stream; multivariate analysis; spatial variation; upland region; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845508627	Memory and perceptuo-motor performance in Nigerians with chronic renal impairment	Ogunrin A.O., Unuigbe E.I., Azubuike C.	2006	Medical Science Monitor	12	12	None	Department of Medicine, University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Ogunrin, A.O., Department of Medicine, University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Unuigbe, E.I., Department of Medicine, University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Azubuike, C., Department of Medicine, University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria	Background: With the increasing prevalence of chronic renal failure among the indigenous African population, coupled with the emphasis on improvement in the quality of life, there is a need for reports on the cognitive functioning and the effect of the disease on the cognitive performance of affected individuals. Material/Methods: Sixty consecutive non-dialyzed Nigerian patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of chronic renal failure and sixty healthy age-, sex- and education level-matched controls (volunteers) were studied using an automated neuro-psychological test battery (FePsy) to assess their memory and perceptuo-motor skills. Results: The chronic renal failure patients performed worse in both verbal and visual memory than controls (p<0.0001). The patients compared favorably with the controls on concentration ability (p>0.05), but their perceptuo-motor speed was retarded (p<0.001). The levels of creatinine (p<0.01) and urea (p<0.01) and the presence of hypertension (p<0.05), asterixis (p<0.05), exertional dyspnea (p<0.05), and vomiting (p<0.05) affected their memory performance, with creatinine level being the most potent variable (p=0.0015). Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the presence of cognitive impairments in Nigerians with chronic renal impairment and buttress the importance of its aggressive and prompt management. © Med Sci Monit.	Memory; Nigerians; Perceptuo-motor; Renal failure	creatinine; urea; adult; aged; article; chronic kidney failure; controlled study; creatinine blood level; dyspnea; female; flapping tremor; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; memory; mental concentration; motor performance; neuropsychological test; Nigeria; perception; urea blood level; verbal memory; visual memory; vomiting; Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Memory Disorders; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Psychomotor Performance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845615301	Methodological issues in importance - Performance analysis: Resolving the ambiguity	Olujide J.O., Mejabi O.V.	2006	European Journal of Social Sciences	4	1	None	University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Olujide, J.O., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Mejabi, O.V., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	As a tool for assessing perceptions of service quality and for developing marketing strategies to enhance customer satisfaction, importance - performance (IP) analysis has been found to be easily understood and effective for managerial action. However, there continues to be debate as to whether decisions regarding methodological procedures and interpretations from the analysis can affect the conclusions drawn and whether this is desirable or not. The issues so debated and reviewed in this paper, include the determination of what attributes to measure, how to obtain unbiased measures of importance and performance, what measure of central tendency to adopt, the construction of the IP grid crosshairs (or line of distinction), and interpretation of IP analysis outcome. Through application of service quality data collected from consumers at a teaching hospital in Nigeria, a case is made in this paper for the use of attribute data means for plotting the data in the conventional 4-Quadrant IP analysis, while overall attribute median values is recommended for the line of distinction. Also, an approach to the interpretation of the IP outcome, called "difference-based IP analysis", is outlined, and is recommended for the unbiased information that it provides.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845619157	Effects of various durations of water deprivation on performance of weaner rabbits in a sub-humid environment	Bawa G.S., Afolayan S.B., Olumeyan D.B., Ashiru R.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	6	10.3923/pjn.2006.551.554	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; College of Agriculture, DAC, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Afolayan, S.B., College of Agriculture, DAC, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Olumeyan, D.B., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ashiru, R., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of various duration of water deprivation on performance of weaner rabbits in a sub-humid environment. Forty eight (48) nine-week old weaner rabbits of mixed breed and sex with an average initial weight of 622 ± 0.12g were used for the study which lasted 56 days There were four watering treatments such that water supply was restricted for 0, 6, 12 or 18 hours corresponding to 24, 18, 12 or 6 hours of access to water per day respectively. The rabbits were randomly assigned based on initial live weight and sex to the four watering treatments in a completely randomized design. Free water intake decreased linearly and significantly (P<0.05) as the duration of water deprivation increased. There were no significant treatment effects (P>0.05) on daily feed intake. There were significant (P<0.05) decreases in live weight gains, feed efficiency and water to feed ratio with increase in duration of water deprivation respectively. Mortality rate of about 16 and 33% were recorded among rabbits groups deprived of water for 12 and 18 hours per day respectively. Results of the study showed that for optimum growth performance, weaning rabbits should have access to free drinking water for a minimum period of 12 hours in a day. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Sub-humid environment; Water deprivation; Weaner rabbits	drinking water; animal experiment; article; body growth; body weight; controlled study; female; fluid intake; food intake; humidity; male; mortality; nonhuman; rabbit; statistical significance; water deprivation; water supply; weaning; weight gain; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845621640	Evaluation of feeding graded levels of dried and milled Ficus thonningii leaves on growth performance, carcass characteristics and organs of weaner rabbits	Tegbe T.S.B., Adeyinka I.A., Baye K.D., Alawa J.P.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	6	10.3923/pjn.2006.548.550	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	Tegbe, T.S.B., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; Baye, K.D., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Alawa, J.P., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Twenty weaner rabbits of average initial weight of 535g were fed four diets containing milled Ficus thonningii leaf meal at 0% 5% 10% and 15% levels to evaluate its effect on their growth performance and carcass characteristics. Rabbits were randomly allotted to cages and four dietary treatments randomly allotted to cages. There were five replications of the four treatments in a randomized block design trial. The study lasted eleven weeks. Dietary treatments did not significantly (P>0.05) affect average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, carcass and organ characteristics. However, feed to gain ratio was significantly (P<0.05) affected by level of feeding Ficus thonningii. It was concluded that Ficus thonningii leaf meal could be fed up to 15% level in rabbit diet. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Feed intake; Ficus thonningii leaf meal; Weaner rabbits	animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; article; body growth; body weight; carcass; controlled study; dietary intake; Ficus; food composition; food processing; nonhuman; plant leaf; rabbit; statistical significance; weight gain; Ficus thonningii; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845640890	Effects of stocking density and group size on the performance of white and brown Hyline layers in semi-arid conditions	Benyi K., Norris D., Tsatsinyane P.M.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	42559	10.1007/s11250-006-4417-1	Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Department of Animal Production, Turfloop Campus, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa; Department of Animal Science, Mafikeng Campus, Northwest University, Mmabatho, South Africa	Benyi, K., Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Norris, D., Department of Animal Production, Turfloop Campus, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa; Tsatsinyane, P.M., Department of Animal Science, Mafikeng Campus, Northwest University, Mmabatho, South Africa	The effect of housing two Hyline strains of commercial laying hens White Hyline (W-98) and Brown Hyline (Hyline Brown) at densities of 2, 3 or 4 per cage (1100, 733 or 550 cm2/hen, respectively) was investigated over 3 months. Hyline Brown layers gained more weight, laid more but lighter eggs, utilized feed more efficiently and had a lower mortality than W-98 layers. Housing birds 2 or 3 per cage resulted in greater body weight gain, higher egg production, heavier eggs, better feed conversion ratio and a lower mortality than housing them 4 per cage. There were significant interactions between strain and stocking density for egg production, egg weight, egg output and mortality. It is suggested that for egg production in semi-arid areas Hyline Brown hens could be used and housed at a density of 733 cm2/hen. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.	Laying performance; Stocking density; Strain	animal; animal housing; animal husbandry; article; chicken; crowding; egg; egg laying; female; growth, development and aging; methodology; physiology; population density; population dynamics; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Chickens; Crowding; Eggs; Female; Housing, Animal; Oviposition; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845650264	Does the location of arts festivals matter for the economic impact?	Saayman M., Saayman A.	2006	Papers in Regional Science	85	4	10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00094.x	Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; School of Economics, Risk Management and International Trade, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Saayman, M., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Saayman, A., School of Economics, Risk Management and International Trade, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	While cultural events are primarily hosted to enhance, expand and celebrate a certain culture, the economic role that these events play in the host towns are often overlooked. The economic importance stems from the expenditure by attendants that filters through the local economy, stimulating output in the economy. This note makes use of primary data obtained from visitor (demand side) and business (supply side) surveys to determine the local economic impact of the three leading arts festivals in South Africa. The results indicate that the location and size of the town is an important factor in the impact of the event on the town and the region. © 2006 the author(s). Journal compilation © 2006 RSAI.	Economics of the arts; Impact analysis; South Africa; Tourism	art; economic impact; festival; local economy; tourism economics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845674189	Impact of utilizing p16INK4A immunohistochemistry on estimated performance of three cervical cancer screening tests	Zhang Q., Kuhn L., Denny L.A., De Souza M., Taylor S., Wright Jr. T.C.	2007	International Journal of Cancer	120	2	10.1002/ijc.22172	Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Obstetrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Pathology, P and S Building, 630 W. 168th St, New York, NY 10032, United States	Zhang, Q., Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Kuhn, L., Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Denny, L.A., Department of Obstetrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; De Souza, M., Department of Obstetrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Taylor, S., Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Wright Jr., T.C., Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, Department of Pathology, P and S Building, 630 W. 168th St, New York, NY 10032, United States	The histopathological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2,3 (CIN 2,3) is subjective and prone to variability. In our study, we analyzed the impact of utilizing a biomarker (p16INK4A) together with histopathology to refine the "gold standard" utilized for evaluating the performance of 3 different cervical cancer screening tests: cervical cytology, human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Cervical biopsies from 2 South African cervical cancer screening studies originally diagnosed by a single pathologist were reevaluated by a second pathologist and a consensus pathology diagnosis obtained. Immunohistochemical staining for p16INK4A was then performed. The estimated sensitivity of some cervical cancer screening tests was markedly impacted by the criteria utilized to define CIN 2,3. Use of routine histopathology markedly underestimated the sensitivity of both conventional cytology and HPV DNA testing compared to an improved gold standard of consensus pathology and p16INK4A positivity. In contrast, routine histopathology overestimated the sensitivity of VIA. Our results demonstrate that refining the diagnosis of CIN 2,3 through the use of consensus pathology and immunohistochemical staining for p16INK4A has an important impact on measurement of the performance of cervical cancer screening tests. The sensitivity of screening tests such as HPV DNA testing and conventional cytology may be underestimated when an imperfect gold standard (routine histopathology) is used. In contrast, the sensitivity of other tests, such as VIA, may be overestimated with an imperfect gold standard. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.	Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; p16 immunohistochemistry	acetic acid; protein p16INK4a; virus DNA; protein p16INK4a; adult; aged; article; cancer classification; cancer grading; cancer screening; consensus; diagnostic accuracy; disease marker; DNA determination; female; histopathology; human; immunohistochemistry; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; priority journal; uterine cervix biopsy; uterine cervix cancer; uterine cervix cytology; visual analog scale; Wart virus; evaluation; immunohistochemistry; mass screening; methodology; pathology; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ; uterine cervix tumor; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Mass Screening; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845677291	Evaluation of acceptance and commitment therapy for drug refractory epilepsy: A randomized controlled trial in South Africa - A pilot study	Lundgren T., Dahl J., Melin L., Kies B.	2006	Epilepsia	47	12	10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00892.x	Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Neurology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751-42 Uppsala, Sweden	Lundgren, T., Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751-42 Uppsala, Sweden; Dahl, J., Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, Sweden; Melin, L., Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, Sweden; Kies, B., Department of Neurology, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Purpose: Psychological interventions in the treatment of epilepsy have been developed and evaluated for many years but the amount of research has hardly made an impact on how epilepsy is treated. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a psychological treatment program consisting of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) together with some behavioral seizure control technology shown to be successful in earlier research. Methods: The method consisted of a randomized controlled trial group design with repeated measures (n = 27). All participants had an EEG verified epilepsy diagnosis with drug refractory seizures. Participants were randomized into one of two conditions, ACT or supportive therapy (ST). Therapeutic effects were measured by examining changes in quality of life (SWLS and WHOQOL) and seizure index (frequency x duration). Both treatment conditions consisted of only nine hours of professional therapy distributed in two individual and two group sessions during a four-week period. Results: The results showed significant effects over all of the dependent variables for the ACT group as compared to the ST group at six- and twelve-month follow-ups. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that a short-term psychotherapy program combined with anticonvulsant drugs may help to prevent the long-term disability that occurs from drug refractory seizures. © 2006 International League Against Epilepsy.	Acceptance and commitment therapy; Epilepsy; Seizure control techniques; South Africa	anticonvulsive agent; carbamazepine; phenytoin; adult; article; behavior therapy; clinical article; clinical research; clinical trial; comparative study; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; electroencephalogram; epilepsy; evaluation; female; human; male; pilot study; priority journal; psychiatric treatment; psychologic assessment; psychotherapy; quality of life; randomized controlled trial; short course therapy; therapy effect; treatment outcome; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Behavior Therapy; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance; Epilepsy; Female; Health Status; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psychotherapy, Brief; Psychotherapy, Group; Quality of Life; South Africa; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845695435	Genetic analysis of performance of maize inbred lines selected for tolerance to drought under low nitrogen	Meseka S.K., Menkir A., Ibrahim A.E.S., Ajala S.O.	2006	Maydica	51	04-Mar	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan	Meseka, S.K., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ibrahim, A.E.S., Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Ajala, S.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	Low soil nitrogen (low N) limits maize (Zea mays L.) production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Knowledge of inheritance of tolerance to low N in inbred lines selected for drought tolerance would be useful for developing hybrids adapted to low N conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the (i) effect of zero, one and two doses of drought tolerance in inbred lines on performance of hybrids under low N, (ii) type of gene action conditioning performance under low N, and (iii) relationship between per se performance of parental inbred lines and their hybrids. Ninety-six hybrids were formed from 24 inbred lines using the Design II mating scheme. The parental lines and hybrids were evaluated under both low and high N in separate trials side by side during the rainy season at one location in Nigeria for two years. Most of the hybrids with at least one drought tolerant parent had higher yields than those having two drought susceptible parents. Mean squares for GCA-males, GCA-females and SCA effects were significant for grain yield under both low and high N, whereas their interactions with year was significant only for GCA-male effects under low N. Non-additive gene action was slightly higher than additive gene action for grain yield under low N. Average heterosis for grain yield was 129% under low N and 114% under high N. Grain yield, plant and ear heights of inbred lines contributed positively to grain yields of hybrids. However, grain yields of inbred lines accounted for less than 15% of the total variation in grain yield among hybrids at each N level. Five of the 12 drought tolerant lines and two of the 12 susceptible inbred lines had significant positive GCA effects for grain yield under low N. Use of inbred lines, such as KU1409, 4058, 1824 and 9432 with consistently positive GCA effects for grain yield under low-N in a breeding program would be desirable to further improve grain yield and associated traits for low N environments.	Dosage effects; Drought tolerance; Gene action and gene effects; Inbred lines; Low nitrogen	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845740682	Meningiomas: Clinical correlates, skull x-ray, CT and patological evaluations	Assefa G., Ashenafi S., Munie T.	2006	Ethiopian Medical Journal	44	3	None	Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Pathology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia	Assefa, G., Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Ashenafi, S., Department of Pathology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Munie, T., Department of Surgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia	Objective: To assess the frequency and the diagnostic performance of plain skull x-ray and and CT of meningiomas. Methods: All pathologically diagnosed intracranial meningiomas in patients seen at Tikur Anbessa Hospitals were reviewed. Results: Between December 1999 and July 2004 there were 25 histologically diagnosed cases of meningioma at the Tikur Anbessa Hospital (TAH). The duration of symptoms was ranging from 0.5-10yrs (mean 2.4±2.1yrs) and age ranging from 21-57yrs (mean age of 49.3±10yrs) with M: F ratio of 1.2: 1. Blurring of vision was the commonest clinical presentation. Clinical correlates, skull x-rays, computerized tomographic results and pathology are evaluated. Plain skull x-ray findings were normal in 12/23 (52%); 10/23(43%) of the cases had non-specific sellar changes of raised intra-cranial pressure. Twenty-three of the 25 meningiomas had CT scanning done, and CT diagnosed 17/23(74%) meningiomas correctly. Two meningiomas were unusual in location: one was intranasal and the other was intra-ventricular. Parasellar tumors were frequent sites of misdiagnosis. The commonest locations were parasellar and cerebral convexity, each accounting for 6/25(24%) of the cases. The commonest CT observation was intense and homogeneous enhancement 15/23 (65%). Meningothelial meningioma was the commonest cellular type accounting for 11/25(46%) of the pathologies followed by the transitional 4/25 (16%) and the atypical and psammomatous types, each with equal frequency, 3/25 (12%). Conclusion: CT scan had a diagnostic accuracy of 83%, sensitivity of 74%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 95%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 75%. Statistical analysis verifies the pre-operative reliability for diagnosing meningiomas by CT scanning.	None	adult; article; computer assisted tomography; female; human; male; meningioma; middle aged; pathology; radiography; retrospective study; skull; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Meningeal Neoplasms; Meningioma; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Skull; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845749576	Evaluation of the diethylcarbamazine patch to evaluate onchocerciasis endemicity in Central Africa	Ozoh G., Boussinesq M., Bissek A.-C.Z.-K., Kobangue L., Kombila M., Mbina J.-R.M., Enyong P., Noma M., Sékétéli A., Fobi G.	2007	Tropical Medicine and International Health	12	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01750.x	Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Département Sociétés et Santé, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UR24, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Bi	Ozoh, G., Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Boussinesq, M., Département Sociétés et Santé, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UR24, Paris, France; Bissek, A.-C.Z.-K., Département de Médecine Interne, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Kobangue, L., Service de Dermatologie, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui, Central African Republic; Kombila, M., Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon; Mbina, J.-R.M., Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon; Enyong, P., Tropical Medicine Research Station, Kumba, Cameroon; Noma, M., World Health Organization/African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Sékétéli, A., World Health Organization/African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, 01 BP 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Fobi, G., World Health Organization/Special Intervention Zones, Kara, Togo	Objective: As part of a baseline data collection for assessing the impact of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, to evaluate the diethylcarbamazine (DEC) patch test in determining the endemicity of onchocerciasis. Method: A total of 226 untreated children aged 3-5, living in four selected endemic foci, in Cameroon, Gabon and Central African Republic, were tested. Observed graded skin reactions to the patch were analysed and compared with the prevalence of onchocercal nodules and reactive skin disease in the corresponding community. Results: The proportion of children who tested positive ranged from 25.0% to 77.1%. The values were closely correlated with the prevalence of nodules, i.e. the level of endemicity for onchocerciasis. Conclusion: The DEC patch test, which has been so far used only in West African foci of onchocerciasis, can also constitute a valuable tool to evaluate the levels of endemicity of onchocerciasis in Central Africa, and to follow-up the intensity of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control; Central Africa; Diagnosis; Diethylcarbamazine patch test; Epidemiology; Onchocerciasis	diethylcarbamazine; baseline survey; disease control; drug; endemism; epidemiology; nematode; parasite transmission; skin disorder; Africa; article; diethylcarbamazine patch test; endemic disease; evaluation; human; major clinical study; onchocerciasis; patch test; preschool child; prevalence; skin manifestation; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Child, Preschool; Diethylcarbamazine; Drug Evaluation; Endemic Diseases; Filaricides; Gabon; Humans; Onchocerciasis; Patch Tests; Prevalence; Rural Health; Africa; Cameroon; Central Africa; Central African Republic; Gabon; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Onchocerca volvulus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845760922	Increasing incidence of poverty in Nigeria: An impact assessment of the government's economic reform programme	Ezeoha A.E.	2005	Journal of Social Development in Africa	20	2	None	Department of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Ezeoha, A.E., Department of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	This paper sets out to examine why it had remained nearly impossible for a country like Nigeria to address the rising incidence of poverty among her citizenry. It also attempts to establish the impact of an apparently total lack of social alignment in government economic reforms and policies. It focuses on trends in the reform programme pursued over the last five years (1999 - 2004) by the present civilian government of Nigeria, and the attendant poverty alleviation strategies adopted. It notes that one of the high points of the manifesto of the Obansajo government in the last five years (May 1999 - 2004) was its commitment to poverty alleviation in the country; and that since its inception, the government had rolled out numerous poverty reduction programmes, and yet at the same time, had developed several economic reform programmes that seemed to have greatly deflected the goals of these same measures. The paper posits that all the efforts of the government, and the resources invested in the poverty alleviation programe over the years seem to have been wasted, as only limited positive results have been recorded. The paper further notes that regrettably, government initiatives designed to mitigate the deleterious effects of the economic reforms have, instead helped to worsen the state of poverty in the country. It recommends that a more realistic strategy to alleviate poverty in Nigeria would be for the government to take full responsibility for ensuring that poor people receive greater attention in their struggle to access affordable and better quality basic services.	None	economic impact; economic reform; poverty alleviation; state role; strategic approach; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845768510	Effect of partial replacement of yam peel meal Dioscorea spp. for Maize Meal Zea mays on performance and carcass characteristics of finisher broiler chicks	Ekenyem B.U., Madubuike F.N., Dike O.F.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	10	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Madubuike, F.N., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Dike, O.F., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	One hundred and sixty 4-week old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were used in a 28-day feeding trial to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of yam peel meal (YPM) for Maize Meal (MM) in the performance and carcass characteristics of finisher broiler chicks. Birds were grouped into four treatments and fed diets containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% YPM. The treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Feeding and potable water supply were ad libitum. Routine vaccination and medication and other standard management practices were strictly observed. Data collected were performance parameters such as initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain while carcass parameters such as dressed weight, breast weight, thigh weight, wings, shank and head were measured. Results show that birds fed 15% YPM 1737.50g were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than others fed 0% YPM 1650.00g, 5% YPM 1637.50g and 10% YPM 1675.00g thus showing heavier weight with increasing levels of YPM in the diets. Similar trend was also observed in weight gain in which birds fed 15% YPM made significantly (P<0.05) superior gain to birds on the rest diets. Cost of feed/kg gain significantly (P<0.05) reduced with increasing levels of YPM. All carcass parameters show significant (P<0.05) differences between treatments in favour of birds fed higher levels of YPM. Thus the inclusion of YPM in diets up to 15% improved the performance and carcass characteristics of the birds as well as significantly (P<0.05) reduced the cost of feed/weight gain. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broiler chick diets; Carcass characteristics; Maize meal; Partial replacement; Yam peel meal	Aves; Dioscorea; Dioscorea alata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845781518	The impact of living standards on childhood mortality in South Africa: Evidence from cross-sectional data	Doctor H.V., Simelane S.E.	2005	Journal of Social Development in Africa	20	2	None	University of Western Cape, Department of Statistics, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Centre, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States	Doctor, H.V., University of Western Cape, Department of Statistics, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Simelane, S.E., University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Centre, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States	We employ questions on household characteristics collected in the 1997 and 1998 October Household Surveys (OHSs) in South Africa and those collected in the 1998 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) to examine the relationship between living standards and childhood mortality. Specifically, we examine whether childhood mortality is higher in poor households than in rich households, and whether between 1997 and 1998 the risk of childhood mortality changed. Principal components analysis is employed to combine household assets as a measure of socioeconomic status (SES). An index for SES is used in a negative binomial model to examine its association with childhood mortality. Results are inconsistent between 1997 and 1998. In 1997 the risk of childhood mortality decreases as we move from the lowest quintile to the highest quintile of the SES index. In 1998 higher levels of SES are associated with higher childhood mortality. A comparison of the findings from the 1998 OHS with those from the 1998 SADHS suggests that the 1998 OHS data may be less reliable because they yield results that deviate from the pattern shown in the 1997 OHS and the 1998 SADHS. Policy issues and recommendations for further research are discussed.	None	child mortality; household survey; living standard; mortality risk; policy development; principal component analysis; socioeconomic status; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845797149	Performance and egg quality characteristics of pullets fed activated sheabutter charcoal based diets	Ayanwale B.A., Lanko A.G., Kudu Y.S.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	10	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Niger State Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Division, Bosso, Minna, Nigeria	Ayanwale, B.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Lanko, A.G., Niger State Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Division, Bosso, Minna, Nigeria; Kudu, Y.S., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance, nutrient utilization, egg quality characteristics and cost-benefit values of feeding different levels activated sheabutter tree charcoal to laying pullets. Five experimental diets supplemented with activated sheabutter charcoal were formulated to contain 0.0 (control), 10.0, 20.0, 30.0 and 40.0% levels of the charcoal. A total of 150 day-old pullets were used for the study and were fed the diets till they were 22 weeks of age. The results showed no beneficial effect of feeding activated sheabutter charcoal to pullets up to 15 weeks of age as there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the performance parameters measured up to this stage. At the laying stage, activated sheabutter charcoal significantly (p<0.05) improved egg weight from (48 ± 3.01) in the control to (54.86 ± 3.01) in 40.0% charcoal level. Percent cracked eggs also reduced significantly (p<0.05) from 15.33% (control) to 0.20% in 40.0% activated sheabutter charcoal level. No significant (p>0.05) effect of activated sheabutter charcoal was observed on the internal egg quality parameters measured. The pullets fed activated charcoal had higher economic returns than the control. The results were attributed to increased mineral intake and utilization enhanced by charcoal supplementation and also improved absorption capacity of charcoal for dietary fat. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Cost-benefit; Egg quality; Sheabutter tree charcoal	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845871994	Evaluation of human exposure to lead and cadmium from some local Nigerian medicinal preparations	Nnorom I.C., Osibanjo O., Eleke C.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	14	None	Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Nnorom, I.C., Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; Osibanjo, O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Eleke, C., Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria	In most developing countries, the use of Herbal Medicinal Preparations (HMPs) is common due to poverty and disillusionment with conventional medical care. In Nigeria, these products are not subjected to stringent regulation and control even with the increasing cases of adulteration and contamination (especially with heavy metals) in similar products in Asia and the Middle East. Lead and Cadmium content of some common Nigerian medicinal preparations were determined with flame atomic absorption spectrometer after acid digestion with 1:3 mixture of HNO3/HCI. Lead levels &gt; 10 μg g-1 was detected in about 37% of the samples whereas 21% of the samples contains Pb levels ≥ 100 μg g-1 (range ND-213.6 μg g-1) The Cd content of the samples was generally less than 7 μg g-1 (range 0.3-6.61 μg g-1). Higher Pb levels were observed in preparations used in the treatment of eye infections, (as eye cleansers and in cosmetics) (8.06-213.6 μg g-1), compared to herbal soaps (ND-54.9 μg g-1), powdery preparations (ND-138.19 μg g-1) and the oil based preparations (ND-4.91 μg g-1). About 63% of the samples studied may be considered relatively safe if a Pb toxicity threshold of 10 μg g-1 is applied. These data indicate an urgent need for stringent monitoring and regulation of these products. The health implications of the application of these products can only be monitored using the Blood Lead Level (BLL) of groups engaging in such practices. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cadmium; Herbal Medicinal Preparations (HMPs); Lead; Nigeria	Blood lead levels; Flame atomic absorption spectrometers; Health implications; Human exposures; Lead and cadmiums; Medicinal preparation; Nigeria; Stringent regulations; Developing countries; Lead; Nitric acid; Cadmium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845885587	Weaning foods and their impact on child-feeding practices among low-income Nigerian mothers	Ijarotimi O.S., Ogunsemore M.T.	2006	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	27	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ijarotimi, O.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ogunsemore, M.T., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Background. Many children in rural communities of developing countries die of nutrition-related causes due to lack of nutrition education and low purchasing power of the families, which result in low-quality weaning foods and poor feeding practices. Objective. To evaluate the nutritional composition of local weaning foods and their impact on child feeding practices among low-income Nigerian mothers. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and June 2005 among 294 randomly selected pairs of nursing mothers and their children who attended the postnatal clinic of State Specialist Hospital and Comprehensive Health Centers in Akure community, Ondo State, Nigeria. A structured, self-or interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on infant demographic characteristics, feeding, and socioeconomic characteristics of the parents. The children's weights were recorded, and samples of the weaning foods were analyzed. Results. The mothers' ages ranged from 22 to 37 years, and the children's from one to 12 months. Among the parents, two-fifths of the respondents worked as drivers, mechanics, carpenters, and the like, while the remaining respondents were civil servants, health professionals, teachers, merchants, and housewives. The educational attainment of the parents ranged from no formal education (1.4%) to higher education (46%); 13% had completed primary school, and 39.6% had completed secondary school. The average monthly family income was between 3,500 and 30,000 naira (US$23.3-$200). Among the children, 58.3% were of normal weight, 41.1% were mildly underweight, 0.3% moderately underweight, and 0.3% severely underweight; 23.1% were exclusively breastfed, 9.5%sturson received breastmilk and traditional medicinal herbs, 15. 6% received breastmilk and commercial weaning food, 7.4% received commercial weaning food only, 14.8% received local weaning foods only, 24.1 % received local weaning foods plus breastmilk, and 5.8% received the family diet. Conclusions. We found that a high proportion of the nursing mothers used local ingredients to formulate weaning foods for their babies. The nutritional compositions of these foods is of high quality and are suitable as weaning foods, particularly for infants of low-income parents who do not have access to commercial weaning foods. © 2006, The United Nations University.	Child-feeding practices; Nutrition education; Nutritional composition of local weaning foods	child care; feeding; food intake; food quality; low income population; nutritional requirement; nutritive value; rural area; weaning; adult; article; baby food; breast feeding; catering service; cross-sectional study; female; human; infant nutrition; male; mother; newborn; Nigeria; nutritional value; poverty; psychological aspect; socioeconomics; standard; statistics; weaning; Adult; Breast Feeding; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Food Supply; Humans; Infant Food; Infant Nutrition Physiology; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mothers; Nigeria; Nutritive Value; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Weaning; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846026049	Evaluation of pine bark or pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge cocomposts as growing media for vegetable seedlings	Mupondi L.T., Mnkeni P.N.S., Brutsch M.O.	2006	Compost Science and Utilization	14	4	None	University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Alice, South Africa	Mupondi, L.T., University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Alice, South Africa; Mnkeni, P.N.S., University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Alice, South Africa; Brutsch, M.O., University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Alice, South Africa	The suitability as growing media of composts made from pine bark or pine bark cocomposted with goat manure or sewage sludge and either inoculated or not inoculated with effective microorganisms, was evaluated under greenhouse conditions with and without fertilization using cabbage as the test crop. The treatments were replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design in a fibre glass covered greenhouse. Cabbage seedlings were grown in cavity trays for five weeks, after which plants were harvested and fresh and dry weights determined. Samples were also analyzed for N, P, K and selected heavy metal concentrations. Results revealed that pine bark-goat manure cocomposts supported good seedling growth and could thus be good substitutes for pine bark alone as a growing medium where goat manure or similar manures are available. The results also showed that despite the superior nutritional value of these alternative growing media, nutrient supplementation may still be necessary where seedlings are kept in the nursery for extended periods due to nutrient exhaustion through plant uptake and leaching. Pine bark-sewage sludge compost also had positive effects on seedling growth but could only be recommended as a growing medium for nonfood plants because its composting did not reach the thermophillic temperatures necessary for adequate pathogen kill. Inoculation with effective microorganisms improved seedling growth in sewage sludge and goat manure based composts but the mechanisms involved remain to be established.	None	Fertilizers; Growth kinetics; Manures; Microorganisms; Plants (botany); Sewage sludge; Soils; Fertilization; Seedlings; Composting; bark; compost; goat; manure; seedling; sewage; sludge; vegetation; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846028242	In vitro fermentation studies for selection and evaluation of Bacillus strains as starter cultures for the production of okpehe, a traditional African fermented condiment	Oguntoyinbo F.A., Sanni A.I., Franz C.M.A.P., Holzapfel W.H.	2007	International Journal of Food Microbiology	113	2	10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.07.006	Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute for	Oguntoyinbo, F.A., Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria, Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute for Hygiene and Toxicology, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Sanni, A.I., Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Franz, C.M.A.P., Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute for Hygiene and Toxicology, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Holzapfel, W.H., Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute for Hygiene and Toxicology, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany	Selected Bacillus and Enterococcus strains, isolated from traditional okpehe fermentations, were studied for their suitability as starter cultures in laboratory-scale fermentations of Prosopis africana seeds for the production of okpehe, a traditional fermented vegetable product of Nigeria. The strains were selected on the basis of highest proteolytic activity, as determined with the APIZYM (BioMerieux) test. The choice of starter strains was narrowed to Bacillus subtilis strains BFE 5301 and BFE 5372. These were determined as the best starter combination because of rapid growth, high amylolytic and proteolytic activities, high levels of polyglutamic acid production by strain BFE 5372, as well as bacteriocin production by strain BFE 5301. Other mixed culture fermentations did not yield sensorically acceptable products. Although a monoculture fermentation, using only B. subtilis strain BFE 5372, produced okpehe with very good sensory characteristics, the growth of B. cereus could be detected after 48 h fermentation, indicating that this starter did not sufficiently contribute to product safety. Mixed culture fermentation with the combination of bacteriocin-producing starter B. subtilis BFE 5301 and the non-bacteriocin-producing B. subtilis BFE 5372, produced a product with good sensory characteristics, in which growth of B. cereus was delayed. The bacteriocin produced by B. subtilis strain BFE 5301 was identified as subtilisin, using subtilisin-specific primers and PCR amplification of the subtilisin gene. The bacteriocin was heat-stable at 100 °C for 10 min and exhibited highest activity at pH values lower or equal to pH 6.0. The bacteriocin was sensitive to the proteolytic enzymes trypsin and α-chymotrypsin at concentrations of 10 mg/ml. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bacillus subtilis; Fermentation; Okpehe; Starters; Subtilisin	bacteriocin; polyglutamic acid; subtilisin; article; Bacillus; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus subtilis; bacterial strain; Enterococcus; fermentation; fermented product; monoculture; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; Prosopis; protein degradation; starter culture; vegetable; Bacillus subtilis; Enterococcus; Fermentation; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Heat; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nigeria; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Subtilisin; Time Factors; Vegetables; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus subtilis; Enterococcus; Prosopis africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846050157	Community impact of HIV status disclosure through an integrated community home-based care programme	Ncama B., Uys L.	2006	African Journal of AIDS Research	5	3	None	School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Ncama, B., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Uys, L., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	The integration of HIV-prevention activities into care has received little attention within or outside formal healthcare settings. The contribution of community home-based care services in facilitating disclosure of HIV status and reducing stigma have also not been described. This study examines the community impact of an integrated community home-based care (ICHC) programme on HIV-prevention efforts and disclosure of status. Quantitative data was collected from 363 people living with HIV (PLHIV) and 1 028 members of their micro-communities; of these, 211 and 586, respectively, were in the ICHC programme (thus representing the ICHC-served group) and 152 and 442, respectively, were not in the programme (representing the non-served or control group). The micro-community group served by the ICHC programme reported significantly more positive attitudes towards HIV, better knowledge of HIV, fewer instances of sexually-transmitted infections, a tendency for fewer sexual partners, and less perceived risk of acquiring HIV than the non-served micro-community group. Also, the micro-community served by the programme did not show significantly better uptake of voluntary counselling and testing than did the non-served micro-community. There was no difference in condom-use between the two groups. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Integrated care model; Knowledge/attitudes/behaviour; Sexual behaviour change; Stigmatisation; Voluntary counselling and testing	article; attitude to illness; behavior change; community care; community living; condom; controlled study; data collection method; female; health education; health program; health status; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; infection risk; integrated health care system; interpersonal communication; major clinical study; male; patient counseling; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; risk reduction; safe sex; screening test; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; stigma; voluntary program	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846060888	Performance of empirical correlations for predicting monthly mean daily diffuse solar radiation values at Kampala, Uganda	Mubiru J., Banda E.J.K.B.	2007	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	88	02-Jan	10.1007/s00704-006-0249-1	Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Mubiru, J., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Banda, E.J.K.B., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Existing literature lacks information on formulation and performance assessment of diffuse solar radiation models in the Eastern African region yet this region has a high potential for the utilization of solar energy. The objective of this paper is to assess the performance of seventeen diffuse solar irradiation empirical correlations, at Kampala, Uganda. The best performing correlations were determined using the ranking method. The normalized absolute mean bias error and root mean square error were computed and utilized in the ranking process. The results indicated that the correlations relating diffuse transmittance (H̄d/H̄0) with relative sunshine duration (S̄/S̄0) are more reliable for diffuse solar radiation predictions at least in the Uganda environment. These models are expressed in terms of first, second and third order polynomials of the relative sunshine duration and are particularly recommended for their simplicity and worldwide applicability. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	None	correlation; empirical analysis; error analysis; numerical model; ranking; solar radiation; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846091132	Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda	Owor M., Hartwig T., Muwanga A., Zachmann D., Pohl W.	2007	Environmental Geology	51	6	10.1007/s00254-006-0398-7	Department of Geology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Institute of Environmental Geology, Technical University, P.O. Box 3329, Braunschweig 38023, Germany	Owor, M., Department of Geology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Hartwig, T., Institute of Environmental Geology, Technical University, P.O. Box 3329, Braunschweig 38023, Germany; Muwanga, A., Department of Geology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Zachmann, D., Institute of Environmental Geology, Technical University, P.O. Box 3329, Braunschweig 38023, Germany; Pohl, W., Institute of Environmental Geology, Technical University, P.O. Box 3329, Braunschweig 38023, Germany	The abandoned Kilembe copper mine in western Uganda is a source of contaminants, mobilised from mine tailings into R. Rukoki flowing through a belt of wetlands into Lake George. Water and sediments were investigated on the lakeshore and the lakebed. Metal associations in the sediments reflect the Kilembe sulphide mineralisation. Enrichment of metals was compared between lakebed sediments, both for wet and dry seasons. Total C in a lakebed core shows a general increment, while Cu and Co decrease with depth. The contaminants are predominant (> 65%) in the ≤ 63 μm sediment size range with elevated Cu and Zn (> 28%), while Ni, Pb and Co are low (< 18%) in all the fractions. Sequential extraction of Fe for lakeshore sediment samples reveals low Fe mobility. Relatively higher mobility and biological availability is seen for Co, Cu and S. Heavy metal contents in lake waters are not an immediate risk to the aquatic environment. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Aqueous geochemistry; Copper mining; Heavy metals; Lake George; Uganda	Copper mines; Environmental impact; Impurities; Sediments; Wetlands; Aqueous geochemistry; Copper mining; Lake George; Uganda; Tailings; abandoned mine; copper; enrichment; heavy metal; lacustrine deposit; lake pollution; pollutant source; tailings; Africa; East Africa; East African Lakes; Lake George [Western Province]; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; Western Province [Uganda]	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846102133	Socio-economic analysis of the impacts of avian influenza epidemic on households poultry consumption and poultry industry in Nigeria: Empirical investigation of Kwara State	Obayelu A.E.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	1	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo state, Nigeria	Obayelu, A.E., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo state, Nigeria	The paper presents a theoretical and an empirical study of avian flu epidemic in Nigeria. A rapid assessment of the effects of avian flu outbreaks was conducted in May 2006 in kwara State. This was done by a structured interviewed schedule. Thirty Poultry farmers and 100 households were randomly selected for the interview. The results of the analysis showed that avian flu outbreaks and spread in Nigeria have caused serious threat not only to the poultry industry but also to food security and the livelihoods of both the rural and urban communities. The study revealed that there was a fall in consumers' and producers' confidence in poultry. About 75% of poultry farmers were also found to have stopped ordering for new birds to their farms preparing to leave poultry business for other jobs the moment they disposed the birds on their farms. About 80% of the sampled households were found to have stopped the purchase and consumption of poultry products in their households for the fear of being affected by the flu. In addition, prices of chicken and egg were negatively affected with supply outweighing demand. There was a shift of consumers' attentions to consumption of beef, pork, fish, and animal skin as substitute with a decrease in the Gross Domestic Product from agriculture, increase in unemployment rate, worsen health, poverty and malnutrition level. Poultry farmers should be encouraged, educated and assisted on the preventive measures. The farmers can be encouraged on the need for diversification since the outbreaks of the flu incidence mostly occur suddenly. Rearing of Grass cutters, cattle, rabbits and pigs, bee keeping, and snail farming as well as mushroom farming as means of livelihood should be encouraged. There must be extensive public enlightenments on the dangers of flu and how it can be overcome.	Avian flu; Epidemic; Poultry; Socio-economic	Animalia; Apoidea; Aves; Basidiomycota; Bos taurus; Gastropoda; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846109799	Traditional birth attendants, HIV/AIDS and safe delivery in the Eastern Cape, South Africa - Evaluation of a training programme	Peltzer K., Henda N.	2006	South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	12	3	None	Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Limpopo, Turfloop, Limpopo, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, Limpopo, South Africa; Henda, N., Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa	Introduction. Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) are still frequently utilised in rural areas in South Africa, even when mothers have access to formal health care facilities. Studies reveal that utilisation of TBAs can be beneficial in some contexts, with support and supervision from the Western health sector. Aim. To evaluate a training programme for TBAs on HIV/AIDS and safe delivery. Method. The study used a pre-post training evaluation design of 50 TBAs in two primary health care clinic areas in rural South Africa. Results. Most TBAs had some knowledge of risk signs during pregnancy. At follow-up assessment HIV/AIDS knowledge had significantly increased and HIV risk practices when assisting during a delivery had significantly decreased. Most TBAs were involved in HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) management such as risk assessment, risk reduction counselling, distribution of condoms, community education and home-based care. After the training significantly more TBAs conducted prenatal check-ups, assessed the baby's position in the uterus and took the mother's and baby's pulse, and fewer TBAS conducted abnormal or complicated deliveries. Conclusion. Training of TBAs can increase their knowledge, improve their attitudes and reduce risk practices. TBAs need skilled and equipped available support to carry out basic preventive measures in the obstetric patient, anticipate and identify obstetric complications, administer nevirapine prophylaxis, and make appropriate and timely referrals backed up with efficient referral mechanisms to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.	None	nevirapine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; African medicine; aged; article; delivery; female; health behavior; health education; health personnel attitude; health practitioner; HIV education; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; obstetric patient; patient counseling; patient referral; patient safety; pregnancy; prenatal care; prenatal screening; primary health care; risk assessment; risk reduction; rural health care; safe sex; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846129458	Colostomy in children - An evaluation of acceptance among mothers and caregivers in a developing country	Ameh E.A., Mshelbwala P.M., Sabiu L., Chirdan L.B.	2006	South African Journal of Surgery	44	4	None	Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Ameh, E.A., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Mshelbwala, P.M., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Sabiu, L., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Chirdan, L.B., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Background. Colostomy is a common procedure performed in children, mostly for anorectal malformation and Hirschsprung's disease. However, acceptance by parents in developing countries is thought to be poor. Methods. A prospective evaluation was done to determine the acceptability of colostomy among parents and caregivers, and their attitude towards colostomy in their children. Results. During the period January 1999 - January 2004 a structured questionnaire was administered to 57 parents and caregivers of children with colostomies (41 boys and 16 girls). The indication for colostomy was anorectal malformation in 28 children and Hirschsprung's disease in 29. The length of time the children had the colostomy ranged from 3 weeks to 8 years. Forty-four respondents (77%) found the colostomy and its management acceptable. Thirteen (23%) found the colostomy unacceptable, mainly because of a feeling of social isolation. Problems the respondents complained of included disturbing smell (17, 30%), frequent change of the cloth napkin used as colostomy appliance (15, 26%) and intermittent bleeding from the stoma (4, 7%). Conclusions. Colostomy in children is acceptable to most parents in our environment. Although some parents found it unacceptable, adequate explanation and counselling may modify their view.	None	anorectal malformation; article; bleeding; caregiver; child; child parent relation; colostomy; controlled study; developing country; female; Hirschsprung disease; human; infant; major clinical study; male; questionnaire; smelling; social isolation; stoma; Caregivers; Child; Child, Preschool; Colon; Colostomy; Developing Countries; Female; Hirschsprung Disease; Humans; Infant; Male; Mothers; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Rectum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846136728	Evaluation of the Nigerian national antiretroviral (ARV) treatment training programme	Idigbe E.O., Odutolu O., Okonkwo P., Folayan M.O., Uwakwe C.B.R., Audu R.A., Jolayemi O.M., Osagbemi M.	2006	Sahara J	3	3	None	Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Nigeria; Institute ARV Training Programme; World Bank, UNAIDS Global HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Team GAMET, Harvard PEPFAR Nigeria, NGA, Nigeria; Harvard AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN),	Idigbe, E.O., Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Nigeria, Institute ARV Training Programme; Odutolu, O., World Bank, UNAIDS Global HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Team GAMET, Harvard PEPFAR Nigeria, NGA, Nigeria, Harvard AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN), Plot 990 NAL Boulevard, Abuja, Nigeria; Okonkwo, P., Harvard School of Public Health, Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Nigeria; Folayan, M.O., Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Uwakwe, C.B.R., Department of Guidance ad Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Audu, R.A., Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Jolayemi, O.M., AIDS Prevention Initiative Nigeria (APIN), Nigeria; Osagbemi, M., Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria	There is an understanding that greater availability of HIV treatment for the 40.3 million people currently infected with HIV is a humanitarian imperative that could prolong the lives of millions, restore economic productivity, and stabilise societies in some of the world's hardest-hit regions.The Nigerian government recognises that the country has the third highest burden of infection, with people living with HIV estimated to total 4.0 million, and so in 2002 commenced the implementation of one of Africa's largest antiretroviral (ARV) treatment programmes. A successful ARV programme requires that all components of a functional management system be put in place for effective and efficient functioning. This would include logistics, human resources, financial planning, and monitoring and evaluation systems, as well as sustainable institutional capacities. The Nigerian national ARV treatment training programme was conceived to meet the human resource needs in hospitals providing ARV therapy. This paper reports on the evaluation of the training programme. It examines knowledge and skills gained, and utilisation thereof. Recommendations are made for improved training effectiveness and for specific national policy on training, to meet the demand for scaling up therapy to the thousands who need ARV.	ARV; Evaluation; Health care provider; HIV; Training	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; attitude to health; curriculum; education; female; health care manpower; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; Nigeria; questionnaire; statistics; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Curriculum; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Manpower; Health Personnel; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846223462	Evaluation of radar multiple-scattering effects from a GPM perspective. Part I: Model description and validation	Battaglia A., Ajewole M.O., Simmer C.	2006	Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology	45	12	None	Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Battaglia, A., Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Ajewole, M.O., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Simmer, C., Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany	A numerical model based on the Monte Carlo solution of the vector radiative transfer equation has been adopted to simulate radar signals. The model accounts for general radar configurations such as airborne/ spaceborne/ground based and monostatic/bistatic and includes the polarization and the antenna pattern as particularly relevant features. Except for contributions from the backscattering enhancement, the model is particularly suitable for evaluating multiple-scattering effects. It has been validated against some analytical methods that provide solutions for the first and second order of scattering of the copolar intensity for pencil-beam/Gaussian antennas in the transmitting/ receiving segment. The model has been applied to evaluate the multiple scattering when penetrating inside a uniform hydrometeor layer. In particular, the impact of the phase function, the range-dependent scattering optical thickness, and the effects of the antenna footprint are considered. © 2006 American Meteorological Society.	None	Computer simulation; Evaluation; Mathematical models; Monte Carlo methods; Vectors; Global precipitation mission (GPM); Radar configurations; Radar multiple-scattering effects; Radar signals; Vector radiative transfer equation; Meteorological radar; Monte Carlo analysis; numerical model; radar; radiative transfer; scattering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846254052	Evaluation of radar multiple-scattering effects from a GPM perspective, Part II: Model results	Battaglia A., Ajewole M.O., Simmer C.	2006	Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology	45	12	None	Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Battaglia, A., Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Ajewole, M.O., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Simmer, C., Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany	Multiple-scattering effects as sensed by radars in configurations useful in the context of the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) are evaluated for a range of meteorological profiles extracted from four different cloud-resolving model simulations. The multiple-scattering effects are characterized in terms of both the reflectivity enhancement and the linear depolarization ratio. When considering the copolarized reflectivity in spaceborne configurations, the multiple-scattering enhancement becomes a real issue for Ka-band radars, though it is generally negligible at the Ku band, except in meteorologically important situations such as when high rain rates and a considerable amount of ice are present aloft. At Ka band it can reach tens of decibels when systems of heavy cold rain are considered, that is, profiles that include rain layers with high-density ice particles aloft. On the other hand, particularly at 35 GHz, high values of the linear depolarization ratio are predicted even in airborne configurations because of multiple-scattering effects. This result should allow the observation of these features in field campaigns. © 2006 American Meteorological Society.	None	Computer simulation; Evaluation; Ice; Mathematical models; Meteorological radar; Global precipitation mission (GPM); Heavy cold rain; Ice particles; Radar multiple-scattering effects; Precipitation (meteorology); computer simulation; numerical model; radar; scattering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846268795	Effect of drilled solids on drilling rate and performance	Njobuenwu D.O., Wobo C.A.	2007	Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering	55	04-Mar	10.1016/j.petrol.2006.08.012	Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Fluids Division, Baker Hughes Nigeria Ltd, Plot 268 Trans Amadi, Industrial Layout, PMB 5241, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Njobuenwu, D.O., Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Wobo, C.A., Fluids Division, Baker Hughes Nigeria Ltd, Plot 268 Trans Amadi, Industrial Layout, PMB 5241, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This paper describes the results of laboratory investigations into the effect of drilled solids on the drilling rate and drilling performance. Drilling fluid performance and a successful result during drilling operations are characterised by the fluid's properties providing hole cleaning and cutting transport. Various concentrations of bentonite which has the same specific gravity with drilled solids were used to simulate drilling performance. The results were discussed in terms of electric stability (emulsion stability), high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) including the resultant filter cake, rheological properties of the active fluid Experiments show that the ES drops in half as the drilled solid (bentonite) concentration increases from 0 to 75 lb/bbl. The HPHT FL test produced thicker filter cake and the HPHT FL doubles while the YP quadruples as the bentonite concentration increases. Accumulation of filter cake on the bit or BHA during pull out of hole of a drill string and hole problems are attendant problems associated with inefficient solid control. The use of bentonite to simulate the drilled solid is good agreement with previous works. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Drilled Cuttings; Drilled Solids; Drilling Fluids; Emulsion Stability; Hole Problems; Synthetic Based Mud	Drilled solids; Drilling performance; Drilling rate; Emulsion stability; High-pressure high-temperature; Bentonite; Boreholes; Density (specific gravity); Drilling fluids; Emulsions; Stability; Oil well drilling; Bentonite; Boreholes; Density (specific gravity); Drilling fluids; Emulsions; Oil well drilling; Stability; bentonite; drilling fluid; emulsion; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846269648	The effect of breathing an ambient low-density, hyperoxic gas on the perceived effort of breathing and maximal performance of exercise in well-trained athletes	Ansley L., Petersen D., Thomas A., St Clair Gibson A., Robson-Ansley P., Noakes T.D.	2007	British Journal of Sports Medicine	41	1	10.1136/bjsm.2006.026989	School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, United Kingdom; National Hyperbarics, Fairfield Suites, Kingsbury Hospital, Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom	Ansley, L., School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, United Kingdom; Petersen, D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Thomas, A., National Hyperbarics, Fairfield Suites, Kingsbury Hospital, Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa; St Clair Gibson, A., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Robson-Ansley, P., Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: The role of the perception of breathing effort in the regulation of performance of maximal exercise remains unclear. Aims: To determine whether the perceived effort of ventilation is altered through substituting a less dense gas for normal ambient air and whether this substitution affects performance of maximal incremental exercise in trained athletes. Methods: Eight highly trained cyclists (mean SD) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) = 69.9 (7.9) (mlO2/kg/min) performed two randomised maximal tests in a hyperbaric chamber breathing ambient air composed of either 35% O2/65% N2 (nitrox) or 35% O 2/65% He (heliox). A ramp protocol was used in which power output was incremented at 0.5 W/s. The trials were separated by at least 48 h. The perceived effort of breathing was obtained via Borg Category Ratio Scales at 3-min intervals and at fatigue. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE) were monitored continuously. Results: Breathing heliox did not change the sensation of dyspnoea: there were no differences between trials for the Borg scales at any time point. Exercise performance was not different between the nitrox and heliox trials (peak power output = 451 (58) and 453 (56) W), nor was VO2max (4.96 (0.61) and 4.88 (0.65) I/ min) or maximal VE (157 (24) and 163 (22) l/min). Between-trial variability in peak power output was less than either VO2max or maximal VE. Conclusion: Breathing a less dense gas does not improve maximal performance of exercise or reduce the perception of breathing effort in highly trained athletes, although an attenuated submaximal tidal volume and VE with a concomitant reduction in VO2 suggests an improved gas exchange and reduced O2 cost of ventilation when breathing heliox.	None	heliox; nitrogen; oxygen; adult; article; athlete; breathing mechanics; controlled study; dyspnea; exercise; exhaustion; fatigue; human; human experiment; oxygen consumption; training; Adult; Anaerobic Threshold; Analysis of Variance; Bicycling; Ergometry; Exercise Test; Helium; Humans; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Respiration; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846299251	The socio-economic impact of important camel diseases as perceived by a pastoralist community in Kenya	Mochabo M.O.K., Kitala P.M., Gathura P.B., Ogara W.O., Eregae E.M., Kaitho T.D., Catley A.	2006	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	73	4	None	KARI-Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, 00902, Kenya; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology (PHPT), University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Veterinary Department, Turkana District, Kenya; Care International Kenya, P.O. Box 43864, Nairobi, Kenya; African Union/Inter-African Bureau Animal Resources (AU/IBAR), Community-based Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology (CAPE) Unit, P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya	Mochabo, M.O.K., KARI-Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, 00902, Kenya; Kitala, P.M., Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology (PHPT), University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Gathura, P.B., Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology (PHPT), University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Ogara, W.O., Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology (PHPT), University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Eregae, E.M., Veterinary Department, Turkana District, Kenya; Kaitho, T.D., Care International Kenya, P.O. Box 43864, Nairobi, Kenya; Catley, A., African Union/Inter-African Bureau Animal Resources (AU/IBAR), Community-based Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology (CAPE) Unit, P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya	This paper presents the results of a study conducted in a pastoral community in Kenya using participatory appraisal approaches. The objective of the study was to assess the socio-economic impact of camel trypanosomosis (surra) according to the perceptions of the pastoralists. Four livestock grazing units were conveniently selected and in each of them, three groups of key informants comprising five to eight persons were selected for the participatory exercises. Five camel diseases were listed in order of importance according to their severity and frequency of occurrence including trypanosomosis, mange, non-specific diarrhoea, tick infestations and haemorrhagic septicaemia. The losses listed as incurred due to the five diseases were: losses in milk, meat, blood, fats and hides, dowry payments, and depreciation in sale of animals, losses due to infertility and abortions, and losses due to the cost of treatment. There was good agreement (P < 0.05) between the informant groups on the losses incurred as a result of the diseases for all the selected loss indicators. Surra and mange were given high median scores on all the indicators while non-specific diarrhoea, tick infestations, and haemorrhagic septicaemia received moderate median scores. Based on the study findings it is concluded that the camel plays a central role in the lives of Turkana pastoralists and that surra has a devastating social and economic impact. There is a need for veterinary and policy decision-makers to focus more attention on the control of surra in this arid and semi-arid area of Kenya.	Camel trypanosomosis; Participatory approach; Surra; Turkana pastoralists	animal; animal disease; animal husbandry; article; camel; cost; diarrhea; economics; female; fertility; hemorrhagic septicemia; infestation; Kenya; male; milk; parasitology; socioeconomics; trypanosomiasis; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Camels; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diarrhea; Female; Fertility; Hemorrhagic Septicemia; Kenya; Male; Milk; Mite Infestations; Socioeconomic Factors; Tick Infestations; Trypanosomiasis; Acari; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846326302	Performance of a parabolic trough solar collector	Brooks M.J., Mills I., Harms T.M.	2006	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	17	3	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mangosuthu Technikon, South Africa; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Brooks, M.J., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mangosuthu Technikon, South Africa; Mills, I., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mangosuthu Technikon, South Africa; Harms, T.M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	The performance of a South African parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) module has been characterised using the ASHRAE 93-1986 standard. The collector is designed for component testing and development in a solar energy research programme. Low-temperature testing was performed at Mangosuthu Technikon's STARlab facility using water as the working fluid. Both an evacuated glass-shielded receiver and an unshielded receiver were tested, with which peak thermal efficiencies of 53.8% and 55.2% were obtained respectively. The glass-shielded element offered superior performance at the maximum test temperature, desensitising the receiver to wind and reducing the overall heat loss coefficient by half. The collector time constants for both receivers indicate low thermal inertia and the measured acceptance angles exceed the tracking accuracy of the PTSC, ensuring the collector operates within 2% of its optimal efficiency at all times. Off-sun thermal loss results and the behaviour of the PTSC under increased angles of incidence are described. A description of the test system components is given.	Acceptance angle; Optical efficiency; Parabolic trough collector; Time constant	Acceptance angle; Optical efficiency; Parabolic trough collector; Time constants; Heat losses; Project management; Solar energy; Standardization; Temperature control; Solar collectors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846334041	Performance contract-driven improvements at Uganda's state-owned water utility	Isingoma D.	2006	Water 21	None	JUNE	None	National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	Isingoma, D., National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846340374	Correlates of female genital mutilation and its impact on safe motherhood	Orji E.O., Babalola A.	2006	Journal of the Turkish German Gynecology Association	7	4	None	Department of Obstetrics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of General Medical Practice, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Orji, E.O., Department of Obstetrics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Babalola, A., Department of General Medical Practice, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Objective: This study investigates the correlates of female genital mutilation and its impact on safe motherhood among 500 women aged 15-45 years in Southwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The data were collected using a structured questionnaire for five hundred consented subjects. Vulvar examination was carried out by the investigators to confirm the presence or absence of female genital mutilation using the WHO classification. Results: The incidence of female genital mutilation is 85%. Out of this, 86.8% had type I mutilation, while 13.2% had type II mutilation. There were no type III or IV mutilation. The lowest trend in female genital mutilation was found in the age of 15-19 years. Culture/tradition was the strongest reason for the practice. Female genital mutilation decreased with increasing level of education. Only 11.7% of those with type I mutilation compared to 48.2% of those with type II mutilation had long term complications. The mode of delivery was spontaneous vaginal delivery in majority of them with no major fetomaternal complications. The absence of serious morbidity may be attributed to milder form of the female genital mutilation practiced in our environment. Discussion: The absence of major obstetric complications may be reflection of milder form of female genital mutilation performed in this environment.	Female genital mutilation; Fetomaternal complication; Obstetric complications	adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; correlation analysis; cultural anthropology; data analysis; education; female; female circumcision; gynecologic disease; human; incidence; injury; major clinical study; morbidity; mother; Nigeria; prevalence; questionnaire; safety; vaginal delivery; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846347337	Maasai perception of the impact and incidence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in southern Kenya	Bedelian C., Nkedianye D., Herrero M.	2007	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	78	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.012	International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom	Bedelian, C., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Nkedianye, D., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Herrero, M., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom	We investigated the perceived impact of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) to pastoralists in Isinya Division, a wildlife dispersal area of Nairobi National Park, and used a range of participatory epidemiology methodologies. We compared the relative importance, incidence and impact of MCF compared to other locally defined important diseases with a total of 158 respondents in 11 group meetings and 21 household meetings in July 2004. Direct losses due to disease were investigated through lowered prices as a result of the emergency sale of disease-infected animals. Overall, Maasai in Isinya Division perceived east coast fever (ECF) to be the most important cattle disease and to have the highest incidence. Anthrax was considered to have the largest impact. In areas within or adjacent to the wildebeest calving zone, MCF was perceived to be the most important cattle disease and also to have the largest impact. Outside the calving zone, MCF was considered the fourth-most important disease with the fourth largest impact, and these were areas where wildebeest were less common. MCF was also the fourth-most common disease, and across the Division incidence was estimated at 5% in calves and 10% in adults. However, MCF incidence varied greatly throughout the study area, from 3% to 12%, and the highest incidence risks were found in areas where wildebeest came to calve. The percent drop in sale price per animal infected with MCF was estimated at 50% for MCF for the year 2003-2004. Forced avoidance movements away from wildebeest calves were reported to decrease livestock production due to loss of access to prime grazing sites. As suggested by pastoralists in this study, the development of compensation schemes or incentives from wildlife would reduce the conflict between livestock keeping and wildlife conservation. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease impact; Disease incidence; Kenya; Maasai pastoralists; Malignant catarrhal fever; Participatory appraisal; Participatory epidemiology	animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; anthrax; article; cattle; cattle disease; female; foot and mouth disease; incidence; Kenya; male; mortality; season; time; virology; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Anthrax; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Incidence; Kenya; Male; Malignant Catarrh; Seasons; Theileriasis; Time Factors; Animalia; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846349113	Evaluation of fungicides and sterilants for potential application in the management of Fusarium wilt of banana	Nel B., Steinberg C., Labuschagne N., Viljoen A.	2007	Crop Protection	26	4	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.008	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; INRA-CMSE-Université de Bourgogne, DIJON, 17 rue Sully, -BP 86510, F. 21065 Dijon CEDEX, France	Nel, B., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Steinberg, C., INRA-CMSE-Université de Bourgogne, DIJON, 17 rue Sully, -BP 86510, F. 21065 Dijon CEDEX, France; Labuschagne, N., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Viljoen, A., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Fusarium wilt is considered one of the most important diseases of bananas. The disease can only be managed by using resistant cultivars and by preventing its introduction into new fields. The objectives of this study were to evaluate newly available fungicides, in vitro and in vivo, for their efficacy against the responsible pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, and to evaluate surface sterilants that could be used for sterilization purposes. Of the fungicides, prochloraz and propiconazole significantly inhibited mycelial growth at concentrations of 1 and 5 μg ml-1, respectively. Benomyl and the demethylation-inhibiting fungicides significantly reduced the disease severity of Foc when applied as a root dip treatment, showing disease reduction up to 80.6%. The results also demonstrated that certain quaternary ammonium compounds are effective as sterilants against Foc and should replace the ineffective sterilants that are currently being used. Further field evaluations of the fungicides are required. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Banana; Chemical control; Fusarium oxysporum	chemical control; cultivar; disease severity; fungal disease; fungicide; fungus; pathogen; wilt; Fusarium; Fusarium oxysporum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846349242	The distributive impact of land markets in Uganda	Baland J.-M., Gaspart F., Platteau J.-P., Place F.	2007	Economic Development and Cultural Change	55	2	10.1086/508717	University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; International Center for Research in Agroforestry, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya	Baland, J.-M., University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Gaspart, F., Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; Platteau, J.-P., University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Place, F., International Center for Research in Agroforestry, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya	In central Uganda, land-market transactions tend to mitigate initial inequality in land endowments. Farmers with smaller endowments of inherited land succeed in buying more land than the other farmers. Perhaps more important, native farmers who have not inherited are able to acquire more land on the local land-sale market than any other category of farmers are able to obtain. This fact is explained in three ways: (1) landless farmers who cannot buy land out-migrate from the areas; (2) traditional norms of social security give preference to landless farmers on the land market; or (3) inheritance practices tend to discriminate against the male heirs susceptible to purchase enough land to set up their own farms.	None	agricultural land; farm; land market; social security; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846357832	Comparative evaluation of the nutritive and functional attributes of some traditional Nigerian snacks and oil seed cakes	Aletor O., Ojelabi A.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	1	None	Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Aletor, O., Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ojelabi, A., Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	The proximate composition, the content of nutritionally valuable minerals and functional properties of some traditional Nigerian snacks: peanut ball (Kulikuli), maize-groundnut ball (Donkwa) and melon ball (Robo) were analyzed along with some oilseed cakes: groundnut cake (GNC), palm kernel cake (PKC) and soya bean cake (SBC). On the average the samples contained 31.7 g/100 g DM crude protein (range, 25.2-34.3 g/ 100 g DM); 20.6 g/100g DM crude fat (range, 9.2-29.6 g/100g DM); 8.0 g/ 100g DM crude fibre(range, 2.5-22.4g/100g DM) and ash 10.5 g/100g (range, 2.0-20 g/100g DM) The protein content of the snacks were generally similar to those of the oilseed cakes, while the fat content of the snacks were much higher. The crude fibre content was least in kulikuli while PKC had the highest value. The ash content of the snacks were generally much higher than those of the oilseed cakes. The gross energy ranged between 310.8 kcal/100 g in PKC to 559.2 kcal/100 g in kulikuli. Ca, Mg, P, K and Na were the most abundant minerals in both the snacks and oilseed cakes, while the Zn, Cu and Mn were the least abundant. The snacks were particularly much higher in their Na content. Among the functional attributes, the water absorption capacity (WAC) ranged from 70 to 220% in the traditional snacks, and from 200 to 260 % in the oilseed cakes. Foaming absorption capacity (FAC), varied from 128 to 147% in the snacks while it varied from 184 to 221% in the oilseed cakes. The least gelation concentration of Kulikuli, Robo and palm kernel cake were identical. Fat emulsion capacity and emulsion stability were also similar in all the products. All the samples had varying solubilities with change in pH. The proteins generally had multiple maxima and minima in their solubilities. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Nigerian snacks; Oilseed cakes; Palm kernel cake	calcium; copper; fat; magnesium; manganese; phosphorus; potassium; protein; sodium; zinc; article; ash; calorie; concentration (parameters); controlled study; dietary fiber; emulsion; fat content; food composition; gelation; lipid metabolism; maize; melon; Nigeria; nutritional value; peanut; pH measurement; protein content; solubility; soybean; water absorption; Arachis hypogaea; Cucumis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846398599	Statistical evaluation of the germination of Cleome gynandra L. seeds	Ochuodho J.O., Modi A.T.	2006	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	23	4	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Ochuodho, J.O., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Radicle protrusion and subsequent seedling establishment are two ways of defining seed germination. However, international rules for testing seeds adopted the first and final counts through consensus as defining stages of seed germination. In this study statistical guidelines have been used to determine these stages. Cauliflower and broccoli for which the first and final counts have been published in the international rules for testing seeds and Cleome gynandra L. for which there is no data on the first and final counts, were used as test crops to determine the statistical significances of the first and final counts. Broken-stick modelling and survival analyses showed the fourth day as appropriate for the first count. There was no evidence of further seed germination after the seventh day as shown by probability density and hazard rate. It is suggested that for C. gynandra, the first count should be performed on the fourth day and the final count on the seventh day of the germination test. This could be an objective and fast method of determining first and final counts in seed germination testing of new cultivars or wild species.	Broken-stick regression model; Cleome gynandra; Probability density; Seed germination	germination; probability density function; regression analysis; seed; seedling establishment; statistical analysis; Brassica oleracea var. botrytis; Brassica oleracea var. italica; Cleome; Gynandropsis gynandra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846428069	Communicating through performance: Izigiyo zawomame as gendered protest texts	Mathonsi N., Gumede M.	2006	Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies	24	4	None	School of IsiZulu Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Mathonsi, N., School of IsiZulu Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Gumede, M., School of IsiZulu Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	This paper examines the content of Zulu women's izigiyo performed at functions in KwaQwabe, a rural area near Stanger in Northern KwaZulu-Natal. We hypothesise that izigiyo as oral texts are largely gendered responses to issues of heritage, culture, women abuse and domestic violence. The paper explores gender relations in izigiyo in order to establish whether Zulu women have always been silent when it comes to issues of abuse and domestic violence. Izigiyo are, in most cases, metaphoric in nature and are performed by both Zulu men and women (Jousse, 2004). In the midst of the izigiyo expression(s) and performances men and women relay their perceptions, experiences and feelings about the way of life in their families and communities at large. This paper, however, confines itself to the Zulu women's izigiyo performance and does not include those enacted by men. Copyright © 2006 NISC Pty Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846429581	The evaluation of oil and fatty acid composition in seed of cotton accessions from various countries	Lukonge E., Labuschagne M.T., Hugo A.	2007	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	87	2	10.1002/jsfa.2731	Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Lukonge, E., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Labuschagne, M.T., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Hugo, A., Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Cottonseed oil has a 2:1 ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, but in large amounts it contributes to a short shelf-life due to rancidity. The aim of this study was to screen germplasm from various countries for oil and fatty acid content, to identify parents that can be used in hybridisation to increase stearic and oleic acids and reduce palmitic fatty acids. Oil content varied from 13.6% to 24.7%. Linoleic acid ranged from 51.5% to 63%, palmitic from 19.2% to 25.6%, oleic from 14.2% to 18.5% and stearic from 2.1% to 2.8%. Stearic and palmitic acids were positively correlated, and stearic and linoleic acids were negatively correlated; therefore breeding for increased stearic acid and reduced palmitic acid as well as breeding for increased stearic and linoleic acids at the same time might be difficult through conventional breeding. CIM70 and Cyto 12/74 had high values for stearic and oleic acids and Stoneville had high values of stearic and oleic acids and low palmitic acid. These can be used as parents to improve these two fractions. © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry.	Cotton; Fatty acids; Genetic distance; Oil	Gossypium hirsutum; Micropus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846467223	Comparison of the direct enzyme assay method with the membrane filtration technique in the quantification and monitoring of microbial indicator organisms - Seasonal variations in the activities of coliforms and E. coli, temperature and pH	Wutor V.C., Togo C.A., Pletschke B.I.	2007	Water SA	33	1	None	Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Wutor, V.C., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Togo, C.A., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Pletschke, B.I., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	The aim of this project was to monitor variations and relationships between coliform and E. coli counts, the activities of their marker enzymes GAL and GUD, and temperature and pH over a period of 12 months in river samples obtained from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Several polluted water samples were collected for direct coliform β-D-galactosidase (B-GAL) and Escherichia coli β-D-glucuronidase (B-GUD) assays and the membrane filtration technique. While all the samples showed enzyme activities, not all exhibited growth on CM1046 media. Variation in B-GAL activity (40%) was observed between November (highest activity month) and May (lowest activity month). The highest and lowest B-GUD activities were observed in the months of September and May/June, respectively. The sensitivity of the spectrophotometric assay method was indicated by a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 coliform forming unit (CFU)/100 mℓ and 2 CFU/100 mℓ for coliforms and E. coli, respectively. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) positive correlation between E. coli counts and GUD activity (R2 = 0.8909). A correlation of R2 = 0.9151 was also observed between total coliforms and B-GAL activity, even though the CFUs were not evenly distributed. Direct enzyme assays were also shown to be more sensitive than the membrane filtration (MF) technique.	Chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG); Chlorophenol red (CPR); Coliforms; E. coli; p-nitrophenyl (PNP); p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG)	Correlation methods; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; Filtration; pH effects; Chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG); Chlorophenol red (CPR); P-nitrophenyl (PNP); p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG); Biomarkers; Biomarkers; Correlation methods; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; Filtration; pH effects; bacterium; bioassay; bioindicator; comparative study; enzyme activity; monitoring; river pollution; seasonal variation; Africa; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Escherichia coli	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846473188	Hydrologic and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain Part 3: Applications to assess ecological impact	Kleynhans M.T., James C.S., Birkhead A.L.	2007	Water SA	33	1	None	Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Streamflow Solutions cc, East London, South Africa	Kleynhans, M.T., Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; James, C.S., Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Birkhead, A.L., Streamflow Solutions cc, East London, South Africa	The ecological functioning of the Nyl River floodplain in the Limpopo Province of South Africa depends on water supplied by catchments which are experiencing continuing water resource development. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been produced to assist in future planning by simulating the effects of developments on ecologically relevant flooding characteristics. The models are applied here to predict the impacts of different development scenarios on the areal extent of suitable habitat for a key species, the Wild Rice (Oryza longistaminata), which can be characterised in terms of the depth, duration and timing of flood events. The results show that historical developments in the contributing catchments have already significantly reduced the area suitable for Wild Rice growth, particularly in relatively dry years, and increased the likely dry period between flooding events. Dam construction on one of the tributaries would reduce the suitable area further in dry to average years and increase the inter-event dry period. Careful dam operation could ameliorate impacts in very dry years, however.	Ecohydraulics; Environmental impact; Hydroecology; Nyl River floodplain; Nylsvlei; Nylsvley Nature Reserve; Wetland modelling; Wetlands	Ecology; Environmental impact; Hydraulic models; Hydraulics; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Wetlands; Hydroecology; River floodplain; Wetland modeling; Rivers; Ecology; Environmental impact; Hydraulic models; Hydraulics; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Rivers; Wetlands; assessment method; catchment; dam construction; ecological impact; floodplain; flow modeling; hydraulics; hydrological modeling; resource development; water resource; water supply; Africa; Limpopo; Nyl River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Oryza longistaminata; Zizania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846474913	The impact of working with trauma - Risk and resilience factors among health care providers	Frank S.	2006	South African Journal of Psychiatry	12	4	None	Department of Social Work, Wentworth Hospital, Durban, South Africa	Frank, S., Department of Social Work, Wentworth Hospital, Durban, South Africa	Introduction. Health workers experience high levels of stress which may be due to aspects of the organisation, work roles, work demands, etc. Professionals who listen to patients' fear, pain, suffering and narratives of trauma may feel similiar pain, fear and suffering through a process of counter-transference or vicarious traumatisation. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may subsequently arise, including reexperiencing, avoiding and hyperarousal symptoms. This study aimed to explore whether health workers experienced any symptoms of PTSD, and their risk and resilience factors. Methods. A qualitative, explorative study was undertaken. A total sample of 6 health workers completed self-reported questionnaires and 2 additional staff were interviewed in face-to-face sessions, at Wentworth Hospital Hospital, Durban, South Africa. Results. All but 1 of the health workers did not report symptoms of PTSD or significant distress in social, occupational or other areas of functioning. Post-traumatic stress responses were reported by a few health workers. Health workers further described positive coping strategies in their work with trauma. Conclusion. The varied responses of health workers may be affected by their internal factors (allostatic load), resilience and personal trauma experiences. Reports of PTSD symptoms were minimal and may be indicative of good coping abilities among health workers in this study, or denial of the effects of trauma. These factors require further exploration in future studies with larger sample sizes. However, health institutions need to adopt proactive approaches to improve staff wellness, thereby increasing productivity and decreasing absenteeism.	None	absenteeism; adult; age; article; avoidance behavior; burnout; coping behavior; defense mechanism; denial; educational status; emotional stress; employment status; female; gender; health care facility; health care personnel; health hazard; human; human experiment; irritability; job stress; morality; normal human; occupational disease; patient care; personal experience; pilot study; posttraumatic stress disorder; qualitative research; risk factor; social stress	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846481298	Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in irrigated garlic (Allium sativum L.) at Samaru, Nigeria	Tunku P., Lagoke S.T.O., Ishaya D.B.	2007	Crop Protection	26	4	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.05.017	College of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University, Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogua State, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, A.B.U., Zaria, Nigeria	Tunku, P., College of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University, Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Lagoke, S.T.O., Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogua State, Nigeria; Ishaya, D.B., Department of Agronomy, A.B.U., Zaria, Nigeria	Field trials were carried out during the dry seasons of 1995 and 1996 to identify suitable pre-emergence herbicides for weed control in garlic (Allium sativum L.) at Samaru, Nigeria. All the herbicide treatments tested effectively reduced weed infestation compared with the weedy control. Garlic plant height and shoot dry matter were depressed by oxadiazon plus cinosulfuron at 0.75+0.02 kg a.i./ha, oxadiazon plus prosulfuron at both doses and in the weedy check in the two trials. In both years, oxadiazon applied alone at 1.0, 1.5 kg a.i./ha and the mixture of oxadiazon with chloroxuron and prometryne resulted in high garlic bulb yields that were comparable to that of the hoe-weeded control. In both years, the best treatment in terms of garlic bulb yield was oxadiazon plus chloroxuron at 0.75+1.0 kg a.i./ha. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Garlic; Grass weeds; Growth; Pre-emergence herbicides; Yield	crop plant; crop yield; growth rate; herbicide; weed control; yield response; Africa; Kaduna [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Samaru; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Allium sativum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846489092	Effects of group design of loan repayment performance of formal farmer groups in Nigeria	Mkpado M., Arene C.J.	2006	Journal of Rural Development	25	4	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Mkpado, M., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Arene, C.J., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Poor loan repayment has been a major factor limiting sustainable micro finance programme and projects in Nigeria despite the adoption of group lending techniques which has worked out in many developing economies. The study has documented group design characteristics that positively and negatively affect farm loan repayment. The study was conducted in Imo State of Nigeria. Two micro finance institutions were purposely selected and stratified random sampling was used to select 54 micro credit groups. Results show that micro credit groups are doing well in processing and distributing farm loans and that major positive determinant of loan repayment is fund size. Thus, continued use of micro credit groups and increased fund size for beneficiaries were recommended.	None	agricultural worker; balance of payments; credit provision; financial provision; lending behavior; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846524438	Seroprevalence of small ruminant brucellosis in selected districts of Afar and Somali pastoral areas of Eastern Ethiopia: The impact of husbandry practice	Teshale S., Muhie Y., Dagne A., Kidanemariam A.	2006	Revue de Medecine Veterinaire	157	11	None	Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Dbrezeit, Ethiopia; National Animal Health Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia	Teshale, S., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Dbrezeit, Ethiopia; Muhie, Y., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Dbrezeit, Ethiopia; Dagne, A., National Animal Health Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Kidanemariam, A., National Animal Health Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia	A seroprevalence study of small ruminant brucellosis was conducted in two sheep and goat rearing pastoral regions of Ethiopia, namely Afar and Somali, from November 2004 to April 2005. Sera from 2000 sheep and goats were tested by Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immuno - Sorbent Assay (I - ELISA). Out of the 2000 sera tested 1.9% (n = 38) were positive to RBPT and 9.7% (n = 193) were positive to I - ELISA. This investigation is the first of its type to be performed in small ruminants kept under pastoral production systems. There was statistically highly significant difference (P &lt; 0.001) between the over all seropositivity revealed by RBPT and I - ELISA (Z 0.05 = 250; 95% C.I. for the difference between prevalence using I - ELISA and RBPT = 7.69, 7.81). Only fair agreement (Kappa = 31.25%) was observed between RBPT and I - ELISA for the detection of Brucella antibodies in sera of sheep and goats. Higher prevalence rate (16%) was found in Afar region (where commingling of animals at communal grazing is the common practice) while lower prevalence (1.9%) was recorded in Somali region where herding and range-land utilization is based on clan basis. (X2 = 117.06; P &lt; 0.001). Afar region is about 12 times at risk of infection with Brucella organisms (OR = 11.76; C.I: 6.76, 22.11). Brucella antibodies were more prevalent in goats (13.2%; C.I: 11.2, 15.3) than in sheep (5.6%; C.I: 4.2, 7.3). This difference is statistically significant (X2 = 32.5; P &lt; 0.001; OR = 0.392). No difference was observed in prevalence between male and female study animals. The current study revealed higher prevalence of Brucella antibodies (9.7%) in the absence of Brucella vaccination. This is an indication of the wide spread nature of Brucella infection in the study areas. The Afar region is particularly at high risk of brucellosis. Further epidemiological studies on the distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in the area are warranted.	Afar; Brucellosis; Ethiopia; Small ruminants; Somali	Animalia; Bovidae; Brucella; Capra hircus; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846537919	Familial medullary carcinoma prevention, risk evaluation, and RET in children of families with MEN2	Moore S.W., Appfelstaedt J., Zaahl M.G.	2007	Journal of Pediatric Surgery	42	2	10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.10.005	Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Stellenbosch Medical Faculty, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Department of Surgery, University of Stellenbosch Medical Faculty, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7505, South Africa	Moore, S.W., Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Stellenbosch Medical Faculty, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Appfelstaedt, J., Department of Surgery, University of Stellenbosch Medical Faculty, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Zaahl, M.G., Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7505, South Africa	The ability to predict the risk of MEN2 and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) by genetic RET proto-oncogene analysis has provided an essential tool in identifying patients in whom thyroid cancer can be prevented by prophylactic thyroidectomy but emphasizes the need for clear policy guidelines. Children of families with RET cysteine mutations (exons 10, 11, 13, and 16) may develop early metastatic tumours and require prophylactic thyroidectomy. The 918 mutation associated with MEN2B is associated with early aggressive behaviour and distant metastatic spread. This has led to active screening of affected families underlining the need for specific intervention strategies. Aim: To evaluate the risk to children of families with MEN2 and to assess the risk and determine the treatment. Methods: Twenty-five patients from 10 families with MEN2 phenotypes were screened for RET mutations. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed on all 21 exons of the RET proto-oncogene, followed by heteroduplex single-strand conformation polymorphism (HEX-SSCP) analysis. Polymerase chain reaction products demonstrating variation in the HEX-SSCP gels were subjected to automated DNA sequencing analysis. Results: Eleven significant RET mutations were detected in affected families. Eight index cases received initial thyroidectomy for established MTC (plus 2 advised). In the family members screened, 3 prophylactic thyroidectomies (2 with early MTC) were performed and a further 2 recommended. An exon 10 C620W missense mutation (the "Janus" gene) was detected in a patient with Hirschsprung's disease plus 1 family member. Conclusion: RET analysis of MEN has revolutionized the management of children of families with MEN2 and allowed surgical prediction and prophylaxis to take place. The presence of an exon 10 C620W mutation in association with Hirschsprung's disease was difficult to assess. We suggest possible guidelines for management of families with MTC and the role of genetic testing in their evaluation. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Familial; Genes; Medullary thyroid carcinoma; Mutations; Polymorphisms; RET proto-oncogene	protein Ret; adolescent; article; cancer prevention; cancer risk; childhood cancer; clinical article; DNA sequence; evaluation; familial cancer; gene mutation; heteroduplex analysis; Hirschsprung disease; human; medullary carcinoma; missense mutation; phenotype; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; protein analysis; Sipple syndrome; thyroidectomy; Adult; Alleles; Carcinoma, Medullary; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; DNA Mutational Analysis; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Screening; Genotype; Heterozygote; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a; Pedigree; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Primary Prevention; Probability; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Reference Values; Risk Assessment; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroidectomy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846538715	Experimental fatigue performance of laser-formed components	McGrath P.J., Hughes C.J.	2007	Optics and Lasers in Engineering	45	3	10.1016/j.optlaseng.2006.09.004	Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	McGrath, P.J., Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa; Hughes, C.J., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Much knowledge has been gained with respect to the forming of sheet material by laser technology since its inception during the mid-1980s. However, many press-formed sheet metal components are subjected to cyclic loading conditions during their service life. It is from this standpoint that the work reported in this paper originates. This work deals with some aspects of the structural integrity of laser-formed plate samples that were formed to a radius of curvature of approximately 125 mm. Furthermore, a comparison is drawn between laser-formed and stock plate samples fatigue tested under reverse-bending cyclic conditions. The results indicate that the fatigue life of the laser-formed samples was substantially enhanced when compared to that of the stock plate samples. This observed improvement in fatigue life is attributed to the laser-hardening mechanism, i.e., the phase transformation and rate of cooling of the material from above the A3 temperature, i.e. approximately 1200 °C. This aspect of improved fatigue life is considered to be beneficial to the motor manufacturing industry that could result in the possible use of thinner gauge material. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Endurance limit; Fatigue life; Laser forming; Phase transformation and grain refinement; Residual stress; Reverse-bending fatigue tests	Cooling; Cyclic loads; Durability; Fatigue of materials; Gages; Phase transitions; Plates (structural components); Residual stresses; Sheet metal; Endurance limit; Laser-formed components; Reverse-bending; Structural integrity; Laser beam effects	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846553709	Hydrologic impact of rewatering of the Gemsbokfontein dolomitic western subcompartment on the Wonderfonteinspruit, South Africa	Van der Walt I.J., De Roer K.	2006	Physical Geography	27	4	10.2747/0272-3646.27.4.316	Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa	Van der Walt, I.J., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; De Roer, K., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa	The mean annual rainfall of South Africa is only about 450 mm. The unpredictability of the rainfall as well as extremely high potential evaporation result in the country being water stressed. It is predicted that the demand for water will outstrip the supply within three decades. In order to mitigate this problem, various huge transcatchment schemes have been constructed in South Africa and some of its neighboring countries, but these schemes will only postpone the drying up of the main rivers within a few years. For this reason, the importance of groundwater as a resource is increasing. South Africa does not have significant groundwater resources, although the dolomitic aquifers in the West and Far West Rand have a huge groundwater potential. These dolomites contain (under natural conditions) at least twice the volume of water of the Vaal Dam, which is the main water resource for the economic heartland of South Africa. Alkaline and mafic-alkaline dikes of Pilanesburg age divide the dolomites into several ground water compartments, which overlie some of the richest gold mines in South Africa. The mines have had an adverse effect on the groundwater potential, because most of the compartments have been dewatered to some degree to enable mining operations. Since some of the mines have reached the end of their life span, it is expected that some of the compartments will be allowed to rewater. The rate of rewatering is unknown and the research described in this paper was an attempt to model the rewatering of one of the compartments, namely the Gemsbokfontein compartment, in order to determine the time of rewatering as well as the eventual decant volume. Copyright © 2006 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.	Dewatering; Dolomitic compartments; Far West Rand gold mines; South African ground water resources	annual variation; aquifer pollution; dewatering; gold mine; groundwater resource; hydrological response; rainfall; water stress	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846573779	Performance of push-in pressure cells in overconsolidated Clay	Richards D.J., Clark J., Powrie W., Heymann G.	2007	Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering	160	1	10.1680/geng.2007.160.1.31	School of Civil Engineering and the Environmental, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Gifford Formerly School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Richards, D.J., School of Civil Engineering and the Environmental, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Clark, J., Gifford Formerly School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Powrie, W., School of Civil Engineering and the Environmental, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Heymann, G., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Low-profile push-in pressure cells (spade cells) are commonly used to measure total horizontal stresses in both normally and overconsolidated clays. It is known that spade cells over-read the in situ stress in such deposits as a result of the complex localised stresses created during installation. Previous investigations into the magnitude of over-read are limited in number and have produced scattered results. During construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link at Ashford, Kent, a spade cell was installed horizontally in an overconsolidated clay, aligned to measure initial vertical stress, and the change in vertical stress due to excavation of material above the cell. The results of this experiment are presented and interpreted with reference to a finite element analysis and a comparison of spade cell and self-boring pressuremeter test data of horizontal stresses at the same site, to assess the performance of this type of spade cell in the Atherfield Clay.	Field testing & monitoring; Geotechnical engineering	Consolidation; Excavation; Geotechnical engineering; Monitoring; Pressure effects; Stresses; Field testing; Horizontal stresses; Overconsolidation; Vertical stresses; Clay; clay; earth pressure; finite element method; geotechnical engineering; in situ stress; overconsolidation; performance assessment; site characterization; stress measurement; tunneling; underground construction; Ashford; England; Eurasia; Europe; Kent; United Kingdom; Western Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846580575	Impacts of leaf harvesting and sap tapping on the ivory palm (Hyphaene petersiana) in south eastern Zimbabwe	Sola P., Edwards-Jones G., Gambiza J.	2006	Forests Trees and Livelihoods	16	4	None	Southern Alliance for Indigenous Resources (SAFIRE), 10 Lawson Ave. Milton Park, Harare, Zimbabwe; School of Agricultural and Forest Science, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL55 2UW, United Kingdom; Tropical Resources Ecology Programme, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Sola, P., Southern Alliance for Indigenous Resources (SAFIRE), 10 Lawson Ave. Milton Park, Harare, Zimbabwe; Edwards-Jones, G., School of Agricultural and Forest Science, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL55 2UW, United Kingdom; Gambiza, J., Tropical Resources Ecology Programme, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	People living in the marginal areas of Southern Africa have relied on palm resources for subsistence for centuries and yet little is known about the impacts of their harvesting activities. This work aimed at providing data on the impacts of two forms of traditional exploitation, leaf harvesting and sap tapping on the palm, Hyphaene petersiana. Three experiments were carried out in southeastern Zimbabwe • leaf harvesting to evaluate its impacts on new leaf production and the availability of harvestable material, • sap tapping to assess amounts produced, and • evaluating the regeneration potential of tapped ramets. Findings from this research were that: ○ leaf harvesting reduced new leaf production, growth and the availability of harvestable material; ○ sap tapping did not necessarily kill the palm but the extent of meristem removal determined the likelihood and mode of regeneration. We conclude that leaf harvesting and sap tapping activities influence the subsequent development of the palm Hyphaene petersiana and that efforts should be made to adopt harvesting and tapping strategies that will ensure reliable raw material supply for the craft industry which is sustaining many lives in Southern Africa. © 2006 A B Academic Publishers - Printed in Great Britain.	Apical meristem; Livelihoods; Management; NTFPs; Ramet; Regeneration	environmental impact; forest management; growth response; harvesting; human activity; leaf; sustainability; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe; Hyphaene petersiana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846580904	Groundwater overdraft vulnerability and environmental impact assessment in Arusha	Ong'or B.T.I., Long-Cang S.	2007	Environmental Geology	51	7	10.1007/s00254-006-0408-9	College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Science and Technology, Western University, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya	Ong'or, B.T.I., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China, College of Science and Technology, Western University, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya; Long-Cang, S., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China	A simple approach is proposed for identifying areas vulnerable to groundwater overdraft. The methodology utilizes GIS techniques to analyze and evaluate controlling factors in areas with little data. The proposed methodology was applied in Arusha. Water demand in Arusha Municipality and its environs has increased to about 5.3% annually since 1999. Groundwater levels have declined. The aquifer hydrogeological variables were evaluated for impact to potential groundwater overdraft by overlay and index techniques. The spatial distribution of overdraft vulnerability was discussed. The northwestern part of Arusha is the most vulnerable to overdraft and possible serious environmental impacts. The Loruvani area has the most potential for aquifer development due to its permeability, high recharge rate, massive aquifer thickness and low drawdown. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Arusha; Environmental impacts; Geographic information system; Groundwater overdraft; Groundwater spatial and temporal vulnerability; Hydrogeological; Qualitative hydrogeology; Tanzania	Aquifers; Environmental impact; Geographical regions; Hydrogeology; Municipal engineering; Water supply; Groundwater levels; Groundwater overdraft; Hydrogeological variables; Qualitative hydrogeology; Groundwater; aquifer characterization; environmental impact assessment; GIS; groundwater; hydrogeology; index method; methodology; spatial distribution; vulnerability; water demand; water level; Africa; Arusha [Arusha (RGA)]; Arusha [Tanzania]; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846595689	Playing football without a ball: Language, reading and academic performance in a high-poverty school	Pretorius E.J., Mampuru D.M.	2007	Journal of Research in Reading	30	1	10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00333.x	Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Pretorius, E.J., Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Mampuru, D.M., Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Second language (L2) reading research suggests that there is a complex interplay between L2 proficiency, first language (L1) reading and L2 reading. However, not much is known about the effect of L1 proficiency on L1 reading, and of L1 reading on L2 reading, or vice versa, in bilingual settings when readers have few opportunities for extensive reading in their L1. The relationships between L1 (Northern Sotho) and L2 (English) proficiency and L1 and L2 reading were examined in Grade 7 learners attending a high-poverty primary school in South Africa, during the course of a year when a reading intervention programme was implemented. The effect that attention to reading and accessibility of books had on the learners' reading proficiency in both languages was examined, and the factors that predicted academic performance were analysed. When the learners were engaged in more reading, L2 reading contributed more variance to L1 reading than L1 proficiency. Reading in both languages also contributed significantly to academic performance. The study highlights the need for more cross-linguistic reading research in different educational settings. © United Kingdom Literacy Association 2007.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846614909	Preparation and evaluation of a recombinant Rift Valley fever virus N protein for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in humans and animals by indirect ELISA	Jansen van Vuren P., Potgieter A.C., Paweska J.T., van Dijk A.A.	2007	Journal of Virological Methods	140	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.11.005	North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Biochemistry Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa	Jansen van Vuren, P., North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Potgieter, A.C., Biochemistry Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Paweska, J.T., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; van Dijk, A.A., North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	This paper describes the cloning, sequencing and bacterial expression of the N protein of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) ZIM688/78 isolate and its evaluation in indirect ELISAs (I-ELISA) for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in human and sheep sera. Sera used for the evaluation were from 106 laboratory workers immunised with an inactivated RVF vaccine, 16 RVF patients, 168 serial bleeds from 8 sheep experimentally infected with wild type RVFV and 210 serial bleeds from 10 sheep vaccinated with the live attenuated Smithburn RVFV strain. All human and animal sera that tested positive in the virus neutralisation test were also positive in the IgG I-ELISA. There was a high correlation (R2 = 0.8571) between virus neutralising titres and IgG I-ELISA readings in human vaccinees. In experimentally infected sheep IgG antibodies were detected from day 4 to 5 post-infection onwards and IgM antibodies from day 3 to 4. The IgG I-ELISA was more sensitive than virus neutralisation and haemagglutination-inhibition tests in detecting the early immune response in experimentally infected sheep. The I-ELISAs demonstrated that the IgG and IgM response to the Smithburn vaccine strain was slower and the levels of antibodies induced markedly lower than to wild type RVFV infection. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Humans; IgM and IgG indirect ELISA; Recombinant N protein; Rift Valley fever virus; Sheep	guanine nucleotide binding protein; immunoglobulin G antibody; immunoglobulin M antibody; inactivated vaccine; live vaccine; recombinant protein; rift valley fever virus vaccine; smithburn vaccine; unclassified drug; virus protein; animal experiment; animal model; antibody detection; article; clinical article; correlation coefficient; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; hemagglutination inhibition test; human; immune response; immunization; molecular cloning; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; protein expression; Rift Valley fever bunyavirus; sequence analysis; virus neutralization; wild type; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Evaluation Studies; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Neutralization Tests; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Reproducibility of Results; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; RNA, Viral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sheep; Time Factors; Vaccination; Animalia; Bacteria (microorganisms); Ovis aries; Rift Valley fever virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846624283	Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: Incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa	Lawn S.D., Myer L., Bekker L.-G., Wood R.	2007	AIDS	21	3	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011efac	Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Bekker, L.-G., Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	OBJECTIVE: To determine the burden and impact of immune reconstitution disease (IRD) associated with tuberculosis (TB) among patients initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a study cohort enrolled over 3 years within a community-based ART service in South Africa. METHODS: Patients receiving treatment for TB at the time ART was initiated (n = 160) were studied. Cases of TB-associated IRD during the first 4 months of ART were ascertained. RESULTS: The median baseline CD4 cell count was 68 cells/μl [interquartile range (IQR), 29 - 133 cells/μl) and ART was initiated after a median of 105 days (IQR, 61 - 164 days) from TB diagnosis. Although IRD was diagnosed in just 12% (n = 19) of patients overall, IRD developed in 32% (n = 12) of those who started ART within 2 months of TB diagnosis. Pulmonary involvement was observed in 84% (n = 16) and intra-abdominal manifestations were also common (37%). Overall, 4% (n = 7) of the cohort required secondary level health-care for IRD and two (1%) patients died. In multivariate analysis, risk of IRD was strongly associated with early ART initiation and low baseline CD4 cell count. Of patients with CD4 counts < 50 cells/μl, the proportions who developed IRD following initiation of ART within 0-30, 31-60, 61-90, 91-120 and > 120 days of TB diagnosis were 100%, 33%, 14%, 7% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of TB-associated IRD in this setting is very high for those with low baseline CD4 cell counts initiating ART early in the course of antituberculosis treatment. However, most cases were self-limiting; overall secondary health-care utilization and mortality risk from IRD were low. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Africa; Antiretroviral treatment; Immune reconstitution disease; Resource-limited country; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; corticosteroid; efavirenz; lamivudine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; tuberculostatic agent; abdominal disease; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; death; female; health care; human; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; laparotomy; lung disease; major clinical study; male; morbidity; multivariate analysis; priority journal; retrospective study; risk; risk factor; South Africa; tuberculosis; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antitubercular Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Developing Countries; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Inflammation; Male; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846700819	The economic impact of HIV/AIDS on small, medium and large enterprises	Ellis L.L.	2006	South African Journal of Economics	74	4	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2006.00093.x	Bureau for Economic Research, Stellenbosch University, W Cape, South Africa	Ellis, L.L., Bureau for Economic Research, Stellenbosch University, W Cape, South Africa	Based on the Bureau of Economic Research (BER's) 2005 HIV/AIDS survey, this paper provides a snapshot view of the nature and the extent of the impact of HIV/AIDS on companies of different sizes in South Africa, as well as their response to the epidemic. Whereas the focus of most of the previous workplace surveys has been on "evaluating workplace responses", the present study also considers the economic impact of HIV/AIDS. This study provides evidence of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the largest sample of small, medium and large companies in South Africa to date. The survey results suggest that employer responses are strongly linked to company size, with the majority of medium and large companies indicating that they have an HIV/AIDS policy in place and small companies having done little in the way of action against the epidemic. © 2006 The Author. Journal compilation © 2006 Economic Society of South Africa.	Company size; Economic impact; HIV/AIDS; Survey	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; debt; economic development; economic impact; human immunodeficiency virus; small and medium-sized enterprise; workplace; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Ziziphus mauritiana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846701035	Performance and harvest measures of Somali and Arsi-Bale goats managed under three feeding systems in Ethiopia	Legesse G., Abebe G., Goetsch A.L.	2006	Journal of Applied Animal Research	30	1	None	Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States	Legesse, G., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Goetsch, A.L., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States	Forty-eight intact male goats, approximately 9 months of age, were used in an 84-day experiment to determine effects and interactions of genotype [27 Arsi-Bale and 21 Somali, with mean initial body weight (BW) of 14.1 and 15.9 kg, respectively (SE=0.39)] and feeding system (intensive, semi-intensive and extensive) on growth performance and harvest measures. Goats on the intensive (I) treatment were confined in individual pens and fed Rhodesgrass hay supplemented with 300 g/day (air-dry) of a concentrate mixture; semiintensive (S) goats grazed grass pasture for 7 h / day and were supplemented with 300 g / day of concentrate; and goats on the extensive (E) treatment grazed grass pasture for 8 h daily. There were no significant interactions between genotype and feeding system. Average daily gain (ADG) ranked (P<0.05) S > I > E (54, 32, and 5 g) and was greater (P<0.06) for Somali than for Arsi-Bale goats (34 vs 27 g). Hot carcass dressing percentage among feeding systems was lowest (P≤0.05) for E (42.6, 43.3 and 38.8% for I, S and E, respectively). Carcasses of Somali goats were lower (P<0.05) in separable lean tissue (55.3 vs 58.9%) and higher in fat (P<0.05; 14.0 vs 11.0%) compared with Arsi-Bale carcasses. Carcass separable lean concentration ranked (P<0.05) S (62.2%) > I (57.5%) > E (51.6%), fat among feeding systems was greatest (P<0.05) for I (15.3, 11.2 and 10.9% for I, S and E, respectively) and bone was greatest (P<0.05) for E (27.3, 26.6 and 37.5% for I, S and E, respectively). In conclusion, ADG of male Somali and Arsi-Bale goats was similarly affected by the different feeding systems, with Somali goats yielding greater final BW than Arsi-Bale as a function of both greater initial BW and ADG during the experiment. Feeding system can impact not only growth performance but also carcass characteristics that may influence consumer appeal. © GSP, India.	Body composition; Feeding system; Goats; Performance	Capra hircus; Chloris gayana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846706254	Prioritising between direct observation of therapy and case-finding interventions for tuberculosis: Use of population impact measures	Heller R.F., Gemmell I., Edwards R., Buchan I., Awasthi S., Volmink J.A.	2006	BMC Medicine	4	None	10.1186/1741-7015-4-35	Evidence for Population Health Unit, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand; King George's Medical College, Lucknow, India; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Heller, R.F., Evidence for Population Health Unit, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Gemmell, I., Evidence for Population Health Unit, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Edwards, R., University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand; Buchan, I., Evidence for Population Health Unit, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Awasthi, S., King George's Medical College, Lucknow, India; Volmink, J.A., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background: Population impact measures (PIMs) have been developed as tools to help policy-makers with locally relevant decisions over health risks and benefits. This involves estimating and prioritising potential benefits of interventions in specific populations. Using tuberculosis (TB) in India as an example, we examined the population impact of two interventions: direct observation of therapy and increasing case-finding. Methods: PIMs were calculated using published literature and national data for India, and applied to a notional population of 100 000 people. Data included the incidence or prevalence of smear-positive TB and the relative risk reduction from increasing case finding and the use of direct observation of therapy (applied to the baseline risks over the next year), and the incremental proportion of the population eligible for the proposed interventions. Results: In a population of 100 000 peo ple in India, the directly observed component of the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) programme may prevent 0.188 deaths from TB in the next year compared with 1.79 deaths by increasing TB case finding. The costs of direct observation are (in international dollars) I$5960 and of case finding are I$4839 or I$31702 and I$2703 per life saved respectively. Conclusion: Increasing case-finding for TB will save nearly 10 times more lives than will the use of the directly observed component of DOTS in India, at a smaller cost per life saved. The demonstration of the population impact, using simple and explicit numbers, may be of value to policy-makers as they prioritise interventions for their populations. © 2006 Heller et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; clinical protocol; death; directly observed therapy; health care cost; human; incidence; India; major clinical study; population research; prevalence; risk reduction; short course therapy; tuberculosis; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Directly Observed Therapy; Humans; Incidence; India; Prevalence; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846786760	Working practices and incomes of health workers: Evidence from an evaluation of a delivery fee exemption scheme in Ghana	Witter S., Kusi A., Aikins M.	2007	Human Resources for Health	5	None	10.1186/1478-4491-5-2	Immpact, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom; Immpact, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Witter, S., Immpact, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom; Kusi, A., Immpact, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Aikins, M., Immpact, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: This article describes a survey of health workers and traditional birth attendants (TBAs) which was carried out in 2005 in two regions of Ghana. The objective of the survey was to ascertain the impact of the introduction of a delivery fee exemption scheme on both health workers and those providers who were excluded from the scheme (TBAs). This formed part of an overall evaluation of the delivery fee exemption scheme. The results shed light not only on the scheme itself but also on the general productivity of a range of health workers in Ghana. Methods: A structured questionnaire was developed, covering individual and household characteristics, working hours and practices, sources of income, and views of the exemptions scheme and general motivation. After field testing, this was administered to 374 respondents in 12 districts of Central and Volta regions. The respondents included doctors, medical assistants (MAs), public and private midwives, nurses, community health nurses (CHNs), and traditional birth attendants, both trained and untrained. Results: Health workers were well informed about the delivery fee exemptions scheme and their responses on its impact suggest a realistic view that it was a good scheme, but one that faces serious challenges regarding financial sustainability. Concerning its impact on their morale and working conditions, the responses were broadly neutral. Most public sector workers have seen an increased workload, but counterbalanced by increased pay. TBAs have suffered, in terms of client numbers and income, while the picture for private midwives is mixed. The survey also sheds light on pay and productivity. The respondents report long working hours, with a mean of 54 hours per week for community nurses and up to 129 hours per week for MAs. Weekly reported client loads in the public sector range from a mean of 86 for nurses to 269 for doctors. Over the past two years, reported working hours have been increasing, but so have pay and allowances (for doctors, allowances now make up 66% of their total pay). The lowest paid public health worker now earns almost ten times the average gross national income (GNI) per capita, while the doctors earn 38.5 times GNI per capita. This compares well with average government pay of four times GNI per capita. Comparing pay with outputs, the relatively high number of clients reported by doctors reduces their pay differential, so that the cost per client - $ 1.09 - is similar to a nurse's (and lower than a private midwife's). Conclusion: These findings show that a scheme which increases demand for public health services while also sustaining health worker income and morale, is workable, if well managed, even within the relatively constrained human resources environment of countries like Ghana. This may be linked to the fact that internal comparisons reveal Ghana's health workers to be well paid from public sector sources. © 2007 Witter et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846818674	Impact of a national helminth control programme on infection and morbidity in Ugandan schoolchildren	Kabatereine N.B., Brooker S., Koukounari A., Kazibwe F., Tukahebwa E.M., Fleming F.M., Zhang Y., Webster J.P., Stothardd J.R., Fenwick A.	2007	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	85	2	10.2471/BLT.06.030353	Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Zoology Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom	Kabatereine, N.B., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; Brooker, S., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Koukounari, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Kazibwe, F., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; Tukahebwa, E.M., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; Fleming, F.M., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Zhang, Y., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Webster, J.P., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Stothardd, J.R., Zoology Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom	Objective: We aimed to assess the health impact of a national control programme targeting schistosomiasis and intestinal nematodes in Uganda, which has provided population-based anthelmintic chemotherapy since 2003. Methods: We conducted longitudinal surveys on infection status, haemoglobin concentration and clinical morbidity in 1871 randomly selected schoolchildren from 37 schools in eight districts across Uganda at three time points - before chemotherapy and after one year and two years of annual mass chemotherapy. Findings: Mass treatment with praziquantel and albendazole led to a significant decrease in the intensity of Schistosoma mansoni - 70% (95% confidence interval (CI): 66-73%) after one year and 82% (95% CI: 80-85%) after two years of treatment. Intensity of hookworm infection also decreased (75% and 93%; unadjusted). There was a significant increase in haemoglobin concentration after one (0.135 g/dL (95% CI: 0.126-0.144)) and two years (0.303 g/dL (95% CI: 0.293-0.312)) of treatment, and a significant decrease in signs of early clinical morbidity. The impact of intervention on S. mansoni prevalence and intensity was similar to that predicted by mathematical models of the impact of chemotherapy on human schistosomiasis. Improvements in haemoglobin concentration were greatest among children who were anaemic or harbouring heavy S. mansoni infection at baseline. Conclusion: Anthelmintic treatment delivered as part of a national helminth control programme can decrease infection and morbidity among schoolchildren and improve haemoglobin concentration.	None	albendazole; praziquantel; chemotherapy; disease prevalence; disease severity; health impact; health survey; hemoglobin; morbidity; national strategy; nematode; schistosomiasis; student; vaccination; adolescent; article; child; female; health program; health survey; hemoglobin determination; human; infection control; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; mass screening; morbidity; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; Uganda; Adolescent; Albendazole; Ancylostoma; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Female; Health Promotion; Helminthiasis; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Male; National Health Programs; Praziquantel; Program Evaluation; Prospective Studies; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis; School Health Services; Uganda; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; Ancylostomatoidea; Nematoda; Schistosoma mansoni; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846847934	Creating a framework to determine the socio-economic impact of national parks in South Africa: A case study of the Addo Elephant National Park	Saayman M., Saayman A.	2006	Tourism Economics	12	4	None	Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Saayman, M., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Saayman, A., School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	National parks in South Africa are seen as major tourism assets, since wildlife is the biggest draw-card for international visitors to the country. Yet little is known of the socio-economic contribution of these parks to their respective local economies. The purpose of this research is to develop a framework for assessing the socio-economic impact of the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa. The results show that the park has a significant impact in terms of production, income generation and employment in the area. Key results include a proposed framework for assessing the socio-economic impact of national parks in a developing country.	National parks; Socio-economic impact; South Africa	developing world; employment; income; national park; socioeconomic impact; tourism economics; tourism management; Addo Elephant National Park; Africa; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846848105	Evaluation of Athrixia bush tea for cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, caffeine content and presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids	McGaw L.J., Steenkamp V., Eloff J.N.	2007	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	110	1	10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.029	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	McGaw, L.J., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Steenkamp, V., Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	In South Africa, Athrixia phylicoides DC. (bush tea) is widely used as a beverage, cough remedy and purgative. The commercialization of this tea in a similar vein to rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), is being considered. Traditional infusions and decoctions, as well as water and ethanol extracts, were prepared and screened. A related species, Athrixia elata Sond. (daisy tea), was included in many of the assays as a comparison. Extracts of Athrixia phylicoides and Athrixia elata were tested for toxic effects to brine shrimp larvae and the Vero kidney cell line. In both assays, the traditional preparations and aqueous extracts had little effect, but the ethanol extracts were relatively toxic. Antioxidant activity comparable to that found in rooibos was established. No detectable levels of caffeine were present in the Athrixia extracts following analysis using TLC and I/HCl spray reagent. Neither screening using spectrophotometry nor confirmation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed evidence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Athrixia phylicoides. Although a wider range of studies needs to be conducted prior to commercialization, these results support the development of bush tea as a healthy alternative to caffeine-containing beverages. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antioxidant; Asteraceae; Athrixia; Caffeine; Cytotoxicity; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids	antioxidant; Athrixia extract; berberine; caffeine; cytotoxic agent; podophyllotoxin; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; Artemia; article; Asteraceae; Athrixia; Athrixia elata; Athrixia phylicoides; drug cytotoxicity; drug isolation; nonhuman; Vero cell; Animals; Antioxidants; Artemia; Beverages; Caffeine; Cell Line; Drug Toxicity; Humans; Kidney; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; Solvents; South Africa; Artemia; Aspalathus linearis; Asteraceae; Athrixia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846873051	Evaluation of solids suspension in a pilot-scale mechanical flotation cell: The critical impeller speed	der Westhuizen A.P.V., Deglon D.A.	2007	Minerals Engineering	20	3	10.1016/j.mineng.2006.08.019	Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	der Westhuizen, A.P.V., Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Deglon, D.A., Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	This paper investigates solids suspension in a pilot-scale mechanical flotation cell in terms of the critical impeller speed, Njs. Understanding solids suspension has become increasingly important in recent years due to dramatic increases in flotation cell sizes but appears to be relatively poorly researched. The critical impeller speed is commonly used to indicate the effectiveness of solids suspension in stirred tanks, but has seldom been investigated in flotation cells. In this study, critical impeller speeds were visually determined and concentration profiles were measured through sample withdrawal in a 125 l Batequip (Bateman) pilot flotation cell. Two solids size fractions (75-106 and 150-250 μm) were tested, in ungassed and gassed conditions (JG = 0, 1 cm/s) and at various impeller speeds (300-900 rpm). The effectiveness of solids suspension was quantified in three ways; (i) the extent of off-bottom solids suspension, (ii) the extent of axial solids distribution (suspension height) and, (iii) the variability of axial solids distribution. Consistent trends were found when these effectiveness criteria were considered against relative impeller speed, in terms of percentage of critical impeller speed, N/Njs. As per definition, off-bottom solids suspension was found to be complete at or above 100% of Njs, with significant sedimentation occurring as the impeller speed dropped below 60% of Njs. Suspension heights consistently reached a level equivalent to 90% of the tank diameter at the critical impeller speed, and dropped off significantly as N/Njs dropped below 60%. The relative standard deviation of the vertical solids distribution consistently reached a value of around 30% at Njs. The paper concludes that the critical impeller speed, as per stirred tanks, is an appropriate measure for describing and benchmarking the effectiveness of solids suspension in a mechanical flotation cell. The authors speculate that, when solids suspension is considered as a precondition to flotation, flotation cells should not be operated at specific 'impeller speeds' but rather at specific 'percentages of critical impeller speed' analogous to the 'critical speed' used in the operation of grinding mills. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Agitation; Flotation machines; Froth flotation; Solids suspension	Froth flotation; Grinding mills; Impellers; Speed control; Agitation; Flotation machines; Solids suspension; Suspensions (fluids)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846901149	Long-term impacts of anthropogenic perturbations on dynamics and speciation of organic carbon in tropical forest and subtropical grassland ecosystems	Solomon D., Lehmann J., Kinyangi J., Amelung W., Lobe I., Pell A., Riha S., Ngoze S., Verchot L., Mbugua D., Skjemstad J., Schäfer T.	2007	Global Change Biology	13	2	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01304.x	Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany; International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Institute for Nuclear Waste Management, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Solomon, D., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Lehmann, J., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Kinyangi, J., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Amelung, W., Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; Lobe, I., UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany; Pell, A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Riha, S., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Ngoze, S., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Verchot, L., International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbugua, D., International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Skjemstad, J., CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Schäfer, T., Institute for Nuclear Waste Management, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Anthropogenic perturbations have profoundly modified the Earth's biogeochemical cycles, the most prominent of these changes being manifested by global carbon (C) cycling. We investigated long-term effects of human-induced land-use and land-cover changes from native tropical forest (Kenya) and subtropical grassland (South Africa) ecosystems to agriculture on the dynamics and structural composition of soil organic C (SOC) using elemental analysis and integrated 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (Sr-FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Anthropogenic interventions led to the depletion of 76%, 86% and 67% of the total SOC; and 77%, 85% and 66% of the N concentrations from the surface soils of Nandi, Kakamega and the South African sites, respectively, over a period of up to 100 years. Significant proportions of the total SOC (46-73%) and N (37-73%) losses occurred during the first 4 years of conversion indicating that these forest- and grassland-derived soils contain large amounts of labile soil organic matter (SOM), potentially vulnerable to degradation upon human-induced land-use and land-cover changes. Anthropogenic perturbations altered not only the C sink capacity of these soils, but also the functional group composition and dynamics of SOC with time, rendering structural composition of the resultant organic matter in the agricultural soils to be considerably different from the SOM under natural forest and grassland ecosystems. These molecular level compositional changes were manifested: (i) by the continued degradation of O-alkyl and acetal-C structures found in carbohydrate and holocellulose biomolecules, some labile aliphatic-C functionalities, (ii) by side-chain oxidation of phenylpropane units of lignin and (iii) by the continued aromatization and aliphatization of the humic fractions possibly through selective accumulation of recalcitrant H and C substituted aryl-C and aliphatic-C components such as (poly)-methylene units, respectively. These changes appeared as early as the fourth year after transition, and their intensity increased with duration of cultivation until a new quasi-equilibrium of SOC was approached at about 20 years after conversion. However, subtle but persistent changes in molecular structures of the resultant SOM continued long after (up to 100 years) a steady state for SOC was approached. These molecular level changes in the inherent structural composition of SOC may exert considerable influence on biogeochemical cycling of C and bioavailability of essential nutrients present in association with SOM, and may significantly affect the sustainability of agriculture as well as potentials of the soils to sequester C in these tropical and subtropical highland agroecosystems. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	13C NMR; Carbon sequestration; Deforestation; Land-use change; NEXAFS; Organic matter composition; Sr-FTIR-ATR; Synchrotron radiation	agricultural land; anthropogenic effect; carbon sequestration; carbon sink; deforestation; FTIR spectroscopy; grassland; land use change; nuclear magnetic resonance; organic carbon; soil carbon; subtropical region; tropical forest; Africa; East Africa; Kakamega; Kenya; Nandi; Rift Valley; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Province [Kenya]	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846910026	Phylogeography of Eupodes minutus (Acari: Prostigmata) on sub-Antarctic Marion Island reflects the impact of historical events	Mortimer E., Jansen Van Vuuren B.	2007	Polar Biology	30	4	10.1007/s00300-006-0205-7	Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Mortimer, E., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Jansen Van Vuuren, B., DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Marion Island, situated ∼2,300 km south-east of Cape Town, South Africa, has experienced multiple volcanic and glaciation events during its history. To better understand the impact of these events on species' genetic structure, we determined the phylogeographic population structure of the mite, Eupodes minutus. We included 57 individuals sampled from 11 localities across the island. Our analyses based on the mitochondrial COI gene suggest a population expansion as would typically be expected when species recover after being confined to refugia. Standard phi (Φ) statistics and a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) identified unique populations on the south-western and south-eastern sides of the island. We argue that multiple volcanic events on the southern side of Marion, in combination with glaciations, effectively isolated these populations from each other. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	COI; Mites; Population structure; Southern Ocean	environmental impact; genetic structure; glaciation; historical ecology; mite; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeography; population structure; range expansion; refugium; Africa; Cape Town; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean islands; Marion Island; Prince Edward Islands; South Africa; Southern Africa; Southern Ocean; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape; Acari; Eupodes minutus; Prostigmata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846933528	Quantitative evaluation of minerals in coal deposits in the Witbank and Highveld Coalfields, and the potential impact on acid mine drainage	Pinetown K.L., Ward C.R., van der Westhuizen W.A.	2007	International Journal of Coal Geology	70	1-3 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.coal.2006.02.013	CSIRO Petroleum, P. O. Box 136, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Department of Geology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Pinetown, K.L., CSIRO Petroleum, P. O. Box 136, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia; Ward, C.R., School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; van der Westhuizen, W.A., Department of Geology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	This study has investigated the quantitative distribution of minerals in coals and other lithological units in the coal-bearing successions of the Witbank and Highveld Coalfields in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, using low-temperature oxygen-plasma ashing (LTA), high temperature ashing, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry techniques. Mineral matter makes up approximately 8 to 35 wt.% of the coal samples. SiO2 concentrations in the coal vary between 0.0 and 35.0 wt.%, Al2O3 between 0.5 and 16.0 wt.%, Fe2O3 between 0.03 and 10.0 wt.%, and S between 0.15 and 8.0 wt.%. Minor concentrations of CaO (0.0 to 8.0 wt.%) and MgO (0.0 to 1.0 wt.%) are also present. P2O5 occurs in concentrations of 0.0 to 3.5 wt.% and K2O is in the order of 0.0 to 1.3 wt.%. Na2O varies between 0.0 and 0.45 wt.%, with the Highveld coals showing an enrichment in Na2O (0.0 to 0.51 wt.%) in comparison with the Witbank coals. The minerals in the coals are dominated by quartz and kaolinite, with varying proportions of calcite, dolomite and pyrite, as well as accessory phosphate phases. Higher (normalised) K2O and Na2O concentrations are present in the sandstones than in the associated siltstones and carbonaceous shales, partly reflecting the presence of feldspars and clay minerals such as illite. Acid-base accounting was used to investigate the potential of the coal and coal-bearing units to produce acid mine drainage conditions. According to the screening criteria, all the coal and coal-bearing units, except the unit between the No. 1 and No. 2 coal seams, are potentially acid generating. The average Net Neutralising Potential (NNP) values suggest that the No. 5 coal seam, the No. 4 Upper coal seam, and the unit between the No. 4 and No. 2 coal seams are potentially acid generating. With such techniques it is possible to predict the types of situations that might arise concerning groundwater quality, and implement proper prevention or remediation programs. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Acid mine drainage; Coal mineralogy; Low-temperature ashing; X-ray diffraction; X-ray fluorescence	Acid mine drainage; Coal mineralogy; Low-temperature oxygen-plasma ashing; Clay minerals; Coal mines; Feldspar; Geochemistry; Lithology; Mineralogy; Quartz; Sandstone; X ray diffraction analysis; Coal deposits; acid mine drainage; coal mine; coal seam; lithology; mineral deposit; mineralogy; phosphate; quantitative analysis; spectrometry; X-ray diffraction; Africa; Highveld Coalfield; Mpumalanga; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Witbank Coalfield	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846995098	Evaluation of the pattern and prognostic implications of anti-p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma	Akere A., Otegbayo J.A.	2007	Singapore Medical Journal	48	1	None	Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Univesity of Ibadan, Nigeria	Akere, A., Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Univesity of Ibadan, Nigeria; Otegbayo, J.A., Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Univesity of Ibadan, Nigeria	Introduction: The p53 antigen is oncoprotective and when damaged, leads to production of anti-p53. It also predisposes to various cancers , including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum anti-p53 has been proven to have prognostic and other values in patients with HCC. The objectives of this study were to determine the serum pattern, prevalence, diagnostic and prognostic utility of serum anti-p53 in Nigerians with HCC. Methods: 41 subjects with HCC and 45 apparently-healthy controls were matched for age and sex. Serum anti-p53 was determined using p53-autoantibody ELISA kit. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.9 (+/- 13.8) years, and that of controls was 49.4 (+/- 13.7) years. There was male predominance among the patients, 31 men (75.6 percent) versus ten women (24.4 percent), with a male-to-female ratio of 3.1:1. Similar values among controls were 33 men (73.3 percent) versus 12 women (26.7 percent), with a male-to-female ratio of 2.75:1. Anti-p53 was detectable in the sera of five (12.2 percent) patients and four (8.9 percent) of controls (p-value is greater than 0.05). All the patients with positive sera were males, while one of the controls was a female. Three (60 percent) of the positive patients were in the age range 40-49 years, while in the control group, they were in the age range 50-59 years. Conclusion: There is a low prevalence of serum anti-p53 in our study population, and this is commoner in men. It is also present in the control group and therefore may not be useful as a diagnostic tool in this study population.	Anti-p53; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Serum anti-p53	autoantibody; protein p53; cancer antibody; adult; antibody detection; article; cancer patient; cancer susceptibility; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; evaluation; female; human; liver cell carcinoma; male; Nigeria; prevalence; prognosis; protein blood level; case control study; immunology; liver tumor; metabolism; middle aged; prospective study; Adult; Antibodies, Neoplasm; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Case-Control Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prevalence; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847035098	Studies on the impact of municipal waste dumps on surrounding soil and air quality of two cities in northern Nigeria	Elaigwu S.E., Ajibola V.O., Folaranmi F.M.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	3	None	Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Elaigwu, S.E., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ajibola, V.O., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Folaranmi, F.M., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Atmospheric pollution from municipal refuse dumps and vehicular traffic are matters of growing interest, often leading to temporary restrictions in urban areas. This study aimed at evaluating bioaccumulation and effects caused by airborne pollutants from refuse dumps. Specimens of the moss Funaria capsularis collected in five sites in the urban areas of Zaria and Kaduna, Nigeria and trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead and zinc) were measured. The overall results of this exploratory study suggest the utility of F. capsularis as a lower plant for biomonitoring the environmental impact of atmospheric pollution in urban areas. The impact of these dump sites on surrounding soils was also studied. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Air pollution; Bioaccumulation; Muncipal dumps; Vehicular exhausts	Airborne pollutants; Atmospheric pollution; Exploratory studies; Muncipal dumps; Municipal refuse dumps; Municipal waste dumps; Northern Nigeria; Surrounding soils; Air pollution; Air quality; Bioaccumulation; Biochemistry; Environmental impact; Copper	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847074562	Potentially modifiable classic risk factors and their impact on incident myocardial infarction: Results from the EPIC-Potsdam study	Heidemann C., Hoffmann K., Klipstein-Grobusch K., Weikert C., Pischon T., Hense H.-W., Boeing H.	2007	European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation	14	1	10.1097/01.hjr.0000238392.19847.4c	Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur Scheunert Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany	Heidemann, C., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur Scheunert Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Hoffmann, K., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Weikert, C., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Pischon, T., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany, Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany; Hense, H.-W., Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Boeing, H., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany	BACKGROUND: Prospective data on the importance of established risk factors for myocardial infarction in Germany are sparse. DESIGN: The population-based cohort study European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam with 159 incident cases of myocardial infarction (120 men, 39 women) occurring among 26 954 participants (10 463 men, 16 491 women) during an average follow-up time of 4.6 years. METHODS: We examined the classic, potentially modifiable risk factors smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity, and sporting inactivity, both individually and in combination, by estimating their prevalence and their relative and population-attributable risks of incident myocardial infarction. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment, alcohol intake, and the respective other classic risk factors the relative risks of myocardial infarction were 3.18 for smoking [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.31, 4.38], 1.84 for hypertension (95% CI 1.27, 2.65), 1.81 for sporting inactivity (95% CI 1.04, 3.15), 1.64 for diabetes (95% CI 1.05, 2.56), 1.62 for abdominal obesity (95% CI 1.03, 2.56), and 1.15 for hyperlipidemia (95% CI 0.84, 1.59). Participants with four or all five significant risk factors had an approximately 11.5-fold higher risk of the coronary event than participants with none or one risk factor. Altogether, 84.3% of myocardial infarctions in the study population were attributable to the presence of the five risk factors smoking, hypertension, diabetes, sporting inactivity, and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: The majority of myocardial infarctions in the EPIC-Potsdam cohort were explainable by potentially modifiable classic risk factors. Therefore, besides efforts to investigate novel coronary risk factors, the prevention of coronary disease should focus on strategies to reduce the prevalence of established risk factors. © 2007 European Society of Cardiology.	Cohort study; EPIC; Myocardial infarction; Population attributable risk; Risk factors	abdominal obesity; adult; aged; alcohol consumption; article; cigarette smoking; cohort analysis; confidence interval; diabetes mellitus; education; european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition; female; follow up; heart infarction; human; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; major clinical study; male; medical research; priority journal; risk factor; sport; statistical significance; Abdominal Fat; Aged; Cohort Studies; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Exercise; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Germany; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Smoking	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847092967	Evaluation of library services delivery in Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Bamigboye O.B.	2007	Library Management	28	3	10.1108/01435120710727992	Olabisi Onabanjo University Library, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Bamigboye, O.B., Olabisi Onabanjo University Library, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present an evaluation of library services delivery in Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye. Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 400 questionnaires were administered to respondents, of which 387 (96.75 percent) were returned and used for this study. Findings - The results of the study indicated that the users' demands of library service represent a wide range of aspects, including the availability of conventional books and periodicals, a good reference function, and access to internet facilities, which are considered an important library function by many of the respondents. Originality/value - The paper presents recommendations aimed at improving services delivery.	Customer satisfaction; Information services; Library users; Nigeria; Service delivery; User studies	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847103610	Impact of mosquito proofing of night shelters in refugee camps in Kitgum, northern Uganda	Medlock J.M., Aryemo M., Bean J.	2007	Tropical Medicine and International Health	12	3	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01803.x	Humanitarian Department, Oxfam Great Britain, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxfam, Kitgum, Oxfam-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom	Medlock, J.M., Humanitarian Department, Oxfam Great Britain, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom, Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom; Aryemo, M., Oxfam, Kitgum, Oxfam-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Bean, J., Humanitarian Department, Oxfam Great Britain, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom	Objective: To test the impact of long-lasting insecticide-treated netting, fitted to cover the eaves and ceilings of refugee shelters, on the incidence of nighttime mosquito biting. Method: Entomological surveys in night-dwelling shelters at three camps for internally displaced persons in Kitgum, Uganda during August and November 2004: The impact of proofing against the nighttime incidence of mosquito biting was assessed through human landing catches and indoor resting catches in proofed and unproofed (control) shelters. Human landing catches were performed inside and outside four proofed and four control shelters at three locations, and indoor resting catches were performed in 37 proofed and 18 control shelters. The difference in biting rates was tested using paired and unpaired t-tests and multivariate analysis. Results: Most mosquitoes caught during the survey were culicine (97%). The difference in landing rate (mlrph) differentials (outdoor-indoor) illustrated a significant (t = 3.26, P = 0.004) difference between mlrph between proofed (0.154) and control shelters (-0.110). Mean shelter density (msd) recorded during indoor resting catches was 6.7 times higher in the control shelters than in proofed shelters (P < 0.001). The number of blood-fed mosquitoes/person/night (bfmpn) was significantly higher (P < 0.001), by a magnitude of 17, in control shelters (one in five individuals receiving a bite) compared with proofed shelters (1 in 83 individuals). A multivariate analysis showed that the difference in biting rates was because of the intervention. Conclusions: The significantly lower mlrph, msd and bfmpn in proofed shelters demonstrate that the mosquito proofing strategies employed do reduce the exposure to mosquito biting in proofed compared with control shelters by a magnitude of 6-17. Although numbers of Anopheline mosquitoes were low, the biting rates of Anophelines were also significantly lower in proofed shelters compared with control shelters. Insecticide-treated netting appears to significantly reduce the mosquito nuisance-biting incidence. However, a higher incidence of Anopheline biting may be required to test the effect of proofing on malaria vectors and a subsequent study is therefore recommended. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Internally displaced people; Long-lasting insecticide-treated netting; Malaria; Mosquito proofing; Mosquitoes; Uganda	insecticide; entomology; insecticide; malaria; mosquito; multivariate analysis; refugee; article; health survey; human; insect bite; mosquito; multivariate analysis; Student t test; Uganda; zoology; Animals; Culicidae; Environment Design; Health Surveys; Housing; Humans; Incidence; Insect Bites and Stings; Refugees; Uganda; Africa; East Africa; Kitgum; Northern Province [Uganda]; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847108463	Bio-nutritional evaluations of three tropical leaf vegetables (Telfairia occidentalis, Amaranthus cruentus and Talinum triangulare) as sole dietary protein sources in rat assay	Fasuyi A.O.	2007	Food Chemistry	103	3	10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.030	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria	The bio-nutritional potentials of three tropical vegetable leaf meals (Telfairia occidentalis leaf meal, TOLM; Talinum triangulare leaf meal, TTLM and Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal, ACLM) were investigated using albino rat as the test animal. Some protein quality evaluation indices were measured when the three vegetable leaf meals (VLMs) were used as sole protein sources in diets fed to the experimental animals and results were compared with data obtained for a basal nitrogen free diet (diet 1) and another reference diet (diet 2) in which the protein was solely supplied by nutritional casein (pure protein). The weight gain value recorded over a 10 day experimental period for the test animals on the reference (casein) diet 2 was consistently higher (P < 0.05) than the weight gain value obtained for the animals on the 3 VLMs diets (diets 3-5). Feed intake values recorded for the rats on the VLMs were similar (P > 0.05) and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the value obtained for rats on the reference (casein) diet. Nitrogen excreted in faeces (feacal nitrogen) was lowest (P < 0.05) for the animals in reference diet 2. However, the nitrogen excreted in urine (urinary nitrogen) was highest (P < 0.05) for the animals on reference diet 2 and lowest for animals on diet 3 (TOLM diet) (P < 0.05). The nitrogen retention (NR) value obtained for the test animals on the reference diet 2 was similar (P > 0.05) to the value obtained for animals on diet 3 (TOLM). These values were significantly higher (P > 0.05) than NR values obtained for animals on diets 4 (TTLM) and 5 (ACLM). Expectedly, the apparent nitrogen digestibility (AND), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), true digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) all indicated higher and better values (P < 0.05) than the corresponding values obtained for the 3 VLMs diets (diets 3-5). © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Nitrogen free diet; Protein quality evaluation; Rat bioassay; Reference diet	casein; nitrogen; Amaranthus cruentus; animal experiment; article; bioassay; dietary intake; digestion; feces analysis; measurement; nitrogen urine level; nonhuman; nutritional assessment; protein intake; rat; Talinum triangulare; Telfairia occidentalis; vegetable; weight gain; Amaranthus cruentus; Animalia; Rattus; Talinum triangulare; Telfairia occidentalis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847110281	Comparative effects of expository and inquiry instructions on secondary school student's performance in social studies	Iyamu E.O.S., Ukadike J.O.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	16	2	None	Faculty of Education, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; College of Education, Agbor, Nigeria	Iyamu, E.O.S., Faculty of Education, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Ukadike, J.O., College of Education, Agbor, Nigeria	This study was motivated by the continuous quest for the improvement of social studies instruction in Nigerian schools. It sought to find out the relative effectiveness of expository and inquiry methods of teaching social studies using a quasi experimental design. It compared the performances of 80 and 85 social studies students taught with expository and inquiry methods respectively. After six weeks of instruction, a 50-item. multiple-choice test with a reliability coefficient of 0.74 was administered on the subjects and the t-test used to analyze their scores. It was found that students taught with inquiry method performed better and also demonstrated higher retention than those taught with expository method. The study therefore recommended large scale use of inquiry method by social studies teachers as against the prevailing predominance of expository methods as a veritable means of achieving the objectives of social studiesin Nigerian schools. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2005.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847143776	Length Variation of DC-SIGN and L-SIGN Neck-Region has no Impact on Tuberculosis Susceptibility	Barreiro L.B., Neyrolles O., Babb C.L., van Helden P.D., Gicquel B., Hoal E.G., Quintana-Murci L.	2007	Human Immunology	68	2	10.1016/j.humimm.2006.10.020	CNRS FRE2849, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Barreiro, L.B., CNRS FRE2849, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Neyrolles, O., Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Babb, C.L., Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; van Helden, P.D., Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Gicquel, B., Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Hoal, E.G., Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Quintana-Murci, L., CNRS FRE2849, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France	The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN are important pathogen-recognition receptors of the human innate immune system. Both lectins have been shown to interact with a vast range of infectious agents, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis in humans. In addition, DC-SIGN and L-SIGN possess a neck region, made up of a variable number of 23 amino acid tandem repeats, which plays a crucial role in the tetramerization of these proteins and support of the carbohydrate recognition domain. The length of the neck region, which shows variable levels of polymorphism, can critically influence the pathogen binding properties of these two receptors. We therefore investigated the impact of the DC-SIGN and L-SIGN neck-region length variation on the outcome of tuberculosis by screening this polymorphism in a large cohort of Coloured South African origin. The analyses of 711 individuals, including 351 tuberculosis patients and 360 healthy controls, revealed that none of the DC-SIGN and L-SIGN neck-region variants or genotypes seems to influence the individual susceptibility to develop tuberculosis. © 2007 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.	DC-SIGN; genetics; L-SIGN; neck region; susceptibility; Tuberculosis	CD209 antigen; lectin; pattern recognition receptor; protein L SIGN; tetramer; unclassified drug; article; controlled study; genetic polymorphism; genetic susceptibility; genotype; human; human cell; human tissue; innate immunity; major clinical study; molecular recognition; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; priority journal; receptor binding; tandem repeat; tuberculosis; Adult; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cohort Studies; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Lectins, C-Type; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Receptors, Cell Surface; South Africa; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847182124	Evaluation of maize inbred lines for resistance to fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation in grain in Tropical Africa	Afolabi C.G., Ojiambo P.S., Ekpo E.J.A., Menkir A., Bandyopadhyay R.	2007	Plant Disease	91	3	10.1094/PDIS-91-3-0279	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; IITA, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Afolabi, C.G., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Ojiambo, P.S., IITA, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ekpo, E.J.A., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Menkir, A., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Bandyopadhyay, R., IITA, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination is a major problem facing maize growers worldwide, and host resistance is the most effective strategy to control the disease, but resistant genotypes have not been identified. In 2003, a total of 103 maize inbred lines were evaluated for Fusarium ear rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides in field trials in Ikenne and Ibadan, Nigeria. Disease was initiated from natural infection in the Ikenne trial and from artificial inoculation in the Ibadan trial. Ear rot severity ranged from 1.0 to 6.0 in both locations in 2003. Fifty-two inbred lines with disease severity •3 (i.e., •10% visible symptoms on ears) were selected and reevaluated in 2004 for ear rot resistance, incidence of discolored kernels, and fumonisin contamination in grain. At both locations, ear rot severity on the selected lines was significantly (P < 0.0020) higher in 2004 than in 2003. The effects of selected inbred lines on disease severity were highly significant at Ikenne (P = 0.0072) and Ibadan (P < 0.0001) in 2004. Inbred lines did not affect incidence of discolored kernels at both locations and across years except at Ikenne (P = 0.0002) in 2004. Similarly, significant effects of inbred lines on fumonisin concentration were observed only at Ikenne (P = 0.0201) in 2004. However, inbred lines 02C14585, 02C14593, 02C14603, 02C14606, 02C14624, and 02C14683 had consistently low disease severity across years and locations. Fumonisin concentration was significantly correlated with ear rot only at Ikenne (R = 0.42, P < 0.0001). Correlation between fumonisin concentration and incidence of discolored kernels was also significant at Ikenne (R = 0.39, P < 0.0001) and Ibadan (R = 0.35, P = 0.0007). At both locations, no significant inbred × year interaction was observed for fumonisin concentration. Five inbred lines, namely 02C14585, 02C14603, 02C14606, 02C14624, and 02C14683, consistently had the lowest fumonisin concentration in both trials. Two of these inbred lines, 02C14624 and 02C14585, had fumonisin levels <5.0 μg/g across years in trials where disease was initiated from both natural infection and artificial inoculation. These lines that had consistently low disease severity are useful for breeding programs to develop fumonisin resistant lines. © 2007 The American Phytopathological Society.	Corn; Mycotoxin	Crops; Grain (agricultural product); Fumonisin contamination; Fusarium ear rot; Mycotoxin; Disease control; Corn; Diseases; Genotypes; Grain; Fusarium; Gibberella moniliformis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847246804	The impact of online retail grocery shopping on retail space: A Cape Town case study	McClatchey J., Cattell K., Michell K.	2007	Facilities	25	42433	10.1108/02632770710729700	University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	McClatchey, J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cattell, K., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Michell, K., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings of completed case studies of two major multi-channel grocery retailers in South Africa. The aim of the research was to establish the potential that online grocery retail has to undermine traditional retail by decreasing foot traffic and undermining rental income. Design/methodology/approach - The growth of online shopping in the retail sector is a matter of concern for those involved in the development and management of shopping centres. Non-probability convenience sampling was employed to interview shoppers in the five largest regional shopping centres in Cape Town tenanted by the two major grocery "e-tailers" in South Africa. Findings - The findings show that the online grocery market is an expanding market segment. Furthermore, diminished foot traffic is likely to affect the ability of smaller retailers to pay turnover rentals. Miller's revised rent model is adapted and used to illustrate the potential savings that may be generated by changing the rent models currently in use. Research limitations/implications - Future research into exactly what consumers buy online from food retailers needs to be undertaken in order to establish the maximum potential reduction in foot traffic attracted by food anchors. Practical implications - It is concluded that the South African retail industry is heavily reliant on traditional retail centres and although the loss in rentals resulting from online grocery sales is not currently considerable, it does represent a potential future threat. Originality/value - The paper speculates about the effects of growth in online buying on rental agreements in shopping centres. The paper would appeal to property investors, property developers and facilities managers. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Electronic commerce; Internet shopping; Retailing; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847330634	Impact assessment and biodiversity considerations in Nigeria: A case study of Niger Delta University campus project on wildlife in Nun River Forest Reserve	Hamadina M.K., Otobotekere D., Anyanwu D.I.	2007	Management of Environmental Quality	18	2	10.1108/14777830710725849	Biogeochem Associates Ltd., Port Harcourt, Nigeria; University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Biodiversity Unit, Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Hamadina, M.K., Biogeochem Associates Ltd., Port Harcourt, Nigeria, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Otobotekere, D., Biodiversity Unit, Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Anyanwu, D.I., University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Purpose - Niger Delta University (NDU) campus is located on the fringe of a Nun River Forest Reserve (NRFR) in Nigeria. The NRFR covers 97.15 km 2 of humid tropical rainforest characterized by torrential rains, seasonal flooding, and multi-layered vegetation. This paper aims to conduct a wildlife study, to assess the effects of the NDU campus project on NRFR. Design/methodology/approach - The assessment was preceded by "scoping" to determine key wildlife issues. Thereafter a mix of methods, including literature search, reconnaissance visits, field exercises, and interviews with hunters, was adopted to gather information. These were augmented with diurnal and nocturnal forest expeditions to find evidence(s) of wildlife species existence. Findings - There is a rich assemblage of wildlife species; of which 12 are enlisted in the 2006 IUCN Red List of threatened species, while 14 are protected by Nigeria's statutes; and they are threatened by human activities. The NDU campus project shall have significant adverse impacts on the wildlife: directly through habitat loss/fragmentation, nuisance, influx of people; and indirectly by exacerbating the existing threats. Research limitations/ implications - This work is limited to the NDU campus project and its impact on NRFR. The brevity of time spent in the field coupled with the generally inaccessible terrain and remote location of the NRFR constitute the limitations that must have influenced the findings in this paper. Originality/value - This paper reports the results of an original work, discusses the impacts of NDU campus on NRFR, and highlights conservation-friendly local beliefs/practices that could fit into a wildlife management plan, and fosters the debate on methodologies and field initiatives. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Animal habitats; Environmental management; Forests; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847337381	Impact of water overexploitation on highland lakes of eastern Ethiopia	Alemayehu T., Furi W., Legesse D.	2007	Environmental Geology	52	1	10.1007/s00254-006-0468-x	Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Oromiya Water Well Drilling Enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Alemayehu, T., Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Furi, W., Oromiya Water Well Drilling Enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, D., Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The eastern Ethiopian highland is endowed with large potential of water resources in terms of rainfall, groundwater and surface water. Yet, due to overpumping of lake water and groundwater and environmental degradation, Lakes Haromaya and Adele have completely dried up. The environmental degradation, due to deforestation and clearing of land for farming, has increased the rate of siltation in the lakes that dramatically decreases the lakes' volume and surface albedo, which increased the rate of evaporation. The impact of these factors is aggravated due to decreasing net recharge to the lake and the alluvial aquifer. Over the last 35 years, pumping of lake water for irrigation, mainly for subsistence farming, domestic and industrial use shows an increasing trend. Hence, the available water for drinking and industrial purposes decreased drastically. In this research, classical Penman aerodynamic combined energy budget, Penman nomogram methods, conventional soil moisture water balance method and Penman-Monteith model were adopted to estimate free evaporation, actual and potential evapotranspirations. The results indicate that evaporation is the dominant factor for the loss of water and water abstraction is 316% higher than the effective precipitation, which is 110 mm/year. Therefore, overexploitation of the available resources has played an aggravating role for the loss of the lakes in the area. The main cause for such resource depletion is the lack of integrated water resources management strategies. The current water shortage in the area has mainly affected urban residents of Harar, Awoday and Alemaya towns and the surrounding villages, which depend heavily on the two lakes. To alleviate the current crises interbasin water transfer and rainwater harvesting would be possible alternatives besides ameliorating environmental situation of the basin. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Evaporation; Groundwater; Surface water; Water resources	Deforestation; Evapotranspiration; Irrigation; Lakes; Surface waters; Weathering; Lake water; Water resources management; Groundwater; deforestation; environmental degradation; environmental impact; evaporation; evapotranspiration; exploitation; groundwater abstraction; numerical model; Penman-Monteith equation; resource depletion; soil moisture; water budget; water resource; Deforestation; Ground Water; Irrigation; Lakes; Surface Water; Weathering; Africa; Alemaya; Awoday; East Africa; Ethiopia; Harar; Lake Adele; Lake Haromaya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847397493	Cloning and expression of Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid (N) protein and evaluation of a N-protein based indirect ELISA for the detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies in domestic ruminants	Fafetine J.M., Tijhaar E., Paweska J.T., Neves L.C.B.G., Hendriks J., Swanepoel R., Coetzer J.A.W., Egberink H.F., Rutten V.P.M.G.	2007	Veterinary Microbiology	121	42371	10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.008	Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Special Pathogens Unit, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands	Fafetine, J.M., Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Tijhaar, E., Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Paweska, J.T., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Special Pathogens Unit, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Neves, L.C.B.G., Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Hendriks, J., Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Swanepoel, R., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Special Pathogens Unit, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Coetzer, J.A.W., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Egberink, H.F., Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Rutten, V.P.M.G., Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands	Serodiagnosis of Rift Valley fever (RVF) currently relies on the use of live or inactivated whole virus as antigens. The recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein of RVF virus was tested for diagnostic applicability in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), using sera from experimentally infected sheep (n = 128), vaccinated sheep (n = 240), and field-collected sera from sheep (n = 251), goats (n = 362) and cattle (n = 100). The N-protein based I-ELISA performed at least as good as VN and HI tests. In goat the diagnostic sensitivity (D-Sn) and specificity (D-Sp) of the I-ELISA was 100% when using the anti-species IgG conjugate. Using protein G as a detection system, the D-Sn and D-Sp in goats were 99.4% and 99.5%, in sheep field sera both 100%, in cattle 100% and 98.3%, respectively. The I-ELISA based on recombinant N-protein has the potential to complement the traditional assays for serodiagnosis of RVF. Advantages of the N-protein are its safety, stability and cost-effectiveness in use and production. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diagnostic accuracy; Indirect IgM and IgG ELISA; Recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein; Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus; Ruminants	immunoglobulin G; immunoglobulin M; nucleocapsid protein; protein G; recombinant protein; animal experiment; animal model; antibody detection; article; bovids; cattle; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; diagnostic accuracy; domestic species; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; goat; hemagglutination inhibition; hemorrhagic fever; molecular clock; nonhuman; protein analysis; protein expression; protein stability; Rift Valley fever bunyavirus; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; sheep; vaccination; virus inactivation; virus neutralization; virus nucleocapsid; Animal Diseases; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Specificity; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Goat Diseases; Goats; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Neutralization Tests; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Recombinant Proteins; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Bos; Capra hircus; Ovis aries; Rift Valley fever virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847607120	Impact of tillage and nitrogen fertilization on yield, nitrogen use efficiency of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and soil properties	Habtegebrial K., Singh B.R., Haile M.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	94	1	10.1016/j.still.2006.07.002	Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Habtegebrial, K., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway, Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Singh, B.R., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Haile, M., Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	A 3-yr (2003-2005) study was conducted to assess the effect of two tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT, with four ploughings using a traditional plough, maresha) and minimum tillage (MT, with a single pass prior to sowing) and of N-fertilization, on tef yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), weed infestation and soil properties at two locations in the rainfed semiarid conditions of Ethiopia. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, with tillage treatments as main plots and N-rates as subplots. The N-fertilization rates were 0 kg N ha-1 (ZN), 30 kg N ha-1 (LN), 60 kg N ha-1 (MN) and 90 kg N ha-1 (HN). The minimum tillage practice produced as high yields as conventional tillage. Both total dry matter (DM) and grain yields were increased by N-fertilization. At both locations and in all years, there was a linear increase in dry matter production when N was increased from ZN to HN. The grain yield showed a similar increasing trend up to MN level but decreased from MN to HN. Available moisture content was relatively higher for minimum till (MT) than for conventional till (CT). In the dry years of the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons, the average available moisture content in the plough layer was higher in MT than in CT by 0.004 m (2003) and 0.003 m (2004). Weed infestation was significantly higher in MT than in CT, with weed numbers 96 higher and weights 102 g m-2 higher in MT. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increased N but was not affected by tillage methods. Average N recoveries for CT and MT were generally similar (about 43%). Nitrogen fertilization significantly affected the soil total N and C/N ratio at lower depth (0.15-0.30 m). Average total N at the lower depth increased by 35.2 kg ha-1 yr-1 (203%) when N application rate was increased from MN to HN, suggesting that higher N levels are to be avoided to reduce excessive leaching to lower depths. Thus, the adoption of MT in the semiarid conditions could benefit soil and moisture conservations and reduce costs for resource poor farmers in Ethiopia without significantly affecting yield. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation	Arid regions; Nitrogen fertilizers; Plants (botany); Soil mechanics; Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation; Agriculture; cereal; crop yield; fertilizer application; moisture content; nitrogen; nutrient use efficiency; semiarid region; soil property; tillage; weed; Agriculture; Fertilizers; Moisture; Nitrogen; Soil Mechanics; Weeds; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eragrostis; Eragrostis tef	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847627864	Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in Burkina Faso: Impact on plasma fasting homocysteine and after methionine loading test	Angius A., Simpore J., Persico I., Sassu A., Prodi D.A., Musumeci S.	2007	Clinical Laboratory	53	42371	None	Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Alghero, SS, Italy; Shardna Life Sciences, Cagliari, Italy; Centre Medical Saint Camille (CMSC), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, Gynecology and Obstetric, Pediatrics, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Université de Ouagadougou, Unité de Formation et de Recherche/SVT, Burkina Faso, South Africa	Angius, A., Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Alghero, SS, Italy, Shardna Life Sciences, Cagliari, Italy; Simpore, J., Centre Medical Saint Camille (CMSC), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, South Africa, Université de Ouagadougou, Unité de Formation et de Recherche/SVT, Burkina Faso, South Africa; Persico, I., Shardna Life Sciences, Cagliari, Italy; Sassu, A., Shardna Life Sciences, Cagliari, Italy; Prodi, D.A., Shardna Life Sciences, Cagliari, Italy; Musumeci, S., Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Alghero, SS, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, Gynecology and Obstetric, Pediatrics, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy	In Burkina Faso the levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) are lower and the methionine loading tests suggest a more effective Hcy metabolism. The polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) showed a relevant difference in the allele frequencies of T MTHFR-677 in young and in old subjects, while the allele frequency of C MTHFR-1298 was comparable in young and old subjects. The aim of this paper was to study the impact of the MTHFR polymorphisms on plasma fasting Hcy and after methionine loading in Burkina Faso. The young subjects with CC MTHFR-677 genotype had levels of Hey significantly lower than CT and TT subjects. The level of Hcy in subjects who had AA, AC and CC MTHFR-1298 genotypes were comparable. The levels of Hcy after the methionine loading test were significantly higher in CT and TT MTHFR-677 genotype. These results suggest that the genetic situation in Burkina Faso is different from that of other Western countries and this guarantees the maintenance of lower plasma levels of Hcy in young and old Africans. The elevated levels of plasma Hcy in old subjects compared to young subjects, against the IoNN prevalence of the T allele in elderly subjects, is discussed.	A298C; Burkina Faso; C677T; Homocysteine; Methionine loading test; MTHFR	5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH2); homocysteine; methionine; adult; age distribution; aged; amino acid metabolism; article; Burkina Faso; controlled study; diet restriction; female; gene frequency; genetic polymorphism; genotype; high performance liquid chromatography; human; loading test; male; Negro; population genetics; prevalence; protein blood level; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Burkina Faso; Fasting; Female; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Methionine; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Genetic; Statistics, Nonparametric	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847632954	Impact of the legacy of apartheid on management of sport at the University of the North, South Africa	Toriola A.L., Moselakgomo V.K., Oladele P.O., Asaolu T.O.	2006	Journal of Human Movement Studies	51	5	None	Department of Sport and Physical Rehabilitation Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Lephutha Leadership Training and Development Institute, Marble Hall, Mpumalanga, South Africa; Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Sport and Physical Rehabilitation Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P. Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Toriola, A.L., Department of Sport and Physical Rehabilitation Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Sport and Physical Rehabilitation Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P. Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Moselakgomo, V.K., Lephutha Leadership Training and Development Institute, Marble Hall, Mpumalanga, South Africa; Oladele, P.O., Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Asaolu, T.O., Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	South Africa has had a long history of social and political upheavals. Before multiracial elections and subsequent independence in 1994, the enforcement of apartheid laws and intensification of the struggle against it had considerable impact on the management and development of social order in the country. Several repressive laws especially the group areas act, entrenched the ideology of separate development and marginalised black South African people. The University of the North was one of the historically disadvantaged institutions established for black South Africans during the apartheid era. Consequently, it was not only under resourced compared to other universities that were predominantly attended by white South Africans, but was 'destined' to fail. Apartheid policies and values permeated historically disadvantaged institutions in South Africa to the extent that provision and management of sport at these institutions manifest symptoms of this historical past which are a set back to development. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the management of sport at the University of the North against back drop of racial and sectarian sport. It was concluded that historical events characterised by politically driven policies, poor resources, inadequate sport facilities and poor managerial skills stifled sport participation and development at the university. These challenges were discussed in the light of their implications for management and development of university sport. ©2006 Teviot Scientific Publications.	Apartheid policy; Competitive and recreational sport; Political transformation; South Africa; Sport development; Sport management; Sport participation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847633972	The impact of ecological variability on the reproductive endocrinology of wild female African elephants	Wittemyer G., Ganswindt A., Hodges K.	2007	Hormones and Behavior	51	3	10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.12.013	Save the Elephants, P.O. Box 54667, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Centre, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Section of Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa	Wittemyer, G., Save the Elephants, P.O. Box 54667, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Ganswindt, A., Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Centre, 37077 Goettingen, Germany, Section of Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa; Hodges, K., Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Centre, 37077 Goettingen, Germany	Non-invasive endocrine methods enable investigation of the relationship between ecological variation and ovarian activity and how this impacts on demographic processes. The underlying physiological factors driving high variation in inter-calving intervals among multi-parous African elephants offer an interesting system for such an investigation. This study investigates the relationship between Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), an ecosystem surrogate measure of primary productivity, and fecal progestin concentrations among wild female elephants. Matched fecal samples and behavioral data on reproductive activity were collected from 37 focal individuals during the two-year study. Linear mixed models were used to explore the relationship between fecal 5α-pregnane-3-ol-20-one concentrations and the independent variables of NDVI, calf sex, female age, gestation day, and time since last parturition. Among both non-pregnant and pregnant females, fecal 5α-pregnane-3-ol-20-one concentrations were significantly correlated with time-specific NDVI indicating a strong relationship between ecological conditions and endocrine activity regulating reproduction. In addition, the age of a female and time since her last parturition impacted hormone concentrations. These results indicate that the identification of an individual's reproductive status from a single hormone sample is possible, but difficult to achieve in practice since numerous independent factors, particularly season, impact fecal hormone concentrations. Regardless of season, however, fecal 5α-pregnane-3-ol-20-one concentrations below 1 μg/g were exclusively collected from non-pregnant females, which could be used as a threshold value to identify non-pregnant individuals. Collectively the information generated contributes to a better understanding of environmental regulation of reproductive endocrinology in wild elephant populations, information salient to the management and manipulation of population dynamics in this species. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	African elephant; Demography; Ecology; Feces; Hormone; NDVI; Non-invasive; Population management; Progestogens; Reproduction	3beta hydroxy 5alpha pregnan 20 one; animal experiment; article; behavior; birth; controlled study; demography; ecosystem restoration; elephant; endocrine function; evolutionary adaptation; feces analysis; female; genital system; gestation period; groups by age; hormone blood level; independent variable; multipara; nonhuman; ovary function; priority journal; productivity; reproduction; seasonal variation; sex ratio; statistical model; vegetation dynamics; 5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone; Animals; Animals, Wild; Ecosystem; Elephants; Feces; Female; Gestational Age; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Reproduction; Seasons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847642523	Terminal crossbreeding of Dorper ewes to Ile de France, Merino Landsheep and SA Mutton Merino sires: Ewe production and lamb performance	Cloete J.J.E., Cloete S.W.P., Olivier J.J., Hoffman L.C.	2007	Small Ruminant Research	69	42372	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.12.005	Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Cape Institute of Agricultural Training: Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa; Institute for Animal Production: Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa; Irene Animal Improvement Institute, Private Bag X2, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa	Cloete, J.J.E., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa, Cape Institute of Agricultural Training: Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa; Cloete, S.W.P., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa, Institute for Animal Production: Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa; Olivier, J.J., Irene Animal Improvement Institute, Private Bag X2, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The effect of crossing Dorper ewes with Ile de France (IdF), Merino Landsheep (ML) and SA Mutton Merino (SAMM) rams in a terminal crossbreeding program was investigated during 2000 and 2001. Expressed as percentage of purebred Dorper lambs, the average birth weights of IdF cross and ML cross lambs were increased by 12 and 7%, respectively. Crossbred progeny of IdF sires were 10% heavier than purebred Dorpers at weaning. A corresponding difference in favour of ML sires amounted to 5%. IdF crossbred lambs reached slaughter weight earlier than the other cross lambs and purebred Dorper lambs. Lamb mortality prior to weaning was unaffected by the breed of the service sire, and ranged between 0.13 for lambs sired by IdF rams to 0.22 for purebred Dorper lambs. Ewe joining weight, as well as number of lambs born and weaned per ewe lambed was independent of the breed of the service sire. When weight of lamb weaned per ewe lambed was considered, there was a tendency towards higher lamb outputs in ewes that were joined to IdF and SAMM sires. Estimated repeatability derived for joining weight and the various measures of reproduction generally accorded with literature estimates. Backfat depth (taken at the 13th rib, 25 mm from the midline) indicated that purebred Dorper lambs had a thicker fat cover compared to all combinations of crossbred lambs. Corresponding sire breed differences were found between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebra, 25 mm from the midline. Terminal crossbreeding of Dorper ewes with IdF, ML and SAMM sires did not deleteriously affect lamb growth and survival or ewe reproduction. Terminal crossbreeding could thus be implemented in commercial Dorper flocks, without compromising productivity and/or product quality. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dressing percentage; Fat depth; Lamb growth; Lamb output; Reproduction; Weaning weight	Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847643731	Compositional evaluation of some dry season shrub and tree foliages in a transitionally vegetated zone of Nigeria	Ikhimioya I., Bamikole M.A., Omoregie A.U., Ikhatua U.J.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	3	None	Department of Animal Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Ikhimioya, I., Department of Animal Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Bamikole, M.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Omoregie, A.U., Department of Crop Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Ikhatua, U.J., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	The proximate composition, cell wall and mineral contents, and the levels of some anti-nutrients were assessed in the foliages of Afzelia africana, Bambusa vulgaris, Chromolaena odorata, Mangifera indica and Newbouldia laevis. DM content ranged from 26.80% in Chromolaena odorata to 50.82% in Bambusa vulgaris. The leaves were generally high in CP which ranged from 15.13% in Mangifera indica to 29.85% in Afzelia africana. Gross energy in the foliages varied from 2.50 Kcal/g to 4.09 Kcal/g respectively in Mangifera indica and N. laevis. The highest value of NDF (54.38%) was recorded in Chromolaena odorata while Mangifera indica had the least value (42.40%). Mineral content analysis revealed that Afzelia africana contained the least content of Ca (0.31%) while Chromolaena odorata had the highest (1.52%). Chromolaena odorata also recorded the highest P content (0.39%) and the least was in Mangifera indica (0.20%). Sodium content varied from 0.39% in Chromolaena odorata to 0.14% in Afzelia africana. The lowest content of Cu (5.26ppm) was recorded in Newbouldia laevis while the highest value of 91.76ppm was from Chromolaena odorata. The concentration of Zn varied from 46.60ppm in Bambusa vulgaris to 277.88ppm in Chromolaena odorata. Among the anti-nutrient contents examined, the haemaglutinnin value was least in Chromolaena odorata(9.72mg/g) and highest in Newbouldia laevis(20.84mg/g). Phytic acid varied from 0.45% in Afzelia africana to 4.88% in Mangifera indica, while tannin content ranged between 0.17% in Afzelia africana and 3.51% in Mangifera indica. The implication of the results is that, based on the observed nutritional compositions and ready availability of the foliages, especially in the dry season when the quality of available grasses drops, they showed promise of being adequate for the supplementation of ruminants' diets.	Anti-nutrient; Cell wall; Foliages; Mineral; Nigeria; Proximate composition; Transitional vegetation zone	Afzelia africana; Bambusa; Bambusa vulgaris; Bovidae; Chromolaena; Chromolaena odorata; Mangifera indica; Newbouldia laevis; Poaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847650072	Location of secondary schools as a factor in determining academic performance of students in Oyo State Nigeria	Akinwumi F.S.	2006	European Journal of Social Sciences	3	2	None	Department of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akinwumi, F.S., Department of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study investigates the influence of the location of secondary schools on academic performance of students in Oyo State using a descriptive survey research design. The Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling method was used to select 100 secondary schools from among 318 secondary schools in twelve out of the existing thirty-three local government areas in the state. Four hypotheses were formulated and tested using chi-square (X2) and T-test statistical tools and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS/PC+). The study established a significant relationship between location of secondary schools and academic performance of students in Oyo State (X2 = 6.25, df =2, P&lt;0.05). A significant difference in the academic performance of students was 0.05) found in SSCE English Language (t-cal.2.14 &gt;t-crit. 200, df= 98.P&lt;0.05) in urban and rural secondary schools. The study also found no significant influence of journey to school on academic performance of students in urban and rural secondary schools in Oyo State (X2=0.124, table value = 3.85, df= 1,P&lt; 0.05). The following recommendations were made: government should evolve effective and strategic planning method before establishing new schools, government should also develop more useful and reliable policies for the distribution of educational facilities and resources in the state.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847666890	Recovery assessment of a refined-oil impacted and fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem	Otitoloju A.A., Are T., Junaid K.A.	2007	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	127	03-Jan	10.1007/s10661-006-9285-7	Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Federal Ministry of Environment, National Reference Laboratory, Lagos, Nigeria	Otitoloju, A.A., Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Are, T., Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Junaid, K.A., Federal Ministry of Environment, National Reference Laboratory, Lagos, Nigeria	An assessment of the diversity and abundance of macrobenthic community in a refined-oil (petrol) impacted and fire-ravaged mangrove ecosystem within the vicinity of a marine receipt terminal facility (Atlas Cove) serving as a distribution and pump station for refined products was carried out. The mangrove ecosystem was subjected to massive petrol spillage from a leaking pipeline and eventual fire outbreak. Following rehabilitation activities, a recovery assessment of the impacted ecosystem was carried out. The field surveys revealed that the petrol leakage and fire outbreak resulted in a near complete destruction of the mangrove ecosystem around the Atlas Cove depot, with macrobenthic species diversity index ranging between 00.4, compared to 0.780.87 in the control stations. The dominant early arrivals or colonizers of the impacted stations areas were Clibanarius africanus and Callinectes amnicola. Early signs of recovery of the impacted area were observed within about two and a half (2 1/2) to three (3) months, based on diversity and abundance indices respectively. The period of early signs of recovery also coincide with an observed reduction in the total hydrocarbon content (THC) levels in the sediment collected from the impacted stations by about nine folds from 3.67 mg/kg to 0.42 mg/kg within 3 months. Despite the apparent signs of recovery, the need for long-term monitoring of the impacted stations was discussed. © Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. 2006.	Atlas cove; Fire; Macrobenthos; Mangrove; Petroleum products; Recovery assessment	Environmental impact; Environmental impact assessments; Environmental protection; Fire hazards; Fires; Leakage (fluid); Petroleum pipelines; Petroleum products; Petroleum refining; Fire outbreak; Fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem; Macrobenthic community; Petrol spillage; Ecosystems; gasoline; hydrocarbon; abundance; assessment method; diversity index; macrobenthos; mangrove; oil spill; petroleum hydrocarbon; pollution effect; pollution monitoring; species diversity; article; biodiversity; controlled study; ecosystem fire history; ecosystem regeneration; ecosystem restoration; environmental impact assessment; environmental monitoring; macrobenthos; mangrove; Nigeria; petrochemical industry; population abundance; species diversity; spillage; vegetation; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Remediation; Fires; Geologic Sediments; Nigeria; Petroleum; Rhizophoraceae; Callinectes amnicola; Clibanarius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847685696	Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia	Nyssen J., Poesen J., Gebremichael D., Vancampenhout K., D'aes M., Yihdego G., Govers G., Leirs H., Moeyersons J., Naudts J., Haregeweyn N., Haile M., Deckers J.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	94	1	10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011	Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Relief Society of Tigray, P.O. Box 20, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Business and Economics, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economics, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; ADCS Food Security Project, P.O. Box 163, Adigrat, Ethiopia	Nyssen, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Poesen, J., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Gebremichael, D., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, Relief Society of Tigray, P.O. Box 20, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Vancampenhout, K., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; D'aes, M., Department of Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Yihdego, G., Faculty of Business and Economics, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Govers, G., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Leirs, H., Department of Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Moeyersons, J., Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economics, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Naudts, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, ADCS Food Security Project, P.O. Box 163, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Haregeweyn, N., Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Haile, M., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Deckers, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Since two decades, stone bunds have been installed in large areas of the Tigray Highlands, Northern Ethiopia, to control soil erosion by water. Field studies were conducted to quantify the effectiveness, efficiency, side effects and acceptance of stone bunds. Based on measurements on 202 field parcels, average sediment accumulation rate behind 3-21 year old stone bunds is 58 t ha-1 year-1.The Universal Soil Loss Equation's P-factor for stone bunds was estimated at 0.32. Sediment accumulation rates increase with slope gradient and bund spacing, but decrease with bund age. Truncation of the soil profile at the lower side of the bund does not lead to an important soil fertility decrease, mainly because the dominant soil types in the study area (Regosols, Vertisols and Vertic Cambisols) do not have pronounced vertical fertility gradients. Excessive removal of small rock fragments from the soil surface during stone bund building may lead to a three-fold increase in sheet and rill erosion rates. Negative effects of runoff concentration or crop burial by sediment deposition due to bunds were only found over 60 m along 4 km of studied bunds. As the rodent problem is widespread and generally not specific to stone bunds, it calls for distinct interventions. On plots with stone bunds of different ages (between 3 and 21 years old), there is an average increase in grain yield of 53% in the lower part of the plot, as compared to the central and upper parts. Taking into account the space occupied by the bunds, stone bunds led in 2002 to a mean crop yield increase from 0.58 to 0.65 t ha-1. The cost of stone bund building averages €13.6 ha-1 year-1, which is nearly the same as the value of the induced crop yield increase in 2002 (€13.2 ha-1 year-1). Besides positive off-site effects such as runoff and flood regulation, the enhanced moisture storage in deep soil horizons on both sides of the bunds indicates that the stone bund areas can be made more productive through tree planting. We conclude that from the technical, ecological and economical point of view, the extensive use of stone bunds, involving people's participation, is a positive operation. Overall, 75% of the farmers are in favour of stone bund building on their land, which is a clear indication that the local community perceives this conservation measure as being beneficial. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crop yield; Progressive terraces; Rodent infestations; Soil and water conservation; Surface rock fragments; Tigray	Agriculture; Erosion; Sediments; Crop yield; Soil and water conservation; Stone bund building; Soils; crop yield; deposition; embankment; farmers attitude; interdisciplinary approach; local participation; perception; soil conservation; soil erosion; soil profile; soil type; Agriculture; Farm Crops; Infestation; Rodents; Soil Erosion; Yield; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tigray; Rodentia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847689867	Performance of West African Dwarf sheep and goats fed varying levels of cassava pulp as a replacement for cassava peels	Baiden R.Y., Rhule S.W.A., Otsyina H.R., Sottie E.T., Ameleke G.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	3	None	Animal Research Institute, Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana	Baiden, R.Y., Animal Research Institute, Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana; Rhule, S.W.A., Animal Research Institute, Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana; Otsyina, H.R., Animal Research Institute, Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana; Sottie, E.T., Animal Research Institute, Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana; Ameleke, G., Animal Research Institute, Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana	Cassava pulp, a by product from the starch industry, was evaluated as a substitute for cassava peels in diets for sheep and goats. Inclusion levels of 15% and 30% pulp in the diet had no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, digestibility, growth rate, feed conversion ratio and carcass weight. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) values were significantly higher (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively) for sheep on the 15% (PCV 34.3%; Hb 11.8g/100ml) and 30% (PCV 34.5%; Hb 11.4g/100ml) pulp diets compared to those on the 0% (PCV 28.5%; Hb 9.00g/100ml) pulp diet.	Carcass characteristics; Cassava pulp; Digestibility; Feed intake; Growth rate; Haematological values; West Africa Dwarf goats; West African Dwarf sheep	Capra hircus; Manihot esculenta; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847691492	Performance of Spanish and Boer × Spanish doelings consuming diets with different levels of broiler litter	Negesse T., Patra A.K., Dawson L.J., Tolera A., Merkel R.C., Sahlu T., Goetsch A.L.	2007	Small Ruminant Research	69	42372	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.01.008	E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P.O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States	Negesse, T., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P.O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States, Department of Animal Sciences, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia; Patra, A.K., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P.O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States; Dawson, L.J., College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Tolera, A., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P.O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States, Department of Animal Sciences, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia; Merkel, R.C., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P.O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States; Sahlu, T., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P.O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States; Goetsch, A.L., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P.O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States	Sixty Spanish (S) and 40 Boer × Spanish (BS) doelings (14.9 ± 3.8 kg and 21.9 ± 3.8 kg initial BW, respectively, and approximately 6 months of age) were used in an experiment with four 3-week periods to determine effects of dietary broiler litter (L) level on growth performance. There were two groups per treatment with six S and four BS doelings in each. Dietary treatments were 20% coarsely ground millet hay and 80% concentrate, which consisted of 0 (0L), 20 (20L), 40 (40L), or 60% L (60L; total dietary level). An additional treatment was 80% hay and 20% concentrate (80F). Concentrate (primarily corn and L when included) DM intake (DMI) was 700, 593, 652, 387, and 165 g/d (S.E. = 20.3) and total DMI was 883, 755, 825, 490, and 696 g/d (S.E. = 35.5) for 0L, 20L, 40L, 60L, and 80F, respectively. There was a dietary treatment × period interaction in ADG (period 1: 104, 29, 36, -44, and 47 g; period 2: 124, 102, 53, -74, and 12 g; period 3: 175, 126, 126, 87, and 80 g; period 4: 161, 151, 136, 66, and 51 g for 0L, 20L, 40L, 60L, and 80F, respectively (S.E. = 12.2)). Treatment and genotype also interacted in ADG (S: 107, 85, 72, 8, and 36 g; BS: 174, 118, 103, 10, and 60 g for 0L, 20L, 40L, 60L, and 80F, respectively (S.E. = 9.2)). ADG:DMI ranked (P < 0.06) 0L > 20L > 40L > 80F > 60L (152, 130, 102, 18, and 65 g/kg for 0L, 20L, 40L, 60L, and 80F, respectively; S.E. = 6.12). The acetate:propionate ratio in ruminal fluid was greater (P < 0.05) for 60L and 80F than for other treatments (1.60, 1.73, 2.18, 3.80, and 3.67 for 0L, 20L, 40L, 60L, and 80F, respectively; S.E. = 0.27). Liver Cu concentration at the end of the experiment was influenced by dietary treatment (88, 275, 478, 286, and 47 ppm for 0L, 20L, 40L, 60L, and 80F, respectively; S.E. = 53.2). In conclusion, L can be effectively used in diets for growing meat goats, but high levels, such as above 40% of dietary DM, may restrict performance primarily via limited feed intake. However, the level of L below this threshold impacts efficiency of feed utilization. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Broiler litter; Digestion; Goats; Growth	Capra hircus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847693912	Exploring the interaction between comorbid psychiatric and medical diagnoses: The potential impact of borderline personality disorder on adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)	Nel J., Smith M.R.	2006	South African Journal of Psychology	36	4	None	Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Nel, J., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Smith, M.R., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	It is well documented that patient adherence to medical advice and prescription medication is suboptimal. While the reasons for non-compliance are varied and complex, it is essential that they be expounded to facilitate the efficacy of medical interventions. In no other illness is this more pertinent than with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has become the first line of treatment for HIV, but stringent adherence is a prerequisite for therapeutic efficacy. As with other treatments, adherence to HAART is problematic. One factor that may play a significant role is if the patient has a comorbid psychiatric illness. This article provides a theoretical exposition of how a patient with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) might suffer innumerable exigencies with adherence as a hypothesised function of the individual properties of his or her illness that is likely to be compounded when the properties interact with one another. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Adherence; Borderline personality disorder (BPD); Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Non-compliance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847725116	Evaluation of the Illovo mechanical cane cutter	Langton M.I., Smithers J.C., Bezuidenhout C.N., Lyne P.W.L.	2007	International Sugar Journal	109	1298	None	School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa	Langton, M.I., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Smithers, J.C., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, C.N., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Lyne, P.W.L., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa	Labour for sugarcane cutting in South Africa is expected to become scarce as a result of growth in the manufacturing sector and the effect of HTV/AIDS on the available workforce. Manual harvesting is often favoured or unavoidable because of steep slopes and the high costs associated with mechanical harvesting. A brush-cutter with a redesigned blade configuration, named the Illovo mechanical cane cutter, was developed and evaluated during a series of field trials. A range of system properties were measured during testing at Isonti farm on the South Coast in 2005, where the dusty working environment affected the cutter adversely, and an improved filter system was recommended. Currently, the durability of the blade is the most limiting factor and contributes significantly to costs. Blade wear occurs rapidly when cane is cut close to the ground, and an economic break-even point is needed to balance cutting height and blade replacement costs. Although the system is efficient, several areas are highlighted for further research to help curb excessive costs.	None	Blade configurations; Blade replacement; Break-even point; Cutting heights; Filter system; Manufacturing sector; System property; Working environment; Brushes; Costs	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847751928	The power of non-verbal communication: Predicting job performance by means of thin slices of non-verbal behaviour	Visser D., Matthews J.D.L.	2005	South African Journal of Psychology	35	2	None	Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Visser, D., Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Matthews, J.D.L., Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	The purpose of the study was to investigate whether ratings of brief exposures to 'non-verbal' and 'non-verbal plus verbal' behaviour could successfully predict on-the-job performance in a call centre. A panel of ten judges who were exposed to 30-second silent video recordings of 29 call centre operators carrying out their jobs were asked to rate the non-verbal behaviour of the operators on several dimensions. Two weeks later they were asked to repeat their judgments with the audio channel included. The judgments were correlated with management ratings and customer ratings of the operators' performance. The correlations varied between 0.31 and 0.46, representing medium to large effect sizes. The inclusion of the verbal channel did not significantly improve the accuracy of the thin-slice judgments of non-verbal behaviour. The implications of using ratings of non-verbal behaviour as a selection method were discussed. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Call-centre operators; Customer service; Non-verbal behaviour; Non-verbal communication; Selection; Thin-slice judgments; Training; Video footage	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847764042	Effect of ectoparasites on quality of pickled skins and their impact on the tanning industries in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia	Sertse T., Wossene A.	2007	Small Ruminant Research	69	42372	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.12.011	Department of Veterinary Service, Amhara Regional State, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Sertse, T., Department of Veterinary Service, Amhara Regional State, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Wossene, A., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Five groups of 20 infested skins with different ectoparasites and different levels of infestation and two groups of negative control skins from sheep and goats were examined for their corresponding defects at the pickled or wet blue stage of processing in tanneries. In addition, an analysis of skin defects was made from randomly selected processed skins at Kombolcha and Dessei tanneries. The prevalence of 'ekek' (cockle) at the pickled stage in Damalina ovis and Melophagus ovinus-infested sheep skins were 100 and 95%, respectively. Pickled goat skins affected by sarcoptic mange and Linognathus spp. were 100 and 0% positive for 'ekek' (cockle) lesion, respectively. The prevalence in control sheep and goat skins were 15 and 0%, respectively. There was a strong association (p < 0.05) between 'ekek' and infestation with M. ovinus and D. ovis in sheep and sarcoptic mange in goats. Follow-up of randomly selected 1000 pickled sheep skins and 1000 wet blue goat skins revealed that 71% of pickled sheep and 42% of wet blue goat skins had 'ekek' lesions. As the proportion of 'ekek' increased, the quality of graded skins decreased both in sheep and goats. Both on pickled sheep and wet blue goat skins, scratch and scars were found to have a strong association (p < 0.05) with 'ekek'. The annual economic loses in 2002/2003 due to 'ekek' at the two tanneries was estimated to be 1.6 million USD for pickled sheep and 0.6 million USD for wet blue goat skins. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ectoparasites; Ethiopia; Skin defects; Small ruminants; Tannery	Bovidae; Capra hircus; Linognathus; Melophagus ovinus; Ovis; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847778569	Crude oil price movements and their impact on South Africa	Nkomo J.C.	2006	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	17	4	None	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Nkomo, J.C., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	The purpose of this paper is to examine crude oil price movements and their impact on South Africa. A useful starting point is understanding the factors that have played a prominent role in influencing oil pricing. For this reason, I begin by focusing on OPEC producing countries and the challenges these countries face with supply management. After considering domestic oil pricing and accounting for fluctuations in crude oil price movements, I examine the domestic impact of oil price changes on the South African economy.	Dependence; Domestic resource; Inflation; Price fluctuations; Supply management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847779261	Technologies that contribute to reducing environmental impacts of electrical production	Kahn M.T.E., Fritz W.	2006	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	17	4	None	Centre for Distributed Power Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa; Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	Kahn, M.T.E., Centre for Distributed Power Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa; Fritz, W., Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was attended by approximately 21 000 international delegates in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. The aim was to institute ecologically sound environmental management. Research has shown that fossil fuel or coal fired power plants are the major cause of air pollution in electricity generation. This paper seeks to show technologies that can contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of electricity production, via emission control systems, industry energy policy, renewable energy technologies etc. and the promotion of active research and development in alternative energy applications in Africa. Innovative energy technology research and development and applications such as smaller scale distributed generation and solid state lighting (SSL) are seen as capable of adding a positive contribution in this area.	Electrical production; Energy consumption; Energy technology; Environmental impacts; Research and development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947099591	Foamed bitumen mixes = Shear performance?	Jenkins K.J., Long F.M., Ebels L.J.	2007	International Journal of Pavement Engineering	8	2	10.1080/10298430601149718	Civil Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Modelling and Analysis Systems, CSIR, South Africa, P.O. Box 882, Cullinan 1000, South Africa	Jenkins, K.J., Civil Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Long, F.M., Modelling and Analysis Systems, CSIR, South Africa, P.O. Box 882, Cullinan 1000, South Africa; Ebels, L.J., Civil Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Road rehabilitation technology is currently under the global spotlight. Considering that cold bituminous binders, e.g. emulsion and foamed bitumen, have become more commonly used in cold recycling operations, there is a need to understand the performance properties of these materials. Great strides have been made in the modelling of foamed bitumen treated materials in recent years. Performance functions that may be used in the design of pavements incorporating these materials become increasingly important. The challenge of modelling the behaviour of these mixtures is complicated by the variety of foamed mixtures that are produced and the range of mix variables that prevail. Binder content (BC), active filler content, parent rock type, aggregate gradation, plasticity, moisture content, etc. can vary significantly from mix to mix. A unified approach to designing with these materials that accounts for all of these variables is exceptionally challenging. This publication investigates the shear and dynamic properties of foamed bitumen stabilised mixes and their role in the performance modelling of these materials. Latest research findings are synthesized with the relevant aspects of the mix evaluation and classification procedures. Correlation of different testing protocols and mix compositions is made with a view to providing synergy to the research results and direction to their application in mix design and pavement design.	Cold mix; Foamed bitumen; Permanent deformation; Resilient modulus; Shear properties; Triaxial testing	Bituminous materials; Correlation methods; Emulsions; Pavements; Shear strength; Structural design; Foamed bitumen; Permanent deformation; Resilient modulus; Shear properties; Road construction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947110357	Investigating the functional link between prey abundance and seabird predatory performance	Enstipp M.R., Grémillet D., Jones D.R.	2007	Marine Ecology Progress Series	331	None	10.3354/meps331267	Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-ULP, 23 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France; DSTNRF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada	Enstipp, M.R., Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-ULP, 23 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France; Grémillet, D., DSTNRF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Jones, D.R., Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada	Investigating the relationships that link marine top predators and their prey is crucial for an understanding of the mechanisms that operate within marine food chains. Many seabird species capture their prey underwater, where direct and continuous observation is difficult. However, in a captive setting, predator-prey interactions can be studied under controlled conditions and in great detail. Using an underwater video-array, we investigated the prey-capture behaviour of a foot-propelled pursuit diver, the double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus, targeting juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. We tested the effects of prey density, prey size, light conditions and prey behaviour (schooling vs. solitary trout) on the foraging performance of 9 cormorants. As predicted, prey density exerted the strongest influence on cormorant foraging success. While we found an apparently linear relationship between prey density and prey capture rate, a density below the threshold of about 2 g m-3 resulted in disproportionately lower catch per unit effort (CPUE) values. If such a threshold density exists in a natural setting, it could have important implications for birds confronted with a decline in food abundance, when density levels will be reduced. We also demonstrate the marked impact of fish behaviour on the predatory performance of cormorants. Capture success of cormorants was significantly lower and pursuit duration significantly higher when birds attacked schooling rather than solitary trout. By contrast, prey size and light conditions did not have a measurable effect on cormorant prey-capture performance. Our study is an experimental investigation into the prey-capture performance of an avian pursuit diver within a captive setting. We provide input values that should be incorporated into ecological models, which might help to understand predator requirements in a changing environment. © Inter-Research 2007.	Double-crested cormorant; Foraging; Functional relationship; Marine food chain; Predator-prey interaction; Prey density; Prey-capture performance	abundance; ecological modeling; food chain; predation; predator; predator-prey interaction; prey availability; prey capture; prey size; seabird; underwater environment; Aves; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Phalacrocoracidae; Phalacrocorax auritus; Salmonidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947114792	Effect of caffeine on the risk of coronary heart disease - A re-evaluation	Adebayo J.O., Akinyinka A.O., Odewole G.A., Okwusidi J.I.	2007	Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry	22	1	10.1007/BF02912877	Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Adebayo, J.O., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Akinyinka, A.O., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Odewole, G.A., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Okwusidi, J.I., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	The effect of caffeine intake on the risk of coronary heart disease was studied. Twenty-one rats used were randomly divided into three experimental groups, the first group served as the control while the second and third groups were administered caffeine orally at doses of 10mg/kg body weight and 20mg/kg body weight respectively for fourteen days. Caffeine, at 10mg/kg body weight, significantly increased (P<0.05) serum LDL- cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease risk ratio while it significantly reduced (P<0.05) serum triacylglycerol concentration when compared with controls. At 20mg/kg body weight, caffeine significantly increased (P<0.05) coronary heart disease risk ratio while it significantly reduced (P<0.05) serum HDL-cholesterol concentration and serum triacylgycerol concentration when compared with controls. No dose response effect was observed possibly suggestive of a threshold effect. These results suggest that caffeine predisposes consumers of caffeine containing beverages to coronary heart disease.	Blood lipids; Caffeine; Coronary heart disease	caffeine; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; animal experiment; animal model; article; cardiovascular risk; cholesterol blood level; concentration (parameters); controlled study; dose response; drug activity; drug effect; drug mechanism; ischemic heart disease; lipid analysis; male; nonhuman; protein determination; rat; risk assessment; statistical analysis; triacylglycerol blood level; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947129150	Evaluation of dried whole blood spots obtained by heel or finger stick as an alternative to venous blood for diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vertically exposed infants in the routine diagnostic laboratory	Patton J.C., Akkers E., Coovadia A.H., Meyers T.M., Stevens W.S., Sherman G.G.	2007	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	14	2	10.1128/CVI.00223-06	Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Pediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa	Patton, J.C., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Akkers, E., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Coovadia, A.H., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Meyers, T.M., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Stevens, W.S., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Sherman, G.G., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa	The diagnostic accuracy of the Roche Amplicor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA PCR assay (version 1.5) on DNA extracted from pediatric heel prick dried blood spots using Roche MagNA Pure nucleic acid purification technology was evaluated. The methodologies transfer successfully from the labor-intensive research laboratory to the high-throughput automated routine laboratory. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic procedure; DNA determination; DNA extraction; exposure; false positive result; finger; heel; high throughput screening; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; needle; needlestick injury; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; screening; venous blood; vertical transmission; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Transmission, Vertical; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Phlebotomy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947158614	Targeting agricultural research based on potential impacts on poverty reduction: Strategic program priorities by agro-ecological zone in Nigeria	Alene A.D., Manyong V.M., Tollens E.F., Abele S.	2007	Food Policy	32	3	10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.07.004	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; IITA-Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; IITA-Kampala, Uganda	Alene, A.D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; Manyong, V.M., IITA-Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tollens, E.F., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Abele, S., IITA-Kampala, Uganda	Growing concern for poverty in the face of declining agricultural research budgets has increasingly required formal priority setting of public agricultural research in developing countries to ensure that scarce research resources are allocated in ways that will have the greatest impact on the poor. This paper assessed the potential impacts of alternative commodity research programs on poverty reduction in three agro-ecological zones of Nigeria and identified strategic agricultural research priorities in the three zones. The paper discusses the poverty reduction-based priorities and their role in facilitating dialogue between research managers and policymakers aimed at sharpening the focus of agricultural research to achieve poverty reduction objectives in Nigeria. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Agricultural research; Nigeria; Poverty reduction; Priority setting	agricultural development; agricultural research; developing world; poverty alleviation; research program; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947163361	Karyotypic evaluation of plantain and banana somaclonal variants (Musa L. spp. Musaceae: Zingiberales)	Obute G.C., Aziagba P.C.	2005	Journal of Genetics and Breeding	59	04-Mar	None	Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Obute, G.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Aziagba, P.C., Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Tissue culture regenerated materials of Musa spp. (Banana and Plantain) along with their somaclonal variants were assessed for karyotype abnormalities to be used as rapid chromosome markers. Results indicate that the slight variations noticed in karyomorphometric characters like chromosome number, chromosome arm lengths, total complement length and total complement volume were not significant (P ≤0.05). It follows, therefore, that chromosomal abnormalities may not be accurate markers for somaclonal variation in these species. A few cases of aneuploidy were encountered and the need not to overemphasize chromosomal instability was highlighted; however, other causes of somaclonal variations are proposed to be explored to explain the phenomenon in Musa spp.	Banana; Karyotype; Musa/Spp.	Magnoliophyta; Musa; Musaceae; Zingiberales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947168167	The impact of neighbourhood-level factors on children's everyday lives, well-being and identity: A qualitative study of children living in Ocean View, Cape Town	Moses S.	2006	Social Dynamics	32	1	10.1080/02533950608628721	Social Surveys Unit (SSU), Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Moses, S., Social Surveys Unit (SSU), Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Drawing on qualitative data generated overfifteen months by children aged six to eighteen, this article explores the ways in which neighbourhood and community spaces of Ocean View impact on the lives of children living there. The article draws particular attention to the way in which the legacy of Ocean View's particular socio-political history continues to impact on children, through the interaction of physical, social and economic features which limit their everyday lives to the spaces and people within Ocean View. This affects children's access to resources, hampers integration, and impacts on their self and collective-efficacy. Children's individual preferences, skills and personalities are shown to affect how they cope with difficulties and respond to available opportunities and supports. The article draws attention to how children generate their social environment and attach meaning to physical spaces around them, emphasising the variety and creativity of the tactics they employ to negotiate their everyday environments. Finally the article argues that by failing to recognise the specific and dynamic processes in which children's social networks are embedded, traditional approaches to understanding neighbourhood effects(such as social capital and social disorganisation theories) over-simplify and over-generalise the operation of social dynamics. I argue for moving away from focussing on the impact of discrete neighbourhood features to a focus on the environmental processes that benefit children. This requires a broader approach to researching 'neighbourhood effects' which encompasses children's perceptions and agency, internal and external power dynamics, and the interaction of socio-political, physical, and economic aspects of children's environments.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947239009	Economic impact of Turnip mosaic virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus and Beet mosaic virus in three Kenyan vegetables	Spence N.J., Phiri N.A., Hughes S.L., Mwaniki A., Simons S., Oduor G., Chacha D., Kuria A., Ndirangu S., Kibata G.N., Marris G.C.	2007	Plant Pathology	56	2	10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01498.x	Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom; CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Agriculture, Reading University, P O Box 236, Reading, RG6 6AT, United Kingdom; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Katumani, P O Box 340, Machakos, Kenya	Spence, N.J., Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom; Phiri, N.A., CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Hughes, S.L., Department of Agriculture, Reading University, P O Box 236, Reading, RG6 6AT, United Kingdom; Mwaniki, A., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Katumani, P O Box 340, Machakos, Kenya; Simons, S., CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Oduor, G., CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Chacha, D., CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Kuria, A., CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Ndirangu, S., CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Kibata, G.N., CAB International-Africa Regional Centre, P O Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Marris, G.C., Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom	Screenhouse experiments conducted in Kenya showed that inoculation of cabbage seedlings with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), either alone, or in combination with Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), reduced the number and weight of marketable harvested heads. When viruses were inoculated simultaneously, 25% of cabbage heads were non-marketable, representing 20-fold loss compared with control. By contrast, inoculation with CaMV alone had insignificant effects on cabbage yield. This suggests that TuMV is the more detrimental of these pathogens, and its management should be a priority. Early exposure to TuMV produced cabbages that were 50% lighter than non-infected plants, but later infection was less damaging suggesting that controlling virus infection at the seedling stage is more important. TuMV was far less damaging to kale than it was to cabbage; although high proportions of TuMV-inoculated kale plants showed symptoms (>90%), the marketability and quality of leaves were not significantly reduced, and no clear relationship existed between timing of infection and subsequent crop losses. Early inoculation of Swiss chard with Beet mosaic virus (BtMV) significantly impaired leaf quality (∼50% reduction in marketable leaf production), but the impact of disease was greatest in plants that had been inoculated at maturity, where average leaf losses were two and a half times those recorded in virus-free plants. Disease-management of BtMV in Swiss chard is important, therefore, not only at the seedling stage, but particularly when plants are transplanted from nursery to field. © 2006 British Crown Copyright.	Cabbage; Caulimovirus; Kale; Kenya; Potyvirus; Swiss chard	crop yield; disease control; economic impact; host use; host-pathogen interaction; inoculation; leafy vegetable; pathogenicity; root vegetable; viral disease; virus; yield response; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Beet mosaic virus; Beta vulgaris cicla; Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Brassica rapa subsp. rapa; Cauliflower mosaic virus; Caulimovirus; Potyvirus; Turnip mosaic virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947282157	The impact of malaria control on perceptions of tourists and tourism operators concerning malaria prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal, 1999/2000 versus 2002/2003	Maartens F., Sharp B., Curtis B., Mthembu J., Hatting I.	2007	Journal of Travel Medicine	14	2	10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00086.x	Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control, South African National Department of Health, Jozini, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Malaria Control Programme, South African National Department of Health, Richards Bay, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa	Maartens, F., Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa; Sharp, B., Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Curtis, B., Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mthembu, J., KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control, South African National Department of Health, Jozini, South Africa; Hatting, I., KwaZulu-Natal Malaria Control Programme, South African National Department of Health, Richards Bay, South Africa	Background. Although the regional approach to malaria control between South Africa, Swaziland, and Mozambique has significantly decreased malaria risk in the Lubombo corridor, many facility owners' and tourists' malaria risk perception has remained unchanged. A large percentage are still unaware of the extensive malaria control efforts in the region and subsequent malaria reductions in the Lubombo corridor. Methods. A questionnaire-based follow-up survey was carried out in northern KwaZulu-Natal in the 1999/2000 and 2002/2003 malaria seasons. Tourists and tourist facility owners/managers were interviewed on their perceptions pertaining to malaria risk. Results. In the 1999/2000 malaria season, 18% of tourist facilities in northern KwaZulu-Natal were in areas where 5 to 25 malaria cases per 1,000 population were recorded, and 68% were in areas where <5 malaria cases per 1,000 population were recorded. A major reduction in malaria cases was achieved by the end of the 2002/2003 malaria season. None (0%) of the tourist facilities were in areas where 5 to 25 malaria cases per 1,000 population were recorded, and 98% were in areas where malaria cases were lower than five cases per 1,000 population. Conclusion. The survey of local and international tourists and tourist facility operators in northern KwaZulu-Natal revealed that there was a discrepancy between perceived and actual malaria risk. The perceived malaria risk among both local and international tourists and facility operators needs to be addressed by distributing updated malaria risk information on an annual basis. © 2007 International Society of Travel Medicine.	None	artemisinin; chloroquine; fansidar; article; follow up; health survey; human; infection risk; malaria; malaria control; questionnaire; tourism; Attitude; Climate; Data Collection; Humans; Information Dissemination; Malaria; Prevalence; Public Opinion; South Africa; Travel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947287211	Evaluation of performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broiler finisher fed dried rumen digesta	Esonu B.O., Ogbonna U.D., Anyanwu G.A., Emenalom O.O., Uchegbu M.C., Etuk E.B., Udedibie A.B.I.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Ogbonna, U.D., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Anyanwu, G.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Uchegbu, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Etuk, E.B., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Udedibie, A.B.I., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial involving 264, 5-week old Hubbard broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broilers fed dried rumen digesta (DRD) at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Feed intake of the groups on varying dietary levels of dried rumen digesta were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control (0%) group. Birds on diets containing dried rumen digesta recorded higher body weight gain than the control (0%) group. However, this increase in body weight, feed conversion ratio and relative organ weights were not significant (P>0.05). The lower feed cost per kilogramme meat produced on dried rumen digesta diet suggest that the material is economically viable alternative. Furhter research is necessary to investigate the biosafety of dried rumen digesta. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Dried rumen digesta; Economic analysis; Feed ingredient	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947301753	Evaluation of outpatient paediatric drug prescriptions in a teaching hospital in Nigeria for rational prescribing	Oshikoya K.A., Chukwura H.A., Ojo O.I.	2006	Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy	7	4	10.1185/146300906X167728	Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Paediatrics and Child Health Department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Pharmacy Department, Lagos State Univers	Oshikoya, K.A., Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria, Paediatrics and Child Health Department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Lagos State University College of Medicine, P.M.B 21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Chukwura, H.A., Pharmacy Department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Ojo, O.I., Pharmacy Department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	Paediatric drug prescriptions are rarely evaluated in Nigeria. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the paediatric drug prescriptions at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja so as to determine conformity with rational drug prescriptions. It was also aimed at offering useful interventions to any identified problems. The prescriptions of children aged < 12 years who had attended the paediatric outpatient clinic between January and May 2006 were studied retrospectively. A total of 1944 prescriptions were analysed after excluding those that were illegible. 7146 drugs were prescribed and the numbers of drugs prescribed per patient per visit were between 1 and 8 with a mean value of 3.7. Injections were prescribed for 349 (18.0%) patients and artemether 144 (41.3%) was the most frequently prescribed injection. Only 141 (7.3%) of the drugs were prescribed with pure generic names. Others had their drugs prescribed in proprietary names and abbreviation/ acronym. Antimalarials, analgesics/antipyretics, vitamin B complex and antibiotics were the most commonly prescribed drugs. All the drugs prescribed, except roxithromycin and the fixed artemesinin based combined drugs, were present in the Nigerian national essential drugs list. Antibiotics constituted 41.4% of the total prescribed drugs. This study has revealed many inappropriate prescriptions in the paediatric outpatient clinic and notable of these are the low rate of prescriptions in generic names; polypharmacy; and over prescription of vitamin B complex and multivitamin supplements. An algorithm for treating common childhood conditions seen at this centre needs to be developed and circulated among doctors attending to these children. Continuous medical education with a focus on rational drug use and evidence based medicine is required.	Drug prescriptions; Outpatient clinic; Paediatric; Rational prescription; Teaching hospital	analgesic agent; anthelmintic agent; antibiotic agent; antihistaminic agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artemesinin; ascorbic acid; bicarbonate; calamine; eye drops; eye ointment; folic acid; generic drug; iron; multivitamin; phenobarbital; roxithromycin; tetanus antibody; tetanus toxoid; topical agent; unclassified drug; vitamin B complex; article; child; continuing education; evidence based medicine; human; medical education; outpatient care; physician; polypharmacy; prescription; teaching hospital; vitamin supplementation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947321139	Evaluation of the thermal conductivity of soils in Edo State, Nigeria	Molindo W.A., Alile O.M.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	4	None	Department of Agriculture Soil Science Option, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences Physics Option, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University,	Molindo, W.A., Department of Agriculture Soil Science Option, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Alile, O.M., Department of Basic Sciences Physics Option, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Investigations were conducted to evaluate the thermal conductivity of soils of Sedimentary rock origin in two locations namely; Obaretin in Ikpoba/Okha and Idumabi-Irrua in Esan Central Local Government Areas respectively in Edo State, Nigeria. The study was aimed at validating the effects of the thenrial regimes of these soils and their relation to soil productivity. The investigation showed that soil conductivity is related to temperature factors such as soil resistance and resistivity that controls the processes involved in the production and plant growth. The investigation showed that soil thermal conductivity is related to temperature and solar radiation factors such as soil resistance and resistivity, that control the processes involved in plant growth and productivity with accompanied macro and micro fauna in soils. Functional activities of plant roots such as absorption of water and nutrients are encouraged at low or high soil thermal conductivity levels. In this study, there were significant (p = 0.05) differences in thermal conductivity in the soils of both locations. Similarly soil resistance and resistivity were significantly different (p = 0.05) in the two locations (Obaretin and Idumabi Irrua) in Ikpoba-Okha and Esan Central Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. This study indicates attributes of temperature changes in soil regimes, reflecting the difference in vegetation obtained in the two locations. Therefore soil productivity and plant growth is influenced by soil thermal conductivity and it's related factors such as soil resistance and resistity. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Evaluation; Resistivity; Soil; Thermal conductivity	Evaluation; Functional activities; Local government areas; Soil conductivity; Soil productivity; Soil thermal conductivity; Temperature changes; Temperature factor; Electric conductivity; Process control; Productivity; Soils; Sun; Water absorption; Thermal conductivity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947323153	Evaluation of fungicides on growth and conidial germination of Verticillium theobromae isolated from plantain	Igeleke C.L., Ayanru D.K.G.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	4	None	Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Igeleke, C.L., Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Nigeria, Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ayanru, D.K.G., Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Nigeria, Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	An evaluation of three fungicides, namely, benomyl [methyl 1-(butyl-carbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate], calixin (tridomorph) and dithane M45 (mancozeb), was carried out for their inhibitory effects on Verticillium theobromae, the causal organism of cigar-end rot disease of plantain (Musa paradisiaca). The LD50 of calixin, benomyl and dithane M-45 in inhibiting mycelial growth, were 0.14, 0.98 and 535.17 μg mL-1, respectively. Calixin was also the most effective in conidial germination inhibition with an LD50 of 21.78 μg mL-1, as compared with dithane M-45 86.39 μg mL-1 and benomyl 275.50 μg mL-1. Germ tubes of the test organism were distorted by the fungicides at varying concentrations. Calixin had greater distortion effect at a lower concentration of 10 μg mL-1, dithane M-45 (100 μg mL-1) and benomyl (1000 μg mL-1). The relevance of these results in relation to the control and management of cigar-end rot disease of plantain is discussed. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Fungicide; Growth inhibition; Plantain; Verticillium theobromae	Conidial germination; Control and management; Distortion effects; Growth inhibition; Inhibitory effect; Mycelial growth; Plantain; Verticillium theobromae; Cultivation; Disease control; Fungicides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947328036	Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial evaluation of crude aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaf	Geidam Y.A., Ambali A.G., Onyeyili P.A.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	4	None	Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.	Geidam, Y.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Ambali, A.G., Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Onyeyili, P.A., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	The leaves of Psidium guajava is used in folk medicine as an antidiarrhoic in Nigeria and many other countries of the world. It is also employed for the treatment of vertigo and regulation of menstrual periods. World health organization encourages and indicated that studies on medicinal plants should include both identification of chemical constituents and determination of the biological activities of such plants. In this preliminary study, phytochemical and antibacterial properties of crude aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaf were evaluated. The extract was subjected to qualitative chemical screening for identification of various classes of active chemical constituents while disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial properties of the extract against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The extract showed the presence of tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. The extract inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae, but has no effect on the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus fecalis organisms. The study revealed some antibacterial properties of the extract that justify the use of the plant in folk medicine. However, further studies need to be carried out to identify the potentials of the plant to be considered as a natural source of antibacterial agent. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Antibacterial properties; Crude aqueous extract; Phytochemistry; Psidium guajava	Anti-bacterial agents; Antibacterial properties; Aqueous extracts; Disc diffusion methods; Gram-negative bacteria; Phytochemistry; Psidium guajava; World Health Organization; Diagnosis; Escherichia coli; Salmonella; Plants (botany)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947331379	Field evaluation of a novel pyrrolizidine alkaloid attracticide for the management of Zonocerus variegatus on cabbage	Timbilla J.A., Lawson B.W., Yeboah-Gyan K.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	4	None	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Timbilla, J.A., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Lawson, B.W., Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Yeboah-Gyan, K., Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Cabbage, Brassica oleraceae var. capitata is an important vegetable grown and consumed in Ghana. Apart from infestations of the lepidopterous Plutella xylostella and Hellula undalis resulting from continuous cultivation, a new pest Zonocerus variegatus has been reported to causing damage to the crop. The efficacy of a novel pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) based novel PA-attracticide developed from treating the roots of the neophyte, Chromolaena odorata which contains PAs with Carbofuran 3G for the management of Z. variegatus was tested using cabbage as a test crop in field caged plots. Field caged plots of cabbage artificially infested with Z. variegatus were treated with and without PA-attracticide in addition to a control treatment of caged cabbage plot with no insect and PA-attracticide. The experimental design was a RCB replicated three times in two ecological zones. The results showed that the establishment, leaf and head damage of cabbage was statistically the same in the PA-treated plots and the control treatment. These treatments, however, performed significantly better than the treatment without PA-attracticide. The results obtained holds promise for mitigating the menace of the grasshopper on cabbage using PA based attracticides. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Brassica oleracea; Chromolaena odorata; Hellula undalis; Plutella xylostella; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids; Zonocerus variegatus	Brassica oleracea; Chromolaena odorata; Hellula undalis; Plutella xylostella; Pyrrolizidine alkaloid; Zonocerus variegatus; Alkaloids; Crops; Nitrogen compounds; Metabolites	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947356758	Impact of contraception use among women seeking tubal ligation in the rural Democratic Republic of the Congo	Chabikuli N., Ngwala P.	2007	South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	13	1	None	Health Systems Management, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, School of Public Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Institut Medical Evangelique, Kimpese Hospital, Bas-Congo, Congo	Chabikuli, N., Health Systems Management, University of London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, School of Public Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Ngwala, P., Institut Medical Evangelique, Kimpese Hospital, Bas-Congo, Congo	Introduction. Investing in health is recommended for economic growth and the reduction of inequity in developing countries. Family planning is one such investment that benefits women and children. But resource-constrained environments, such as countries in conflict, present logistical and other challenges to the implementation of health programmes. For this reason even a proven cost-effective health intervention still needs to be contextualised to assess the actual benefit or impact in resource-constrained settings. Objectives. To describe user characteristics and analyse the impact of reversible contraception use among women who underwent tubal ligation in a rural health district of the Democratic Republic of Congo over a 4-year period. Methods. A retrospective analysis of family planning programme registers for 4 years (1990 - 1994). During the study period, 400 women underwent tubal ligation. All records except for 76 that were incomplete were included in the study. Results. A sample of 324 women was analysed. Most of the subjects (96%) were older than 30 years and of the Christian protestant faith (85%). Most had an education level less than secondary. Of the participants 99% were married; 98% of participants did not work outside the home. There was no significant difference in the average birth interval between contraceptive users and non-users (p = 0.246), but small families of less than 5 children were significantly more common (p = 0.006) in the small group of contraception users compared with non-users (10.1% and 2.8% respectively). Conclusions. The demand for surgical contraception comes mainly from married women with low education and economic status. Previous use of contraception did not make a difference in terms of birth spacing, suggesting a high prevalence of inconsistent or incorrect use of contraception.	None	adult; article; contraception; controlled study; Democratic Republic Congo; family planning; family size; female; health program; human; marriage; medical record review; register; religion; rural health care; sampling; socioeconomics; uterine tube ligation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947381764	Effect of flow maldistribution on thermal performance of a solar air heater array with subcollectors in parallel	Karwa R., Karwa N., Misra R., Agarwal P.C.	2007	Energy	32	7	10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.002	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 385, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110 016, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, 342 011, India	Karwa, R., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 385, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Karwa, N., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110 016, India; Misra, R., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, 342 011, India; Agarwal, P.C., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, 342 011, India	This paper presents results of a theoretical study carried out to investigate the effect of flow maldistribution, caused by the manufacturing imperfections and tolerances, on the thermal efficiency of a solar air heater array with subcollectors in parallel. The air mass flow rate, ambient temperature, solar insolation and wind heat transfer coefficient have been systematically varied to study the effect under a wide range of these parameters. The collector length, duct height, and plate emissivity were also changed to study their effect. It has been found that the maximum reduction in thermal efficiency due to flow maldistribution is less than about 3% for an array with a commercial grade finish of duct surfaces and ±10% manufacturing tolerance for the duct height. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Flow imbalance; Solar air heater array; Subcollectors in parallel; Thermal performance	Heat transfer coefficients; Natural convection; Solar collectors; Thermal effects; Flow imbalance; Solar air heater array; Subcollectors in parallel; Thermal performance; Solar heating; Heat transfer coefficients; Natural convection; Solar collectors; Solar heating; Thermal effects; air mass; flow pattern; performance assessment; photovoltaic system	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947413142	Evaluation of a spherical PML for vector FEM applications	Davidson D.B., Botha M.M.	2007	IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation	55	2	10.1109/TAP.2006.889951	University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Davidson, D.B., University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Botha, M.M., University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The implementation and evaluation of a spherical perfectly matched layer (PML) within a Cartesian finite element method context using standard curl-conforming elements is presented in this paper. Results are compared to the long-standing 1st order absorbing boundary condition (ABC) and a new, rigorous implementation of a 2nd order ABC for curl-conforming elements. The 4 and 8 layer spherical PMLs are shown to offer very attractive levels of absorption, with reflections on the order of -60 to -70dB demonstrated. Numerical tests show that the guidelines for Cartesian PML absorbers, in terms of maximum conductivity, also carry over to the spherical PML. The 2nd order ABC is also shown to offer very good performance. Finally, coding issues for both the spherical PML and the analytical ABCs are briefly addressed. © 2007 IEEE.	Absorbing boundary conditions (ABC); Finite element method (FEM); Perfectly matched layer (PML)	Boundary conditions; Finite element method; Numerical methods; Vectors; Absorbing boundary conditions (ABC); Cartesian finite element method; Perfectly matched layer (PML); Electromagnetic field theory	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947420822	Evaluation of cooking energy cost, efficiency, impact on air pollution and policy in Nigeria	Anozie A.N., Bakare A.R., Sonibare J.A., Oyebisi T.O.	2007	Energy	32	7	10.1016/j.energy.2006.07.004	Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 013, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Technology Planning and Development Unit, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 013, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Anozie, A.N., Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 013, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Bakare, A.R., Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 013, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sonibare, J.A., Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 013, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oyebisi, T.O., Technology Planning and Development Unit, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 013, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	This study evaluated the cooking energy costs and efficiencies, the air pollution impacts of cooking energy consumption and the impact of the energy policy in the cooking energy sector in Nigeria. Water boiling and cooking experiments using the common cooking energy sources (fuel wood, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity) and common food items (water, yam and beans) were carried out. Energy surveys were carried out to determine the cooking energy use patterns in the urban and rural areas. It was found that fuel wood is the least expensive cooking energy source and LPG is the most expensive. Energy use efficiencies for boiling water were estimated at 25%, 46%, 73%, 79%, 66% and 90% for fuel wood, kerosene, gas, electric immersion coil, electric heating coil and electric hot plate, respectively. Energy intensity was found to be a comparative measure of energy efficiency. The impacts of air pollution from household cooking suggested a possibility of significant air pollutants contribution to the ambient environment using any of the energy carriers considered except electricity. The cooking energy use patterns showed that fuel wood is the predominant energy source for cooking in the rural areas while kerosene is the predominant energy source in the urban areas, revealing that the energy policy in the country had made no impact in the cooking energy sector. Recommendations for improving the energy supply situation were given and for removing the barriers that prevent the implementation of the recommendations. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cooking energy; Cost; Efficiency; Impact on air pollution; Policy	Energy efficiency; Energy policy; Energy utilization; Kerosene; Liquefied petroleum gas; Air pollutants; Cooking energy; Energy carriers; Air pollution; Air pollution; Energy efficiency; Energy policy; Energy utilization; Kerosene; Liquefied petroleum gas; atmospheric pollution; energy conservation; energy efficiency; energy policy; fuel consumption; fuelwood; household energy; liquefied petroleum gas; rural area; urban area; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Dioscorea alata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947433681	Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: Evaluation of a new delivery approach and the policy implications for malaria control in Uganda	Mbonye A.K., Bygbjerg I., Magnussen P.	2007	Health Policy	81	03-Feb	10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.05.018	Reproductive Health Division, Department of Community Health, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL, Institute of Health Research and Development, Jaegersborg Allé ID, 2920 Charlottelund, Denmark	Mbonye, A.K., Reproductive Health Division, Department of Community Health, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Bygbjerg, I., Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Magnussen, P., DBL, Institute of Health Research and Development, Jaegersborg Allé ID, 2920 Charlottelund, Denmark	The impact of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) on malaria in pregnancy is well known. In countries where this policy is implemented, poor access and low compliance to this intervention has been widely reported. A study was designed to assess a new approach to deliver IPT to pregnant women through traditional birth attendants (TBAs), drug-shop vendors (DSVs), community reproductive health workers (CRHWs) and adolescent peer mobilisers (APMs); and compared this approach with IPT at health units. We evaluated this approach to assess user perceptions, its acceptability and sustainability. Results show that the new approach increased access and compliance to IPT. Mean gestational age at first dose of IPT was 21.0 weeks with the community approaches versus 23.1 weeks at health units, P > 0.0001. Health units accessed a high proportion of adolescents, 28.4%, versus 25.0% at the new approaches, P < 0.03; most primigravidae, 23.6%, versus 20.0% at the new approaches, P < 0.04. The proportion of women who received two doses of SP was 67.5.2% with the new approaches versus 39.9% at health units, P < 0.0001. The new approach was associated with a three-fold increase in use of ITNs from 8.8% at baseline to 23.4%. The factors that most influenced acceptability and use of IPT were trusted and easy accessible resource persons, their ability to make home visits especially with CRHWs and APMs; the support of spouses. Another factor was the high awareness on dangers of malaria in pregnancy and the benefits of IPT created by the resource persons. The women perceived better health using the first dose of sulphadoxine-pyremethamine (SP) and this compelled them to go for the second dose. IPT with this approach was highly acceptable with 89.1% of women at the new approaches intending to use it for the next pregnancy, while 48.0% of them had recommended it to other women. We suggest a review of the current policy on malaria prevention in pregnancy to allow provision of IPT through community structures that are feasible, practical and acceptable. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Acceptability; Compliance; Intermittent preventive treatment; Malaria in pregnancy; Sustainability; Uganda	antimalarial agent; fansidar; folic acid; iron; mebendazole; absence of side effects; adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; attitude to illness; attitude to pregnancy; community care; controlled study; female; fever; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health care policy; health care utilization; health promotion; home care; human; intermittent preventive treatment; interview; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; maternal morbidity; outcomes research; patient compliance; patient education; patient referral; peer group; perception; pregnancy; prenatal care; preventive health service; preventive medicine; repeated drug dose; school child; traditional birth attendant; Uganda; unspecified side effect; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Malaria; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Preventive Medicine; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947573910	Factors influencing the choice of property portfolio diversification evaluation techniques in Nigeria	Olaleye A., Aluko B.T., Ajayi C.	2007	Journal of Property Investment and Finance	25	1	10.1108/14635780710720153	The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria	Olaleye, A., The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria; Aluko, B.T., The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria; Ajayi, C., The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that haveinfluenced the use of implicit (naïve) techniques in property portfolio diversification evaluation in the Nigeria property market. This is necessitated by the need to look at the ways by which the property portfolio diversification evaluation practice in the market could be made to improve and adjust to ever changing global trends in this area. Design/methodology/approach - The authors of this paper administered questionnaires, backed up with interviews, on 28 institutional property investors and 128 real estate practitioners in three locations (commercial nerve centres) of the country, namely, Lagos, Abuja and Port-Harcourt metropolitan areas. Data were analysed with the use of frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation measures, relative importance index and Pearson Chi-Square test. Findings - The results of the study in this paper revealed, among others, that lack of time series data and the small size of many of the investors' portfolios in Nigeria encouraged the use of implicit analysis in their property portfolio evaluation techniques. The study also showed that investors and practitioners detest complex calculations and were using traditional evaluation techniques because they considered the methods as needing no pre-requisite knowledge before they could be used. Practical implications - The study in the paper concluded that there isthe need for a restructuring of the Nigerian real estate education and portfolio evaluation practice and the use of a micro-real estate specific data derived from local market information to develop property performance indices towards building up functional real estate indices at the regional and national levels. Originality/value - This paper is a pioneering attempt at establishing the factors that influenced the use of implicit techniques in property portfolio diversification evaluation in emerging property markets like Nigeria.	Diversification; Nigeria; Real estate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947577202	The Merensky Cyclic Unit and its impact on footwall cumulates below Normal and Regional Pothole reef types in the Western Bushveld Complex	Roberts M.D., Reid D.L., Miller J.A., Basson I.J., Roberts M., Smith D.	2007	Mineralium Deposita	42	3	10.1007/s00126-006-0111-5	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondeb 7701, South Africa; Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; 140 North Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, United States; Northam Platinum Mine, P.O. Box 441, Thabazimbi 1380, South Africa; Tect Geological Consulting, 15 Rue le Havre, Monte Sereno, Somerset West 7130, South Africa	Roberts, M.D., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondeb 7701, South Africa, 140 North Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, United States; Reid, D.L., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondeb 7701, South Africa; Miller, J.A., Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Basson, I.J., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondeb 7701, South Africa, Tect Geological Consulting, 15 Rue le Havre, Monte Sereno, Somerset West 7130, South Africa; Roberts, M., 140 North Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, United States; Smith, D., Northam Platinum Mine, P.O. Box 441, Thabazimbi 1380, South Africa	The Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex occurs in its highest stratigraphic position as a heterogeneous, pegmatitic, feldspathic melanorite bounded by two narrow chromitite stringers at the base of the Merensky Cyclic Unit (MCU). In the Swartklip Facies of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, the occurrence of widespread thermal and mechanical erosion termed "potholing" has led to the subdivision of the Merensky Reef into Normal Reef and Regional Pothole Reef sub-facies. The transition between the two sub-facies occurs where the MCU transgresses the lower chromitite stringer of the Normal Merensky Reef and cuts down into the underlying cumulate lithologies. In the Regional Pothole Reef at the Northam Platinum Mine, several economic reef types are identified, where the Merensky Reef becomes conformable to cumulate layering, in particular, to the footwall marker (NP2 reef type) and the upper pseudoReef (P2 reef type). The Normal Merensky Reef, as well as the P2 and NP2 Reefs, contains economic platinum group element (PGE) grades and includes the lower portion of the MCU melanorite and the Merensky Chromitite. Whole rock geochemistry indicates that this package is compositionally identical in Normal, P2, and NP2 Reefs, suggesting that the base of the MCU is a relatively homogeneous drape over both Normal and Regional Pothole Reef regions. However, the lower sections of the three Reefs are variables depending on the depth of transgression of the MCU. In the Normal and P2 reef types, transgression by the MCU was arrested within harzburgites, melanorites, and norites, resulting in coarse, pegmatitic textures in the immediate footwall units. For the NP2 Reef, transgression by the MCU was arrested within leucocratic rocks and resulted in the formation of troctolites below the Merensky Chromitite. These troctolites are characterised by a coupled relationship between olivine and sulphides and by changes in major element chemistry and PGE contents relative to equivalent units in the footwall of the Normal Reef. Along with micro-textural relationships, these features suggest that troctolization of leucocratic cumulates in the NP2 Reef beneath the Merensky chromitite was a result of a reactive infiltration of a chromite-saturated melt and an immiscible sulphide liquid from the overlying MCU, rather than a significant fluid flux from below. In all reef types, the concentration of S defines symmetrical peaks centred on the Merensky Chromitite (and chromitites from pre-existing cyclic units in Normal and P2 Reefs), whereas PGE concentrations define asymmetrical peaks with higher PGE contents in reconstituted footwall rocks relative to the MCU melanorite. This signature is attributable to a magmatic model of PGE collection followed by deposition towards the base of the MCU and within reconstituted footwall rocks. The continuity of the asymmetrical magmatic PGE signature between the Normal Reef and Regional Pothole Reef sub-facies indicates that PGE mineralization inherent to the Merensky magma occurred as a drape over a variably eroded and subsequent texturally and geochemically reworked or reconstituted footwall. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Merensky Reef; Mineralization; Platinum group element; Regional Pothole; Troctolite	footwall; geochemistry; magmatism; mineralization; platinum group element; sulfide; Africa; Bushveld Complex; Merensky Reef; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947658918	Water quality changes in relation to Diptera community patterns and diversity measured at an organic effluent impacted stream in the Niger Delta, Nigeria	Arimoro F.O., Ikomi R.B., Iwegbue C.M.A.	2007	Ecological Indicators	7	3	10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.06.002	Department of Zoology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria	Arimoro, F.O., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Ikomi, R.B., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Iwegbue, C.M.A., Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria	Impact of abattoir effluents (characterized by intestinal and stomach contents of slaughtered animals, ashes from roasted animals and blood stains) on water quality, distribution and abundance of Diptera were investigated in an urban stream, River Orogodo, Southern Nigeria, from July 2003 to June 2004. Water quality changes indicated significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in conductivity, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, COD, total hardness, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus between the three stations sampled. Higher values of these parameters were observed at the impacted station. The abundance and community structure of Diptera patterns, especially Chironomidae, Culicidae and Syrphidae families (all indicative of poor water quality) showed strong evidence of impact from the abattoir effluents. Comparisons of abundance values demonstrated high significance (p &lt; 0.05) between the impacted station and the upstream (station 1) and downstream station (station 3). Shannon index and Berger-Parker dominance were greater at the impacted station (station 2). Analysis of faunal similarities showed that upstream station 1(unpolluted site) was significantly different from stations 2 and 3. The distinct taxa found in station 2 (the impacted station) suggest that the organic input from the abattoir favoured their abundance as most of them were opportunistic species. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Diptera; Impact; Nigeria; Orogodo stream; Water quality	Animals; Effluents; Hardness; Nigeria; Rivers; Diptera patterns; Downstream stations; Orogodo stream; Water quality; abundance; bioindicator; community structure; ecological impact; effluent; fly; organic pollutant; river pollution; species diversity; water quality; Africa; Delta; Nigeria; Orogodo River; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Animalia; Chironomidae; Culicidae; Diptera; Syrphidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947674824	In-breeding effect on performance of Rhode Island chickens selected for part-period egg production	Nwagu B.I., Olorunju S.A.S., Oni O.O., Eduvie L.O., Adeyinka I.A., Sekoni A.A., Abeke F.O.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	1	None	National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria	Nwagu, B.I., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Olorunju, S.A.S., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Oni, O.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Eduvie, L.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Sekoni, A.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Abeke, F.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria	Data from 4336 pullets progeny of 144 sires and 779 dams for strain A and 4843 pullets, progeny of 158 sires and 1108 dams for strain B belonging to 5 generations under selection for part-period egg production to 280 days of age were used for this study. The number of pullets housed at about 18weeks per population ranged from 326 and 1000 per generation for each of the population. The effective number of parents in each generation averaged 174 and 187 for male and female populations, respectively. The traits measured were egg number to 280 days (EGG280 D), age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg weight average (EWTAV) and body weight at 40 weeks of age (BWT40). The co-efficient of inbreeding per generation due to finite population size was 0.005 for both the male and the female lines respectively. For the control population the values obtained were 0.008 vs 0.007 for both the male and female lines respectively. The average performance of the birds over the study period for the male and female lines respectively ranged from 38.38 vs 50.94 and 37.03 vs 51.25 for EGG280 D, 194 vs 212 and 197 vs 214 for ASM, 48.29 vs 55.93 and 48.29 vs 55.11 for EWTAV, 1600 vs 1754 and 1440 vs 1908 for BWT40.The effective number of parent in each generation averaging about 175 probably caused an average inbreeding of about 0.5% per generation. Although the level of inbreeding in this population is not critical there is evidence of an increasing trend, which could lead to homozygosity in the flock. There is need to widen the genetic base to prevent selection depression too early in the flock. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Chicken; Egg production; Inbreeding; Performance	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947698925	Impact and process evaluation of integrated community and clinic-based HIV-1 control: A cluster-randomised trial in Eastern Zimbabwe	Gregson S., Adamson S., Papaya S., Mundondo J., Nyamukapa C.A., Mason P.R., Garnett G.P., Chandiwana S.K., Foster G., Anderson R.M.	2007	PLoS Medicine	4	3	10.1371/journal.pmed.0040102	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Postgraduate Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Gregson, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Adamson, S., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Papaya, S., Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Mundondo, J., Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Nyamukapa, C.A., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mason, P.R., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Garnett, G.P., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Chandiwana, S.K., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Postgraduate Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Foster, G., Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Anderson, R.M., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: HIV-1 control in sub-Saharan Africa requires cost-effective and sustainable programmes that promote behaviour change and reduce cofactor sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at the population and individual levels. Methods and Findings: We measured the feasibility of community-based peer education, free condom distribution, income-generating projects, and clinic-based STI treatment and counselling services and evaluated their impact on the incidence of HIV-1 measured over a 3-y period in a cluster-randomised controlled trial in eastern Zimbabwe. Analysis of primary outcomes was on an intention-to-treat basis. The income-generating projects proved impossible to implement in the prevailing economic climate. Despite greater programme activity and knowledge in the intervention communities, the incidence rate ratio of HIV-1 was 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.75) compared to the control communities. No evidence was found for reduced incidence of self-reported STI symptoms or high-risk sexual behaviour in the intervention communities. Males who attended programme meetings had lower HIV-1 incidence (incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.98), and fewer men who attended programme meetings reported unprotected sex with casual partners (odds ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.75). More male STI patients in the intervention communities reported cessation of symptoms (odds ratio 2.49, 95% CI 1.21-5.12). Conclusions: Integrated peer education, condom distribution, and syndromic STI management did not reduce population-level HIV-1 incidence in a declining epidemic, despite reducing HIV-1 incidence in the immediate male target group. Our results highlight the need to assess the community-level impact of interventions that are effective amongst targeted population subgroups. © 2007 Gregson et al.	None	article; clinical trial; community program; condom; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; economic aspect; female; health education; health program; human; human experiment; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; income; infection control; knowledge; male; patient counseling; prognosis; randomized controlled trial; risk factor; sex ratio; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; Zimbabwe; community care; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; methodology; outcome assessment; outpatient department; risk; sexually transmitted disease; time; treatment outcome; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Community Health Services; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Odds Ratio; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047095096	Neurological evaluation of untreated human immunodeficiency virus infected adults in Ethiopia	Clifford D.B., Mitike M.T., Mekonnen Y., Zhang J., Zenebe G., Melaku Z., Zewde A., Gessesse N., Wolday D., Messele T., Teshome M., Evans S.	2007	Journal of NeuroVirology	13	1	10.1080/13550280601169837	Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health., Boston, MA, United States	Clifford, D.B., Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Mitike, M.T., Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Mekonnen, Y., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zhang, J., Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health., Boston, MA, United States; Zenebe, G., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Melaku, Z., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zewde, A., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gessesse, N., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wolday, D., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Messele, T., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teshome, M., Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Evans, S., Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health., Boston, MA, United States	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implicated in neurological complications in developed countries. Developing countries have different viral clades and potentially different genetic and social risks for these complications. Baseline neurological performance measures associated with HIV infection have rarely been available from developing countries. The authors carried our a cross-sectional neurological evaluation of a cohort of community-dwelling treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients and similar control subjects from the same communities in Ethiopia. Blinded evaluation using standardized structured questionnaires and a neurological examination was performed by neurologists and treating physicians trained by an HIV neurology specialist. Quantitative performance measures for cognitive and motor function were employed. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistical methods, standard contingency table methods, and nonparametric methods. HIV-positive and control groups were similar by age, gender, and job site. Participants included 73 HIV-positive and 87 HIV-negative controls. Fingertapping speed in the dominant hand was more poorly performed in HIV positives than negatives (P = .01) and was significantly associated with HIV viral load levels (P = .03). Other quantitative neuropsychiatric tests including timed gait, grooved pegboard, task learning, and animal naming did not show significant differences between the two groups. The overall prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) and/or peripheral nervous system (PNS) disease did not significantly differ in the two populations. HIV patients had slowed fingertapping speed correlating with viral load. Other measures of CNS and/or peripheral nervous performance did not differ from controls. The unanticipated minor evidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive and peripheral nerve deficits in this untreated HIV-positive population invite further investigation.	None	adult; article; central nervous system disease; cognition; cohort analysis; community living; controlled study; correlation analysis; Ethiopia; female; gait; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection resistance; major clinical study; male; motor performance; neurologic examination; neuropathology; neuropsychiatry; peripheral neuropathy; prevalence; priority journal; quantitative analysis; statistical analysis; structured questionnaire; task performance; virus load; Adult; AIDS Dementia Complex; Cognition Disorders; Cohort Studies; Ethiopia; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Memory; Nervous System Diseases; Neurologic Examination; Neuropsychological Tests; Animalia; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047104571	The application of the Taguchi method in the evaluation of mechanical flotation in waste activated sludge thickening	du Plessis B.J., de Villiers G.H.	2007	Resources, Conservation and Recycling	50	2	10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.06.014	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	du Plessis, B.J., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; de Villiers, G.H., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is generally used for thickening of waste activated sludge (WAS). Mechanical flotation (MF) is used in the metallurgical industry for selectively recovering minerals from ore. In this study the potential of MF to thicken WAS was investigated. The Taguchi experimental design was followed to investigate the effect of airflow rate, residence time, impeller speed, surfactant dosing, sludge dilution and their interactions. Results indicate that MF with surfactant addition shows potential to thicken WAS and should be investigated further on a bigger scale. The surfactant dosing contribution to thickening is significant at a 95% confidence level. The interactions between residence time and impeller speed, residence time and airflow rate and residence time and surfactant dosing were also found to be significant at a 95% confidence level. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Mechanical flotation; Taguchi method; Waste activated sludge thickening	Flotation; Impellers; Surface active agents; Taguchi methods; Mechanical flotation (MF); Waste activated sludge (WAS); Activated sludge process; surfactant; Activated sludge process; Flotation; Impellers; Surface active agents; Taguchi methods; activated sludge; airflow; dissolved gas; experimental design; mechanical property; metallurgy; methodology; residence time; surfactant; airflow; analytical error; article; dilution; flotation; flow rate; impeller; methodology; sludge thickening; statistical analysis; taguchi method; waste water management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047112435	Rat strain-related differences in myocardial adrenergic tone and the impact on cardiac fibrosis, adrenergic responsiveness and myocardial structure and function	Osadchii O., Norton G., Deftereos D., Woodiwiss A.	2007	Pharmacological Research	55	4	10.1016/j.phrs.2006.12.005	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Osadchii, O., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Deftereos, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats have been reported to have a higher sympathetic activity than Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the present study we sought to determine if these rat strain-related differences in sympathetic activity exist at a myocardial level and whether they translate into changes in cardiac fibrosis, contractile responsiveness to adrenergic agonists, and cardiac structure and function. Coronary effluent noradrenaline concentrations, as determined in isolated, perfused heart preparations, were higher in 5-month-old SD as compared to age-matched WKY male rats. This difference was accompanied by higher resting heart rates in SD rats as assessed in vivo. However, increases in myocardial noradrenaline release in SD rats did not translate into enhanced myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy or remodeling, changes in basal ventricular systolic and diastolic function, or to down-regulation of inotropic responses to the β-adrenoreceptor agonists, noradrenaline, isoproterenol and dobutamine. Although age-matched male SD rats were heavier, no differences in absolute heart weights were noted between rat strains. Moreover, left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness as assessed by echocardiography, as well as cardiac myocyte dimensions as determined by laser scanning confocal microscopy were similar between rat strains. Furthermore, LV internal diameters as determined in vivo, as well as LV diastolic volume intercept determined in isolated, perfused heart preparations were similar between rat strains. Increases in myocardial noradrenaline release in SD rats also did not translate into differences in LV systolic chamber and myocardial function as assessed in vivo (LV endocardial and midwall fractional shortening) and at controlled loads and heart rates ex vivo (the slope of the LV developed pressure-volume relation determined). Likewise, neither myocardial hydroxyproline content nor LV chamber stiffness as assessed by the slope of the LV end-diastolic pressure-volume relation were different in SD and WKY rats. In conclusion, rat strain-related differences in cardiac adrenergic tone do indeed exist, but in young animals these differences do not translate into cardiac phenotypes known to contribute to progressive cardiac dysfunction. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Adrenergic tone; Contractile function; Sprague-Dawley rats; Wistar-Kyoto rats	beta adrenergic receptor stimulating agent; dobutamine; isoprenaline; noradrenalin; adrenergic activity; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; confocal microscopy; controlled study; diastole; echocardiography; heart contraction; heart disease; heart function; heart left ventricle wall; heart muscle contractility; heart muscle dp-dt; heart muscle fibrosis; heart perfusion; heart rate; image analysis; isolated heart; laser microscopy; nonhuman; noradrenalin release; pressure volume curve; priority journal; rat; Sprague Dawley rat; strain difference; systole; thickness; Wistar Kyoto rat; Adrenergic Agonists; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cell Size; Diastole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles; Hydroxyproline; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium; Myocytes, Cardiac; Norepinephrine; Organ Size; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Inbred WKY; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Species Specificity; Sympathetic Nervous System; Systole; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Remodeling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047115476	Evaluation of the mineral status of cattle on communal grazing in the North West Province of South Africa	Mokolopi B.G., Beighle D.E.	2006	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	77	4	None	Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	Mokolopi, B.G., Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Beighle, D.E., Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	Twenty five cattle were randomly selected from a herd of animals grazing communally around Mogosane village in the North West Province to evaluate their mineral status based on blood and faecal analysis. Mean faecal phosphorus (P) concentration was curvilinear, increasing from July (0.99 mg/g) to December (3.63 mg/g) and decreasing to 1.29 mg/g in June. Mean P concentration in grass was also curvilinear, increasing from July (0.87 mg/g) to January (1.8 mg/g) and decreasing to 0.9 mg/g in June. There was a high correlation (r2 = 0.89) between faecal and grass P concentrations. Faecal:grass P ratios suggest that the animals were conserving P by reducing faecal P excretion during times of low dietary P. Animals maintained consistent but very low serum inorganic P (SiP) throughout the year (range 1.33-1.95 mg %) and SiP was not correlated with either faecal or grass P. Mean faecal and grass calcium (Ca) concentrations followed a similar pattern to P. There was also a positive correlation (r2 = 0.95) between grass and faecal Ca concentrations. Faecal:grass Ca ratios indicated a conservation of Ca by reducing faecal Ca when dietary Ca was low. Animals were better able to conserve dietary Ca by reducing losses in the faeces than they were P, based on a higher faecal:grass P ratio (1.56) compared with Ca (1.18). Magnesium (Mg) was lost through the faeces during times of high dietary Mg concentrations but was conserved when grass Mg was low.	Blood; Calcium; Communal grazing; Faecal; Grass; Magnesium; Phosphorus	calcium; magnesium; mineral; phosphate; phosphorus; animal food; article; blood analysis; cattle; concentration (parameters); controlled study; correlation analysis; feces analysis; food composition; grass; grazing; health status; herd; nonhuman; nutritional health; South Africa; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animal Welfare; Animals; Calcium; Cattle; Feces; Magnesium; Minerals; Phosphorus; Poaceae; Seasons; South Africa; Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047135322	Design and performance evaluation of a medium power PM-assisted reluctance synchronous traction machine using bonded PM-sheets	Sibande S.E., Kamper M.J., Wang R.	2006	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	97	1	None	Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Sibande, S.E., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Kamper, M.J., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Wang, R., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	This paper describes the optimum design of a permanent-magnet-assisted reluctance rotor of a 110 kW reluctance synchronous traction machine. Previous studies show that the performance of the pure reluctance synchronous machine drive deteriorates fast in the flux-weakening speed region. To address this problem, thin bonded permanent-magnet sheet material is used inside the flux barriers of the reluctance rotor to improve the performance of the drive, especially in the flux-weakening speed region. A design optimization algorithm is implemented to minimize the volume and hence the cost of the permanent-magnet material, subject to voltage and torque constraints. The calculated and measured results show clearly that the performance of the reluctance synchronous traction machine with a minimum amount of permanent-magnet material in the rotor compares favorably with the performance of the conventional induction machine drive at both rated and maximum speeds. Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Finite element; Optimisation; Permanent magnet; Reluctance synchronous machine	Design optimization; Finite Element; Flux barrier; Flux weakening; Induction machine drive; Maximum speed; Measured results; Optimisation; Optimisations; Optimum designs; Performance evaluation; Reluctance synchronous machine; Sheet material; Torque constraints; Traction machines; Magnetic devices; Optimization; Permanent magnets; Synchronous motors; Traction (friction); Machine design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047170305	Effects of replacing maize with sun-dried cassava waste meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of meat type rabbit	Olorunsanya B., Ayoola M.A., Fayeye T.R., Olagunju T.A., Olorunsanya E.O.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	4	None	Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Olorunsanya, B., Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Ayoola, M.A., Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Fayeye, T.R., Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Olagunju, T.A., Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Olorunsanya, E.O., Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Thirty rabbits of mixed sexes with an average initial weight of 600g were used to evaluate the effect of replacing maize with sun dried cassava waste meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of rabbits. Five experimental isonitrogenous (18%cp) diets were formulated such that sun dried cassava waste replace maize at 0%, 25%, 75% and 100%. The rabbits were randomly allocated to these 5 isonitrogenous diets. Each dietary treatment consists of 2 replicates with 3 rabbits in each replicate. Water and feed were provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period of 91 days. The result shows that dietary treatment did not have effect on feed in take, average daily weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. The cost of producing a unit weight of rabbit was greatly reduced by replacing maize with cassava waste meal. Cassava waste meal may therefore be used instead of maize in rabbit diets to reduce cost of feed and the heavy dependence on maize in animal feeding.	Carcass characteristics; Cassava waste; Growth performance; Rabbit	Animalia; Manihot esculenta; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047177963	The effect of wattle tannin on intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and growth performance of goats in South Africa	Bengaly K., Mhlongo S., Nsahlai I.V.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	4	None	Institut d'Economie Rurale (1ER), BP 258, Bamako, Mali; School of Agricultural Science and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu- Natal, P/Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	Bengaly, K., Institut d'Economie Rurale (1ER), BP 258, Bamako, Mali; Mhlongo, S., School of Agricultural Science and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu- Natal, P/Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Nsahlai, I.V., School of Agricultural Science and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu- Natal, P/Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	This study was conducted to determine the effect of wattle tannin extract (WTE) on protein utilisation by goats in a metabolism and a growth trial. Iso-nitrogenous diets (18% CP) with the following ingredients: filler, sunflower cake, molasses, hominy chop, vitamin-mineral mix and lucerne hay were formulated and mixed with 0,7.5,15,22.5 and 30 g WTE/kg dry matter (DM). The diets were fed to goats supplemented with 20% (w/w) native pasture hay. In the metabolism trial eighteen male (5 Nguni and 13 Boer) goats, within a live weight range of 21.5 to 37.5 kg (with a mean of 28.6, S.D. = 4.88), were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to the five treatment rations. Incremental levels of WTE in the diet resulted to small and non-significant increases (P>0.05) of total intake (g/day) of dry matter (DM) (mean 1089 ±58.6), organic matter (OM) (mean 902 ± 48.3), and nitrogen (N) (mean 32 ± 1.8) but the intake of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (mean 351 ± 17.6) significantly increased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing WTE dosage. The apparent digestibility (g/kg) of DM (mean (661 ± 17.9) did not change (P>0.05)across treatments. Microbial N supply (g/day) and its efficiency of synthesis were similar across dietary treatments. N digestibility was adversely (P<0.05) affected by the levels of WTE. In response to supplementation with WTE, faecal N (mean 8 ± 0.4 g/day) rose while urinary N excretion (mean 13 ± 1.0 g/day) was not affected, and neither was N retention (mean 10 ± 0.7 g/day). In the growth trial, South African indigenous Nguni and Boer goats (n = 26) were used. Goats were about at 8-24 months of age with live weights ranging from 11 to 28 kg (mean 17.8, S.D. = 3.80 kg). Boer goats converted feed significantly more efficiently than Nguni goats (0.21 vs. 0.17 g gain/g feed, P<0.001). These results indicate that WTE given as dietary supplement is unlikely to improve the protein status and therefore growth performance of goats to a considerable degree. Condensed tannin, goat, growth, nutrient digestibility, protein, wattle.	None	Capra hircus; Helianthus; Medicago sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047206041	Prediction of the environmental impact and sustainability of large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater resources	Annandale J.G., Jovanovic N.Z., Van Der Westhuizen A.M., Steyn J.M.	2006	International Water and Irrigation	26	3	None	Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa	Annandale, J.G., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Jovanovic, N.Z.; Van Der Westhuizen, A.M.; Steyn, J.M.	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047266391	Parameter estimation and performance of the p-chart for attributes data	Chakraborti S., Human S.W.	2006	IEEE Transactions on Reliability	55	3	10.1109/TR.2006.879662	Department of Information Systems, Statistics and Management Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Chakraborti, S., Department of Information Systems, Statistics and Management Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States; Human, S.W., Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Effects of parameter estimation are examined for the well-known p-chart for the fraction nonconforming based on attributes (binary) data. The exact run-length distribution of the chart is obtained for Phase II applications, when the fraction of nonconforming items, p, is unknown, by conditioning on the observed number of nonconformities in a set of reference data (from Phase I) used to estimate p. Numerical illustrations show that the actual performance of the chart can be substantially different from what one would nominally expect, in terms of the false alarm rate and/or the in-control average run-length. Moreover, the performance of the p-chart can be highly degraded in that an exceedingly large number of false alarms are observed, particularly when p is estimated, unless the number of reference observations is substantially large, much larger than what might be commonly used in practice. These results are useful in the study of the reliability of products or systems that involve binary data. © 2006 IEEE.	Average run-length; Binomial distribution; Fraction nonconforming; In-control; Out-of-control; Parameter estimation; Percentiles; Phase I & II; Run-length distribution; Shewhart chart	Alarm systems; Data reduction; Numerical methods; Reliability theory; Average run length; Binomial distribution; Fraction nonconforming; In control; Out of control; Percentiles; Run length distribution; Shewhart chart; Parameter estimation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147100219	Effect of different methods of processing neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds on performance of young rabbits	Bawa G.S., Orunmuyi M., Agbaji A.S., Ladan Z., Okekeifi U.O.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	3	None	National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Orunmuyi, M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Agbaji, A.S., National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Ladan, Z., National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Okekeifi, U.O., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A feeding trial using sixty (60) weaner rabbits with an average initial live weight of 560 ± 0.80g was conducted to determine the effects of different methods of processing neem seeds on their performance and carcass characteristics. The rabbits were assigned to five dietary treatments based on their initial live weight and sex. There were twelve individually caged rabbits per treatment. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (18% CP). Diet 1 (control) was a Maize-Groundnut cake based diet without neem seed. Diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 had raw milled neem seed (RMNS), hydraulic press neem seed cake (HNSC), Solvent Extracted neem seed cake (SNSC) and Expeller neem seed cake (ENSC) included at 20% level, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. Weekly feed intake and body weight changes were determined and feed efficiency calculated. At the end of the 63-day feeding trial, four rabbits per treatment were selected based on the group average weight and sacrificed for carcass evaluation. Blood samples were also obtained from the animals to evaluate Packcell volume (PCV), Haemoglobim (Hb) and Total protein (TP). The results showed that rabbits fed the processed neem seed cake diets had growth performance that were statistically comparable to those fed the control diet. Animals on processed neem seed cake diets had significantly (P<0.05) improved performance over and above those fed the raw neem seed diets. Animals on raw neem seed cake diet had consistently low value for PVC, Hb and TP. The use of solvent extracted neem seed cake in rabbit diet was favoured in this study. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Expeller extraction; Hydraulic extraction; Neem; Rabbit; Solvent extraction	hemoglobin; animal experiment; animal food; article; Azadirachta indica; blood analysis; blood sampling; body weight; controlled study; dietary intake; food analysis; food composition; food processing; hemoglobin determination; intermethod comparison; maize; nonhuman; nutritional health; nutritional value; peanut; plant seed; protein determination; solvent extraction; weight change; Animalia; Azadirachta indica; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147118966	Rangeland evaluation in the Middle Awash valley of Ethiopia: III. Relationships among soil and vegetation variables	Abule E., Snyman H.A., Smit G.N.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	70	2	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.01.006	Adami Tulu Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Abule, E., Adami Tulu Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Snyman, H.A., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Smit, G.N., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Two neighboring districts inhabited by pastoralists of different ethnic groups in the Middle Awash valley of Ethiopia were studied to make a preliminary investigation of the soil nutrient status and identifying the environmental factors most critical to grass production. Data were collected on soil nutrient status, grass yield (dry matter), percentage bare and covered ground, estimated soil erosion, evapotranspiration tree equivalent (ETTE), and altitude. Sites with saline soil showed high electrical conductance and high pH and low total nitrogen and organic carbon. The results of the correlation matrix and the stepwise multiple regression indicated that grass yield was affected by ETTE ha-1, percentage of bare and covered ground, C:N ratio, pH and available K. Future studies need to include stocking rate as one parameter to determine better relationships among the measured parameters more accurately. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Evapotranspiration tree equivalent; Grass biomass; Organic carbon; Salinity; Soil nutrient status; Total nitrogen	biomass; grass; organic carbon; pH; rangeland; salinity; soil nitrogen; soil nutrient; valley; vegetation dynamics; Africa; Awash Valley; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147124299	The impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence and cost per infection prevented: A stochastic simulation model from Rakai, Uganda	Gray R.H., Li X., Kigozi G., Serwadda D., Nalugoda F., Watya S., Reynolds S.J., Wawer M.	2007	AIDS	21	7	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280187544	School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States; University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States; National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MA, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Urology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	Gray, R.H., School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Li, X., School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Watya, S., Department of Urology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MA, United States; Wawer, M., School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States	OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence, the number of procedures per HIV infection averted, and costs per infection averted. METHODS: A stochastic simulation model with empirically derived parameters from a cohort in Rakai, Uganda was used to estimate HIV incidence, assuming that male circumcision reduced the risks of HIV acquisition with rate ratios (RR) ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 in men, their female partners, and in both sexes combined, with circumcision coverage 0-100%. The reproductive number (R0) was also estimated. The number of HIV infections averted per circumcision was estimated from the incident cases in the absence of surgery minus the projected number of incident cases over 10 years following circumcision. The cost per procedure ($69.00) was used to estimate the cost per HIV infection averted. RESULTS: Baseline HIV incidence was 1.2/100 person-years. Male circumcision could markedly reduce HIV incidence in this population, particularly if there was preventative efficacy in both sexes. Under many scenarios, with RR ≤ 0.5, circumcision could reduce R0 to < 1.0 and potentially abort the epidemic. The number of surgeries per infection averted over 10 years was 19-58, and the costs per infection averted was $1269-3911, depending on the efficacy of circumcision for either or both sexes, assuming 75% service coverage. However, behavioral disinhibition could offset any benefits of circumcision. CONCLUSION: Male circumcision could have substantial impact on the HIV epidemic and provide a cost-effective prevention strategy if benefits are not countered by behavioral disinhibition. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Cost per infection; HIV incidence; Male circumcision; Uganda	adolescent; adult; article; circumcision; cost benefit analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; female; health behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection control; major clinical study; male; priority journal; prophylaxis; reproduction; risk reduction; simulation; stochastic model; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Circumcision, Male; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Stochastic Processes; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147133701	Developing age-structured stock assessment models as a basis for management procedure evaluations for Namibian sardine	De Oliveira J.A.A., Boyer H.J., Kirchner C.H.	2007	Fisheries Research	85	42371	10.1016/j.fishres.2007.01.010	The Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom; Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Box 912, Swakopmund, Namibia, South Africa	De Oliveira, J.A.A., The Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom; Boyer, H.J., Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Box 912, Swakopmund, Namibia, South Africa; Kirchner, C.H., Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Box 912, Swakopmund, Namibia, South Africa	The Namibian sardine stock has experienced intense exploitation since 1950, with catches peaking at 1.4 million tonnes in 1968, followed by a collapse in the 1970s and 1980s. Namibia therefore inherited a severely depleted stock at Independence in 1990. The paper describes data available since Independence, which includes research survey data, and length frequencies obtained from port sampling. It also presents age-structured stock assessment models, which consider some of the main sources of uncertainty relating to values for natural mortality, and assumptions about survey bias, density-dependent effects in survey bias and variance, and the form of the stock-recruit curve. These models could be used as "operating models" to underpin the future development of management procedures for Namibian sardine. Despite reasonable fits, 95% confidence intervals for natural mortality are fairly wide and estimates of precision poor for most models considered. However, the model that assumes density-dependence in survey variance shows superior fits and improved estimates compared to the others, despite reservations about the existence of such effects. This indicates the need to explore the possibility of density-dependence in survey variance further if future management procedure performance is negatively affected by it. Crown Copyright © 2007.	Additional variance; Density-dependence; Namibian sardine; Operating model; Survey bias	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147154238	Performance, organ relative weight, serum and haematology parameters in broiler finisher fed biodegraded Brewers dried grain	Aderolu A.Z., Iyayi E.A., Onilude A.A.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	3	None	Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aderolu, A.Z., Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Iyayi, E.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Onilude, A.A., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Four isonitrogeneous diet made up of Brewer's dried grain with a control diet was distributed at the rate of 9 birds per replicate and three replicates per diet in a completely randomized design experiment. Fungal biodegradation of brewers dried grain (BDG) resulted in improved nutrient composition of the by-product. The effects of feeding biodegraded BDG on relative organ weight, serum and heamatological parameters and economy of broiler finisher were investigated. Although no significant difference was observed in the feed intake of broiler finisher fed the graded levels tested but significant difference (P< 0.05) was observed in the rate of weight gain (g/day). Feed cost per kilogram was lowest on diet 4 but feed cost per weight gain (N/g) gave a value of 10.60 and 7.32 on diet 4 and 2 respectively. Biodegraded BDG at 20% inclusion level gave the highest weight gain 1213.73 over 28 days and the lowest weight gain of 668.51g on diet 4. Weight of gizzard and liver significantly increased with inclusion of BDG a weight range of 2.50 to 3.30% and 1.59-2.59% respectively of the total weight. The serum urea increased significantly across the graded levels tested (24.50-42.50g/dl), but the serum globulin content on the other hand decreased with values range between 3.05-3.40g/dl. The utilization of biodegraded BDG beyond 30% level in broiler finisher is not encouraging but the best result was obtained at 20% level of biodegraded BDG. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Biodegrade BDG; Broiler feeding; Feed ingredients; Livestock production	globulin; urea; animal experiment; animal food; article; biodegradation; blood analysis; controlled study; dietary intake; economic evaluation; food analysis; food composition; grain; growth rate; hematological parameters; livestock; nonhuman; nutritional value; organ weight; protein blood level; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; urea blood level; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147158367	Rangeland evaluation in the middle Awash valley of Ethiopia: II. Woody vegetation	Abule E., Snyman H.A., Smit G.N.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	70	2	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.01.007	Adami Tulu Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Abule, E., Adami Tulu Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Snyman, H.A., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Smit, G.N., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Although a few studies have reported an increase of woody plants in the rangelands of Ethiopia during the last few decades, most studies related to the importance of tree canopies have been conducted in lightly grazed areas that have suffered little disturbance. The woody vegetation composition, density, evapotranspiration tree equivalent (ETTE), browse production, browsing capacity and bush encroachment were therefore studied in a part of the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia with the objective of determining the condition and contribution of woody vegetation as a source of feed to animals. Accordingly, 7 and 8 rangeland sites in Kereyu-Fantale and Awash-Fantale districts, respectively, were identified. The data collected was analyzed using the Biomass Estimates from Canopy Volume model. The dominant sources of browse and the encroacher woody plants in the study districts were species of Acacia (A. senegal and A. nubica). In both districts, the browse production ranged from as low as 194-3 311 kg ha-1, with most of the leaf dry mass found above the height of 1.5 m. Some of the possible factors contributing to bush encroachment in the study area are heavy grazing pressure, expansion of cultivation and reduced mobility of animals due to many factors. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Browse production; Bush encroachment; Density; Evapotranspiration tree equivalent; Woody species composition	browsing; community composition; population density; rangeland; shrub; valley; woody plant; Africa; Awash Valley; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Acacia; Acacia nubica; Acacia senegal; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147181637	Evaluation of the partec flow cytometer against the BD FACSCalibur system for monitoring immune responses of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Zimbabwe	Manasa J., Musabaike H., Masimirembwa C., Burke E., Luthy R., Mudzori J.	2007	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	14	3	10.1128/CVI.00416-06	National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Harare, Zimbabwe; African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe; Connaught Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; COMFORCE Corporation, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Molecular Diagnostics Unit, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe	Manasa, J., African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe, Molecular Diagnostics Unit, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe; Musabaike, H., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Harare, Zimbabwe; Masimirembwa, C., African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe; Burke, E., COMFORCE Corporation, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Luthy, R., Connaught Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudzori, J., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Harare, Zimbabwe	A single-platform volumetric flow cytometer, the Partec Cyflow SL_3, was evaluated against a BD FACSCalibur/ Sysmex XT1800i dual platform for measuring CD4+ lymphocytes, total lymphocytes, and the percentage of CD4 lymphocytes in whole-blood samples for monitoring the immune systems of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients. Statistical analyses for precision, correlation, and agreement were performed. Coefficients of variation (CV) of 5.8, 4.6, and 3.9% were obtained for low, medium, and high CD4+ cell counts, respectively, using the SL_3, and CV of 3.7, 4.0, and 0.94 were obtained for the same categories, using the BD FACSCalibur. Significant correlations (P &lt; 0.005) between the two assays for CD4 counts, total lymphocyte counts, and percentages of CD4 were obtained, with correlation coefficients of 0.99, 0.96, and 0.99, respectively (n = 229). Using the Bland-Altman plot, mean biases of -18 cell/μl (95% confidence interval (CI); -91 to 54 cells/μl), -0.8% (95% CI; -3.6 to 2%), and -36.8 cells/μl (95% CI; -477 to 404 cells/μl) were obtained for comparisons of CD4 counts, percentages of CD4 cells, and total lymphocyte counts, respectively. The effects of the age of the samples on the three parameters were also analyzed by comparing results from the same samples analyzed at 6, 24, and 48 h after collection. The correlation coefficients for comparisons among different time points for the same machine and among all the time points for the two different machines were greater than 0.90. These data showed that the Partec Cyflow SL_3 assay is comparable to the BD FACSCalibur/Sysmex XT1800i dual-platform method for measuring the amount of CD4+ cells and total lymphocytes and the percentages of CD4 cells in blood samples for the purpose of monitoring HIV/AIDS patients. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	accuracy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; device; flow cytometer; flow cytometry; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; patient monitoring; priority journal; Zimbabwe; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Flow Cytometry; HIV Infections; Humans; Lymphocyte Count	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247097121	Impact of soil types and petroleum effluents on the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae	Oboh B.O., Adeyinka Y., Awonuga S., Akinola M.O.	2007	Journal of Environmental Biology	28	2	None	Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Environmental Biology Lab., University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Oboh, B.O., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Environmental Biology Lab., University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeyinka, Y., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Environmental Biology Lab., University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Awonuga, S., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Environmental Biology Lab., University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Akinola, M.O., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Environmental Biology Lab., University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae, exposed to different concentrations of dump-site soil and petroleum effluents exhibited different morbidity and mortality responses. Lake sediments caused varied fluctuations in weight over a 20 day exposure period. Colour changes and mortality up to 15% were observed in earthworms cultured in 100% lake sediment, while weight loss, coiling and sluggish movement were observed in 50% lake water. The effects of 100% dump-site soils were more pronounced as 40% death, swelling, body lesions, stiffening, coiling and low reproduction were recorded. Earthworms were useful as an organism in testing the toxicity of dump-site soils and effluent from a petroleum industry. Dump-site soils and soils polluted with petroleum effluent reduced populations of earthworms and this could subsequently affect other components of the ecosystems associated with earthworm activities. © Triveni Enterprises.	Activities; Dump-site; Population	petroleum; earthworm; effluent; lacustrine deposit; morbidity; mortality; petroleum; physiological response; pollution exposure; population decline; soil pollution; soil type; toxicity test; animal experiment; article; biomass; controlled study; earthworm; effluent; environmental exposure; Eudrilus eugeniae; exposure; lake ecosystem; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; petrochemical industry; soil; soil pollution; Animals; Body Weight; Industrial Waste; Oligochaeta; Petroleum; Refuse Disposal; Soil Pollutants; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Eudrilus eugeniae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247114655	Evaluation of native and modified forms of Pennisetum glaucum (millet) starch as disintegrant in chloroquine tablet formulations	Odeku O.A., Alabi C.O.	2007	Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology	17	2	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Odeku, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Alabi, C.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Native and modified forms of millet starch, obtained from a tropical cereal plant - Pennisetum glaucum - have been investigated as disintegrant in a chloroquine tablet formulation in comparison with corn starch BP. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using the crushing strength and friability tests, while the drug release properties of the tablets were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times as assessment parameters. There were generally no significant (p > 0.05) differences in the mechanical and drug release properties of native millet and corn starches but tablets containing the modified forms of millet starches showed significantly (p < 0.01) lower values of disintegration and dissolution times than those of corn starch BP. The result shows the potentials of native and modified forms of millet starch as disintegrant in tablet formulations and suggests that the starches could be further developed for commercial purposes.	Acid modification; Corn starch; Disintegrant properties; Millet starch; Pregelatinization	chloroquine; disintegrating agent; starch; article; corn; crushing strength; drug dosage form comparison; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; mechanics; pearl millet; tablet formulation; tablet friability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247116067	Role of the data safety and monitoring board in an international trial	Caceres C.F., Celentano D.D., Coates T.J., Hartwell T.D., Kasprzyk D., Kelly J.A., Kozlov A.P., Pequegnat W., Rotheram-Borus M.J., Solomon S., Woelk G., Wu Z.	2007	AIDS	21	None	10.1097/01.aids.0000266462.33891.0b	Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Costa Rica; Johns Hopkins University, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States; RTI International, United States; Medical College of Wisconsin, United States; Biomedical Center, St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation; National Institute of Mental Health; UCLA, United States; YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), India; University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Zimbabwe; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China	Caceres, C.F., Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Costa Rica; Celentano, D.D., Johns Hopkins University, United States; Coates, T.J., David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States; Hartwell, T.D., RTI International, United States; Kasprzyk, D.; Kelly, J.A., Medical College of Wisconsin, United States; Kozlov, A.P., Biomedical Center, St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation; Pequegnat, W., National Institute of Mental Health; Rotheram-Borus, M.J., UCLA, United States; Solomon, S., YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), India; Woelk, G., University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Zimbabwe; Wu, Z., Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China	OBJECTIVE: To describe the composition and role of the data safety and monitoring board (DSMB) for the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial. DESIGN: NIMH appointed to the DSMB nine members representing the following areas of expertise: prevention science, ethnography, infectious diseases (especially HIV and sexually transmitted diseases), laboratory diagnostics, clinical practice, methodology, international trial experience, statistics, and ethics. METHODS: The DSMB assessed the overall study for any concern about plans or implementation and reviewed cumulative study data to evaluate the safety of study participants, the ongoing conduct of the study, and the scientific validity and integrity of the Trial. Because of the Trial's international scope, the DSMB examined the effects of cultural differences on study implementation and fidelity. RESULTS: Among the DSMB recommendations that strengthened the Trial was one to conduct initial epidemiological studies of the venues selected for the intervention to verify risk and to establish intraclass correlation coefficients that could be used to calculate appropriate sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS: The DSMB played a critical role in this Trial. Because members have the expertise required to monitor the Trial, are not involved in the daily management of the Trial, and can review interim analyses and adverse event reports, they are in an excellent position to provide expert advice to ensure that the Trial's goals are achieved and that NIH funds are well invested. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Community popular opinion leader; Data safety and monitoring board; HIV; Sexually transmitted diseases	article; clinical practice; cultural factor; data analysis; ethics; ethnography; health care organization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection; laboratory test; medical research; methodology; monitoring; policy; priority journal; sample size; sexually transmitted disease; statistical analysis; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; China; Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees; Community Networks; Confidentiality; Data Collection; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; India; International Cooperation; Male; Multicenter Studies; National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.); Peru; Randomized Controlled Trials; Research Design; Risk Reduction Behavior; Russia; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247121753	Evaluation of recombinant BCG expressing rotavirus VP6 as an anti-rotavirus vaccine	Dennehy M., Bourn W., Steele D., Williamson A.-L.	2007	Vaccine	25	18	10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.087	Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20 Appia Avenue, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa	Dennehy, M., Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Bourn, W., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Steele, D., Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20 Appia Avenue, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa	Recombinant BCG expressing rotavirus VP6 was explored as an anti-rotavirus vaccine in a mouse model. Three promoters and five ribosome-binding sites were used in episomal and integrative E. coli-mycobacterium shuttle vectors to express VP6 in BCG. The VP6 gene was configured for accumulation within the BCG cytoplasm, secretion from the BCG cell or targeting to the BCG cell membrane. Vectors were assessed in terms of stability, levels of antigen production, immunogenicity and protection in mice. Gross instability occurred in episomal vectors utilizing the hsp60 promoter. However, three integrative vectors using the same expression system and two episomal vectors using inducible promoters were successfully recovered from BCG. Growth rates of the former were not detectably reduced. Growth rates of the latter were considerably reduced, implying the existence of a significant metabolic load. In the absence of selection, loss rate of these plasmids was high. VP6 production levels (0.04-1.78% of total cytoplasmic protein) were on the lower end of the range reported for other rBCG. One episomal and one integrated vaccine reduced viral shedding in intraperitoneally vaccinated mice challenged with rotavirus. Compared to controls, infection-associated faecal shedding of virus was reduced by 66% and 62%, respectively. These protective vectors differ in promoter, ribosome-binding site and antigen production level, but both link the VP6 protein to the 19 kDa lipoprotein signal sequence, suggesting that transport of VP6 to the BCG membrane is important for induction of a protective immune response. Protection occurred in the absence of detectable anti-rotavirus antibody in serum or faeces, implicating cellular immunity in protection. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	BCG; Rotavirus; VP6	BCG vaccine; cytoplasm protein; heat shock protein 60; lipoprotein; protein VP6; recombinant vaccine; rotatex; Rotavirus vaccine; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; article; binding site; cell membrane; controlled study; cytoplasm; drug mechanism; drug stability; episome; Escherichia coli; female; gene expression regulation; growth rate; immunity; immunogenicity; mouse; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; plasmid; priority journal; promoter region; protein expression; protein secretion; protein transport; ribosome; Rotavirus; shuttle vector; signal transduction; target cell; virus infection; virus load; virus shedding; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Female; Genetic Vectors; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mycobacterium bovis; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus Vaccines; Transformation, Genetic; Vaccines, Synthetic	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247122846	Evaluation of crude oil contaminated soil on the mineral nutrient elements of maize (Zea mays L.)	Agbogidi O.M., Eruotor P.G., Akparobi S.O., Nnaji G.U.	2007	Journal of Agronomy	6	1	None	Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	Agbogidi, O.M., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Eruotor, P.G., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Akparobi, S.O., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Nnaji, G.U., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	This study evaluated the effects of crude oil contaminated soil on the mineral nutrient elements of maize. The study was conducted in Asaba and Ozoro locations of Delta State during the 2003 and 2004 planting seasons. Open pollinated AMATZBR y maize variety was used for the study. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design replicated four times. Five crude oil concentrations (0, 5.2, 10.4, 20.8 and 41.6 mL) applied (ring application) at five weeks after planting (5 WAP) constituted treatments. The study location formed the main plot and the oil levels, the sub-plots. Grains were harvested at 14 WAP, shelled and analysed for mineral nutrient contents. Soil chemical properties were also analysed. The results showed that while total carbon, organic carbon, C/N ratio, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and pH were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in soils amended with crude oil, crude oil application to soil significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) electrical conductivity, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in both locations. The highest values of 23.49 and 16.67 were recorded for C/N ratio in soils with 41.6 mL of oil while the lowest values of 8.83 and 9.72 were obtained in soils without oil treatment in Asaba and Ozoro locations, respectively. Significant differences (p = 0.05) were observed in the nutrient contents of maize seeds grown in soils amended with crude oil when compared with those grown in the uncontaminated sub-plots. The present study has demonstrated that crude oil contamination can improve soil content of some nutrient elements including Mg2+, K+, P, Na+ and exhibit a highly significant effect of reducing the chemical composition of maize seeds. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Chemical composition; Crude oil; Maize; Nutrient elements; Soil contamination	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247123989	Rangeland evaluation in the middle Awash valley of Ethiopia: I. Herbaceous vegetation cover	Abule E., Snyman H.A., Smit G.N.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	70	2	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.12.008	Adami Tulu Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Abule, E., Adami Tulu Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Snyman, H.A., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Smit, G.N., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	The objective of this study was to determine the condition and grazing capacity of commonly grazed rangeland of pastoralists living in the Kereyu-Fantale and Awash-Fantale districts of Ethiopia. In each of the districts, data on grass species composition, basal cover, bare ground, soil erosion and dry matter (DM) yield were collected. The most dominant grass species in the study districts was Chrysopogon plumulosus, followed by different species of Sporobolus. The percentage bare ground varied from 0.3% to 10.8%, with a mean value of 5.3%. The basal cover in both districts was low, averaging 3.4%. The DM yield of the grass ranged between 168.5 and 832 kg ha-1. The grazing capacity varied from as low as 54.1 to as high as 7.1 ha LSU-1. The general conclusion that can be made is that the condition of the rangeland in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia is poor, requiring careful and participatory management. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Basal cover; Grass DM yield; Grass species composition; Grazing capacity; Percentage bare ground; Rangeland condition	bare soil; community composition; dry matter; environmental assessment; environmental conditions; grass; grazing pressure; rangeland; soil erosion; valley; vegetation cover; Africa; Awash Valley; East Africa; Ethiopia; Fantale; Sub-Saharan Africa; Chrysopogon plumulosus; Sporobolus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247139203	Evaluation of karyotype status of Musa L. somaclonal variants (Musaceae: Zingiberales)	Obute G.C., Aziagba P.C.	2007	Turkish Journal of Botany	31	2	None	Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PHC, Nigeria; Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PHC, Nigeria	Obute, G.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PHC, Nigeria; Aziagba, P.C., Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PHC, Nigeria	Tissue culture regenerated materials of Musa L. spp. (banana and plantain) along with their somaclonal variants were assessed for karyotype abnormalities to be used as indicators for rapid cytological marking. The results show that although slight variations were noted in karyomorphometric characters, like chromosome number, arm length, total chromosome length, and total chromosome volume, these were not significant (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, chromosomal abnormalities may not be accurate markers for somaclonal variation in these species. The need to not overemphasise chromosomal instability resulting from culture techniques was highlighted. Other possible causes of somaclonal variations were proposed to explain this phenomenon in Musa spp. © TÜBİTAK.	Karyotype; Musa; Somaclonal variants; Tissue culture; Zingiberales	chromosome; cytology; karyotype; marking method; Magnoliophyta; Musa; Musaceae; Zingiberales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247147541	Introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine into routine immunization in Ghana and its impact on bacterial meningitis in children younger than five years	Renner L.A., Newman M.J., Ahadzie L., Antwi-Agyei K.O., Eshetu M.	2007	Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal	26	4	10.1097/01.inf.0000258693.19247.8e	Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Disease Surveillance Unit, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana; EPI Unit, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana; WHO, Nairobi, Kenya	Renner, L.A., Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Newman, M.J., Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Ahadzie, L., Disease Surveillance Unit, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana; Antwi-Agyei, K.O., EPI Unit, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana; Eshetu, M., WHO, Nairobi, Kenya	This report shows the impact of a pentavalent vaccine that includes Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine on bacterial meningitis in children younger than 5 years in Ghana. A review of the first 3 years of a pediatric bacterial meningitis surveillance program, started in August 2001 in Accra, Ghana, was undertaken. There was a significant reduction, P = 0.042 and 0.017, in percentage of purulent meningitis in children younger than 1 year, comparing the first year when the vaccine was introduced, to the second and third years, respectively. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Hib conjugate vaccine; Pediatric bacterial meningitis; Pentavalent vaccine	Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; article; bacterial meningitis; bacterium culture; cerebrospinal fluid analysis; controlled study; Ghana; health survey; human; immunization; infant; lumbar puncture; major clinical study; medical record; mortality; preschool child; priority journal; Child, Preschool; Ghana; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Meningitis, Bacterial; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Neisseria meningitidis; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247149911	The CHRNE 470del20 mutation causing congenital myasthenic syndrome in South African Brahman cattle: Prevalence, origin, and association with performance traits	Thompson P.N., Van Der Werf J.H.J., Heesterbeek J.A.P., Van Arendonk J.A.M.	2007	Journal of Animal Science	85	3	10.2527/jas.2006-379	Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands	Thompson, P.N., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Van Der Werf, J.H.J., School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Heesterbeek, J.A.P., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Van Arendonk, J.A.M., Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands	Genotyping of the South African, registered, Brahman cattle population for the 470del20 mutation in the CHRNE gene causing congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) was carried out in 1,453 animals. Overall prevalence of carriers was 0.97% (0.50 to 1.68%, 95% confidence interval). Carrier prevalence among breeding bulls in 2004 was 1.22% (0.65 to 2.15%, 95% confidence interval), and had not changed significantly since 2000. Using segregation analysis, CMS genotype probabilities were calculated for all 612,219 animals in the pedigree, leading to the identification of 2 founder animals as the most likely original carriers. Pedigree analysis revealed no ancestors common to all known carriers, but rather that the mutation had been introduced at least twice into the South African Brahman population, probably via animals imported from the United States. The effects of CMS genotype probability on adjusted birth, 200-d, 400-d, and 600-d BW, as well as on EBV for birth, 200-d, 400-d, and 600-d BW, and milk, were estimated, accounting for effects of sire. Heterozygosity for the CHRNE 470del20 mutation was associated with a 13.3-kg increase in adjusted 600-d BW (P = 0.03). Positive effects of CMS carrier status on all BW EBV were found, but no effect was found on milk EBV. We conclude that CMS carriers have a BW advantage at 600 d and possibly also at birth, 200 d, and 400 d. This may confer a selective advantage and tend to increase the frequency of the mutation. © 2007 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.	Brahman cattle; Congenital myasthenic syndrome; Genotyping; Heterozygote; Pedigree analysis	Animalia; Bos; Human herpesvirus 4; animal; animal disease; article; cattle; cattle disease; congenital myasthenic syndrome; female; genetics; genotype; heterozygote; male; mutation; prevalence; South Africa; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Genotype; Heterozygote; Male; Mutation; Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital; Prevalence; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247150733	Growth and subsequent egg production performance of Shika-Brown pullets fed graded levels of cooked Lablab purpureus beans	Abeke F.O., Ogundipe S.O., Sekoni A.A., Dafwang I.I., Adeyinka I.A., Oni O.O., Abeke A.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	10	7	None	National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; National Agric Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Abeke, F.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; Ogundipe, S.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; Sekoni, A.A., National Agric Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Dafwang, I.I., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; Oni, O.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria; Abeke, A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	The lablab seeds were cooked for 30 min, sundried for three days and thereafter milled and incorporated into chickens' diets. Six treatments, comprising of six dietary levels of lablab at 0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, 30.0 and 37.5%, respectively was fed during the grower's phase. Results obtained for the growers phase indicate that final weight (g/bird), weight gain (g/bird) and feed cost (N kg-1) decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) as the level of lablab increased in the diet. Feed intake (g/bird and g/bird/day) as well as feed cost (N/bird) and total cost (N/bird) also decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) as the level of lablab increased in the diet up to 22.5% inclusion level before increasing as the level of lablab in the diets continued to increase. The level of lablab in the diet had no effect on mortality throughout the experimental period. In addition haematological parameters such as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Total Protein (TP) were not significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected by feeding diets containing graded levels of cooked lablab beans to pullets. Results obtained during the laying phase indicates that feeding lablab seed meal up to 22.5% in the diets at the growers stage had no significant adverse effect (p&lt;0.05) on final weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, percent henday and henhoused egg production, percent production at peak, kilogramme feed per twelve eggs, feed cost per twelve eggs, Haugh Unit and yolk index. However, age of birds at first egg, age at 50% production and age at peak egg production were increased significantly (p&gt;0.05) with increase in the level of lablab seed meal in the growers diets. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Beans; Chicken diets; Egg production; Lablab purpureus	animal; animal food; article; chemistry; chicken; cooking; eating; egg; female; growth, development and aging; legume; metabolism; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Cookery; Eating; Eggs; Fabaceae; Female; Weight Gain; Aves; Gallus gallus; Lablab; Lablab purpureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247179719	From forest to pasture: An evaluation of the influence of environment and biogeography on the structure of dung beetle (Scarabaeinae) assemblages along three altitudinal gradients in the Neotropical region	Escobar F., Halffter G., Arellano L.	2007	Ecography	30	2	10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.04818.x	Dept. de Biodiversidad y Comportamiento Animal, Inst. de Ecología A.C., Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Dept. of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Escobar, F., Dept. de Biodiversidad y Comportamiento Animal, Inst. de Ecología A.C., Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, Dept. of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Halffter, G., Dept. de Biodiversidad y Comportamiento Animal, Inst. de Ecología A.C., Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Arellano, L., Dept. de Biodiversidad y Comportamiento Animal, Inst. de Ecología A.C., Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico	The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of environmental (associated with the expansion of cattle ranching) and biogeographical factors on the diversity of dung beetle (Scarabaeinae) assemblages along three altitudinal gradients in the Neotropical region. One gradient is located in the Mexican Transition Zone, on the Cofre de Perote mountain, the other two are in the northern Andes (the Chiles Volcano and the Río Cusiana Basin). For the three gradients, the number of species and of individuals was similar in both forest and pasture, while species composition was different between habitats. On this mountain, species turnover in pastures was characterized by the addition of new species as altitude increased. In the northern Andes, species diversity was always greater in the forest than in the pasture, and species turnover between habitats was notably influenced by species loss with increasing altitude. As such the pasture fauna of the northern Andes was an impoverished derivative of the fauna present in the forests at the same altitude characterized by species of Neotropical affinity with a limited capacity for colonizing open, sunnier habitats. The opposite occurs in the areas used by cattle on the Cofre de Perote. This habitat has its own fauna, which is mainly comprised of Holarctic and Afrotropical species adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions of areas lacking arboreal vegetation. These results suggest that the impact on beetle communities caused by human activities can differ depending on the geographic position of each mountain and, particularly, the biogeographical history of the species assemblage that lives there. Copyright © Ecography 2007.	None	beetle; biogeography; community composition; community structure; environmental gradient; forest; Neotropical region; pasture; species diversity; Andes; Cofre de Perote; Colombia; Cusiana Basin; Mexico [North America]; North America; South America; Veracruz; Bos; Coleoptera; Scarabaeinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247216261	Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal and anti-ulcerogenic potential of ethanol extract of Carpolobia lutea leaves in rodents	Nwafor P.A., Bassey A.I.L.	2007	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	111	3	10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.019	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, PMB 1017, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Nwafor, P.A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, PMB 1017, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Bassey, A.I.L., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, PMB 1017, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	The effect of ethanol extract of Carpolobia lutea leaves on experimentally induced diarrhoea and ulcers was studied in rodents. The extract (245-735 mg/kg) inhibited small intestinal transit time (15.10-45.03%), castor oil-induced diarrhoea (25.69-43.54%) and fluid accumulation (7.53-34.15%), respectively, as well as indomethancin (47.64-79.79%) and ethanol-induced (65.63-89.65%) ulcer models. The various degrees of inhibitions were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins and flavonoids. Others include cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and terpenes. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined to be 2449.49 mg/kg body weight. Though the mechanism of action of the extract may not be fully understood, the extract may in part be mediating its actions through its inhibitory effects on α2-adrenoceptor and cholinergic (anti-muscarinic receptor) systems or through the actions of its active metabolites. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anti-diarroheal; Anti-ulcerogenic; Carpolobia lutea leaves; Ethanol extract; Rodents	alcohol; alpha 2 adrenergic receptor; anthraquinone derivative; cardiac glycoside; Carpolobia lutea extract; castor oil; cholinergic receptor; cimetidine; diphenoxylate; flavonoid; indometacin; plant extract; saponin derivative; tannin derivative; terpene derivative; unclassified drug; yohimbine; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; diarrhea; drug activity; drug mechanism; intestine transit time; intestine ulcer; LD 50; mouse; nonhuman; Polygalaceae; rat; Acetylcholine; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastrointestinal Transit; Lethal Dose 50; Medicine, African Traditional; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Polygalaceae; Rats; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; Stomach Ulcer; Carpolobia; Rodentia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247235241	Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic seed extract of Picralima nitida	Okokon J.E., Antia B.S., Igboasoiyi A.C., Essien E.E., Mbagwu H.O.C.	2007	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	111	3	10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.016	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, N	Okokon, J.E., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Antia, B.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Igboasoiyi, A.C., Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Essien, E.E., Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Mbagwu, H.O.C., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol seed extract of Picralima nitida grown particularly for the leaf and seed in Niger Delta region of Nigeria was evaluated in Plasmodium berghei berghei infected mice. Picralima nitida (35-115 mg/kg day) exhibited significant (P < 0.05) blood schizonticidal activity both in 4-day early infection test and in established infection with a considerable mean survival time though not comparable to that of the standard drug, chloroquine, 5 mg/kg day. The seed extract possesses significant (P < 0.05) antiplasmodial activity which correlate with it reported in vitro activity. © 2007.	Antiplasmodial; Malaria; Picralima nitida	chloroquine; Picralima nitida extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; Apocynaceae; article; controlled study; drug dose comparison; drug efficacy; drug mechanism; female; malaria; male; mouse; nonhuman; parasitosis; picralima nitida; Plasmodium berghei; seed; survival; Animals; Antimalarials; Apocynaceae; Chloroquine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Lethal Dose 50; Malaria; Male; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plasmodium berghei; Seeds; Survival Rate; Mus; Picralima nitida; Plasmodium berghei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247269205	Evaluation of microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay for detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Shiferaw G., Woldeamanuel Y., Gebeyehu M., Girmachew F., Demessie D., Lemma E.	2007	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	45	4	10.1128/JCM.01949-06	Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Shiferaw, G., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Woldeamanuel, Y., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gebeyehu, M., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Girmachew, F., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Demessie, D., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Lemma, E., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Early detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is of primary importance for both patient management and infection control. Optimal methods for identifying drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a timely and affordable way in resource-limited settings are not yet available. This study prospectively evaluated a low-technology but rapid drug susceptibility testing method, the microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS), in the concurrent detection of M. tuberculosis and its susceptibilities to isoniazid and rifampin (two drugs defining multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis) directly from sputum specimens. Sputum samples were collected from 262 smear-positive TB patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To undertake MODS, 100 μl of decontaminated samples was inoculated into a 24-well plate containing 1 ml of 7H9 broth with and without appropriate drugs. The assay uses an inverted-light microscope to detect characteristic mycobacterial growth in liquid culture. Of 262 smear-positive patients, MODS detected 254 (96.9%) and culture in Löwenstein-Jensen medium detected 247 (94.3%) (P = 0.016). For the 247 cultures, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MODS for detecting MDR-TB were 92.0, 99.5, and 98.8%, respectively, using the method of proportion as a reference (concordance, 98.8%; kappa value, 0.932). Results for MODS were obtained in a median time of 9 days. MODS is an optimal alternative method for identifying MDR-TB in a timely and affordable way in resource-limited settings. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic agent; capreomycin; isoniazid; kanamycin; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; rifampicin; article; bacterial growth; drug sensitivity; early diagnosis; Ethiopia; evaluation; human; infection control; major clinical study; microscopy; multidrug resistance; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sputum analysis; Antitubercular Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247274198	Evaluation of the performance of the automated NucliSENS easyMAG and EasyQ systems versus the Roche AmpliPrep-AMPLICOR combination for high-throughput monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus load	Stevens W., Horsfield P., Scott L.E.	2007	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	45	4	10.1128/JCM.01540-06	Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa	Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Horsfield, P., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa	This study presents the data of an evaluation of the automated Nuclisens easyMAG and EasyQ systems versus the Roche AmpliPrep-AMPLICOR combination for testing of high-volume human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load. This represents a follow-up of a previous study investigating the performance of the real-time Nuclisens assay using the semiautomated NucliSENS miniMAG extraction procedure. Three hundred eighteen patient samples were analyzed using both methods. The easyMAG-EasyQ HIV type 1 system has a higher sensitivity and broader dynamic range than the Cobas AmpliPrep-AMPLICOR system when the standard Roche assay is used alone, 25 to 3,000,000 IU/ml versus 400 to 750,000 HIV RNA copies/ml, respectively. There was significant correlation between the assays (0.93; P < 0.0001), with good accuracy (percent similarity mean μ = 96%), good precision (percent similarity standard deviation = 4.97%), and overall good agreement with a low percent similarity coefficient of variation of 5.17 to 6.11%. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that the AMPLICOR assay generated higher values than the EasyQ combination, with 95% of results within clinically acceptable limits. The throughput of samples was greatly improved using the easyMAG-EasyQ system, allowing 144 samples to be processed within 6 h. The potential for contamination has been dramatically reduced using the automated extraction system. Additional negative controls have been added to the kit to monitor for contamination based on the South African experience. This assay thus presents a real option for monitoring HIV load assays in high-volume testing environments. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	virus RNA; article; automation; controlled study; follow up; high throughput screening; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; nonhuman; patient monitoring; priority journal; South Africa; virus load; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; RNA, Viral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247340143	Testcross performance and diversity analysis of white maize lines derived from backcrosses containing exotic germplasm	Menkir A., Ingelbrecht I., The C.	2007	Euphytica	155	3	10.1007/s10681-006-9344-8	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; IRAD, Nkolbisson Center, BP, 2067 Younde, Cameroon	Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ingelbrecht, I., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; The, C., IRAD, Nkolbisson Center, BP, 2067 Younde, Cameroon	Introgression from exotic maize (Zea mays L.) into adapted breeding pools can broaden and diversify the genetic base of adapted germplasm. The first objective of this study was to determine the agronomic performance of white maize lines derived from adapted x exotic backcrosses in tropical environments. Six exotic white maize inbred lines were crossed to an adapted white line (1368) and the F1s were backcrossed to 1368. Forty-one BC1F 4 lines derived from these backcrosses and the recurrent parent were crossed with a common inbred tester (9071) and the progeny were evaluated at eight environments in Nigeria. The testcrosses x environment interaction mean square was not significant for all agronomic traits. The BC-derived lines containing exotic germplasm contributed significantly to the variation in testcross mean grain yields and other agronomic traits. Among the 41 testcrosses, only 5 yielded significantly less than 1368 x 9071, with the 7 best testcrosses producing between 304 and 867 kg ha-1 more grain than 1368 x 9071. The second objective of this study was to assess the genetic divergence of the BC-derived white lines from their adapted recurrent parent. Thirty-nine BC-derived white lines along with 1368 and 9071 were genotyped with ten AFLP primer pairs that generated 506 polymorphic fragments. The average allelic diversity of the lines was 31 ± 0.07. The genetic distance (GD) estimates of each BC-derived line from 1368 varied from 0.76 to 0.84, with a mean of 0.80 ± 0.003. The average GD for all pairs of the BC-derived lines was 0.63 ± 0.005, varying from 0.31 to 0.89. The observed significant amount of variation among the BC-derived white lines suggests that they can contribute new alleles for expanding the genetic base of tropical maize and for developing high-yielding hybrids. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	AFLP; Agronomic performance; Backcross derived lines; Maize	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247346043	Effect of feeding different grain sources on the growth performance and body composition of tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed in outdoor hapas	Solomon S.G., Tiamiyu L.O., Agaba U.J.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	3	None	Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Solomon, S.G., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Tiamiyu, L.O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Agaba, U.J., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	The study investigated the growth performance and body composition of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L) fingerlings (4.70g ± 0.09) fed Isonitrogenous and Isoenergetic diet of 25% crude protein containing different grain sources (maize, wheat, rice, sorghum and millet) designated DT1, DT2, DT3, DT4 and DT5 respectively. The study lasted for 56 days. Fish fed a diet containing maize gave the highest mean weight gain (MWG) of 6.05g; highest specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.47; best food conversion ratio (FCR) of 3.31 and the best Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 0.93. Fish fed diet containing rice gave the poorest MWG of 4.70g and the poorest SGR, FCR and PER values. However, there is no significant difference in the values of SGR, FCR, PER and ANPU recorded for the five diets (P > 0.05). There was a difference in MWG of Fish Fed Diet 1 (Maize compared to the fish fed Rice and Millet (P<0.05). The maize diet produced fish with higher ether extract and Crude Protein in the body than fish fed the other grains. The difference in ether extract and crude protein among the five diets was however not significantly different (P>0.05). It can be concluded that cereal grains inclusion in the diet of Tilapia up to 57.90% can be effectively utilized by the fish with maize being the best followed closely by sorghum while rice remain the poorest in terms of growth response and nutrient utilization. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Cereal grains; Fingerlings; Tilapia	animal food; aquaculture; article; body composition; cereal; energy consumption; fish; food intake; grain; growth rate; maize; millet; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional support; protein intake; rice; sorghum; Tilapia; weight gain; wheat; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247356897	Factors impacting on career choices of Technikon students from previously disadvantaged high schools	Bojuwoye O., Mbanjwa S.	2006	Journal of Psychology in Africa	16	1	None	University of Kwazulu Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa	Bojuwoye, O., University of Kwazulu Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa; Mbanjwa, S., University of Kwazulu Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa	Career development is a socially constructed process involving complex interactions among different structures, forces, and systems all constituting spheres of Influence. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence career decisions. Eighty respondents (40 males and 40 females with mean age of 22 years) participated in the study. Results revealed that family variables of parental high expectations of children and appropriate communications within the family, as well as factors such as prestige statuses of some occupations, school curricular subjects, academic performance, teacher influences, and peer pressure had strong positive influences on career choices. Barriers to career choices identified included finance, lack of appropriate information, poor academic performance, and unsatisfactory career counseling services. Results suggest need for a better approach to career education in schools and counseling services that are adaptive to social, economic, and cultural contexts.	Barriers to career choice; Career choices; Career decision making; Career status; Family variables; Guidance and counseling programs; School influences	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247357793	Subjective visual evaluation vs. traditional and geometric morphometrics in species delimitation: A comparison of moth genitalia	Mutanen M., Pretorius E.	2007	Systematic Entomology	32	2	10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00372.x	Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland	Mutanen, M., Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland; Pretorius, E., Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Species-level taxonomic studies usually include detailed morphological descriptions of taxa. Traditionally, species descriptions have been based on nonmetric, subjective, visual comparisons of morphological traits regardless of whether diagnostic characters between species are quantitative or qualitative in nature. In difficult cases, traditional morphometrics (morphometrics based on linear measurements or ratios) and appropriate multivariate statistics have been applied to validate species delimitations. Modern geometric morphometrics, a new powerful method to quantify shapes, is increasingly being used in taxonomy and systematics. We compared the results from the three morphology-based methods (subjective visual differentiation and differentiation by traditional morphometrics and geometric morphometrics) using male genital morphology for this purpose. Five species complexes of Lepidoptera Tortricidae and Geometridae were analysed, each having two to four species, and each species being readily identifiable by their wing patterns. The between-species differences were visualized with thin-plate spline deformation grids using average landmark configurations of each species. The results from exploratory and confirmatory statistics of geometric data in a taxonomic context were compared. Morphometrics provided more accurate identification than subjective visual differentiation and the best result was achieved by combined size and shape data. Furthermore, species delimitation using exploratory statistics of landmark data is often problematic because of overlap in scatters. We conclude that geometric morphometrics provides a powerful way to search for differences between taxa and serves as an objective, useful and novel way to visualize morphological variation in shape in insect taxonomy. We recommend more extensive use of geometric morphometric tools in taxonomy. © 2007 The Royal Entomological Society.	None	morphology; morphometry; moth; taxonomy; visual analysis; Geometridae; Hexapoda; Lepidoptera; Tortricidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247375625	The reproductive performance of breeder cocks fed cottonseed cake-based diets	Adeyemo G.O., Longe O.G., Adejumo D.O.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	2	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Adeyemo, G.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Longe, O.G., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adejumo, D.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Histology of the testes of breeder cocks fed replacement levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% of cottonseed meal (CSM) for soybean meal (SBM) in five different breeder diets for fifteen weeks were investigated in a completely randomized design. Chemical analyses were carried out to determine the crude protein (CP) and gossypol content of CSM. The 23 week-old breeder cocks were fed the experimental diets for 15 weeks, euthanized and their testes removed for histological studies. The determined CP and gossypol contents of CSM were 35.11% and 570 g/ton respectively. The daily sperm production (DSP) by the breeder cocks was depressed when CSM dietary inclusion was above 50% with DSP values ranging from 1.5×109 to 2.9×109/mL. The investigation showed that replacing 75% SBM with CSM was not injurious to the non-reproductive health of the breeder cocks. However, CSM may not replace more than 50% of SBM for breeder cocks because of the depressing effect of gossypol on sperm production when this level is exceeded. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Breeder cocks; Cottonseed meal; Daily sperm production; Histology; Reproduction	Glycine max; Micropus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247376503	Using blended learning to boost motivation and performance in introductory economics modules	van Der Merwe A.	2007	South African Journal of Economics	75	1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00109.x	Department of Applied Management, Durban University of Technology, Scottsville, South Africa	van Der Merwe, A., Department of Applied Management, Durban University of Technology, Scottsville, South Africa	This paper explores the potential of online learning, in a local context, to provide academic economics with much of the context it currently lacks and which may be implicated in students' lack of motivation to engage with the discipline. Since weak motivation can be expected to play out in poor performance, the study set out to establish, firstly, whether the online intervention was a motivational experience for students. Secondly, various tests were performed to determine whether - and how strongly - motivation and performance are related. The study concludes that even the weak statistical promise of online learning, as in this particular case, should be embraced given the interest displayed by students in online economics teaching and learning. © 2007 The Author. Journal compilation © 2007 Economic Society of South Africa 2007.	None	academic performance; economics; learning; student; teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247381211	Generation and evaluation of a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine for rabies	Weyer J., Rupprecht C.E., Mans J., Viljoen G.J., Nel L.H.	2007	Vaccine	25	21	10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.084	University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Zoonosis, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Division of Applied Biotechnology, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Weyer, J., University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Zoonosis, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Mans, J., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Division of Applied Biotechnology, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Viljoen, G.J., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Division of Applied Biotechnology, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Nel, L.H., University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has become a vaccine vector of choice for recombinant vaccine development. A MVA-based rabies vaccine would be advantageous for use as a vaccine for dogs (and wildlife), particularly if it proves innocuous and efficacious by the oral route. Here, the generation and immunological testing of a recombinant MVA expressing a rabies virus glycoprotein gene is described. In a murine model, higher dosages of recombinant MVA were needed to induce equivocal immune responses as with Vaccinia Copenhagen or Vaccinia Western Reserve recombinants, when administered by a parenteral route. The MVA recombinant was not immunogenic or efficacious when administered per os in naïve mice. The ability of the recombinant MVA to induce anamnestic responses in dogs and raccoons was also investigated. Recombinant MVA boosted humoral immune responses in these animals when administered peripherally, but not when administered orally. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Modified vaccinia virus Ankara; Oral vaccine; Rabies vaccine	modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine; rabies vaccine; rabies virus glycoprotein; recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara virus vector; unclassified drug; vaccinia copenhagen virus vaccine; vaccinia copenhagen virus vector; vaccinia vaccine; vaccinia western reserve vaccine; vaccinia western reserve virus vector; virus vector; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; article; comparative study; controlled study; drug efficacy; female; gene; humoral immunity; immune response; immunogenicity; immunological procedures; mouse; nonhuman; priority journal; rabies; rabies virus glycoprotein gene; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Cell Line; Chickens; Cricetinae; Dogs; Female; Glycoproteins; Immunologic Memory; Mesocricetus; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Models, Animal; Neutralization Tests; Rabies; Rabies Vaccines; Rabies virus; Raccoons; Vaccines, Synthetic; Vaccinia virus; Viral Envelope Proteins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247392501	Meat quality characteristics of springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis). 4: Sensory meat evaluation as influenced by age, gender and production region	Hoffman L.C., Kroucamp M., Manley M.	2007	Meat Science	76	4	10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.02.020	Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa	Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Kroucamp, M., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Manley, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa	The effects of age, gender and production region on the sensory characteristics of springbok M. longissimus dorsi (LD) were investigated in 19 springbok, which originated from two Nature Reserves in the Free State Province of South Africa and were divided into age (adult, sub-adult) and gender categories. The sensory characteristics evaluated were game meat aroma, juiciness, residual tissue, tenderness and game meat flavour. Age, gender and production region had an effect (P &lt; 0.05) on different sensory ratings of the meat. Whereas production region influenced (P &lt; 0.05) the game meat aroma, initial juiciness, sustained juiciness and residual tissue ratings of the meat, gender and age had a significant effect on only the residual tissue rating of the meat. An interaction (P &lt; 0.01) between age, gender and production region was observed for the tenderness attribute where the males from the Gariep Nature Reserve were the only gender that showed a significantly higher tenderness rating in the sub-adult than in the adult category. Sensory ratings were linearly correlated with certain physical and chemical attributes. Warner-Bratzler shear force (kg/1.27 cm diameter) values were inversely correlated with the sensory attributes of tenderness (r = -0.70, P &lt; 0.01), residual tissue (r = -0.68, P &lt; 0.01) and sustained juiciness (r = -0.43; P &lt; 0.05). Age-related effects on perceived tenderness were minor in comparison with pH effects. As the pH24 of the meat increased, tenderness (r = -0.46, P &lt; 0.05) and sustained juiciness (r = -0.54, P &lt; 0.05) decreased significantly. No significant linear correlations were observed between the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and the sustained juiciness ratings of the meat. It can be concluded that production region had some influence on sensory characteristics of springbok meat, whilst the influence of age and gender were negligible. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Flavour; Game meat; pH24; Sensory; Springbok; Tenderness	Antidorcas marsupialis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247467392	Pattern of neuropsychological performance among HIV positive patients in Uganda	Robertson K.R., Nakasujja N., Wong M., Musisi S., Katabira E., Parsons T.D., Ronald A., Sacktor N.	2007	BMC Neurology	7	None	10.1186/1471-2377-7-8	Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Center for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Marina del Ray, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Robertson, K.R., Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Nakasujja, N., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Wong, M., Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Musisi, S., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Katabira, E., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Parsons, T.D., Center for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Marina del Ray, CA, United States; Ronald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Sacktor, N., Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Few studies have examined cognitive functioning of HIV positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. It cannot be assumed that HIV positive patients in Africa exhibit the same declines as patients in high-resource settings, since there are differences that may influence cognitive functioning including nutrition, history of concomitant disease, and varying HIV strains, among other possibilities. Part of the difficulty of specifying abnormalities in neuropsychological functioning among African HIV positive patients is that there are no readily available African normative databases. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the pattern of neuropsychological performance in a sample of HIV positive patients in comparison to HIV negative control subjects in Uganda. Methods: The neuropsychological test scores of 110 HIV positive patients (WHO Stage 2, n = 21; WHO Stage 3, n = 69; WHO Stage 4, n = 20) were contrasted with those of 100 control subjects on measures of attention/concentration, mental flexibility, learning/memory, and motor functioning. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed significant group differences on measures of verbal learning and memory, speed of processing, attention and executive functioning between HIV seropositive and seronegative subjects. Conclusion: Ugandan patients with HIV demonstrated relative deficits on measures of verbal learning and memory, speed of processing, attention, and executive functioning compared to HIV negative controls. These results from a resource limited region where clades A and D are prevalent are consistent with previous findings in the developed world where clade B predominates. © 2007 Robertson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; analysis of covariance; article; attention; controlled study; dementia; developed country; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; learning; major clinical study; male; memory; mental capacity; mental concentration; mental performance; motor performance; neuropsychological test; Uganda; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; analysis of variance; cognition; cognitive defect; disease course; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; middle aged; neuropsychological test; pathophysiology; physiology; psychological aspect; recall; statistics; Uganda; Adult; AIDS Dementia Complex; Analysis of Variance; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Disease Progression; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247483432	Bacterial wilt and drought stresses in banana production and their impact on economic welfare in Uganda: Implications for banana research in East African Highlands	Abele S., Pillay M.	2007	Journal of Crop Improvement	19	02-Jan	10.1300/J411v19n01_09	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Abele, S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Pillay, M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	This study investigates the economic impact of banana Xanthomonas wilt (bxw) and drought on banana production in Uganda. The objective of this research is to determine the benefits of targeted research to avoid economic losses. In the worst-case scenarios, spread of bxw at a rate of 8% per annum, or drought at 50% yield losses in a five-year interval, results in significant losses for both consumers and producers. These losses would not only seriously jeopardize food security, but also affect overall macro-economic performance in Uganda. More likely scenarios with lower bxw and drought losses still show high economic losses, but they are mainly occurring on the consumers' side. Producers benefit from price increases at small production losses. This implies that research has to focus on public goods that can be delivered at no cost to farmers, as farmers under these circumstances are not likely to adopt costly preventive management measures. The best bet in this case would be publicly financed breeding, plant material multiplication and dissemination. Other options may be quarantine or trade restrictions, however, research on linkages between trade and the spread of bxw is yet to be done. © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Banana markets; Breeding; Impact; Musa; Uganda; Xanthomonas wilt	Bacteria (microorganisms); Musa; Xanthomonas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247483435	Evaluation of antioxidant activity and the fatty acid profile of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina growing in South Africa	Erasto P., Grierson D.S., Afolayan A.J.	2007	Food Chemistry	104	2	10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.013	Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Erasto, P., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Grierson, D.S., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa	The leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were examined for antioxidant activity and analysed for their fatty acids content. Using transesterification and GC-MS analysis, 12 fatty acids were identified, which accounted for 74.1% of the lipid content. Two essential fatty acids (EFA), linoleic and α-linolenic acid were found in abundance in the oil. Using DPPH and a ABTS radical scavenging experiments, acetone, methanol and water extracts were screened for their antioxidant activity. The methanol extract exhibited high activity, by scavenging 75-99.3% of the DPPH radicals and 96.2-100% of the ABTS{radical dot}+radicals. These values are higher than those of butylated hydroxytoluene and were less than or equal to those of catechin. The water extract was the least active; its activity ranged from 29% to 88% for DPPH radicals and 76.8-98.3% for ABTS{radical dot}+. The presence of EFA and the high antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts have validated the importance of V. amygdalina in the diet. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antioxidant activity; Fatty acids; Free radical scavenging; Vernonia amygdalina	1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; 2,2' azinobis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid); acetone; antioxidant; butylcresol; catechin; fatty acid; linoleic acid; linolenic acid; methanol; oil; scavenger; sulfonic acid derivative; unclassified drug; Vernonia amydalina extract; water; antioxidant activity; article; diet; drug activity; gas chromatography; mass spectrometer; nonhuman; plant; screening; South Africa; transesterification; vernonia amygdalina; Vernonia amygdalina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247490332	Evaluation of experimental varieties from recurrent selection for Striga resistance in two extra-early maize populations in the savannas of West and Central Africa	Badu-Apraku B., Fakorede M.A.B., Fontem Lum A.	2007	Experimental Agriculture	43	2	10.1017/S0014479706004601	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom	A breeding programme for resistance to Striga hermonthica in maize (Zea mays) was initiated in Côte d'Ivoire in 1994. Two extra-early populations, white (TZEE-W Pop STR) and yellow (TZEE-Y Pop STR), were formed from diallel crosses of the best adapted extra-early maturing maize germplasm in the West and Central African subregion. In an effort to improve the populations for Striga resistance, TZEE-W Pop was crossed to inbred 1368 STR (Tzi 3 STR), and TZEE-Y Pop to 9450 STR (Tzi 25 STR). The resulting F1 populations were carried through two backcross (BC) generations. S1 lines were developed from the BC2 and subjected to two cycles of random mating to generate TZEE-W Pop STR C0 and TZEE-Y Pop STR C0. These two populations were subjected to three cycles of S1 recurrent selection under artificial Striga infestation and several experimental varieties were extracted from the different cycles of the selection programme. The original populations (C0), improved populations, and experimental varieties were evaluated in two experiments under Striga-infested and Striga-free conditions. The primary objective was to determine the effectiveness of S1 recurrent selection in developing Striga-resistant extra-early maize varieties. Results of the performance tests showed that the populations were good sources of Striga-resistant varieties with high-yield potential under both Striga-infested and Striga-free conditions. The results have also confirmed the effectiveness of inbreeding, selection and hybridization, as well as the backcross breeding methods, as tools for the development of extra-early populations, synthetic varieties and inbred lines. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	None	Striga; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247530793	Ten years hence - Has the South African choice on termination of Pregnant Act, Act 92 of 1996, realised its aims? A moral-critical evaluation	de Roubaix M.	2007	Medicine and Law	26	1	None	Centre for Applied Ethics, Department of Philosophy, University of Stellenbosch, West Cape, South Africa	de Roubaix, M., Centre for Applied Ethics, Department of Philosophy, University of Stellenbosch, West Cape, South Africa	The South African Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (Act 92 of 1996) (CTOP) passed by parliament ten years ago, aims to promote female reproductive autonomy through legitimising free access to abortion up to 20 weeks' of gestation. The article critically evaluates CTOP and highlights three societal concerns: the effect of CTOP on the self-esteem of nurses who perform abortion; the effect on general societal morality, and its desirability. CTOP has enjoyed mixed success. On the plus side, it has furthered female reproductive autonomy, has decreased early pregnancy maternal mortality and has advanced non-racialism through equal access to safe abortion. On the minus side, it remains controversial; the majority of the population opposes abortion on request, predominantly based on religiously-informed intuitions on the value of ante-natal life. Officials and managers of public health care facilities are often obstructive, and TOP personnel victimised and socially stigmatised. An unacceptably high rate of unsafe abortion prevails, particularly in rural areas and amongst adolescents, but also in certain urban areas. The prime causes are inadequate public education, attitudinal problems, and lack of psychological support for TOP personnel, the segregation of ante-natal care and abortion services, inadequate training, research, communication and contraceptive services, absence of incentives for TOP personnel and "traditional" gender roles and male power-based domination in reproductive choices. Corrective measures include a goal directed educational programme and initiatives like value clarification workshops which have been effective in changing negative attitudes of participants, and may thus address stigmatisation, improve working conditions of TOP personnel, promote societal tolerance and acceptance, and informed consent. Of particular concern are the questions of informed consent, minors, promotion of counselling and contraceptive services (particularly for adolescents), conscientious objection and the protection of compliant (and non-compliant) personnel. ©YOZMOT 2007.	Abortion legislation; Adolescents; Birth control; Constitutional concerns; Education; Gender based domination; Minors; Pre-natal moral significance; Reproductive autonomy; Safe unsafe abortion; Self-esteem; Societal Morality; South Africa	abortion; article; birth control; contraception; fetal rights; first trimester pregnancy; gestational age; health care access; health care facility; health education; health promotion; human; illegal abortion; induced abortion; informed consent; maternal mortality; medicolegal aspect; morality; nurse attitude; patient attitude; patient autonomy; pregnancy termination; prenatal care; psychosocial care; public health; racism; religion; reproductive rights; right to life; self esteem; sex role; social desirability; social psychology; South Africa; Abortion, Legal; Female; Humans; Morals; Pregnancy; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247594240	An evaluation of awareness: Attitudes and beliefs of pregnant Nigerian women toward voluntary counseling and testing for HIV	Okonkwo K.C., Reich K., Alabi A.I., Umeike N., Nachman S.A.	2007	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	21	4	10.1089/apc.2006.0065	Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66106, Unit	Okonkwo, K.C., Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66106, United States; Reich, K., West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Alabi, A.I., West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Umeike, N., West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Nachman, S.A., Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States	The rate of HIV seroprevalence in Nigeria is troublesome because it is one of the highest prevalence rates worldwide. As in most developing countries, vertical transmission from mother to child accounts for most of the HIV infections in Nigerian children. The purpose of this study was to determine the awareness, attitudes, and beliefs of pregnant Nigerian women toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV. Two hundred forty pregnant women in Awka, Nigeria, completed questionnaires aimed at determining their willingness to accept or reject VCT. Furthermore, participants where questioned about their knowledge of HIV infection, routes of transmission, and treatment options. The majority of the women (87%) approved of VCT; of those who approved, 93% were aware that VCT could reduce the risk of transmission of HIV to their babies. All respondents who accepted VCT were willing to be tested if results remained confidential and 89% would accept if they were tested simultaneously with their partners. 69% of the women who refused VCT attribute their refusal to the social and cultural stigmatization associated with HIV. Overall, the acceptance of VCT appears to depend on the understanding that VCT has proven benefits for the unborn child. Sociocultural factors such as stigmatization of HIV-infected individuals appears to be the major barrier toward widespread acceptance of VCT in Nigeria, thus the development of innovative health education strategies is essential for providing women with information regarding the benefits of VCT and other means of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	adult; article; attitude to health; awareness; evaluation; female; health belief; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection prevention; infection risk; Nigeria; patient counseling; pregnancy; pregnant woman; questionnaire; stigma; treatment refusal; vertical transmission; Adult; Counseling; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Evaluation Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prejudice; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247632601	Characterising borehole radio antenna performance using finite-difference time-domain modelling	Vogt D., Marvin A.	2006	South African Journal of Geology	109	4	10.2113/gssajg.109.4.561	CSIR, Division of Mining Technology, PO Box 91230, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Vogt, D., CSIR, Division of Mining Technology, PO Box 91230, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Marvin, A., Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Radio Tomography (RT) has proven itself as an imaging tool for base metal orebody delineation. To date, theoretical considerations of the imaging technique and inversion algorithms have concentrated on the propagation of energy from the transmit antenna to the receive antenna, while ignoring the antennas themselves. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain technique for modelling antennas has been extended to efficiently model antennas embedded in arbitrary media such as rock. The model is set up with body-of-rotation symmetry to produce models that have three dimensional accuracy, while only having two dimensional computational cost. Wire dipole antennas are efficiently modelled by the addition of a subcell extension for a thin wire coated with a thin layer of insulation. The extended code is used, both to aid in the design of an improved antenna, and to investigate how the performance of the antenna affects the imaging of RT data in particular circumstances. A completely insulated antenna is preferred because its performance is more independent of the surrounding rock. The numerical model aids in the design of an improved antenna, with the optimum combination of performance features in a physically realizable antenna. If the electronics package is placed at the end of the dipole, the electronics package can be housed in a bare metal pressure casing without significantly affecting antenna performance as a function of rock type. The model also shows how the use of RT can be influenced by the geometry of the system and particularly by the use of conductors to suspend the RT antenna: wire cable support is not recommended until full waveform inversion techniques can take into account the presence of the wire. Antenna arrays appear to be viable, but if antennas without insulation are used, the spacing between the antennas should be at least as great as the length of each antenna. © 2006 December Geological Society of South Africa.	None	accuracy assessment; algorithm; antenna; finite difference method; inverse problem; performance assessment; radio wave; three-dimensional modeling; time domain reflectometry; waveform analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247636570	Evaluation of microfiltration for the treatment of spent cutting-oil	Schoeman J.J., Novhe O.	2007	Water SA	33	2	None	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Novhe, O., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A pilot plant using ceramic microfiltration membranes which could be regularly back-flushed with air for fouling control was evaluated for the treatment of spent cutting-oil. It was found that membrane fouling could be effectively controlled with regular air back-flushes (every 3 min for 1 s) and chemical cleaning using caustic soda. Permeate flux remained approximately constant and varied from 78 to 126 ℓ/h·m2 for the first six runs and from 114 to 150 ℓ/h·m2 for three more runs. An increase in feed temperature from ambient to 40°C and cleaning of the membrane with 1% caustic soda, increased permeate flux from 183 to 282 ℓ/h·m2 and from 195 to 264 ℓ/h·m2 in two more runs. Excellent COD (75.5 to 90.3%) and O&amp;G (97.2 to 99.1%) removals were obtained. The permeate quality should be suitable for discharge to the municipal sewer system (O&amp;G &lt; 500 mg/ℓ) and the concentrated oil should be a useful energy source. Treatment of spent cutting-oil with microfiltration rather than landfilling should save valuable landfilling space.	COD removal; Fouling; Microfiltration; O&G removal; Permeate flux; Spent cutting-oil	Chemical oxygen demand; Fouling; Mechanical permeability; Microfiltration; Sewers; COD removal; Permeate flux; Spent cutting-oil; Cutting fluids; Chemical oxygen demand; Cutting fluids; Fouling; Mechanical permeability; Microfiltration; Sewers; bicarbonate; ceramics; chemical oxygen demand; flushing; fouling; landfill; membrane; oil; recycling; ultrafiltration; waste treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247847793	Evaluation of Aldrithiol-2-inactivated preparations of HIV type 1 subtypes A, B, and D as reagents to monitor T cell responses	Rutebemberwa A., Bess Jr. J.W., Brown B., Arroyo M., Eller M., Slike B., Polonis V., McCutchan F., Currier J.R., Birx D., Robb M., Marovich M., Lifson J.D., Cox J.H.	2007	AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses	23	4	10.1089/aid.2006.0136	US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, AIDS Vaccine Program, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, 13 Taft Court, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	Rutebemberwa, A., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Bess Jr., J.W., SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, AIDS Vaccine Program, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Brown, B., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Arroyo, M., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Eller, M., Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Slike, B., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Polonis, V., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; McCutchan, F., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Currier, J.R., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Birx, D., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Robb, M., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Marovich, M., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Lifson, J.D., SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, AIDS Vaccine Program, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Cox, J.H., US Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, 13 Taft Court, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	The development of HIV vaccines is an urgent priority and there is need to generate reagents representing multiple subtypes that can be used to screen HIV-1-specific responses. We used Aldrithiol-2 (AT-2), a mild oxidizing reagent, to eliminate the infectivity of HIV while maintaining its structure and ability to be processed for presentation to T cells. Inactivated subtype A, B, and D viruses were evaluated for their ability to stimulate T cell responses in PBMC samples from 18 U.S. subjects infected with HIV-1 subtype B and 32 Ugandan subjects infected with subtypes A and D or recombinants AC and AD. Five HIV-1-negative samples were also analyzed. T cell responses to AT-2-inactivated viral isolates were monitored by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) intracellular cytokine secretion (ICS) analysis; matched microvesicle preparations served as negative controls. Among the 18 subtype B infected subjects, 39% had CD3 +CD4+ IFN-γ responses and 67% had CD3 +CD8+ IFN-γ responses. Of the 32 Ugandan subjects, 34% demonstrated CD3+CD4+ IFN-γ responses and 78% demonstrated CD3+CD8+ IFN-γ responses. Both subtype-specific and cross-reactive responses were observed. Responses to the AT-2 viruses tended to be lower in magnitude than those detected by a set of overlapping gag peptides. Robust lymphoproliferative responses to AT-2 viruses were seen in a subset of subjects. In conclusion, AT-2-inactivated HIV-1 virions stimulated both CD4 and CD8 HIV-1-specific responses and may provide an additional reagent for screening HIV-1-specific responses in HIV seropositives and vaccinees. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	aldrithiol 2; CD3 antigen; CD4 antigen; CD8 antigen; gamma interferon; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; inactivated virus vaccine; peptide; unclassified drug; adult; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; controlled study; cytokine release; drug synthesis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lymphocyte proliferation; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; T lymphocyte; T lymphocyte activation; Uganda; virus inactivation; virus isolation; 2,2'-Dipyridyl; AIDS Vaccines; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cells, Cultured; Disulfides; HIV-1; Humans; Interferon Type II; Oxidants; Virus Inactivation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247862035	Monitoring herbaceous fuel moisture content with SPOT VEGETATION time-series for fire risk prediction in savanna ecosystems	Verbesselt J., Somers B., Lhermitte S., Jonckheere I., van Aardt J., Coppin P.	2007	Remote Sensing of Environment	108	4	10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.019	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Biosystems (M3-BIORES), Group of Geomatics Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; CSIR - Natural Resources and the Environment - Ecosystems, P.O. Box 395 Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Verbesselt, J., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Biosystems (M3-BIORES), Group of Geomatics Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Somers, B., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Biosystems (M3-BIORES), Group of Geomatics Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Lhermitte, S., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Biosystems (M3-BIORES), Group of Geomatics Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Jonckheere, I., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Biosystems (M3-BIORES), Group of Geomatics Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; van Aardt, J., CSIR - Natural Resources and the Environment - Ecosystems, P.O. Box 395 Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Coppin, P., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Biosystems (M3-BIORES), Group of Geomatics Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium	This paper evaluated the capacity of SPOT VEGETATION time-series to monitor herbaceous fuel moisture content (FMC) in order to improve fire risk assessment in the savanna ecosystem of Kruger National Park in South Africa. In situ herbaceous FMC data were used to assess the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Vegetation Dryness Index (VDI), Improved VDI (IVDI), and Accumulated Relative NDVI Decrement (ARND) during the dry season. The effect of increasing amounts of dead vegetation on the monitoring capacity of derived indices was studied by sampling mixed live and dead FMC. The IVDI was proposed as an improvement of the VDI to monitor herbaceous FMC during the dry season. The IVDI is derived by replacing NDVI with the integrated Relative Vegetation Index (iRVI), as an approximation of yearly herbaceous biomass, when analyzing the 2-dimensional space with NDWI. It was shown that the iRVI offered more information than the NDVI in combination with NDWI to monitor FMC. The VDI and IVDI exhibited a significant relation to FMC with R2 of 0.25 and 0.73, respectively. The NDWI, however, correlated best with FMC (R2 = 0.75), while the correlation of ARND and FMC was weaker (R2 = 0.60) than that found for NDVI, NDWI, and IVDI. The use of in situ herbaceous FMC consequently indicated that NDWI is appropriate as spatio-temporal information source of herbaceous FMC variation which can be used to optimize fire risk and behavior assessment for fire management in savanna ecosystems. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Fire risk; Fuel moisture content; Improved Vegetation Dryness Index (IVDI); Live and dead fuel; SPOT VEGETATION	Biomass; Correlation methods; Ecosystems; Risk analysis; Vegetation; Dead fuel; Fire risk; Fuel moisture content; Improved Vegetation Dryness Index (IVDI); Moisture; biofuel; biomonitoring; fire behavior; fire management; forest fire; hazard assessment; index method; moisture content; natural hazard; NDVI; optimization; risk assessment; satellite data; savanna; SPOT; time series analysis; Africa; Kruger National Park; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248152588	Long-term impact of reduced tillage and residue management on soil carbon stabilization: Implications for conservation agriculture on contrasting soils	Chivenge P.P., Murwira H.K., Giller K.E., Mapfumo P., Six J.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	94	2	10.1016/j.still.2006.08.006	TSBF-CIAT, P.O. Box MP228, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands; Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe	Chivenge, P.P., TSBF-CIAT, P.O. Box MP228, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Murwira, H.K., TSBF-CIAT, P.O. Box MP228, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Giller, K.E., Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands; Mapfumo, P., Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Six, J., Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States	Residue retention and reduced tillage are both conservation agricultural management options that may enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization in tropical soils. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of long-term tillage and residue management on SOC dynamics in a Chromic Luvisol (red clay soil) and Areni-Gleyic Luvisol (sandy soil) in Zimbabwe. At the time of sampling the soils had been under conventional tillage (CT), mulch ripping (MR), clean ripping (CR) and tied ridging (TR) for 9 years. Soil was fully dispersed and separated into 212-2000 μm (coarse sand), 53-212 μm (fine sand), 20-53 μm (coarse silt), 5-20 μm (fine silt) and 0-5 μm (clay) size fractions. The whole soil and size fractions were analyzed for C content. Conventional tillage treatments had the least amount of SOC, with 14.9 mg C g-1 soil and 4.2 mg C g-1 soil for the red clay and sandy soils, respectively. The highest SOC content was 6.8 mg C g-1 soil in the sandy soil under MR, whereas for the red clay soil, TR had the highest SOC content of 20.4 mg C g-1 soil. Organic C in the size fractions increased with decreasing size of the fractions. In both soils, the smallest response to management was observed in the clay size fractions, confirming that this size fraction is the most stable. The coarse sand-size fraction was most responsive to management in the sandy soil where MR had 42% more organic C than CR, suggesting that SOC contents of this fraction are predominantly controlled by amounts of C input. In contrast, the fine sand fraction was the most responsive fraction in the red clay soil with a 66% greater C content in the TR than CT. This result suggests that tillage disturbance is the dominant factor reducing C stabilization in a clayey soil, probably by reducing C stabilization within microaggregates. In conclusion, developing viable conservation agriculture practices to optimize SOC contents and long-term agroecosystem sustainability should prioritize the maintenance of C inputs (e.g. residue retention) to coarse textured soils, but should focus on the reduction of SOC decomposition (e.g. through reduced tillage) in fine textured soils. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Conservation tillage; Particulate organic matter; Residue management; Soil organic carbon; Tillage; Tropical agro ecosystems	Carbon; Soils; Waste management; Conservation tillage; Particulate organic matter; Residue management; Soil organic carbon; Tillage; Tropical agro ecosystems; Agricultural wastes; agricultural ecosystem; agricultural management; agricultural soil; conservation tillage; crop residue; Luvisol; mulch; particulate organic matter; red soil; sandy soil; soil carbon; stabilization; Plant Residues; Ripping; Waste Management; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248169658	Field-based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen in urine before and after chemotherapy	Legesse M., Erko B.	2007	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	101	7	10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.11.009	Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Legesse, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Erko, B., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The sensitivity of a reagent strip test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis by detecting circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine was evaluated under field conditions using 251 stool and urine samples collected from a Schistosoma mansoni-endemic area of Ethiopia. The specificity of the test was evaluated in an area where schistosomiasis is not endemic. Stool samples were examined microscopically using duplicate Kato slides and formol-ether concentration methods. The effectiveness of the test in monitoring efficacy was also evaluated following chemotherapy. The results revealed that detection of CCA in urine using the one-step reagent strip test was superior to the stool examination methods (P < 0.05) in indicating the prevalence of the disease. Assuming the combination of parasitological test results as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 82.1% and 75.9%, respectively. The results of egg counts suggested the potential use of urine CCA in indicating the intensity of infection as an alternative to parasitological methods. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 75% and 73.7%, respectively, following chemotherapy. Diagnosis of S. mansoni infection in urine using reagent strips would provide information on the prevalence of the disease, although further study is needed to improve its sensitivity and specificity. © 2007 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Circulating cathodic antigen; Ethiopia; Reagent strip; Schistosoma mansoni; Urine CCA	antigen; circulating cathodic antigen; praziquantel; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; aged; antigen detection; article; child; controlled study; diagnostic test; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; endemic disease; Ethiopia; feces analysis; female; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; microscopy; nonhuman; prediction; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; sensitivity and specificity; test strip; urinalysis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anthelmintics; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Feces; Female; Glycoproteins; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Praziquantel; Reagent Strips; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Sensitivity and Specificity; Schistosoma mansoni	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248170244	The national agricultural land development programme in Nigeria: Impact on farm incomes in Oyo and Osun states	Idowu E.O.	2006	Land Reform, Land Settlement and Cooperatives	None	2	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Idowu, E.O., Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The study assesses the impact of the National Agricultural Land Development Programme on farm incomes in the Oyo and Osun states of Nigeria. In each state, 60 farmers, equally distributed between the participating and non-participating, were randomly selected. The study showed that the programme in these two states achieved less than 2 percent of the targets set for land development and placement of participants during the project life of seven years (i.e. 1992-99), and showed a participant turnover of 76 and 79 percent for Oyo and Osun states, respectively. Similarly, net farm incomes by the farmers (ranging from US$164 to US$267) were grossly inadequate to satisfy the needs of the farmers and their families. The article makes some recommendations to improve the performance of similar projects in the future. These include adequate funding, as well as the provision of rural infrastructure and credit to participants.	None	agricultural development; agricultural land; assessment method; income distribution; Africa; Nigeria; Osun; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248190198	Field and laboratory correlates of performance in competitive cross-country mountain bikers	Prins L., Terblanche E., Myburgh K.H.	2007	Journal of Sports Sciences	25	8	10.1080/02640410600907938	Department of Sport Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Prins, L., Department of Sport Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Terblanche, E., Department of Sport Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Myburgh, K.H., Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	We designed a laboratory test with variable fixed intensities to simulate cross-country mountain biking and compared this to more commonly used laboratory tests and mountain bike performance. Eight competitive male mountain bikers participated in a cross-country race and subsequently did six performance tests: an individual outdoor time trial on the same course as the race and five laboratory tests. The laboratory tests were as follows: an incremental cycle test to fatigue to determine peak power output; a 26-min variable fixed-intensity protocol using an electronically braked ergometer followed immediately by a 1-km time trial using the cyclist's own bike on an electronically braked roller ergometer; two 52-min variable fixed-intensity protocols each followed by a 1-km time trial; and a 1-km time trial done on its own. Outdoor competition time and outdoor time trial time correlated significantly (r=0.79, P < 0.05). Both outdoor tests correlated better with peak power output relative to body mass (both r= -0.83, P < 0.05) than absolute peak power output (outdoor competition: r= -0.65; outdoor time trial: r= -0.66; non-significant). Outdoor performance times did not correlate with the laboratory tests. We conclude that cross-country mountain biking is similar to uphill or hilly road cycling. Further research is required to design sport-specific tests to determine the remaining unexplained variance in performance.	Mountain bike; Onset of blood lactate accumulation; Performance; Relative power output; Time trial	adult; article; athlete; bicycle ergometer; body mass; competition; ergometer; fatigue; human; human experiment; laboratory test; male; mountaineering; normal human; physical performance; simulation; sport; Adult; Bicycling; Competitive Behavior; Fatigue; Humans; Lactic Acid; Male; Monitoring, Ambulatory; South Africa; Task Performance and Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248195150	The design and evaluation of placebo material for crude herbals: Artemisia afra herb as a model	Dube A., Manthata L.N., Syce J.A.	2007	Phytotherapy Research	21	5	10.1002/ptr.2084	School of Pharmacy, South African Herbal Science and Medicines Institute (SAHSMI), University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Dube, A., School of Pharmacy, South African Herbal Science and Medicines Institute (SAHSMI), University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Manthata, L.N., School of Pharmacy, South African Herbal Science and Medicines Institute (SAHSMI), University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Syce, J.A., School of Pharmacy, South African Herbal Science and Medicines Institute (SAHSMI), University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Herbal materials are known to present significant challenges with regard to designing credible placebos. This study intended to demonstrate the possibility of designing placebo material for crude herbals and used Artemisia afra, a popular traditional herbal medicine in South Africa, as a model. To produce the placebo, step-wise solvent extractions were conducted on the plant leaves and the process was monitored spectrophotometrically and using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection. The odour and taste between the placebo and A. afra was matched by inclusion of linalool and sodium saccharin, respectively. The muscle relaxant activity of the placebo was evaluated using an isolated guinea-pig tracheal muscle preparation. The UV absorbance of the extracts and the HPLC chromatograms, showed that most of the phytochemical constituents had been removed and the placebo closely resembled the A. afra leaves. The EC50 of the placebo and the leaves were 4846.00 and 68.49 mg/mL, respectively, which showed that not only did the A. afra leaves possess muscle relaxant activity, but that the placebo did not possess any significant activity compared with the A. afra leaves (p value 0.0001). These results demonstrated that it is possible to design credible, pharmacologically inert placebo material for crude herbals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	Artemisia afra; Crude herbal material; Herbal placebo design; HPLC; Muscle relaxant activity; Solvent extraction	herbaceous agent; placebo; plant medicinal product; animal experiment; animal tissue; Artemisia; article; controlled study; diode; female; guinea pig; high performance liquid chromatography; male; muscle relaxation; nonhuman; odor; plant leaf; solvent extraction; South Africa; spectrophotometer; taste; trachea muscle; ultraviolet radiation; Animals; Artemisia; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Guinea Pigs; Medicine, Herbal; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Odors; Placebos; Plant Preparations; Taste; Trachea; Artemisia afra; Cavia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248209039	The impact of internet usage: A case study of Delta State tertiary institutions	Ureigho R.J., Oroke G.U., Ekruyota G.O.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	16	4	None	Department of Computer Science, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara, Nigeria; Department of Computer Science/Information Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria	Ureigho, R.J., Department of Computer Science, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara, Nigeria; Oroke, G.U., Department of Computer Science, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara, Nigeria; Ekruyota, G.O., Department of Computer Science/Information Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria	The Internet is one of the greatest recent advancement in the world of information technology and has become a useful instrument that has fostered the process of making the world a global village. However, despite the added benefits of the Internet to learning, teaching and research, there is no provision of effective Internet services in most of the tertiary institutions in Delta state. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Internet for learning, teaching and research in institutions of higher learning in Delta State. Questionnaires were administered to students and staff in four tertiary institutions within the state. The results from the analysis of the responses showed that students and staff use Internet mainly for on-line chatting (24.89%) and e-mail (24.16%). The use of Internet as a source of research materials ranked third (23.21%). This study concludes that research would significantly improve through proper enlightenment, formal training on the use of Internet and provision of effective Internet services in tertiary institutions in Delta State. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2007.	E-mail; Institutions; Internet; Research	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248224563	Impact of a community education model on the health behaviours of selected rural dwellers in Nigeria	Izevbigie T.I., Iyamu E.O.S.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	16	4	None	Department of Health Environmental Education and Human Kinetics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Faculty of Education, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Izevbigie, T.I., Department of Health Environmental Education and Human Kinetics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Iyamu, E.O.S., Faculty of Education, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Poor environmental sanitation has serious negative impact on the quality of living. The study was an attempt to propose a model of community education as a strategy that can mobilize rural dwellers to understand the problem of sanitation as a personal and community issue. The millennium development goals empasize the need for healthy living that can be realized if the people are mobilized to be active and decisive in looking after their health and the health of the community the study was a quasi type involving groups of undergraduate health education students who were engaged in sensitizing selected rural dwellers in South Central Nigeria on health related issues. The programme lasted for 12 weeks. Measures of their health behaviours showed improvement from the 9th week, implying the efficacy of the programme. Among others, the need for regular mobilization of the rural dwellers for improved quality of living was recommended. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2007.	Community health education; Health behaviours; Mobilization; Nigeria; Rural dwellers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248334589	Influence of processing of mucuna (Mucuna pruriens var utilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens	Emiola A.I., Anthony O.D., Robert G.M.	2007	Journal of Poultry Science	44	2	10.2141/jpsa.44.168	Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Animal Production and Health, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Discipline of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PB X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermartzburg, South Africa; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2, Canada	Emiola, A.I., Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Animal Production and Health, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2, Canada; Anthony, O.D., Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Animal Production and Health, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Robert, G.M., Discipline of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PB X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermartzburg, South Africa	The objective of this study was to determine the effect of differently processed mucuna (Mucuna pruriens var utilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the performance, nutrient utilization and weight of internal organs of broiler chickens. The legumes were processed by three different methods viz. aqueous heating, toasting and dehulling. A total of 315 as hatched day old broiler chicks (Anak strain) were used for the experiment. There were seven dietary treatment groups of 45 birds each and three replicates of 15 birds each. Processed mucuna and kidney bean meals were used to replace 50% protein supplied by soybean meal in the control diet. Data for average daily feed intake (ADFI) revealed no differences for the effect of processing methods. However, average daily gain (ADG) was influenced by dietary treatments (P &lt; 0.05). ADG in birds fed either aqueous heated kidney bean (AHKB) or mucuna bean meals (AHMM) was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those fed toasted and dehulled meals. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) followed the same trend as ADG. Apparent protein digestibility (APD) was affected by different processing techniques. Minimum APD was observed in birds fed either dehulled kidney bean (DKB) or dehulled mucuna meal (DMM). Apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) was not affected by the dietary treatments (P &lt; 0.05). The relative weights of the pancreas were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increased in fed dehulled meal while weights of the liver were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced in the same group of birds. The structural alterations were attributed to high concentration of residual trypsin inhibitors in dehulled meals. In conclusion, AHKB and AHMM can be used to replace 50% protein supplied by soybean meal in broiler starter and finisher diets without any adverse effect on the performance and the intestinal organs.	Kidney bean; Mucuna bean; Organ weights; Performance; Processing	Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Mucuna; Mucuna pruriens; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248337864	Teachers' perception of teaching as correlates of students' academic performance in Oyo State, Nigeria	Adu E.O., Olatundun S.O.	2007	Essays in Education	20	None	None	University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Adu, E.O., University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Olatundun, S.O., University of Ibadan, Nigeria	It needs to be pointed out that the role of the teacher is of paramount importance in the education system. He is the custodian of knowledge and instructor of instruction. It is often said that the standard of education can not grow beyond the level or standard of the teachers. Therefore this study examined the Teachers' perception of teaching as correlate of students' academic performance in Oyo state, Nigeria. The results showed that, the relationship between teachers' perceptions and students' performance is positive and significant that is, the perceptions of teachers have effect on students' performance, (r = 0.372, P<.05) Also it was revealed that qualification has no significant effect on students performance as t=0.683, P>.05.Teachers attitudes and good behaviour has a significant effect on performance (r=0.395, P<.05) and Methods of teaching has significant effect on students performance (r= 0.591,P<.05). It was however recommended that it is necessary for the teacher as a member of his profession to be an enlightened person who possesses a thorough mastery of broad field of human knowledge, subject matter, attitudes and behaviour.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248390209	Ring opening of phthalimide derivatives with benzylamine: Formation of carboxamides and their pharmacological evaluation	Okunrobo L.O., Usifoh C.O.	2007	Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	69	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Okunrobo, L.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Usifoh, C.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	The ring opening of phthalimide derivatives viz N-cyclopentylphthalimide (1a), N-benzylphthalimide (1b), N-prop-2-ynylphthalimide (1c), 1-phthloylamino-3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperizin-1-yl]-propane(1d) and 1-phthloylamino-4-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperizin-1-yl]-butane (1e) was accomplished using benzylamine in dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature to afford the corresponding carboxamides: benzamido-cyclopentane-2-(N-benzyl)- carboxamide (3a) benzamido-1-phenylmethylene-2-(N-benzyl)-carboxamide (3b) and 3-benzamido-prop-2-yne-2-(N-benzyl)- carboxamide (3c) and were unequivocally characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometer and elemental analyses. The products obtained were screened for antiinflammatory and analgesic properties using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay and acetic acid-induced writhing test, respectively. The most active compound was 3b for the antiinflammatory activity assay and for the analgesic activity test the most active compound was 3a. The activities were dose-dependent. All the compounds tested showed better analgesic activity than acetylsalicylic acid.	None	1 phthloylamino 3 [4 (2 methoxyphenyl)piperizin 1 yl]propane; 1 phthloylamino 4 [4 (2 methoxyphenyl)piperizin 1 yl]butane; 3 benzamidoprop 2 yne 2 (n benzyl)carboxamide; acetylsalicylic acid; amide; analgesic agent; antiinflammatory agent; benzamido 1 phenylmethylene 2 (n benzyl)carboxamide; benzamidocyclopentane 2 (n benzyl)carboxamide; indometacin; n benzylphthalimide; n cyclopentylphthalimide; n prop 2 ynylphthalimide; phthalimide derivative; unclassified drug; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; article; controlled study; dose response; drug determination; drug structure; drug synthesis; female; infrared spectroscopy; male; mass spectrometer; mouse; nonhuman; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; paw edema; rat; ring opening; room temperature; structure analysis; writhing test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248398795	Possible climate change impacts on large hydroelectricity schemes in Southern Africa	Mukheibir P.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	1	None	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Mukheibir, P., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	There is growing concern that developing countries, such as South Africa, should reduce their coal dependence for energy generation and look to other cleaner technologies. Hydroelectricity is one such option. A number of potential large hydro sites have been identified in Southern Africa, which form part of the Southern African Power Pool. However, limited information exists on the impact of climate change on these sites and its effect on the viability of the hydroelectric schemes. Using downscaled global circulation model information, projected climate impacts and the potential impact these may have on future hydro schemes are discussed.	Climate change impacts; Greenhouse gas emissions; Hydroelectricity schemes; Southern Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248504652	The differential impact of various assessment parameters on the medical students performance in the professional anatomy examination in a new medical school	Shittu L.A.J., Zachariah M.P., Izegbu M.C., Adesanya O.A., Ashiru O.A.	2006	International Journal of Morphology	24	4	None	Department of Anatomy, Lagos State University, College of Medecine (Lasucom), PMB 21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Lagos State University, College of Medecine (Lasucom), PMB 21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Morbid Anatomy	Shittu, L.A.J., Department of Anatomy, Lagos State University, College of Medecine (Lasucom), PMB 21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Zachariah, M.P., Department of Psychiatry, Lagos State University, College of Medecine (Lasucom), PMB 21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Izegbu, M.C., Department of Morbid Anatomy, Lagos State University, College of Medecine (Lasucom), PMB 21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Adesanya, O.A., Department of Anatomy, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo-State, Nigeria; Ashiru, O.A., Department of Anatomy, Lagos State University, College of Medecine (Lasucom), PMB 21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	There is a dearth of knowledge on the level of agreement between all the various assessment tasks on the same content area, in order to test this hypothesis we adopted the concept of convergent validity and also to isolate area of academic weakness among the students and to readjust the curriculum content to balance the weakness. A blinded cohort retrospective study was carried out on a total of sixty-six third year medical students who had sat for their first professional examination in anatomy in the new medical college of Lagos State University. Using records of their grades in the various assessments parameters- the average end-in course assessment, short essays question (SEQ), multiplechoice questions (MCQ), and practical (Steeple-chase). The mean + S.D. Pearson's correlation with students t-test (p< 0.05 being significant) were analyzed using the computerized SPSS 11 (SPSS inc. Chicago, Illinois) software package. The practical was significantly correlated with overall performance (r = 0.89, p< 0.01); with the student t-value of 6.15 (p< 0.01). Although, the SEQ showed significant correlation to overall performance (r =0.72; p<0.01), the t-value of 0.4 was nonsignificant, but, within an acceptable range. The practical, MCQ, SEQ and end-incourse showed an overall rank order of relative performance in assessment tasks, therefore indicates that, in general, students performance in the Professional examination was better than in the end-incourse examination and hence, the need to reappraise this pattern and emphasize the role of incourse assessment in the curriculum. © 2007 Sociedad Chilena de Anatom•br>.	Anatomy; Assessment parameters; Nigeria; Student performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248524026	The economic impact of climate change on Kenyan crop agriculture: A Ricardian approach	Kabubo-Mariara J., Karanja F.K.	2007	Global and Planetary Change	57	04-Mar	10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.01.002	School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya	Kabubo-Mariara, J., School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Karanja, F.K., Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya	This paper measures the economic impact of climate on crops in Kenya. We use cross-sectional data on climate, hydrological, soil and household level data for a sample of 816 households. We estimate a seasonal Ricardian model to assess the impact of climate on net crop revenue per acre. The results show that climate affects crop productivity. There is a non-linear relationship between temperature and revenue on one hand and between precipitation and revenue on the other. Estimated marginal impacts suggest that global warming is harmful for crop productivity. Predictions from global circulation models confirm that global warming will have a substantial impact on net crop revenue in Kenya. The results also show that the temperature component of global warming is much more important than precipitation. Findings call for monitoring of climate change and dissemination of information to farmers to encourage adaptations to climate change. Improved management and conservation of available water resources, water harvesting and recycling of wastewater could generate water for irrigation purposes especially in the arid and semi-arid areas. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	adaptations; agriculture; climate change; crop revenue	acclimation; climate change; climate modeling; crop production; economic impact; glacial debris; global warming; precipitation (climatology); Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248532010	Evaluation of use of cellphones to aid compliance with drug therapy for HIV patients	Donald S., Ulrike R., Charissa B., Skinner D.	2007	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	19	5	10.1080/09540120701203378	Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; University of Cape Town, South Africa; Hidden Dimensions Corporate Training Consultants; Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa	Donald, S., Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Ulrike, R., University of Cape Town, South Africa; Charissa, B., Hidden Dimensions Corporate Training Consultants; Skinner, D., Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa	Key to the care of people living with HIV is effective data on use of ARVs, their responses to the medication and additional needs. An adaptation of cellphone technology by Cell-Life provides an easy-to-use data capturing devise for use by therapeutic counsellors (home based carers). Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with all the counsellors using the technology at two points in time, six months apart. The technology was found to be easy to use, especially for those who had previously used a cellphone. It eased data collection considerably and reduced fears around loosing notes. Improvements in technology between the two sets of interviews showed responsiveness from Cell-Life to the users of the technology. The patients also responded well to the technology, feeling that it improved their treatment. The major concern for home-based carers was the risk of crime due to having a cellphone, which led to the therapeutic counsellors eventually leaving the cellphones at home when visiting patients and entering the data at a later point. While the carers initially felt that the technology was an intrusion in their lives they later adapted to it. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.	None	antiretrovirus agent; article; caregiver; drug efficacy; fear; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; information technology; interview; mobile phone; patient compliance; patient monitoring; priority journal; Cellular Phone; Female; HIV Infections; Home Care Services; Humans; Male; Patient Compliance; Quality of Life	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248551114	WHO HIV clinical staging or CD4 cell counts for antiretroviral therapy eligibility assessment? An evaluation in rural Rakai district, Uganda	Kagaayi J., Makumbi F., Nakigozi G., Wawer M.J., Gray R.H., Serwadda D., Reynolds S.J.	2007	AIDS	21	9	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32810c8dce	Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Kagaayi, J., Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Makumbi, F., Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Wawer, M.J., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	The ability of WHO clinical staging to predict CD4 cell counts of 200 cells/μl or less was evaluated among 1221 patients screened for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Sensitivity was 51% and specificity was 88%. The positive predictive value was 64% and the negative predictive value was 81%. Clinical criteria missed half the patients with CD4 cell counts of 200 cells/μl or less, highlighting the importance of CD4 cell measurements for the scale-up of ART provision in resource-limited settings. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	None	adult; antiviral therapy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical assessment; clinical evaluation; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; female; human; major clinical study; male; prediction; priority journal; scale up; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; world health organization; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Infections; Humans; Rural Health; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248569698	Sport psychological skills and netball performance	Heever Z.V.D., Grobbelaar H.W., Potgieter J.C.	2007	Journal of Human Movement Studies	52	2	None	School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Psychosocial Behavioural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; North-West University, Private bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Heever, Z.V.D., School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Grobbelaar, H.W., School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa, North-West University, Private bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Potgieter, J.C., School of Psychosocial Behavioural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	The purpose of this study was to compare junior netball players, from successful and less successful provincial teams, regarding their sport psychological skill (SPS) levels. One hundred and forty four female South African provincial netball players (19.08 ± 1.68 years) completed three sport psychological questionnaires (CSAI-2, ACSI-28 and PSI). The results show that the successful players obtained better results than their less successful counterparts in 13 of the 19 tested sport psychological variables. Moderate practically significant differences were found between the groups for peaking under pressure (d = 0.44), cognitive state anxiety direction (d = 0.35) and state sell-confidence direction (d = 0.47). A forward stepwise discriminant analysis identified eight of the tested 19 variables as discriminators between the two groups with self-confidence intensity, mental rehearsal and peaking under pressure reported as significant discriminators. The developed prediction functions further proved to be 69.44% effective in classifying the players into their original groups. The important role of physiological conditioning, morphological attributes, technical and tactical abilities etc. should also be taken into account when comparing more and less successful netball players as it plays a major part in the performance outcome of netball teams. The results of this study clearly highlight the important contribution of sport psychological skills to netball performance. ©2007 Teviot Scientific Publications.	Netball; Performance; South Africa; Sport psychological skills	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248569699	Cross-country measures for monitoring epilepsy care	Begley C.E., Baker G.A., Beghi E., Butler J., Chisholm D., Langfitt J.T., Levy P., Pachlatko C., Wiebe S., Donaldson K.L.	2007	Epilepsia	48	5	10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00981.x	School of Public Health, University of Texas, United States; Division of Neurosciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Stellenbosch, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine, Rochester, United States; Universite Paris-Dauphine, Place Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny, Paris, France; Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Switzerland; Division of Neurology, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alta., Canada; Epilepsy Action, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Health Science Center, 1200 Herman Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States	Begley, C.E., School of Public Health, University of Texas, United States, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Health Science Center, 1200 Herman Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Baker, G.A., Division of Neurosciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Beghi, E., Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; Butler, J., Department of Neurology, University of Stellenbosch, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chisholm, D., Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Langfitt, J.T., Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine, Rochester, United States; Levy, P., Universite Paris-Dauphine, Place Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny, Paris, France; Pachlatko, C., Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Switzerland; Wiebe, S., Division of Neurology, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alta., Canada; Donaldson, K.L., Epilepsy Action, Leeds, United Kingdom	Purpose: The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Commission on Healthcare Policy in consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) examined the applicability and usefulness of various measures for monitoring epilepsy healthcare services and systems across countries. The goal is to provide planners and policymakers with tools to analyze the impact of healthcare services and systems and evaluate efforts to improve performance. Methods: Commission members conducted a systematic literature review and consulted with experts to assess the nature, strengths, and limitations of the treatment gap and resource availability measures that are currently used to assess the adequacy of epilepsy care. We also conducted a pilot study to determine the feasibility and applicability of using new measures to assess epilepsy care developed by the WHO including Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), responsiveness, and financial fairness. Results: The existing measures that are frequently used to assess the adequacy of epilepsy care focus on structural or process factors whose relationship to outcomes are indirect and may vary across regions. The WHO measures are conceptually superior because of their breadth and connection to articulated and agreed upon outcomes for health systems. However, the WHO measures require data that are not readily available in developing countries and most developed countries as well. Conclusion: The epilepsy field should consider adopting the WHO measures in country assessments of epilepsy burden and healthcare performance whenever data permit. Efforts should be made to develop the data elements to estimate the measures. © 2007 International League Against Epilepsy.	Evaluation; Healthcare; International; Survey	article; developing country; disability; epilepsy; feasibility study; health care availability; health care organization; health care policy; health care system; health service; monitoring; patient care; performance; pilot study; priority journal; resource management; world health organization; Africa South of the Sahara; Cost of Illness; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Developing Countries; Epilepsy; Great Britain; Health Care Costs; Health Care Surveys; Health Policy; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Services Research; Humans; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Pilot Projects; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248592093	Histological evaluation of early graft compatibility in Uapaca kirkiana Müell Arg. scion/stock combinations	Mng'omba S.A., Du Toit E.S., Akinnifesi F.K., Venter H.M.	2007	HortScience	42	3	None	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria 0002, Pretoria, Gauteng 27, South Africa; SADC-ICRAF, Agroforestry Programme, P.O. Box 30798, Lilongwe 3, Malawi; CSIR NRE, Forestry Program, SERA Plant Propagation and Cultivation Technologies, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 001, South Africa	Mng'omba, S.A., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria 0002, Pretoria, Gauteng 27, South Africa; Du Toit, E.S., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria 0002, Pretoria, Gauteng 27, South Africa; Akinnifesi, F.K., SADC-ICRAF, Agroforestry Programme, P.O. Box 30798, Lilongwe 3, Malawi; Venter, H.M., CSIR NRE, Forestry Program, SERA Plant Propagation and Cultivation Technologies, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 001, South Africa	Compatibility of scion and stock combinations in Uapaca kirkiana fruit trees has not been evaluated despite noticeable growth irregularities. The objectives of this study were to determine graft compatibility of scion/stock combinations and possible causes of graft incompatibility. Scion, stock, and graft union diameters were measured. Stem sections comprising the graft unions were immersed in formalin acetic acid and then washed in sterile water. These were transversely dissected across the unions and examined under using light microscope. There were considerable growth disorders at the unions, which included significant overgrowth of stocks and unions and constricted unions. There were cracks in the bark across the union in many graft combinations. Anatomic and histological studies showed accumulation of phenol deposits and necrotic tissues, and there was no continuity of vascular tissues above the union. There were also differences in proliferation of callus tissues among grafted partners. Continuity in wood and bark tissues below the unions supported growth of partially compatible partners, whereas isolated parenchymatous tissues at the union supported growth of incompatible partners. There were many necrotic tissues and unfilled areas above the union. Accumulation of phenolic and necrotic cell deposits, poor or a high level of callusing at the union, and possibly specific incompatibility reactions were implicated as the causes of graft incompatibility in U. kirkiana trees.	Deposit; Euphorbiaceae; Graft abnormality; Miombo fruit	Acetic acid; Cells; Forestry; Grafts; Histology; Optical microscopy; Phenols; Tissue; Euphorbiaceae; Graft combinations; Light microscopes; Phenol deposits; Fruits; Acetic Acid; Bark; Callus; Formaldehyde; Fruits; Grafts; Histology; Plant Tissues; Euphorbia; Euphorbiaceae; Uapaca kirkiana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249277405	Multivariate economic performance assessment of an MPC controlled electric arc furnace	Wei D., Craig I.K., Bauer M.	2007	ISA Transactions	46	3	10.1016/j.isatra.2007.01.005	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Wei, D., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Craig, I.K., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Bauer, M., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Economic performance is very important to advanced process control projects investigating whether the investment of control technology is worthwhile. In this paper economic performance assessment of a simulated electric arc furnace is conducted. The dependence of controlled variables and the corresponding economic impact are highlighted. © 2007 ISA.	(Joint) performance function; Economic performance assessment; Electric arc furnace; Model predictive control; Scatter plot	Computer simulation; Economic analysis; Electric arcs; Investments; Model predictive control; Economic performance assessment; Performance functions; Scatter plots; Electric furnaces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249281963	From pastoralism to tourism: The historical impact of changing land use practices in Namaqualand	Hoffman M.T., Rohde R.F.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	70	4	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.05.014	Botany Department, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Centre for African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 4 Carlton Street, Edinburgh, EH4 1NJ Scotland, United Kingdom	Hoffman, M.T., Botany Department, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Rohde, R.F., Centre for African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 4 Carlton Street, Edinburgh, EH4 1NJ Scotland, United Kingdom	We use the concept of ecological revolutions to explain the environmental history of Namaqualand, from the advent of pastoralism 2000 years BP, to colonial settlement in the 18th century and finally to the recent trend of de-agrarianization from the middle of the 20th century. Early traveller's records and census data are used to assess changes in the human population of the region and how this affected wildlife and agricultural practices. Pre-colonial indigenous hunter-gatherer (Bushmen) and pastoralist (Khoekhoen) populations in Namaqualand consisted of probably no more than a few thousand individuals. Over the next three centuries, the general population rose steadily to more than 65,000 people but has fallen in recent years. Wildlife appears not to have been abundant in Namaqualand's pre-colonial landscapes and large springbok 'treks' were probably a rare event. The number of domestic livestock in Namaqualand peaked in 1957 largely as a result of an increase in the number of sheep which have fallen steadily since this time. Crop production was absent from Namaqualand's pre-colonial landscapes but increased to cover nearly 30,000 ha in the early 1970s. The area under cultivation has declined by nearly two thirds since this time largely as a result of the large-scale abandonment of wheat farming in marginal environments. We touch on differences between the communal areas and private farms, particularly in terms of their human populations and agricultural impact on the land. Repeat landscape photographs support our main findings which suggest that both rocky, upland habitats and rivers have not been transformed substantially by land use practices in Namaqualand. Instead, sandy pediments have borne the brunt of human impacts in the region. Finally, we highlight the beginning of a new ecological revolution in Namaqualand due to changes in the global and national political economy. © 2006.	Degradation; Environmental history; Human impact; Population; Repeat photography	anthropogenic effect; environmental history; historical geography; human settlement; land use change; pastoralism; tourism; twentieth century; Africa; Namaqualand; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Antidorcas marsupialis; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249336446	The impacts of sustained heavy grazing on plant diversity and composition in lowland and upland habitats across the Kamiesberg mountain range in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa	Anderson P.M.L., Hoffman M.T.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	70	4	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.05.017	Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Anderson, P.M.L., Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Hoffman, M.T., Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This study explored the impacts of sustained heavy grazing in six vegetation types across an altitudinal and rainfall gradient in the Kamiesberg mountain range in Namaqualand. The study was carried out across the fence separating the Leliefontein communal area and surrounding privately owned farms. The communal area has been stocked over decades at approximately twice the government recommended stocking rate, while adjacent privately owned farms have generally adhered to recommended rates. Plant community data were collected from 66, 0.1 ha modified Whittaker plots and analysed for diversity and compositional changes. Consideration of community-wide responses through NMDS ordination showed that heavy grazing did not result in the dominance of a few wide-spread, weedy species in communal areas. Species richness at the 0.1 ha scale was also not affected by different land use practices. However, there was a significant compositional shift away from large woody and succulent shrubs, and an associated increase in dwarf shrubs and herbaceous perennial plants on the communal areas. This shift was only evident on the sandy lowland habitats, while a reduction in perennial grass was recorded in the rocky upland habitats on the communal areas. Compositional shifts towards smaller and more ephemeral species in the communal area are indicative of a system more closely dependent on rainfall. This has implications for people's livelihoods in the region, particularly in light of predicted climate change. © 2006.	Communal areas; Grazing impacts; Plant composition; Succulent Karoo; Upland habitats	community structure; grazing; habitat type; lowland environment; plant community; species diversity; species richness; sustainability; upland region; vegetation type; Africa; Kamiesberge; Karoo; Namaqualand; Northern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249651997	Impact of commercial salt production on wetland quality and waterbirds on coastal lagoons in Ghana	Gbogbo F.	2007	Ostrich	78	1	10.2989/OSTRICH.2007.78.1.12.56	Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Gbogbo, F., Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana, Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	A comparative study conducted on two saline coastal wetlands that have been developed into saltpans and two others (referred to as 'non-saltpans'), that are also saline but have no saltpans, describes the quality of lagoon water, benthic macroinvertebrates and waterbird communities characterising these wetlands. The wetlands were sampled monthly from September 2005-April 2006. Except for turbidity, which was significantly higher in the non-saltpans, (p < 0.05), all other physico-chemical parameters studied were not significantly different between the two wetland types (p > 0.05). The waterbird communities of the saltpans and non-saltpans, characterised by 48 and 50 species respectively, scored a Sorenson Index value of 0.88, indicating a high similarity. The population density of benthic macroinvertebrates in the saltpans and the non-saltpans was statistically similar (p > 0.05) but the population densities of waterbirds feeding exclusively on benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in the non-saltpans (p < 0.05). Although the shallow ponds created for salt production might be providing more suitable feeding habitats for fish-eating birds, the development of these ponds has also reduced the exploitable area available to the birds feeding exclusively on invertebrates, requiring them to depend largely on the non-saltpans. Birds feeding exclusively on fish had significantly higher population densities in the saltpans (p < 0.05) than in non-saltpans. This was attributed to reduced efficiency of piscivory, due to the high turbidity associated with the non-saltpans. Waterbirds feeding on a wide range of food types showed no significant differences in their population densities (p > 0.05) in the two wetland types. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	Aves; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249733716	Single-walled carbon nanotube-induced crystallinity on the electropolymeric film of tetraaminophthalocyaninatonickel(II) complex: Impact on the rate of heterogeneous electron transfer	Pillay J., Ozoemena K.I.	2007	Chemical Physics Letters	441	42372	10.1016/j.cplett.2007.04.095	Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Pillay, J., Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	We present a fundamental investigation on the impact of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) on the film structure and redox behaviour of tetraaminophthalocyaninatonickel(II) complex (NiTAPc) electropolymer immobilized on a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (BPPGE). SWCNT induces crystallinity on the NiTAPc electropolymeric film structure and increases its apparent electron transfer rate constant (kapp). We proved that there is potential advantage of using electrode based on the SWCNT-poly-NiTAPc hybrid for catalytic and sensing applications as it enhances the catalytic current for the detection of nitric oxide more than twice compared to bare BPPGE, BPPGE-SWCNT and other electrodes without SWCNTs. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	None	Electron transitions; Electropolymerization; Graphite electrodes; Nickel compounds; Rate constants; Thin films; Electron transfer; Electropolymeric film structure; Electropolymeric films; Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249745741	Evaluation of the influence of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glycogen concentration in the liver of Oreochromis niloticus fingerling	Ogunji J.O., Nimptsch J., Wiegand C., Schulz C.	2007	Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology	147	4	10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.028	Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture,	Ogunji, J.O., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany, Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Nimptsch, J., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Wiegand, C., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Schulz, C., Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany	Influence of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glycogen concentration in liver of Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerling was evaluated. Triplicate groups of fifteen fish (initial average weight 2.0 ± 0.1 g) were fed eight weeks with seven test diets (in average 36% crude protein, dry matter) formulated by replacing fish meal with magmeal. Percentage body weight gain (591-724.46%), food conversion ratio (1.05-1.22) and standard growth rate (3.45-3.76) in all feeding groups were not significantly different (P &lt; 0.05). No significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was observed in liver glycogen reserve (175.27-236.88 μmol g- 1) among the fish groups. Hepatic catalase activity also did not differ significantly. However, elevated glutathione S-transferases activities were observed when fish received higher dietary magmeal concentration. This might have been temporary with no real physiological implication when appraised by the growth responses. These results indicate that magmeal was well utilized by the fish and its incorporation into tilapia diets seems to have no oxidative stress generating effect on fish metabolism and may not be containing any compound that stimulates the generation of reactive oxygen species. Magmeal can effectively be used as an alternative protein source in tilapia fingerling production. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Catalase; Fish nutrition; Glutathione S-transferases; Housefly maggot meal; Liver glycogen; Oxidative stress; Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus	catalase; glutathione transferase; glycogen; reactive oxygen metabolite; animal experiment; article; controlled study; dietary intake; enzyme activity; glycogen liver level; house fly; maggot; nonhuman; nutrition; oreochromis niloticus; oxidative stress; Tilapia; Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Catalase; Cichlids; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Food; Glutathione Transferase; Glycogen; Houseflies; Larva; Liver; Survival Analysis; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249780817	Nutritional evaluation of the horse eye bean (Mucuna urens): Effect of processing on the chemical composition	Umoren U.E., Effiong O.O., Akpan I.E.	2007	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	5	2	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Effiong, O.O., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Akpan, I.E., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Nutritional evaluation of the horse eye bean (Mucuna urens) was carried out to study the effect of different processing methods (autoclaving, cooking, roasting and germination) on its chemical composition. Results indicated that processing methods significantly (p<0.05) increased the chemical composition of M. urens. Crude protein ranged from 24.25% in the raw to 27.00% in autoclaved sample. Crude fibre was least (3.50%) in germinated but highest (4.48%) in cooked Mucuna urens. Ether extract varied from 6.17% in cooked to 11.20% in autoclaved sample; ash ranged from 1.37% in roasted to 1.97% in germinated horse eye bean. Nitrogen-free extract varied from 55.32% in autoclaved to 62.92% in cooked sample. Autoclaving, roasting and cooking (thermal methods) resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower levels of methionine, cystine, lysine and anti-nutritional factors (HCN, oxalate, phytate and tannins), but led to an increase in the levels of copper and zinc, essential microelements. It was concluded from the study that processing of Mucuna urens by cooking, autoclaving and roasting, though desirable, will lead to reduction in the levels of some essential amino acids.	Chemical composition; Horse eye bean; Nutritional evaluation; Processing methods	Equidae; Mucuna; Mucuna urens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249782834	Evaluation of subchronic chlorpyrifos poisoning on hematological and serum biochemical changes in mice and protective effect of vitamin C	Ambali S., Akanbi D., Igbokwe N., Shittu M., Kawu M., Ayo J.	2007	Journal of Toxicological Sciences	32	2	10.2131/jts.32.111	Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Ambali, S., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Akanbi, D., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Igbokwe, N., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Shittu, M., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Kawu, M., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Ayo, J., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used organophosphorous insecticides in agriculture with its attendant adverse health outcomes. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of subchronic oral CPF administration on hematological and serum biochemical indices, and the possible ameliorating effect of vitamin C on the indices in mice. Thirty mice divided into 3 groups of 10 mice each were used for this study. Mice in group I (control) were dosed with vegetable oil, while those in group II were given CPF (21.3 mg/kg∼ 1/5th LD50) only. Mice in group III were pretreated with vitamin C (100 mg/kg) prior to dosing with CPF 30 min later (Vitamin C + CPF-treated group). This regime was given to each group of mice three times a week for a period of ten weeks. During the study period, mice were examined for signs of toxicity, and weight of each mouse was measured every week. At the end of the study period, blood samples were collected from the mice and analyzed for packed cell volume (PCV), total red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and total protein (TP). Serum obtained from the blood was analyzed for Na +, K+ and Cl?, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results showed that mice in the vitamin C + CPF-treated group exhibited milder signs of toxicity and significant increase in weight gain (p&lt;0.01) compared to the CPF-treated group. No significant increase in weight in the CPF-treated group was observed compared to the control. There was a significant increase in PCV, RBC, Hb, TP and creatinine, but a significant decrease was obtained in WBC, ALT and AST in the CPF-treated group compared to the control. All the parameters with the exception of WBC, ALT and AST (which increased significantly), were significantly decreased in the vitamin C + CPF-treated group compared to CPF-treated group. ALP was significantly elevated in the CPF-treated group compared to both the control and vitamin C + CPF-treated group. No significant changes in urea and the measured electrolytes in all three groups, except a significant decrease in the concentration of Na+ was observed in the CPF-treated group compared to the control. The study demonstrated that pretreatment of CPF-administered mice with vitamin C significantly altered some important hematological and serum biochemical parameters, revealing the protective action of the vitamin against some organ damage induced by CPF.	Ameliorative effect; Biochemical profiles; Chlorpyrifos; Hematology; Mice; Vitamin C	alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; ascorbic acid; aspartate aminotransferase; chloride ion; chlorpyrifos; creatinine; medvit c; organophosphate insecticide; potassium ion; protein; sodium ion; unclassified drug; urea; vegetable oil; animal experiment; animal model; article; biochemistry; blood sampling; blood toxicity; controlled study; drug effect; erythrocyte; female; hematocrit; intoxication; leukocyte count; leukopenia; male; mouse; mouse strain; neutropenia; nonhuman; statistical significance; weight gain; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Chemistry, Clinical; Chlorpyrifos; Drug Antagonism; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Hematologic Tests; Insecticides; Leukocytes; Male; Mice; Poisoning; Mus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249788992	Study of sensory evaluation, consumer acceptability, affordability and market price of rice	Tomlins K., Manful J., Gayin J., Kudjawu B., Tamakloe I.	2007	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	87	8	10.1002/jsfa.2889	Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Central Avenue, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Food Research Institute, PO Box M20, Accra, Ghana	Tomlins, K., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Central Avenue, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Manful, J., Food Research Institute, PO Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Gayin, J., Food Research Institute, PO Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Kudjawu, B., Food Research Institute, PO Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Tamakloe, I., Food Research Institute, PO Box M20, Accra, Ghana	The purpose of the study was to evaluate consumer acceptance, affordability and market value of a prototype parboiled rice (PPR) in relation to three local samples and a high-value imported one. While descriptive sensory evaluation and central location testing are used to evaluate consumer acceptability, this study suggests that affordability and market price of rice can also be assessed. The PPR was acceptable and the suggested market price was influenced by both affordability and acceptability. Acceptance scores suggested a potential higher price; consumers discounted the prototype rice and the extent depended on affordability. The concept of consumer acceptability and affordability varied widely among consumers and this was related to the market price, demographics and attitudes towards rice. Sensory attributes associated with quality were positively related with price but negatively with affordability. Acceptability was related to rice consumption and purchasing behaviour, whereas affordability was associated with income, gender and quality perception. Low affordability groups knew the least about the benefits of rice. The implications are discussed. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.	Consumer acceptability; Ghana; Market price; Oryza sativa; Parboiled; Rice; Sensory evaluation; West Africa	Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249793226	The impact of motivation on student's academic achievement and learning outcomes in mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria	Tella A.	2007	Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education	3	2	None	Osun State College of Education, School of Science, Department of Mathematics, P.O. Box 207, Ila-Orangun, Osun State, Nigeria	Tella, A., Osun State College of Education, School of Science, Department of Mathematics, P.O. Box 207, Ila-Orangun, Osun State, Nigeria	In our match towards scientific and technological advancement, we need nothing short of good performance in mathematics at all levels of schooling. In an effort to achieve this, this study investigated the impact of motivation on students' school academic achievement in mathematics in secondary schools using motivation for academic preference scale (α = 0.82) as a measuring instrument and achievement test in mathematics (ATM) Two hypotheses were tested for significant at 0.05 margin of error using t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) Results showed that gender difference were significant when impact of motivation on academic achievement was compared in male and female students. Also other result indicates significant difference when extent of motivation was taken as variable of interest on academic achievement in mathematics based on the degree of their motivation. Implications, suggestions and recommendations on students, parents, government, counsellors, educational stakeholders, etc were discussed. Copyright © 2007 by Moment.	Academic achievement; Learning outcome; Mathematics; Motivation; Nigeria; Secondary school students	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249800094	Study of the impact of land use and hydrogeological settings on the shallow groundwater quality in a peri-urban area of Kampala, Uganda	Kulabako N.R., Nalubega M., Thunvik R.	2007	Science of the Total Environment	381	03-Jan	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.035	Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Water and Sanitation Program-Africa (WSP-AF), The World Bank, P.O.Box 4463, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100-44 Stockholm, Sweden	Kulabako, N.R., Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Nalubega, M., Water and Sanitation Program-Africa (WSP-AF), The World Bank, P.O.Box 4463, Kampala, Uganda; Thunvik, R., Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100-44 Stockholm, Sweden	A study to assess the impacts of land use and hydrogeological characteristics on the shallow groundwater in one of Kampala's peri-urban areas (Bwaise III Parish) was undertaken for a period of 19 months. Water quality monitoring was carried out for 16 installed wells and one operational protected spring to ascertain the seasonal variation. The aspects of hydrogeological setting investigated in the study were the subsurface unconsolidated material characteristics (stratigraphy, lithology, hydraulic conductivity, porosity and chemical content), seasonal groundwater depths and spring discharge, topography and rainfall of the area. Both laboratory and field measurements were carried out to determine the soil and water characteristics. Field surveys were also undertaken to identify and locate the various land use activities that may potentially pollute. The results demonstrate that the water table in the area responds rapidly to short rains (48 h) due to the pervious (10- 5 - 10- 3 ms- 1) and shallow (&lt; 1 mbgl) vadose zone, which consists of foreign material (due to reclamation). This anthropogenically influenced vadose zone has a limited contaminant attenuation capacity resulting in water quality deterioration following the rains. There is widespread contamination of the groundwater with high organic (up to 370 mgTKN/l and 779 mgNO- 3/l), thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) and faecal streptococci (FS) (median values as high as 126E3 cfu/100 ml and 154E3 cfu/100 ml respectively) and total phosphorus (up to 13 mg/l) levels originating from multiple sources of contamination. These include animal rearing, solid waste dumping, pit latrine construction and greywater/stormwater disposal in unlined channels leading to increased localised microbial (faecal) and organic (TKN/NO- 3) contamination during the rains. The spring discharge (range 1.22-1.48 m3/h) with high nitrate levels (median values of 117 and 129 mg/l in the wet and dry seasons) did not vary significantly with season (p = 0.087) suggesting that this source is fed by regional base flow. However, the microbial quality deterioration observed in the spring discharge after a rain event (median values of 815TTCs cfu /100 ml and 433 FS cfu/100 ml) was attributed to the poor maintenance of the protection structure. Identification and selection of appropriate management solutions for the protection of shallow groundwater in informal settlements should not only be based on water quality problems and the causal physical characteristics as demonstrated by this study, but also institutional and socio-economic factors. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Hydrogeological setting; Land use; Peri-urban; Thermotolerant coliforms; Total Kjedahl nitrogen; Total phosphorus	Hydrogeology; Land use; Nitrogen; Topography; Urban planning; Water quality; Hydrogeological settings; Thermotolerant coliforms; Total Kjedahl nitrogen; Total phosphorus; Groundwater; ground water; phosphorus; rain; well water; anthropogenic effect; coliform bacterium; discharge; fecal coliform; field survey; groundwater pollution; hydrogeology; land use; management practice; organic nitrogen; periurban area; phosphorus; pollution monitoring; seasonal variation; social impact assessment; socioeconomic conditions; topographic effect; vadose zone; water quality; article; coliform bacterium; Enterococcus faecalis; environmental monitoring; environmental reclamation; field experiment; hydraulic conductivity; laboratory test; land use; porosity; priority journal; soil analysis; solid waste management; stratigraphy; topography; Uganda; urban area; water analysis; water contamination; water quality; water table; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Rain; Refuse Disposal; Soil; Uganda; Water; Water Supply; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249801761	Migration of husbands, remittances and agricultural production: Impacts when wives are left to manage households in rural Kenya	Kiriti-Nganga T.W.	2007	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	5	2	None	University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Kiriti-Nganga, T.W., University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	This article investigates the forces leading to migration of husbands from rural Kenya, the economic situation and activities of wives with migrant husbands, receipt and use of remittances by wives and the possible influences of remittances on capital formation in rural Kenya, using the Nyeri district as a case study. Although the residual sample of rural wives whose husbands have migrated to urban areas in Kenya is small, the analysis of this sample highlights several important points worthy of further investigation. It seems that rural husbands who migrate from rural Kenya have limited education and skills and are mostly pushed out of rural areas rather than pulled. The wives seem not to be empowered in relation to economic and family decision-making. The husband and his relatives retain control of important economic and household decisions and this has negative impacts on agricultural productivity. The wives are hampered by their relative lack of access to agricultural extension officers, finance for farm investment and capital resources for use on their farm. Probit analysis suggests that the probability of a wife obtaining remittances from a migrant husband declines with the number of years of his absence and the age of the wife but increases with the number of her dependent children and whether or not she employs hired labour. Duration of migration is important in explaining the amount of remittances but not in explaining the likelihood of wives receiving remittances. Overall indications are that remittances are mostly motivated by altruism or social obligation of the migrant to his family. This study was limited by lack of resources but nonetheless provides useful pointers to further research.	Altruism; Migration; Pull; Push; Remittances	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249888457	Performance of laying hens fed varying dietary levels of Bambara (Voandzeia subterrenea Thouars) offals	Onyimonyi A.E., Ugwu S.O.C.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	3	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Onyimonyi, A.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ugwu, S.O.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of laying hens fed varying dietary levels of Toasted Bambara Offals (TBO). The TBO was included in the diet at five levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent. A total of ninety laying hens on their eight week of lay were used for the trial that lasted for 133 days. The ninety birds were randomly assigned to the five dietary levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent) with 18 birds per levels. Each dietary level was further replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Results showed that egg weight (g), yolk weight (g) and albumen weight (g) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by treatments. Values of 61.38, 64.00, 64.67, 65.00 and 68.45 g was recorded as egg weights for birds on the 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively. Yolk weight was 16.53, 16.50, 16.43, 17.83 and 18.07 for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively and albumen weight of 37.78, 39.51, 39.44, 39.82, 43.09 was also observed in that order. The cost of feed (•) significantly (P<0.05) decreased as level of TBO in the diets increased. Cost of feed consumed/bird (•) significantly decreased as level of TBO in the diets increased. Total eggs produced/bird followed the same trend. Profit recorded from sale of eggs was significantly (P<0.05) highest at the 10 percent level. A value of • 1139.81 was recorded for the 10 percent diet, as compared to • 1120.13; • 1126.96, • 1089.75 and • 1083.87 recorded for the control, 5, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively. The results of the present study showed that TBO can be fed at 10 percent to laying hens to replace substantial levels of the more costly maize and soyabean meal. This level of feeding will ensure optimum performance and economic benefit to the farmer. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Bambara offal; Laying hens; Performance	Aves; Bambara; Glycine max; Voandzeia; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249904131	Impact of training on the use of partograph on maternal and perinatal outcome in peripheral health centers	Orji E.O., Fatusi A.A., Makinde N.O., Adeyemi B.A., Onwudiegwu U.	2007	Journal of the Turkish German Gynecology Association	8	2	None	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Orji, E.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Fatusi, A.A., Department of Community Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Makinde, N.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adeyemi, B.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Onwudiegwu, U., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Objective: To assess the impact of training health workers at the primary healthcare level in partograph use on maternal and perinatal outcome in peripheral health units in a developing country. Material and Methods: Experimental design in which pre- and post-intervention measurements were conducted after a training programme on partograph use in labour management. Duration of labour, level of transfer in labour, obstructed and prolonged labour, maternal and perinatal outcome were determined as outcome measures. Data were analysed using the SPSS statistical software package for personal computers. Discrete variables were expressed as percentages and presented as frequency tables and cross tabulations. χ2 was employed as the test of association between proportions of respondents. Whenever expected cell frequencies were less than five, the likelihood-ratio χ2 values were quoted rather than Pearson's. Statistical significance was accepted at p-values of &lt;0.05. Results: Data on labour outcome on 242 labouring women who fulfilled inclusion criteria were collected prior and post training of fifty-six healthcare workers in the use of WHO partograph. There was increase in transfer in labour (p=0.013), but reduction in the duration of labour (p=0.0001), obstructed labour (p=0.0001); postpartum hemorrhage (p=0.0001), genital sepsis (p=0.0001); perinatal mortality (p=0.0040), and better neonatal Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes (p=0.0001) after introduction of partograph. Though augmentation of labour increased and caesarean section rates decreased following partograph use there was no significant difference. There was one uterine rupture and 2 maternal deaths before introduction of partograph but none after partograph introduction. Conclusion: Introduction of partograph in peripheral health units in a developing country reduced labour complications with resultant reduction in maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.	Obstetric outcome; Partograph; Peripheral health units	adult; Apgar score; article; cesarean section; computer program; controlled study; developing country; dystocia; education program; female; female genital tract infection; health care personnel; health center; human; labor management; labor onset; major clinical study; maternal mortality; medical education; medical record; perinatal mortality; perinatal period; postpartum hemorrhage; pregnancy complication; pregnancy outcome; uterus rupture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249907525	Family poultry, food security and the impact of HPAI	Sonaiya E.B.	2007	World's Poultry Science Journal	63	1	10.1079/WPS2006135	Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria	Sonaiya, E.B., Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria	Most rural households have poultry cared for by women, children and vulnerable people - the aged and physically challenged. Family poultry generate 19-50% of rural family income, make up about 77% of the national flock and contribute about 98% of poultry products consumed in the villages of developing countries. Households that accept innovation for semi-scavenging poultry production usually increase weekly consumption of eggs and meat. The importance of family poultry in assisting the landless poor and the destitute is reflected in many national poverty reduction strategy programmes which identify family poultry as one of the keys to accomplishing the millennium development goal of reducing the number of poor by half before 2015. There are few other alternatives in the livestock sector that can be used to reach so many poor people in rural areas. Wherever HPAI occurs in family poultry, it will wipe out the contribution of family poultry to family food security and to family income. While compensation and restocking are important, the greatest need of smallholder poultry producers faced with the challenge of HPAI is for information, knowledge and training for HPAI-safe family poultry production.	Avian influenza; Family poultry; Food security	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249932972	Influence of sawdust ash on soil chemical properties and cowpea performance in Southwest Nigeria	Awodun M.A.	2007	International Journal of Soil Science	2	1	None	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Awodun, M.A., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Field trials were carried out at two locations in fairly acidic soils in Southwest Nigeria to test effect of sawdust ash on soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient content and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walps). Sawdust ash applied at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 t ha-1 significantly increased soil organic matter, pH, N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents relative to 0 t ha-1 sawdust ash. The 4, 6, 8 and 10 t ha-1 sawdust ash increased pod weight and grain yield. The mean increases in grain yield across locations were 17, 63 and 68%, respectively. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Cowpea; Grain yield; Nutrients pod weight; Sawdust ash; Soil	crop yield; fieldwork; legume; soil chemistry; soil organic matter; soil property; wood ash; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250001438	The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum lipid and serum cholesterol profiles of rabbit	Omage J.J., Onimisi P.A., Adegbite E.K., Agunbiade M.O.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	4	None	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Omage, J.J., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Onimisi, P.A., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adegbite, E.K., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Agunbiade, M.O., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Six weeks old twenty five growing rabbits of mixed sexes and breeds were used to evaluate the utilization of ginger waste meal (GWM) as energy substitute for maize in the diet of growing rabbits and the effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum lipids and serum cholesterol profiles. Fives diets containing GWM at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels with the 40% level replacing maize completely were formulated. Five rabbits each were randomly assigned to each of the five diets. Rabbits were housed individually in cages in complete randomization and fed the respective diets and water ad libitum for the 8 weeks of the experiment. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among the five dietary treatments with respect to daily feed intake, water consumption, water/feed ratio, total serum lipids and cholesterol levels. The results showed that the inclusion of ginger waste meal in the diet will stimulate increased water consumption and also induce hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects on the rabbit without negative effects on growth performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Carcass characteristics; Cholesterol; Ginger waste meal; Growing rabbits; Growth performance; Lipids; Serum	cholesterol; lipid; animal food; article; caloric intake; carcass; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; dietary intake; female; fluid intake; food composition; ginger; growth rate; lipid blood level; maize; male; meal; nonhuman; rabbit; randomization; waste; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays; Zingiber officinale	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250017351	Effect of dietary protein supplementation on performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) does during pregnancy and lactation	Nnadi P.A., Kamalu T.N., Onah D.N.	2007	Small Ruminant Research	71	03-Jan	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.06.007	Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nnadi, P.A., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kamalu, T.N., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Onah, D.N., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The effect of dietary protein supplementation on the reproductive performance of West African Dwarf goats (WAD) was studied. Eighteen 9-12-month-old female WAD goats that were free from both helminth and trypanosome infections were divided into two groups (A and B) of nine females each and confined separately in concrete floored, fly proof pens. Group A was maintained on a high dietary protein (HDP) diet of 13% crude protein (CP) per day and group B on a low dietary (LDP) protein diet of 9% crude protein (CP) per day from mating until 6 weeks postpartum. The mean live weights and body condition scores were determined weekly from mating (day zero of pregnancy) up to 6 weeks postpartum. These were also determined in neonates within 12 h of birth and at 6 weeks of age. The results showed that animals on HDP gained significantly more weight (P < 0.01) and also had significantly higher body condition scores P < 0.05 than those on LDP. Equally, they delivered and weaned kids of significantly higher birth and weaning weights than those on LDP (P < 0.01). It was concluded that protein supplementation in reproducing traditionally managed WAD goats enhanced foetal development, birth weight, mammary gland development and promoted lactation, all of which enhanced survivability of the neonates. These translated into the delivery of viable kids and weaning of kids of higher body weights, which are requirements for early disease resistance and finish. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Gestation; Lactation; Protein supplementation; WAD goats	Animalia; Capra hircus; Trypanosoma; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250025377	Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: Physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests	Edwards A.M., Mann M.E., Marfell-Jones M.J., Rankin D.M., Noakes T.D., Shillington D.P.	2007	British Journal of Sports Medicine	41	6	10.1136/bjsm.2006.033860	Department of Human Performance, Faculty of Health Science Technology, UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Leeds Metropolitan University, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds, United Kingdom; UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Edwards, A.M., Department of Human Performance, Faculty of Health Science Technology, UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand, Leeds Metropolitan University, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds, United Kingdom, UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Mann, M.E., UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Marfell-Jones, M.J., UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Rankin, D.M., UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Shillington, D.P., UCOL Institute of Technology, Palmerston North, New Zealand	Objective: To determine whether moderate water loss (∼1.5-2% of body mass (BM)) represents a significant impairment to soccer match-play and the related fitness variables. Methods: 11 moderately active male soccer players (mean (SD) age 24.4 (3) years, BM 74.03 (10.5) kg, peak oxygen consumption 50.91 (4.0) ml/kg/min) volunteered to participate. The experimental procedure comprised: (1) a 45 min pre-match period of cycle ergometry exercise (90% of individual ventilatory threshold); (2) the completion of a 45 min soccer match; and (3) the immediate post-match performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. The subjects completed the procedure on three occasions each in a different experimental condition (fluid intake (FL), no fluid (NF) and mouth rinse (MR)) in an individually randomised order. Core temperature (T c), heart rates, plasma and urine osmolalities, BM, sweat rates and heat storage were all measured. Results: The only condition-dependent difference during the match-play element of the protocol was a significantly increased Tc in the NF condition compared with the FL condition (39.28°C (0.35°C) and 38.8°C (0.47°C), respectively; p&lt;0.05). The immediate post-match performance of a sport-specific fitness test was significantly impaired where FL had been denied (p&lt;0.01). The post-test evaluation of rating of perceived exertion and thirst indicated that the NF condition was perceived to be the most challenging (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: The condition-dependent differences in match-play and post-match tests demonstrate that moderate dehydration is detrimental to soccer performance. However, it remains unclear whether this could be attributable to water loss in itself or the negative psychological associations derived from a greater perception of effort in that condition.	None	adult; article; body mass; controlled study; core temperature; dehydration; dynamic exercise; exercise physiology; fitness; fluid intake; heart rate; human; human experiment; male; mental concentration; plasma osmolality; psychological aspect; sporting event; sweating; thermoregulation; thirst; urine osmolality; water loss; Adult; Attention; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Cross-Over Studies; Drinking; Exercise; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Plasma; Soccer; Task Performance and Analysis; Time Factors; Urine; Water Loss, Insensible	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250209073	Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: Impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa	Spenceley A., Goodwin H.	2007	Current Issues in Tourism	10	42403	10.2167/cit305.0	International Centre for Responsible Tourism, South Africa; Transboundary Protected Areas Research Initiative, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, 2050 Wits, South Africa; International Centre for Responsible Tourism, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, United Kingdom	Spenceley, A., International Centre for Responsible Tourism, South Africa, Transboundary Protected Areas Research Initiative, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, 2050 Wits, South Africa; Goodwin, H., International Centre for Responsible Tourism, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, United Kingdom	International programmes and national policies around the world have identified tourism as an appropriate mechanism for sustainable development, poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation. To evaluate the impact of nature-based tourism on the poor, socio-economic assessments were undertaken at enterprises based within South African protected areas. Comparisons were made between local economic interventions reported by enterprises and neighbouring community member's perceptions of their initiatives. Socioeconomic impacts evaluated included employment, gender equality, procurement, corporate social responsibility, dependency on tourism and access to markets. The studies demonstrate that isolated efforts from individual tourism companies have little tangible impact on the majority of people living in highly populated rural communities but impacts are substantial for the few people who directly benefit. Implications of these findings for future socio-economic initiatives through tourism, and options to increase net benefits to the poor are explored. © 2007 A. Spenceley and H. Goodwin.	Kruger National Park; Poverty; Private nature reserve; Protected area; Socioeconomic; South Africa; SUNTAT	accessibility; biodiversity; economic impact; ecotourism; poverty alleviation; private sector; protected area; socioeconomic conditions; socioeconomic impact; state owned enterprise; sustainable development; Africa; Kruger National Park; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250209823	Effects of feed restriction on performance, carcass yield, relative organ weights and some linear body measurements of weaner rabbits	Yakubu A., Salako A.E., Ladokun A.O., Adua M.M., Bature T.U.K.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	4	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Yakubu, A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Salako, A.E., Department of Animal Science, Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ladokun, A.O., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Adua, M.M., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Bature, T.U.K., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria	Effects of feed restriction on performance, carcass yield, relative organ weights and some linear body measurements were investigated in weaner rabbits in a sub-humid environment in north central Nigeria. Twenty four weaner rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes with an average initial weight of 804.17±71.20g were used for the study which lasted six weeks. There were three dietary treatments consisting of diet A, ad libitum (24 hrs) feeding (control), diet B, 8 hrs per day feeding (7.00 a.m-3.00 p.m) and diet C, skip-a-day feeding. This feeding arrangement was carried out within the first five weeks of the experiment, after which all the animals in the three treatment groups were fed ad libitum for one week. Animals were fed pelletized commercial grower's feed supplemented with Centrosema pubescens. Drinking water was also supplied ad libitum throughout the duration of the experiment. Each treatment group was replicated four times while each replicate comprised two rabbits housed in the same cage. The initial and final body weights, feed conversion ratio, mortality, fasted weight, slaughter weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by feed restriction. However, average weekly feed intake (454.94, 356.36 and 331.48g) and average weekly body weight gains (1137.50, 1127.50 and 1007.50g) were significantly (p<0.05) influenced; with higher values recorded among rabbits fed ad libitum compared to those on 8 hrs feeding per day and skip-a-day feeding respectively. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in relative weights of liver, kidneys, spleen and heart among the treatment groups. Significant difference (p<0.05) was found in the relative weight of lungs, with rabbits on 8 hrs feeding per day and those on skip-a-day feeding having an edge over those fed ad libitum (0.61 versus 0.50). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in heart girth, body length, face length and ear length among the dietary treatments studied. The present results have indicated that feed restriction could be exploited in the feeding regimen of rabbits, especially in periods of inadequate supply of concentrates and forages. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Body measurements; Carcass characteristics; Feed restriction; Performance; Weaner rabbits	drinking water; animal food; animal housing; animal tissue; anthropometry; article; body height; body weight; carcass; controlled study; diet restriction; diet supplementation; facies; feeding behavior; female; fluid intake; food availability; forage; heart volume; heart weight; humidity; kidney mass; liver weight; lung weight; male; mortality; Nigeria; nonhuman; organ weight; physical performance; rabbit; sex difference; spleen weight; weight gain; Animalia; Centrosema pubescens; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250304749	Corporate governance, ownership structure and performance of SMEs in Ghana: Implications for financing opportunities	Abor J., Biekpe N.	2007	Corporate Governance	7	3	10.1108/14720700710756562	University of Stellenbosch, Business School, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Ghana, Business School, Legon, Ghana	Abor, J., University of Stellenbosch, Business School, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Ghana, Business School, Legon, Ghana; Biekpe, N., University of Stellenbosch, Business School, Cape Town, South Africa	Purpose - This study seeks to assess how the adoption of corporate governance structures affects the performance of SMEs (small to medium-sized enterprises) in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach - Regression analysis is used to estimate the relationship between corporate governance and ownership structure and performance. Findings - The results show that board size, board composition, management skill level, CEO duality, inside ownership, family business, and foreign ownership have significantly positive impacts on profitability. Corporate governance can greatly assist the SME sector by infusing better management practices, stronger internal auditing, greater opportunities for growth and new strategic outlook through non-executive directors. It is clear that corporate governance structures influence performance of SMEs in Ghana. Originality/value - This paper provides insights on the effects of corporate governance and ownership structure on the performance of Ghanaian SMEs. The paper also shows the implications of SMEs gaining access to finance as a result of adopting a good governance system. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Corporate governance; Corporate ownership; Ghana; Performance management; Small to medium-sized enterprises	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250312147	Localization of auricular projection area of the liver and its use in the monitoring of viral hepatitis	Szopinski J.Z., Lochner G.P., Macura T., Karcz-Socha I., Kasprzyk-Minkner A., Kielan K., Krupa-Jezierska B., Nasiek D.J., Warakomski P.	2006	Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine	26	4	None	Pain Clinic, Mayo Medical Centre of South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Provincial Teaching Hospital, Tychy, Poland; Department of Internal Medicine, Strzelce Opolskie Regional Hospital, Poland; Provincial Centre for Mother and Child Health Care, Czestochowa, Poland; 1st Department of Psychiatry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland; Maciejow-Zabre Medical Centre, Zabrze, Poland; Department of Anaesthesia, Newport Hospital, Kingston, RI, United States; Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical University, Zabrze, Poland; P.O. Box 1042, Fontainebleau 2032, South Africa	Szopinski, J.Z., Pain Clinic, Mayo Medical Centre of South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, P.O. Box 1042, Fontainebleau 2032, South Africa; Lochner, G.P., Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Macura, T., Department of Infectious Diseases, Provincial Teaching Hospital, Tychy, Poland; Karcz-Socha, I., Department of Internal Medicine, Strzelce Opolskie Regional Hospital, Poland; Kasprzyk-Minkner, A., Provincial Centre for Mother and Child Health Care, Czestochowa, Poland; Kielan, K., 1st Department of Psychiatry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland; Krupa-Jezierska, B., Maciejow-Zabre Medical Centre, Zabrze, Poland; Nasiek, D.J., Department of Anaesthesia, Newport Hospital, Kingston, RI, United States; Warakomski, P., Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical University, Zabrze, Poland	Background: Pathology of an internal organ causes significant rectification of electrical currents (diode phenomenon) in related skin areas once the resistance 'breakthrough effect' has been induced in the skin. Objective: Localization of auricular projection area of the liver and evaluation of its usefulness in the monitoring of viral hepatitis. Design, patients and setting: Comparative study of the degree of electrical rectification measured at various spots in the auricular concha region, in 19 inpatients with hepatitis B and 15 clinically healthy volunteers, at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Provincial Teaching Hospital, Tychy, Poland. Intervention: Evaluation of electrical rectification at various spots on the auricular concha using a "rectification ratio" that quantifies the degree of rectification (normal range: 0-60%). Main outcome measure: The location of the skin area where a statistically significant difference existed between the rectification ratios was observed in patients (82±12% at the time of the 'peak period') versus controls (42±8%). Results: A location was identified on the ear auricle where the electrical rectification phenomenon demonstrated a dependence on the presence of hepatitis. Conclusions: Liver projection area exists on the ear auricle which is located within the region of cymba conchae, next to anthelix and the cavity of concha. The existence of viral hepatitis causes this skin area to show a higher degree of electrical rectification once the skin resistance 'breakthrough effect' has been induced. Evaluation of the rectification phenomenon of the liver projection area provides a method of non-invasive monitoring of viral hepatitis.	Acupuncture point; Organ electrodermal diagnostic (OED); Rectification; Resistance 'breakthrough effect'; Skin resistance	adult; article; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; device; diagnostic procedure; external ear; female; hepatitis B; hospital patient; human; liver; male; monitoring; non invasive measurement; Poland; skin conductance; statistical significance; volunteer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250323557	Using internal incentive contracts to improve water utility performance: The case of Uganda's NWSC	Mugisha S., Berg S.V., Muhairwe W.T.	2007	Water Policy	9	3	10.2166/wp.2007.010	Institutional Development and Performance Management Expert, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 23, Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda; Public Utility Research Center, University of Florida, Warrington College of Business, PO Box 117142, Gainesville, FL 32611-7142, United States	Mugisha, S., Institutional Development and Performance Management Expert, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 23, Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda; Berg, S.V., Public Utility Research Center, University of Florida, Warrington College of Business, PO Box 117142, Gainesville, FL 32611-7142, United States; Muhairwe, W.T., Institutional Development and Performance Management Expert, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 23, Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda	The achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 requires significant managerial innovation and creativity, especially in low-income countries where utility inefficiencies are still most prevalent. This paper describes approaches that have been used in Uganda's National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). We outline the potential for internal incentive contracts in delivering efficiency gains under public - public water management settings. No simple recipe for promoting efficiency exists. However, this paper highlights useful ingredients, including proper contract framework design, competition for managerial responsibility, effective business planning, performance monitoring and the use of managerial incentives. We conclude that these factors require careful consideration during the planning and implementation of incentive contracts. © IWA Publishing 2007.	Contracts; Incentives; Performance; Uganda; Water utility	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250327238	The impact of helminths on the response to immunization and on the incidence of infection and disease in childhood in Uganda: Design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial of deworming interventions delivered in pregnancy and e	Elliott A.M., Kizza M., Quigley M.A., Ndibazza J., Nampijja M., Muhangi L., Morison L., Namujju P.B., Muwanga M., Kabatereine N., Whitwortha J.A.G.	2007	Clinical Trials	4	1	10.1177/1740774506075248	Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford University, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Elliott, A.M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kizza, M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Quigley, M.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford University, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ndibazza, J., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Nampijja, M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Muhangi, L., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Morison, L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Namujju, P.B., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Muwanga, M., Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabatereine, N., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Whitwortha, J.A.G., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Helminths have profound effects on the immune response, allowing long-term survival of parasites with minimal damage to the host. Some of these effects "spill-over", altering responses to non-helminth antigens or allergens. It is suggested that this may lead to impaired responses to immunizations and infections, while conferring benefits against inflammatory responses in allergic and autoimmune disease. These effects might develop in utero, through exposure to maternal helminth infections, or through direct exposure in later life. Purpose: To determine the effects of helminths and their treatment in pregnancy and in young children on immunological and disease outcomes in childhood. Methods: The trial has three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventions at two times, in two people: a pregnant woman and her child. Pregnant women are randomized to albendazole or placebo and praziquantel or placebo. At age 15 months their children are randomized to three-monthly albendazole or placebo, to continue to age five years. The proposed designation for this sequence of interventions is a 2 × 2(×2) factorial design. Children are immunized with BCG and against polio, Diphtheria, tetanus, Pertussis, Haemophilus, hepatitis B and measles. Primary immunological outcomes are responses to BCG antigens and tetanus toxoid in whole blood cytokine assays and antibody assays at one, three and five years of age. Primary disease outcomes are incidence of malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, measles, vertical HIV transmission, and atopic disease episodes, measured at clinic visits and twice-monthly home visits. Effects on anaemia, growth and intellectual development are also assessed. Conclusion: This trial, with a novel design comprising related interventions in pregnant women and their offspring, is the first to examine effects of helminths and their treatment in pregnancy and early childhood on immunological, infectious disease and allergic disease outcomes. The results will enhance understanding of both detrimental and beneficial effects of helminth infection and inform policy. © Society for Clinical Trials 2007.	None	albendazole; BCG vaccine; cytokine; diphtheria pertussis poliomyelitis tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type b hepatitis B vaccine; measles vaccine; placebo; praziquantel; antiparasitic agent; anemia; article; atopy; child growth; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; factorial analysis; female; helminthiasis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; immunization; immunoassay; infant; infection rate; informed consent; major clinical study; malaria; mental development; outcome assessment; pregnant woman; preschool child; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; research ethics; sample size; single drug dose; tuberculosis; animal; child; helminth; immunology; incidence; male; methodology; parasitology; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; Uganda; Albendazole; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Humans; Immunization; Incidence; Male; Praziquantel; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Randomized Controlled Trials; Research Design; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250612631	Geochemistry of impactites and basement lithologies from ICDP borehole LB-07A, Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana	Coney L., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., Koeberl C.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Museum for Natural History, Department of Mineralogy, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Coney, L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Museum for Natural History, Department of Mineralogy, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	In 2004, a drilling project by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) at the Bosumtwi impact crater, Ghana (1.07 Myr old and 10.5 km in diameter), obtained drill core LB-07A, which sampled impactites and underlying metasediments in the crater moat surrounding the small central uplift of the structure. The LB-07A core consists of three sequences: 82.29 m of an upper impactite sequence of alternating polymict lithic and suevitic impact breccias overlying 54.88 m of so-called lower impactite of monomict impact breccia with several suevite intercalations, and 74.53 m of meta-graywacke and altered shale of the basement, also containing a number of suevite intercalations. Major- and trace-element characteristics of all three sequences have been determined to investigate breccia formation and the role of the respective basement lithologies therein. Compositions of polymict impact breccias of the crater fill revealed by core LB-07A are compared with the compositions of the Ivory Coast tektites and the fallout suevites. The impactites of the LB-07A borehole appear well homogenized with respect to the silicate component, and little change in the ranges of many major- and trace-element differences is seen along the length of the borehole (except for Fe2O3, MgO, and CaO contents). Much scatter is observed for a number of elements, and in many cases this increases with depth. It is proposed that any variability in composition is likely the function of clast population differences (i.e., also of relatively small sample sizes). No systematic compositional difference between polymict lithic and suevitic impact breccias is evident. An indication of carbonate enrichment due to hydrothermal alteration is observed in samples from all lithologies. The impactites of the borehole generally show intermediate compositions to previously defined target rocks. The fallout suevites have comparable major element abundances, except for relatively lower MgO contents. The Ivory Coast tektites are generally similar in composition to the LB-07A suevites, but broader ranges in MgO and CaO contents are observed for the LB-07A suevites. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250625648	The Lake Bosumtwi impact structure in Ghana: A brief environmental assessment and discussion of ecotourism potential	Boamah D., Koeberl C.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Geological Survey Department, P.O. Box M80, Accra, Ghana	Boamah, D., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Geological Survey Department, P.O. Box M80, Accra, Ghana; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Lake Bosumtwi is a natural inland freshwater lake that originated from a meteorite impact. The lake is becoming a popular tourist attraction in Ghana and has the potential to be developed as an ecotourism site in the future. However, there have been some unregulated human activities and unplanned infrastructure development, and there are increased levels of pollutants in the lake water. In order to make ecotourism at Lake Bosumtwi successful in the long term, the Lake Bosumtwi Development Committee has been formed to ensure that local people are empowered to mobilize their own capacities. It has been realized that an important criterion required to develop ecotourism in a socially responsible, economically efficient, and environmentally viable way is to foster a constructive dialogue between the local people and tourists about the needs of the indigenous people. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250632045	Impact of harvesting practices on nematode communities and yield of sugarcane	Berry S., Spaull V.W., Cadet P.	2007	Crop Protection	26	8	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.022	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa; IRD, CBGP (Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations), UMR-1062, Campus Baillarguet, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, Montpellier Cedex, France	Berry, S., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa; Spaull, V.W., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa; Cadet, P., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa, IRD, CBGP (Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations), UMR-1062, Campus Baillarguet, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, Montpellier Cedex, France	On the sandy soils in South Africa damage by plant parasitic nematodes to sugarcane occurs equally in both the plant and ratoon crops. In Australia and Burkina Faso, ratoon crops are less susceptible than plant crops. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether differences in stubble or stool size, resulting from the different harvesting practices in Australia, Burkina Faso and South Africa, affected yield loss in ratoon crops under South African conditions. The Australian hilling up method (producing a larger below-ground stool) had little effect on nematode abundance and population structure but did exhibit reduced yield loss from nematodes in ratoon crops. A large above-ground stubble (similar to that produced by the Burkina Faso harvest method), on its own, was not associated with reduced yield loss. However when a pretrashing treatment was performed just before harvest, then a significant reduction in yield loss occurred in the following crop. Harvest procedures that produced an above-ground stubble were associated with a significantly altered nematode community structure, with increased relative proportions of Helicotylenchus dihystera and decreased proportions of Xiphinema elongatum. Such nematode communities are known to be less pathogenic to sugarcane. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Harvesting practice; Hilling up; Nematodes; Stool; Stubble; Sugarcane	abundance; community structure; crop yield; harvesting; nematode; parasite; population structure; stubble; sugar cane; Africa; Australasia; Australia; Burkina Faso; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Helicotylenchus dishystera; Nematoda; Xiphinema elongatum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250650095	The Lake Bosumtwi meteorite impact structure, Ghana - Where is the magnetic source?	Ugalde H., Morris W.A., Pesonen L.J., Danuor S.K.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	McMaster Applied Geophysics and Geological Imaging Consortium, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Division of Geophysics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Ugalde, H., McMaster Applied Geophysics and Geological Imaging Consortium, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Morris, W.A., McMaster Applied Geophysics and Geological Imaging Consortium, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Pesonen, L.J., Division of Geophysics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Danuor, S.K., Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	The Bosumtwi impact structure (Ghana) is a young and well-preserved structure where a vast amount of information is available to constrain any geophysical model. Previous analysis of the airborne magnetic data and results of numerical simulation of impact predicted a strongly magnetic impact-melt body underneath the lake. Recent drilling through the structure did not penetrate such an expected impact-melt rock magnetic source. A new 3-D magnetic model for the structure was constructed based on a newly acquired higher-resolution marine magnetic data set, with consideration of the observed gravity data on the lake, previous seismic models, and the magnetic properties and lithology identified in the two International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) deep boreholes. The new model contains highly magnetic bodies located in the northeast sector of the structure, not centered onto the drilling sites. As in previous models, higher magnetization than that measured in outcropping impactites had to be assigned to the unexposed source bodies. Integration of the new model with the borehole petrophysics and published geology indicates that these bodies likely correspond to an extension to the south of the Kumasi batholith, which outcrops to the northeast of the structure. The possibility that these source bodies are related to the seismically identified central uplift or to an unmapped impact-melt sheet predicted by previous models of the structure is not supported. Detailed magnetic scanning of the Kumasi batholith to the north, and the Bansu intrusion to the south, would provide a test for this interpretation. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250658504	Synchronous cycles of domestic dog rabies in sub-Saharan Africa and the impact of control efforts	Hampson K., Dushoff J., Bingham J., Brückner G., Ali Y.H., Dobson A.	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	104	18	10.1073/pnas.0609122104	Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia; Department of Agriculture, Chief Directorate Veterinary Services, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa; Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Khartoum, Sudan	Hampson, K., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Dushoff, J., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Bingham, J., Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia; Brückner, G., Department of Agriculture, Chief Directorate Veterinary Services, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa; Ali, Y.H., Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Khartoum, Sudan; Dobson, A., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Rabies is a fatal neurological pathogen that is a persistent problem throughout the developing world where it is spread primarily by domestic dogs. Although the disease has been extensively studied in wildlife populations in Europe and North America, the dynamics of rabies in domestic dog populations has been almost entirely neglected. Here, we demonstrate that rabies epidemics in southern and eastern Africa cycle with a period of 3-6 years and show significant synchrony across the region. The observed period is shorter than predictions based on epidemiological parameters for rabies in domestic dogs. We find evidence that rabies prevention measures, including vaccination, are affected by disease prevalence and show that a simple model with intervention responses can capture observed disease periodicity and host dynamics. We suggest that movement of infectious or latent animals combined with coordinated control responses may be important in coupling populations and generating synchrony at the continental scale. These findings have important implications for rabies prediction and control: large-scale synchrony and the importance of intervention responses suggest that control of canine rabies in Africa will require sustained efforts coordinated across political boundaries. © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.	Disease dynamics; Epidemics; Infectious disease; Mathematical model; Vaccination	Africa; article; disease transmission; dog; domestic animal; epidemic; geographic distribution; infection control; mathematical model; nonhuman; priority journal; rabies; vaccination; virus infection; Africa south of the Sahara; animal; animal disease; biological model; dog; dog disease; immunology; incidence; pathology; population density; time; Animalia; Canis familiaris; virus vaccine; Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Incidence; Models, Biological; Population Density; Rabies; Time Factors; Viral Vaccines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250658557	Evaluation of the phytoestrogenic activity of Cyclopia genistoides (honeybush) methanol extracts and relevant polyphenols	Verhoog N.J.D., Joubert E., Louw A.	2007	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	55	11	10.1021/jf063588n	Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Verhoog, N.J.D., Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Joubert, E., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa, Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Louw, A., Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Unfermented C. genistoides methanol extracts of different harvestings and selected polyphenols were evaluated for phytoestrogenic activity by comparing binding to both ER subtypes, transactivation of an ERE-containing promoter reporter, proliferation of MCF-7-BUS and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and binding to SHBG. The extracts from one harvesting of C. genistoides (P104) bound to both ER subtypes. All extracts transactivated ERE-containing promoter reporters via ERβ but not via ERα. All extracts, except P122, caused proliferation of the estrogen-sensitive MCF-7-BUS cells. Proliferation of MCF-7-BUS cells was ER-dependent as ICI 182,780 reversed proliferation. Physiologically more relevant, extracts antagonized E2-induced MCF-7-BUS cell proliferation. Furthermore, all extracts, except P122, induced proliferation of the estrogen-insensitive MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting that the extracts are able to induce ER-dependent and ER-independent cell proliferation. Binding to SHBG by extracts was also demonstrated. These results clearly show that C. genistoides methanol extracts display phytoestrogenic activity and act predominantly via ERβ. HPLC and LC-MS analysis, however, suggests that the observed phytoestrogenic activity cannot be ascribed to polyphenols known to be present in other Cyclopia species. © 2007 American Chemical Society.	Cyclopia genistoides; ERα; ERβ; Honeybush; MCF-7-BUS cell proliferation; MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation; Phytoestrogens; SHBG	estrogen receptor alpha; estrogen receptor beta; flavonoid; phenol derivative; phytoestrogen; plant extract; polyphenols; unclassified drug; animal; article; cell strain COS1; Cercopithecus; chemistry; legume; physiology; Animals; Cercopithecus aethiops; COS Cells; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogen Receptor beta; Fabaceae; Flavonoids; Phenols; Phytoestrogens; Plant Extracts; Cyclopia genistoides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250661060	Integrated 3-D model from gravity and petrophysical data at the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana	Ugalde H., Danuor S.K., Milkereit B.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	McMaster Applied Geophysics and Geological Imaging Consortium, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Ugalde, H., McMaster Applied Geophysics and Geological Imaging Consortium, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; Danuor, S.K., Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Milkereit, B., Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada	The Bosumtwi impact structure of central Ghana was drilled in 2004 as part of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP). A vast amount of geoscience data is available from the pre-site surveys and the actual drilling phase. A 3-D gravity model was constructed and calibrated with the available data from the two ICDP boreholes, LB-07A and LB-08A. The 3-D gravity model results agree well with both the sediment thickness and size of the central uplift revealed by previously collected seismic data, and with the petrophysical data from the LB-08A and LB-07A core materials and the two borehole logs. Furthermore, the model exhibits lateral density variations across the structure and refines the results from previous 2.5-D modeling. An important new element of the 3-D model is that the thickness of the intervals comprising polymict lithic impact breccia and suevite, monomict lithic breccia and fractured basement is much smaller than that predicted by numerical modeling. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250666645	Search for a meteoritic component in drill cores from the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Platinum group element contents and osmium isotopic characteristics	McDonald I., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B., Coney L., Ferrière L., Reimold W.U., Koeberl C.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	School of Earth Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1541, United States; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Mineralogy, Museum for Natural History, Humboldt University in Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany	McDonald, I., School of Earth Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1541, United States; Coney, L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Ferrière, L., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Department of Mineralogy, Museum for Natural History, Humboldt University in Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria	An attempt was made to detect a meteoritic component in both crater-fill (fallback) impact breccias and fallout suevites (outside the crater rim) at the Bosumtwi impact structure in Ghana. Thus far, the only clear indication for an extraterrestrial component related to this structure has been the discovery of a meteoritic signature in Ivory Coast tektites, which formed during the Bosumtwi impact event. Earlier work at Bosumtwi indicated unusually high levels of elements that are commonly used for the identification of meteoritic contamination (i.e., siderophile elements, including the platinum group elements [PGE]) in both target rocks and impact breccias from surface exposures around the crater structure, which does not allow unambiguous verification of an extraterrestrial signature. The present work, involving PGE abundance determinations and Os isotope measurements on drill core samples from inside and outside the crater rim, arrives at the same conclusion. Despite the potential of the Os isotope system to detect even small amounts of extraterrestrial contribution, the wide range in PGE concentrations and Os isotope composition observed in the target rocks makes the interpretation of unradiogenic, high-concentration samples as an impact signature ambiguous. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250673163	Multicenter evaluation of the new Abbott Realtime assays for quantitative detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus RNA	Schutten M., Peters D., Back N.K.T., Beld M., Beuselinck K., Foulongne V., Geretti A.-M., Pandiani L., Tiemann C., Niesters H.G.M.	2007	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	45	6	10.1128/JCM.02385-06	Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; InnovirGroup of Companies, Gardenview 2047, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Virology, Montpellier University Hospital, 80 Ave. A. Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France; Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; Laboratoires Marcel Mérieux, BP 7322, 69357 Lyon Cedex 07, France; LABCON-OWL, Labor Dr. Krone und Partner, Herford, Germany; Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands	Schutten, M., Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Peters, D., InnovirGroup of Companies, Gardenview 2047, South Africa; Back, N.K.T., Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Beld, M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Beuselinck, K., Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Foulongne, V., Laboratory of Virology, Montpellier University Hospital, 80 Ave. A. Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France; Geretti, A.-M., Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; Pandiani, L., Laboratoires Marcel Mérieux, BP 7322, 69357 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Tiemann, C., LABCON-OWL, Labor Dr. Krone und Partner, Herford, Germany; Niesters, H.G.M., Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands	The analytical performances of the new Abbott RealTime hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load assays were compared at nine laboratories with different competitor assays. These included the Abbott LcX, Bayer Versant bDNA, Roche COBAS Amplicor, and Roche COBAS TaqMan assays. Two different protocols used during the testing period with and without a pre-m1000 RNA isolation spin were compared. The difference proved to be nonsignificant. A uracil-N-glycosylase (UNG) contamination control option in the HCV test for previous Roche COBAS Amplicor users was evaluated. It proved to decrease amplicon carryover by 100-fold independent of the amplicon input concentration. The protocol including UNG proved to overcome problems with false-positive negative controls. Comparison with other assays revealed only minor differences. The largest difference was observed between the Abbott HCV RealTime assay and the Roche COBAS Amplicor HCV Monitor version 2.0 assay. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	messenger RNA; virus RNA; amplicon; analytical equipment; article; comparative study; contamination; data analysis; Hepatitis C virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; multicenter study; nonhuman; performance; priority journal; quality control; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; RNA isolation; virus detection; virus load; virus titration; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Uracil-DNA Glycosidase; Viral Load; Hepatitis C virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250680541	In situ seismic measurements in borehole LB-08A in the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Preliminary interpretation	Schmitt D.R., Milkereit B., Karp T., Scholz C., Danuor S., Meillieux D., Welz M.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	Institute for Geophysical Research, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; Department of Geology, 204 Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Geophysik GGD, Ehrensteinstrasse 33, 04105 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Schmitt, D.R., Institute for Geophysical Research, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada; Milkereit, B., Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; Karp, T., Department of Geology, 204 Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States, Geophysik GGD, Ehrensteinstrasse 33, 04105 Leipzig, Germany; Scholz, C., Department of Geology, 204 Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Danuor, S., Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Meillieux, D., Institute for Geophysical Research, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada; Welz, M., Institute for Geophysical Research, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada	In order to assist in the interpretation of previous seismic refraction and reflection surveys, a vertical seismic profile was acquired in the Lake Bosumtwi (Ghana) hard-rock core hole LB-08A. No seismic reflections are seen in the up-going wave field obtained, and this observation is consistent with the lack of reflectivity observed in the corresponding 2-D surface seismic profile obtained in earlier studies. Direct down-going P-waves were found both in the cased sediment column from a depth of 73 m to 239 m below the lake surface and in the open-hole "hard rock" section from a depth of 239 m to 451 m of LB-08A. Analysis of the observed travel times indicates a nearly constant P-wave velocity of 1520 m/s through the soft lacustrine sediments. In the hard-rock, however, the P-wave velocity rapidly increases by nearly 30% from 2600 m/s to 3340 m/s. These values are in good agreement with the gross velocity structure obtained in the earlier joint inversion of seismic reflection and refraction data. These values are low relative to those expected for the metasedimentary protoliths, an observation that has been made at other young impact structures of similar size. The low velocities, together with the fact that they increase so rapidly, is suggestive of a decreasing density of fractures and microcracks with depth. Consequently, the seismic velocity trend may provide a proxy measure of damage, and hence, the decay of the shock pressure from the impact point. Validation of this requires additional detailed studies of the porosity structure in the core. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250680924	Iron deficiency anaemia and evaluation of the utility of iron deficiency indicators among healthy Nigerian children	Jeremiah Z.A., Buseri F.I., Uko E.K.	2007	Hematology	12	3	10.1080/10245330601111821	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Jeremiah, Z.A., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Buseri, F.I., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Uko, E.K., Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	The hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS) and serum ferritin (SF) values of 240 apparently healthy children were determined in a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Standard colorimetric and enzyme immunoassay procedures were used for the estimation all variables. The mean values of all parameters in this study population were; Hb (11.2 ± 1.83 gldl), TIBC (361.4 ± 245.7 ugldl, logc SI (1.807 ± 0.45), log c SF (1.51 ± 0.47) and TS (29.3 ± 18.5%). There was an age-dependent statistical significant difference in the Hb, TIBC and TS values (P &lt; 0.01). Sex was not found to exert any significant influence on the parameters except TIBC. TS had the highest sensitivity and efficiency values of 48 and 95%, respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV), likelihood ratio (LR+) and post-test probability values were highest with SF (58%, 3.3 and 62.2%, respectively) as a diagnostic indicator. Hb values correlated positively and significantly with TS (P &lt; 0.01), log cSI and log cSF concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). Log cSF also correlated positively and significantly with Hb and TIBC (P &lt; 0.05). The overall prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among these children was 33.75%. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among apparently healthy children under the age of five years in this part of the world and these results may justify the need for the introduction of a broad intervention programme for this highly vulnerable group. This study is also in support of the hypothesis that SF is the best test for diagnosing or excluding iron deficiency anaemia. The combination of SF, Hb and TS determinations may prove more useful in a resource-limited moderate setting.	Anaemia; Iron deficiency; Iron deficiency anaemia; Iron deficiency indicators; Nigeria	biochemical marker; ferritin; hemoglobin; iron; transferrin; age distribution; article; child; childhood disease; colorimetry; controlled study; correlation analysis; enzyme immunoassay; female; ferritin blood level; hemoglobin blood level; human; iron binding capacity; iron blood level; iron deficiency anemia; laboratory diagnosis; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; prevalence; priority journal; probability; prospective study; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; statistical significance; transferrin blood level; vulnerable population; Age Factors; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Biological Markers; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Ferritins; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors; Transferrin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250686622	Lithostratigraphic and petrographic analysis of ICDP drill core LB-07A, Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana	Coney L., Gibson R.L., Reimold W.U., Koeberl C.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Museum for Natural History, Department of Mineralogy, Humboldt University in Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Coney, L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Museum for Natural History, Department of Mineralogy, Humboldt University in Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Lithostratigraphic and petrographic studies of drill core samples from the 545.08 m deep International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) borehole LB-07A in the Bosumtwi impact structure revealed two sequences of impactites below the post-impact crater sediments and above coherent basement rock. The upper impactites (333.38-415.67 m depth) comprise an alternating sequence of suevite and lithic impact breccias. The lower impactite sequence (415.67-470.55 m depth) consists essentially of monomict impact breccia formed from meta-graywacke with minor shale, as well as two narrow injections of suevite, which differ from the suevites of the upper impactites in color and intensity of shock metamorphism of the clasts. The basement rock (470.55-545.08 m depth) is composed of lower greenschist-facies metapelites (shale, schist and minor phyllite), meta-graywacke, and minor meta-sandstone, as well as interlaminated quartzite and calcite layers. The basement also contains a number of suevite dikelets that are interpreted as injection veins, as well as a single occurrence of granophyric-textured rock, tentatively interpreted as a hydrothermally altered granitic intrusion likely related to the regional pre-impact granitoid complexes. Impact melt fragments are not as prevalent in LB-07A suevite as in the fallout suevite facies around the northern crater rim; on average, 3.6 vol% of melt fragments is seen in the upper suevites and up to 18 vol% in the lower suevite occurrences. Shock deformation features observed in the suevites and polymict lithic breccias include planar deformation features in quartz (1 to 3 sets), rare diaplectic quartz glass, and very rare diaplectic feldspar glass. Notably, no ballen quartz, which is abundant in the fallout suevites, has been found in the within-crater impact breccias. An overall slight increase in the degree of shock metamorphism occurs with depth in the impactites, but considerably lower shock degrees are seen in the suevites of the basement rocks, which show similar features to each other. The bulk of the suevite in LB-07A appears to have been derived from the <35 GPa shock zone of the transient crater. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250722113	Impact of α-topopherol on metronidazole and tetracycline-induced alterations in reproductive activities of male albino rats	Raji Y., Kunle-Alabi O.T., Olaleye S.B., Gbadegesin M.A., Awobajo F.O., Osonuga O.A., Odukanmi A.O., Salami S.A., Bolarinwa A.F.	2007	Journal of Biological Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Olaleye, S.B., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gbadegesin, M.A., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Awobajo, F.O., Department of Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Osonuga, O.A., Department of Pharmacology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Shagamu, Nigeria; Odukanmi, A.O., Department of Physiology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Salami, S.A., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Bolarinwa, A.F., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Antimicrobial drugs have been reported to have adverse effects on male fertility. The present study reports the role of α- tocopherol on metronidazole and tetracycline induced reproductive alterations in albino rats. Male albino rats (5/group) were treated with 20 mg kg-1 bw day-1 metronidazole or 60 mg kg-1 day-1 tetracycline with or without 15 mg kg-1 bw α-tocopherol for 8 weeks. The reversibility of effects after 4 weeks recovery period was determined in separate groups of 5 rats. The control groups received distilled water (vehicle) and 15 mg kg-1 day-1 α- tocopherol for 8 weeks. Metronidazole and tetracycline significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the weight of the epididymis, sperm count, motility and serum testosterone levels and increased the activity of endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the testis. Alpha-tocopherol significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased the weight of the testis, epididymis, sperm motility and serum testosterone levels. Co-administration of metronidazole or tetracycline with α-tocopherol caused significant restoration in sperm indices and SOD activity while it produced no effect on testosterone secretion. The results suggest that the effects of metronidazole and tetracycline on male reproductive functions, which are partially reversible, could be mediated via a reduction in serum testosterone level and probably also via the free radical generating mechanism. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Male; Rat; Reproduction	alpha tocopherol; metronidazole; superoxide dismutase; testosterone; tetracycline; water; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; enzyme activity; epididymis; male; male genital system disease; monotherapy; nonhuman; organ weight; rat; spermatozoon count; spermatozoon motility; testosterone blood level; testosterone release; treatment duration; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250741031	Influence of soil texture, moisture, and surface cracks on the performance of a root-feeding flea beetle, Longitarsus bethae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for Lantana camara (Verbenaceae)	Simelane D.O.	2007	Environmental Entomology	36	3	10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[512:IOSTMA]2.0.CO;2	Weeds Research Division, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, P/Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, P/Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; ARC-PPRI, P/Bag X134, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa	Simelane, D.O., Weeds Research Division, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, P/Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, P/Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa, ARC-PPRI, P/Bag X134, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa	Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the influence of soil texture, moisture and surface cracks on adult preference and survival of the root-feeding flea beetle, Longitarsus bethae Savini and Escalona (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a natural enemy of the weed, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Adult feeding, oviposition preference, and survival of the immature stages of L. bethae were examined at four soil textures (clayey, silty loam, sandy loam, and sandy soil), three soil moisture levels (low, moderate, and high), and two soil surface conditions (with or without surface cracks). Both soil texture and moisture had no influence on leaf feeding and colonization by adult L. bethae. Soil texture had a significant influence on oviposition, with adults preferring to lay on clayey and sandy soils to silty or sandy loam soils. However, survival to adulthood was significantly higher in clayey soils than in other soil textures. There was a tendency for females to deposit more eggs at greater depth in both clayey and sandy soils than in other soil textures. Although oviposition preference and depth of oviposition were not influenced by soil moisture, survival in moderately moist soils was significantly higher than in other moisture levels. Development of immature stages in high soil moisture levels was significantly slower than in other soil moisture levels. There were no variations in the body size of beetles that emerged from different soil textures and moisture levels. Females laid almost three times more eggs on cracked than on noncracked soils. It is predicted that clayey and moderately moist soils will favor the survival of L. bethae, and under these conditions, damage to the roots is likely to be high. This information will aid in the selection of suitable release sites where L. bethae would be most likely to become established. © 2007 Entomological Society of America.	Biological control; Lantana camara; Longitarsus bethae; Performance; Soil factors	water; beetle; biocontrol agent; clay soil; colonization; food preference; natural enemy; oviposition; sandy loam; sandy soil; silty loam; soil cracking; soil moisture; soil texture; survival; weed control; animal; article; beetle; biological pest control; egg laying; female; growth, development and aging; Lantana; physiology; soil; Animals; Beetles; Female; Lantana; Oviposition; Pest Control, Biological; Soil; Water; Alticini; Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera; Lantana; Lantana camara; Longitarsus; Siphonaptera (fleas); Verbenaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250774462	Effect of duration of cooking of Lablab purpureus beans on the performance organ weight and haematological parameters of Shika-brown pullet chicks	Abeke F.O., Ogundipe S.O., Oladele S., Sekoni A.A., Dafwang I.I., Adeyinka I.A., Oni O.O., Abeke A.	2007	Journal of Biological Sciences	7	3	None	National Animal Production Institute, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Faculty of Veterinary Teaching Hospital ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; National Agric. Extension and Research Liaison Services, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria	Abeke, F.O., National Animal Production Institute, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Ogundipe, S.O., National Animal Production Institute, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Oladele, S., Faculty of Veterinary Teaching Hospital ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Sekoni, A.A., National Animal Production Institute, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Dafwang, I.I., National Agric. Extension and Research Liaison Services, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production Institute, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Oni, O.O., National Animal Production Institute, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria; Abeke, A., National Animal Production Institute, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria	The effect of duration of cooking of Lablab purpureus beans on the performance, organ weight and haematological parameters of Shika-brown pullet chicks from 0-8 weeks was investigated. Eight dietary treatments of which seven in which Lablab purpureus beans cooked for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min) was included and a control (Corn-Soyacake-Groundnut-cake based diet) were formulated. These were replicated three times with 25 birds per replicate in a complete randomized design. The birds were managed under the deep litter system. Results obtained showed that cooking time had significant (p<0.05) improvement on performance characteristics such as final weight, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and percent mortality. Organ weights such as the liver, the heart and the pancreas decreased as the duration of cooking increased while haematological parameters such as the Total Protein (TP), the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and the Haemoglobin (Hb) increased slightly, (although not significantly) in the blood up to about 30 min of cooking before decreasing as the duration of cooking continued to increase. These observations are indications that higher durations of cooking up to about 30 min render the nutrients in the raw lablab seeds more available for utilization by the birds. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Antinutritional factors; Cooking duration; Haematological parameters; Lablab beans organ weights; Pullet chicks	hemoglobin; plasma protein; animal experiment; animal food; article; bean; blood volume; chick; cooking; corn; erythrocyte concentrate; food analysis; food processing; heart weight; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; liver weight; mortality; nonhuman; nutritional value; organ weight; pancreas; peanut; plant seed; protein blood level; soybean; time; weight gain; Aves; Lablab; Lablab purpureus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250777275	Ex ante impact assessment and seasonal climate forecasts: Status and issues	Thornton P.K.	2006	Climate Research	33	1	None	International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya	Thornton, P.K., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya	The field of ex ante impact assessment has been receiving increasing attention in recent years, due in part to the rapidly changing nature of funding for agricultural research and the shifts that have occurred in what is expected of the international agricultural research community. Ex ante studies are often carried out to provide information to assist in the allocation of scarce research resources to activities that are efficient in some way, or that best match donors' development objectives. In practice, impact assessment is often contentious and usually difficult. Despite this, a wide range of tools has been developed for ex ante impact assessment, and these are used routinely in many different areas. Here, various ex ante impact assessment methods are outlined that may be used to provide aggregated information at the scale of the region or society. Also discussed is how technological and policy changes associated with seasonal climate forecasts in developing countries can be assessed through a combination of these methods. Recent developments in quantitative modelling, and the availability of high-resolution regional and global data sets, could in the future contribute significantly to the identification of niches where seasonal climate forecasts could help vulnerable people cope with variability, with concomitant impacts on the alleviation of poverty. © Inter-Research 2006.	Climate forecast; Evaluation; Ex ante; Impact assessment; Innovation; Risk; Targeting	Agriculture; Environmental impact; Innovation; Risk assessment; Weather forecasting; climate prediction; data set; developing world; innovation; quantitative analysis; targeting; technological change	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250783208	Performance of the Women-In-Agriculture project in Borno State during and after World Bank support	Elizabeth S.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	8	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa State University, PMB 25, Mubi, Nigeria	Elizabeth, S., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa State University, PMB 25, Mubi, Nigeria	This study compared the performance of the Women-In-Agriculture (WIA) programme in Borno State, Nigeria during and after World Bank funding, 1989-1995 and 1996-2003, respectively. Structured questionnaires were administered to 20 randomly selected WIA agents of Borno State Agricultural Development Programme. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis revealed that most of the WIA activities during the World Bank funding period recorded a high performance index, such as establishment of Small Plot Adoption Techniques (SPAT) (73.10%), establishment of cottage industries (75%) and number of field visits made by the WIA agents (68%). However, after the World Bank funding period, most target set were not achieved, recording (0) achievement rate in (5) activities, such as establishment of cottage industries and equipment of the fortnightly training centers. Based on these findings, it is recommended that funding of the WIA project by the World Bank, Federal, State and Local government should be reactivated. The government should ensure access of women farmers to extension services, inputs and training opportunities. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Borno state; Performance index; Women farmers; World Bank	Agricultural development; Borno state; Cottage industries; Inferential statistics; Local government; Performance indices; Women farmers; World bank; Finance; Surveys; Agriculture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250852240	Evaluation of pearl millet accessions for yield and nutrient composition	Amodu J.T., Adeyinka I.A., Kallah M.S., Alawa J.P.	2007	Journal of Biological Sciences	7	2	None	National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria	Amodu, J.T., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Kallah, M.S., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Alawa, J.P., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out in 2001 and 2002 at the Forage and Crop Residue Research Programme of the National Animal Production Research, Institute, Shika, Nigeria, to evaluate the yield components and nutrient composition of three accessions of pearl millet (Mokwa, Bunkure and Kankara). The three accessions were planted in completely randomized block design in three replications. Sowing was carried out in both years of the trial at the rate of 4 kg seeds per hectare on 10×7.5 m plot. Parameters assessed included plant height, number of tillers/culm, percentage green, leaf stem ratio, fodder yield (fresh and dry weights). CP, CF, EE, NFE, ash, P, Ca and Mg. Results showed that at 116 post-planting, there were varietal differences in height, tillering ability, leafiness and greenness, which were found significant (p&lt;0.05). The Bunkure accession which was taller, greener and higher in number of tillers had the highest fodder yield of 9.07 and 7.32 t ha-1 of fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. In the three accessions there were no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) in the leaf:stem ratio. Differences between accessions in terms of EE, NFE and P were not significantly different (p&gt;0.05) while significant differences were noticed in ash, CP, CF and Mg content of the millet accessions. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Accessions; Evaluation; Millet; Nutrient; Yield	calcium; magnesium; phosphorus; article; ash; dry weight; Nigeria; pearl millet; plant height; plant leaf; plant nutrient; plant stem; sowing; Animalia; Pennisetum glaucum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250872220	The impact of cold temperatures during grain maturation on selected quality parameters of wheat	Craven M., Barnard A., Labuschagne M.T.	2007	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	87	9	10.1002/jsfa.2927	Agricultural Research Council - Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X21, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa; Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI), Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Craven, M., Agricultural Research Council - Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X21, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa, Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI), Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Barnard, A., Agricultural Research Council - Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X21, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa; Labuschagne, M.T., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The influence of sudden cold spells during grain filling of wheat on the quality traits of three South African hard red wheat cultivars (Gariep, Elands and Tugela-DN) was studied, with the emphasis on Hagberg falling number (HFN). Four treatments were used (-1°C at soft dough stage, -1°C at late milk stage, -4°C at soft dough stage and -4°C at late milk stage) and were administered for one night only. From the results it was concluded that, although limited in duration, such frost conditions did have an effect on the quality of the wheat cultivars. Cultivars differed in their response to the various treatments but also as to what quality traits were affected the most. The -4°C at late milk stage resulted in significantly reduced HFN being measured for both Elands and Tugela-DN. A similar effect was observed for Gariep, but was not statistically significant. Although the response was limited to the main tillers only, the conclusion was made that it is probable that the reduced HFN would be visible in the pooled sample of head and side tillers. A screening protocol was suggested that would allow classification of cultivars for frost tolerance. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.	Frost; Hagberg falling number; Quality parameters; Wheat	Tragelaphus oryx; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250885696	Outbreak of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in riverine communities of Delta State, Nigeria: Impact of road and bridge construction	Nwabueze A.A., Opara K.N.	2007	Journal of Medical Sciences	7	4	None	Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria	Nwabueze, A.A., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Opara, K.N., Department of Zoology, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria	Following frequent reports of haematuria among school children in Ndokwa-East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, a longitudinal pre-control survey of urinary schistosomiasis was conducted in 10 riverine communities of the local government area from March 2003 to February 2005. School children aged between 5 and 12 years were examined for Schistosoma haematobium ova in their urine. Of the 580 and 1032 children examined in the first and second year of study respectively, there was a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in prevalence from 21.9% to 91.4%, geometric mean intensity of infection increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) from 14.4 to 26.0 eggs-1 10 mL urine, while macrohaematuria also increased from 1.2% to 56.5%. Prevalence and intensity of infection were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in males than in females. There was a seasonal variation in prevalence, which was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in dry season than rainy season. Four species of snails were encountered with Bulinus (physopsis) globosus predominating. The road and bridge construction project which created a favourable environment for snail growth and proliferation in addition to poor sanitary habit, lack of potable water and ignorance of the inhabitant of these riverine communities may have contributed to the recent outbreak.	Bridge constructions; Delta State; Nigeria; Outbreak; Prevalence; Schistosoma haematobium	drinking water; article; Bulinus; child; child care; construction work; controlled study; environmental exposure; environmental factor; environmental sanitation; epidemic; female; geometry; health survey; hematuria; human; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; oocyte; prevalence; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; seasonal variation; sex difference; snail; species difference; urinalysis; water quality	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347208621	Memory performance in HIV/AIDS - A prospective case control study	Odiase F.E., Ogunrin O.A., Ogunniyi A.A.	2007	Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences	34	2	None	Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1	Odiase, F.E., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunrin, O.A., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunniyi, A.A., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Memory impairment, usually impaired retrieval of information, has been described in HIV/AIDS, especially among those with severe illness. Neuro-cognitive disturbances in HIV/AIDS have been linked to poor quality of life and medication adherence. This prospective, case-control study was designed to assess the verbal and non-verbal memory as well as the attention abilities of Nigerian Africans with HIV/AIDS and correlate their performances with their CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4+) counts. Methods: A total of 288 randomly selected subjects, comprising 96 HIV-positive symptomatic patients, 96 HIV-positive asymptomatic patients and 96 HIV-negative controls, participated in the study. The subjects were age-, sex-, and level of education matched. The Recognition Memory Test and Choice Reaction Time tasks, components of the computer-assisted neuropsychological tests battery- the Iron Psychology 'FePsy' were used for cognitive assessments. Results: The mean memory scores of the HIV-positive asymptomatic subjects did not differ significantly from the controls (p>0.05) but the HIV-positive symptomatic subjects' scores were significantly lower than the controls (p<0.05). Both HIV-positive groups had psychomotor slowing and impaired attention (p<0.05). The HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ counts <200/μl and between 200 and 499/μl had significant memory impairment (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively) but there was no significant impairment among those with count ≥500/μl. Impaired ability for sustained attention was however present irrespective of the CD4+ level relative to controls (p<0.001). Conclusions: We concluded that there was no significant memory disturbance among HIV-positive asymptomatic subjects despite the presence of impaired attention and psychomotor slowing, and that the severity of immune suppression (as indicated by the CD4+ T lymphocytes count) is a strong determinant of cognitive decline in HIV/AIDS.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; attention disturbance; case control study; CD4 lymphocyte count; cognitive defect; controlled study; disease severity; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune deficiency; major clinical study; male; memory; memory disorder; neuropsychological test; priority journal; psychomotor disorder; quality of life; response time; verbal memory; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Case-Control Studies; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cognition; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Matched-Pair Analysis; Memory Disorders; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; Reaction Time; Recognition (Psychology); Verbal Behavior; Verbal Learning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347237636	Impacts of a South African coastal golf estate on shrubland bird communities	Fox S.-J.C., Hockey P.A.R.	2007	South African Journal of Science	103	42371	None	DST/NHF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Fox, S.-J.C., DST/NHF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Hockey, P.A.R., DST/NHF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Golf courses and estates are one form of development threatening coastal vegetation in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region. They occupy substantial tracts of land, fragmenting indigenous vegetation. This study investigates the effects on bird community structure and function of replacing natural Strandveld vegetation with a 170-ha golf estate in which 46 ha of Strandveld vegetation was retained in conditions ranging from pristine to moderately degraded. Bird assemblages of the remaining Strandveld patches in the golf estate were compared with those of an adjacent Strandveld conservation area. Field work was conducted during the birds' breeding season, in October and November 2005. The golf estate was more species rich overall, but many species were uncommon, several were present only as a consequence of the creation of new habitats, and species were not evenly distributed across the remaining Strandveld fragments. Bird diversity and abundance were significantly higher in the adjacent conservation area. It is estimated that more than 8500 individual birds were displaced by construction of the golf estate and four Strandveld species were not represented at all within the estate. Within the estate, species richness rose with increasing Strandveld patch size and the minimum area of continuous pristine vegetation required to maintain the natural species assemblage was estimated at 51 ha. The golf estate was characterized by a high proportion of generalist and granivorous species, but at the cost of reduced numbers of frugivores and nectarivores. Energy flow through the bird communities in the two areas was thus markedly different, and pollination and fruit dispersal potential within the golf estate were reduced substantially. Golf courses and golf estates inevitably will not substitute for the natural habitats they have replaced, but careful design with input from ecological theory can reduce the adverse effects of fragmentation.	None	abundance; bird; breeding season; coastal zone; community structure; golf course; habitat fragmentation; patch size; pristine environment; protected area; species diversity; species richness; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347238178	Practice report: Assessing the economic impacts of roads passing through ecologically sensitive areas: A case study in Cape Town, South Africa	Standish B., van Zyl H.W.	2007	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	25	2	10.3152/146155107X206967	Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Private Bay, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Independent Economic Researchers, PO Box 1015, Green Point 8051, South Africa	Standish, B., Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Private Bay, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; van Zyl, H.W., Independent Economic Researchers, PO Box 1015, Green Point 8051, South Africa	A recent environmental impact assessment of a proposed new toll road in Cape Town, South Africa raised some interesting questions, particularly with respect to the impacts of routing a road through an environmentally sensitive area. The paper discusses the challenges encountered in assessing the economic implications of this routing and how workable methodological solutions were arrived at. Our approach was to investigate the longer-term opportunity costs associated with the preferred routing. This was done through focusing on the strategic importance of the area without necessarily engaging in detailed quantification. © IAIA 2007.	Economic impact assessment; Environmental economics; Environmental valuation; Impact of roads; Strategic prioritisation	ecological impact; environmental economics; environmental impact assessment; Environmentally Sensitive Area; road construction; routing; sensitivity analysis; strategic approach; Africa; Cape Town; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347247256	Environmental impact assessment during project execution phases: Towards a stage-gate project management model for the raw materials processing industry of the energy sector	Brent A.C., Petrick W.	2007	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	25	2	10.3152/146155107X205832	Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Resource Based Sustainable Development, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Brent, A.C., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Resource Based Sustainable Development, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Petrick, W., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are usually required for all projects in the raw materials processing industry of the South African energy sector; they range in comprehensiveness from screening or abridged to full EIAs. Technical projects are typically on extremely tight schedules and project managers are tasked to properly align project lifecycles with the EIA process. However, the South African EIA legislation fails to take project management models and practices into consideration. A survey was conducted to establish the model that is usually followed. It focused on the stages of an EIA in relation to the project execution lifecycle phases. It ascertained problems that currently exist with the EIA procedure in the raw materials processing industry of the energy sector and that negatively affect the efficiency of project management practices in South Africa. Possible solutions are discussed and a stage-gate model is subsequently proposed, whereby the proper alignment of the South African EIA process and a typical project lifecycle is ensured for the energy sector. Further research is required to test the model through South African cases to determine the benefits and inefficiencies of such an approach, its critical elements such as quality assurance, and its influence on the stakeholders involved in an EIA. © IAIA 2007.	EIA; Environmental assessment; Life cycle management; Project management; Stage-gate model	environmental impact assessment; environmental legislation; management practice; processing; project management; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347324108	Coalescence methods reveal the impact of vicariance on the spatial genetic structure of Elephantulus edwardii (Afrotheria, Macroscelidea)	Smit H.A., Robinson T.J., Van Vuuren B.J.	2007	Molecular Ecology	16	13	10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03334.x	Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Smit, H.A., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Robinson, T.J., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Van Vuuren, B.J., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Within the Macroscelidea 15 species of elephant-shrews are recognized, of which nine occur in the southern African subregion. The Cape rock elephant-shrew (Elephantulus edwardii) is the only strictly endemic South African elephant-shrew species. Recent distribution data suggest that E. edwardii is continuously distributed from Namaqualand in the Western Cape Province to Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province. Molecular sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and variable control region indicate significant substructure within the Cape rock elephant-shrew across its distribution. Our data unequivocally showed the presence of a northern Namaqua and central Fynbos clade with four evolutionary lineages identified within the latter. The geographical delimitation of the northern and central clades corresponds closely with patterns reported for other rock-dwelling vertebrate species, indicating a shared biogeographical history for these taxa in South Africa. A coalescent method revealed the effects of ancestral polymorphism in shaping the Namaqua and Fynbos populations since their divergence ∼1.7 million years ago. Furthermore, our analyses uncovered a distinct Karoo lineage(s) that does not correspond to any of the previously described and/or currently recognized species, and we therefore argue for the possible recognition of a new sister taxon to E. edwardii. The taxonomic affinities of this clade were examined by sequencing corresponding regions from the type specimens of species described in the past, but which presently are synonimized within E. edwardii. Our results reveal the morphological misidentification of one of these types, accentuating the problems of field identification. © 2007 The Authors.	Cape Fold Mountains; Elephant-shrew; Knersvlakte; Phylogeography; Sengi; South Africa	cytochrome b; mitochondrial DNA; animal; article; classification; ecosystem; genetic variability; genetics; geography; shrew; South Africa; Animals; Cytochromes b; DNA, Mitochondrial; Ecosystem; Geography; Shrews; South Africa; Variation (Genetics); Afrotheria; Elephantulus edwardii; Loxodonta; Macroscelidea; Soricidae; Vertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347353294	The impact of heavy grazing on an ephemeral river system in the succulent karoo, South Africa	Allsopp N., Gaika L., Knight R., Monakisi C., Hoffman M.T.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	71	1	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.03.001	ARC-LBD: Range and Forage Unit, Private Bag X17 Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Lesley Hill Institute of Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Allsopp, N., ARC-LBD: Range and Forage Unit, Private Bag X17 Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Gaika, L., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Knight, R., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Monakisi, C., Lesley Hill Institute of Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Hoffman, M.T., Lesley Hill Institute of Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	The impact of long-term high grazing pressure on geomorphological features, plant community composition and cover and soil characteristics of an ephemeral river system in Namaqualand, South Africa, was compared to that of lighter grazing pressure across fencelines which crossed the river system. Under heavy grazing the river system was less braided and a higher proportion of the river width was unvegetated runoff channels. The river system was generally dominated by very sandy soil. However, more silt and organic matter, and less sand were found in soil under plants growing in the river bed. Since vegetation cover was much higher under light grazing, river soil was more fertile when grazing was light. A plant species compositional shift when grazing pressure was high resulted in riparian vegetation which more closely resembled the surrounding rangelands. Graminoid growth forms were encountered more frequently in the lightly grazed river. A rest from grazing of 33 months resulted in increased plant cover in another section of the river system. Heavy grazing alters the physical and soil features of this river system by reducing plant cover. Riparian vegetation, by slowing flow rates and catching light soil particles increases landscape heterogeneity and creates productive sites in the landscape. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Animal-plant interactions; Landscape patches; Livestock impacts; Namaqualand; Resource control; Riparian vegetation	community composition; ephemeral pool; grazing pressure; Karoo Supergroup; landscape; livestock; plant community; plant-herbivore interaction; riparian vegetation; river system; sedge; vegetation cover; Africa; Namaqualand; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347379067	Evaluation and nutrient quality of detoxified jackbean seeds, cooked in distilled water or trona solution, as a substitute for soybean meal in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, diets	Fagbenro O.A., Adeparusi E.O., Jimoh W.A.	2007	Journal of Applied Aquaculture	19	2	10.1300/J028v19n02_05	Department of Fisheries, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Fagbenro, O.A., Department of Fisheries, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adeparusi, E.O., Department of Fisheries, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Jimoh, W.A., Department of Fisheries, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Jackbean, Canavalia ensiformis, seeds were detoxified using eight different wet thermal detoxification methods in either distilled water (5% w/v) or trona (NaCO2NaHCO3.2H2O) solution. The effects of the detoxification methods on hemagglutinating, antitryptic and urease activities, and on the digestibility coefficient of crude protein and gross energy in the jackbean seeds were investigated. Cracked jackbean seeds cooked (100°C) in trona solution for one hour proved to be more effective as a method of inactivating the antinutritional factors in jackbean seeds. Dried detoxified jackbean seed meals were incorporated in dry practical diets providing 20% or 30% of total protein and fed to Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings (mean weight, 6.7 g) twice daily to apparent satiation for 70 days. Mortality was low and no abnormal fish behavior was noted even when the detoxified jackbean meals provided 30% of total protein in diet. Growth and feed utilization indices, were similar (P&gt;0.05) between the diet in which cracked jackbean seeds cooked in water provided 20% of total protein and in diets in which cracked jackbean seeds cooked in trona solution provided 20% or 30% of total protein. Carcass composition and hepatosomatic index showed no definite trend among O. niloticus fingerlings fed the experimental diets. Copyright © by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Digestibility; Growth; Jackbean detoxification; Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus	detoxification; diet; digestibility; feeding behavior; fish culture; growth response; nutrient enrichment; soybean; Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Glycine max; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia; Trona	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347381921	Identity and memory in Omobóyòdé Àrowá's Oríkì performance in (Yoruba) Ekiti dialect	Dasylva A.O.	2007	African and Asian Studies	6	02-Jan	10.1163/156921007X180631	Department of English, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Dasylva, A.O., Department of English, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oríkì is a significant panegyric poetry in indigenous Yoruba communities of South-Western Nigeria. The different sub-generic forms which characterize its form, and its obvious ethnographic and anthropological histrionics constitute its thrust and aesthetic peculiarities. This paper sets out to examine Omoboyode Arowa's oríkì performance, explores how she articulates the ethnographic cum-psychosocial knowledge of her environment, and subsequently exploits the same to advantage. It further demonstrates how this, in turn, engenders her re-inscription of self in the performance under reference. Whereas a performer usually recites, sings, or chants a form of oriki, Àrowá'ş oríkìperformance in Èk̀tì dialect embraces varieties of oríkì sub-types, giving her performance a more elaborate, and unique quality. Besides, the gender specificity noticeable in Àrowás performance in which as a woman chanter, she succeeds in negotiating a space for self re-inscribing, thereby qualifying her oriki corpus as one of the highly developed, complex, and most achieving form of oriki performances in indigenous Yoruba. It concludes that, in view of the findings, there is the urgent need for a new vigor and sense of commitment to the study of the oríkì repertoire of individual performer for the purpose of ensuring its survival in a manner that makes its scholarship transcend its present boundaries, thereby making it serve new functions. © Koninklijke Brill NV 2007.	Àrowá'ş oríkì; Eketi; Identity; Memory; Ogun; Omoboyode; oriki	anthropology; cultural history; cultural identity; indigenous population; language; memory; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347396222	Evaluation of the use of umbilical artery Doppler flow studies and outcome of pregnancies at a secondary hospital	Hugo E.J.C., Odendaal H.J., Grove D.	2007	Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine	20	3	10.1080/14767050601134926	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Hugo, E.J.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Odendaal, H.J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Grove, D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Objective. To investigate the use of a personal computer (PC)-based, continuous-wave Doppler machine by a trained midwife at a secondary hospital to assess umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms (FVW) in referred women. Methods. Pregnant women referred for suspected poor fetal growth were evaluated from June 2002 through December 2004. The Umbiflow® apparatus, consisting of a Pentium 3 PC with an ultrasound transducer plugged into the USB port and software, was used to analyze the FVW of the umbilical artery. Pregnancies in which the resistance index (RI) was <75th percentile (P75) were not further evaluated for fetal well-being unless the clinical condition of the mother changed. Pregnancies with an RI ≥P75 were followed up according to a specific protocol. Primary end points were intrauterine death and intrauterine growth restriction. Results. A total of 572 singleton pregnancies were followed up. Significantly more infants were small-for-gestational-age when the RI was >P95 (55.6%) than those between P75 and P95 (41.2%) or <P75 (27.2%). Perinatal mortality rates were 13.2, 39.1 and 41.7 for women with RIs <P75, P75-95 and >P95, respectively. Conclusions. A normal Doppler FVW of the umbilical artery is less likely to be followed by perinatal death. © 2007 Informa UK Ltd.	Flow velocity waveforms; Intrauterine death; Intrauterine growth restriction; Placental insufficiency; Umbilical artery Doppler	adult; article; birth weight; clinical trial; computer program; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; Doppler flowmeter; female; fetal well being; fetus death; fetus growth; follow up; gestational age; human; intrauterine growth retardation; major clinical study; parity; perinatal mortality; placenta insufficiency; practice guideline; pregnancy outcome; pregnant woman; prenatal diagnosis; priority journal; small for date infant; statistical significance; ultrasound transducer; umbilical artery; waveform; blood flow; Doppler flowmetry; echography; evaluation; fetus blood; hospital department; patient referral; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; utilization review; Adult; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Referral and Consultation; Regional Blood Flow; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Umbilical Arteries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347402221	Evaluation of the effects of the aqueous extract of Vitex doniana root-bark on the peripheral and central nervous system of laboratory animals	Abdulrahman F.I., Onyeyili P.A., Sandabe U.K., Ogugbuaja V.O.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	10	None	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Abdulrahman, F.I., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Onyeyili, P.A., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Sandabe, U.K., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Ogugbuaja, V.O., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Aim of this study to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Vitrex doniana on the peripheral and central nervous systems and possibility to use it as folk medicine. The aqueous extract of Vitex doniana was soxhlet extracted with distilled water and concentrated in vacuo to give a yield of 8.5% w/w. The LD50 following intraperitoneal administration was estimated to be 980 mg kg-1. The aqueous extract of Vitex doniana from the study produced substantial depressant effects on both the peripheral and central nervous system. The aqueous extract induced sleep on its own at dose of 400 mg kg-1 and potentiated sodium thiopental sleeping time in a dose dependant manner. It also showed significant (p&lt;0.05) muscle relaxant activities and produced analgesia and weal anesthetic effect. The extract was able to confer 80% protection to rats treated with convulsive dose of PTZ, while it conferred 100% protection to rats treated with convulsion dose of strychnine. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Analgesic; Anticonvulsant; Local anaesthetic; Muscle relaxant; Sleeping time; Vitex doniana	Analgesic; Anticonvulsant; Local anaesthetic; Muscle relaxants; Sleeping time; Vitex doniana; Anesthetics; Muscle; Rats; Sleep research; Neurophysiology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447109866	HIV/AIDS impact on health service - Lessons learnt	Quinlan T., Veenstra N.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	6	None	Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Quinlan, T., Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Veenstra, N., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; cost benefit analysis; epidemic; health care access; health care cost; health economics; health program; health service; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; patient attitude; patient care; patient compliance; public hospital; social psychology; South Africa; Community Health Services; Cost of Illness; HIV Infections; Humans; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447128793	Preparation and evaluation of mucin-gelatin mucoadhesive microspheres for rectal delivery of ceftriaxone sodium	Ofokansi K.C., Adikwu M.U., Okore V.C.	2007	Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy	33	6	10.1080/03639040701360876	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Ofokansi, K.C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Adikwu, M.U., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Okore, V.C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Soluble mucin (S-mucin) processed from the small intestines (ileal region) of freshly slaughtered pigs via homogenization, dialysis, centrifugation and lyophilization and its admixtures with type A gelatin were dispersed in an aqueous medium and used to formulate ceftriaxone sodium-loaded mucoadhesive microspheres by the emulsification cross-linking method using arachis oil as the continuous phase. The release profile of ceftriaxone sodium from the microspheres was evaluated in both simulated gastric fluid (SGF) without pepsin (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without pancreatin (pH 7.4). The microspheres were further evaluated as possible novel delivery system for rectal delivery of ceftriaxone sodium in rats. Release of ceftriaxone sodium from the microspheres in both release media was found to occur predominantly by diffusion following non-Fickian transport mechanism and was higher and more rapid in SIF than in SGF. The results obtained from this study may indicate that ceftriaxone sodium could be successfully delivered rectally when embedded in microspheres formulated with either type A gelatin alone or its admixtures with porcine mucin; hence providing a therapeutically viable alternative route for the delivery of this acid-labile third generation cephalosporin. Copyright © Informa Healthcare.	Ceftriaxone sodium; Microspheres; Rectal delivery; Type A gelatin-porcine mucin admixtures	adhesive agent; arachis oil; ceftriaxone; gelatin; microsphere; mucin; pancreatin; pepsin A; animal experiment; animal tissue; aqueous solution; article; centrifugation; controlled study; cross linking; dialysis; drug blood level; drug delivery system; drug diffusion; drug formulation; drug release; emulsion; freeze drying; ileum; isolated organ; male; nonhuman; pH; rat; simulation; small intestine; stomach juice; swine; transport kinetics; Adhesives; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Administration, Rectal; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Drug Delivery Systems; Gelatin; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Microspheres; Mucins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solubility; Swine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447258842	Growth performance body composition, haematology and product quality of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets with palm oil	Ochang S.N., Fagbenro O.A., Adebayo O.T.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	5	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Cross River University of Technology, PMB 102, Ovonum-Obubra, Cross River State, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Ochang, S.N., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Cross River University of Technology, PMB 102, Ovonum-Obubra, Cross River State, Nigeria, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Fagbenro, O.A., Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Adebayo, O.T., Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	The replacement value of palm oil for codliver oil in diets for juvenile African catfish (initial weight 24.04 g) was investigated. For 8 weeks, fish were fed experimental diets in which there was either 9% codliver oil (Diet 1), 6% codliver oil, 3% palm oil (Diet 2), 3% codliver oil, 6% palm oil (Diet 3), or 9% palm oil (Diet 4). There were significant differences in body weight gain among all treatments, with fish fed diets 2 and 3 performing better. Fishes fed diets 3 and 4 had significantly higher survival than fish fed diets 1 and 2. Significant differences were recorded in carcass parameters of fish at the end of the feeding trial, with fish fed diets 3 and 4 having higher values. Fish fed diet 2 had higher blood parameters which decreased with increasing level of palm oil in the diet. There was no significant difference in the organoleptic properties of fish fed different dietary treatments and the end of the trial. The results of this study shows that diet with 3% codliver oil, 6% palm oil is nutritionally suitable for feeding the African catfish. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	African catfish; Carcass quality; Haematology; Palm oil; Sensory evaluation	cod liver oil; palm oil; animal experiment; animal food; animal model; article; body composition; body weight; catfish; controlled study; fat intake; food analysis; food composition; food quality; growth rate; hematological parameters; nonhuman; nutritional parameters; nutritional value; survival rate; weight gain; Clarias gariepinus; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447262129	Functional capacity evaluation: An essential component of South African occupational therapy work practice services	Buys T., van Biljon H.	2007	Work	29	1	None	Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Care Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Private Practitioner in Vocational Rehabilitation, Johannesburg, South Africa	Buys, T., Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Care Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; van Biljon, H., Private Practitioner in Vocational Rehabilitation, Johannesburg, South Africa	South African occupational therapists have been involved in the delivery of work practice services since the inception of the profession in this country. Initial development in this area of practice appeared slow but following the acceptance of South Africa's first democratic Constitution in 1996, many opportunities for service delivery were facilitated by the implementation of disability equity legislation. One of the key services offered by practitioners is Functional Capacity Evaluation (FCE). Although the outcomes of FCE are many, the process in essentially the same. This entails: referral, the initial interview, evaluation of performance components and ADL, vocational evaluation, obtaining collateral and the closure interview, the work visit, hypothesis testing and reporting. This article reports on the Functional Capacity Evaluation process as followed by South African occupational therapists in various contexts. © 2007 IOS Press. All rights reserved.	Employment equity legislation; People with disabilities; Work practice services	article; clinical practice; daily life activity; functional status; health care delivery; health service; human; interview; job performance; law; occupational therapist; occupational therapy; physical disability; South Africa; vocational rehabilitation; Humans; Occupational Therapy; South Africa; Work Capacity Evaluation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447262797	Evaluation of a learner-designed course for teaching health research skills in Ghana	Bates I., Ansong D., Bedu-Addo G., Agbenyega T., Akoto A.Y.O., Nsiah-Asare A., Karikari P.	2007	BMC Medical Education	7	None	10.1186/1472-6920-7-18	Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana	Bates, I., Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Ansong, D., Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Bedu-Addo, G., Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; Agbenyega, T., School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; Akoto, A.Y.O., Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Nsiah-Asare, A., Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Karikari, P., Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana	Background. In developing countries the ability to conduct locally-relevant health research and high quality education are key tools in the fight against poverty. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel UK accredited, learner-designed research skills course delivered in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Methods. Study participants were 15 mixed speciality health professionals from Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. Effectiveness measures included process, content and outcome indicators to evaluate changes in learners' confidence and competence in research, and assessment of the impact of the course on changing research-related thinking and behaviour. Results were verified using two independent methods. Results. 14/15 learners gained research competence assessed against UK Quality Assurance Agency criteria. After the course there was a 36% increase in the groups' positive responses to statements concerning confidence in research-related attitudes, intentions and actions. The greatest improvement (45% increase) was in learners' actions, which focused on strengthening institutional research capacity. 79% of paired before/after responses indicated positive changes in individual learners' research-related attitudes (n = 53), 81% in intention (n = 52) and 85% in action (n = 52). The course had increased learners' confidence to start and manage research, and enhanced life-long skills such as reflective practice and self-confidence. Doing their own research within the work environment, reflecting on personal research experiences and utilising peer support and pooled knowledge were critical elements that promoted learning. Conclusion. Learners in Ghana were able to design and undertake a novel course that developed individual and institutional research capacity and met international standards. Learning by doing and a supportive peer community at work were critical elements in promoting learning in this environment where tutors were scarce. Our study provides a model for delivering and evaluating innovative educational interventions in developing countries to assess whether they meet external quality criteria and achieve their objectives. © 2007 Bates et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; behavior; clinical article; competence; controlled study; course evaluation; curriculum; evaluation; Ghana; health practitioner; human; knowledge; learning; medical education; medical practice; medical research; outcome assessment; peer group; quality control; self control; skill; teaching; thinking; work environment; curriculum; developing country; education; female; health care quality; health services research; male; methodology; professional competence; program development; Biomedical Research; Competency-Based Education; Developing Countries; Education, Medical, Graduate; Female; Ghana; Health Services Research; Humans; Male; Professional Competence; Program Development; Program Evaluation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447266142	Evaluation of global geopotential models in determining the quasi-geoid for Southern Africa	Merry C.L.	2007	Survey Review	39	305	10.1179/003962607X165159	School of Architecture Planning and Geomatics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Merry, C.L., School of Architecture Planning and Geomatics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Precise geoid models are needed to enable GPS-derived heights to be converted to the local height datum. A major component of these models is a global geopotential model. Several candidate models are assessed in the context of forming the basis for a regional quasi-geoid for Southern Africa. These candidates include the EGM96 and models based upon data from the GRACE satellite mission. EGM96 is particularly unreliable in areas where no terrestrial gravity data exist. The GRACE models perform best when only medium (up to degree 120) harmonic expansions are used, minimising the contribution of predicted gravity anomalies. Comparisons with 62 GPS/levelling data points in the western part of South Africa indicate a RMS fit of 13cm for the best combination. This fit can be improved to 4cm if the quasi-geoid model is allowed to tilt in two directions. © 2007 Survey Review Ltd.	Geopotential model; GPS heights; Quasi-geoid; Southern Africa	data processing; geodetic datum; geoid; geopotential; GPS; gravity anomaly; height determination; leveling; modeling; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447278543	Effect of parity, season and year on reproductive performance and herd life of Friesian cows at Stella private dairy farm, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu G., Belihu K., Berihun A.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	7	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia; Belihu, K., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia; Berihun, A., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia	A retrospective study was carried out at Stella Dairy Farm, Ethiopia, using 13 years data (1993 to 2006) to estimate number of services per conception (NSC), days open (DO), calving interval (CI), herd life (HL), number of lactations (NL) and productive age (PA). Fixed factors considered were parity (8+), season (3) and year (13). Data were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS. Cumulative frequency (%) was used to study the distributions of DO and CI. The overall mean for NSC, DO and CI were 1.720±0.056 (n=619), 177±5.4 (n=448) days and 456±5.4 (n= 423) days, respectively. Parity had significant effect on NSC (P<0.05) DO and CI (P<0.001). Seasons of conception had no effect on the parameters studied. The overall means (n=105) for HL, NL, and PA were 3048±107days, 3.88±0.23 and 1753±106 days, respectively. Birth year significantly affected the variables. About a third of the heats inseminated required two or more services. About 47% of the DO and 58% of the CI had a length of 130 and 450 days or more, respectively. To improve the efficiency of reproductive performances and herd life, it is recommended to give attention in heat detection, timely insemination, adequate feeding, proper management of postpartum reproductive problems and early growth management of heifers.	Ethiopia; Fixed factors; Friesian; Herd life; Reproductive performance; Stella farm	Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447286653	Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: Impact of HIV on clinical presentation and outcome	Feldman C., Klugman K.P., Yu V.L., Ortqvist A., Choiu C.C.C., Chedid M.B.F., Rello J., Wagener M.	2007	Journal of Infection	55	2	10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.001	Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Johannesburg Hospital, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Fundacao Faculdade Federal de Ciencias Medicas and Santa Casa de Misericordia, de Porto Alegre, Brazil; University Hospital Joan XXIII, University Rovira and Virgili, Tarragona, Spain	Feldman, C., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Johannesburg Hospital, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Klugman, K.P., Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa; Yu, V.L., Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Ortqvist, A., Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Choiu, C.C.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Chedid, M.B.F., Fundacao Faculdade Federal de Ciencias Medicas and Santa Casa de Misericordia, de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Rello, J., University Hospital Joan XXIII, University Rovira and Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Wagener, M., Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States	Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate the clinical and laboratory features, hospital course and outcome of patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia, comparing HIV with non-HIV patients, as well as HIV patients from different parts of the world. Methods: This was a multicentre prospective observational study of consecutive adult cases with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia in 10 countries on 6 continents. Results: A total of 768 cases were recruited, of which 200 were HIV-infected; 166 were from South Africa. Lower age, IV drug use, fewer co-morbid illnesses, and a higher frequency of respiratory symptoms were significantly more likely to occur in HIV patients. The 14-day mortality for the group as a whole was 14.5%, being 16% in the HIV patients and 13.9% in the non-HIV patients (not significant). When adjustments were made for age and severity of illness, HIV patients had significantly higher 14-day mortality with significant trend for increasing 14-day mortality in those with lower CD4 counts. Despite differences in various clinical and laboratory parameters in patients from different parts of the world, on multivariate analysis, when adjusting for regional differences, the HIV-infected patients were still noted to have poorer 14-day mortality. Conclusions: This study, in contrast to previous investigations, indicates that there are significant differences in the clinical presentation and outcome of bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia when comparing HIV and non-HIV patients. © 2007 The British Infection Society.	Bacteraemia; Community-acquired pneumonia; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Mortality; Outcome; Pneumococcus; Pneumonia	antibiotic agent; azithromycin; beta lactam antibiotic; cefotaxime; ceftriaxone; cefuroxime; cephalosporin derivative; clindamycin; corticosteroid; cotrimoxazole; insulin; macrolide; adult; age; aged; article; bacteremia; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical feature; community acquired pneumonia; comorbidity; controlled study; disease course; disease severity; female; geographic distribution; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune deficiency; intravenous drug abuse; leukocyte count; lobar pneumonia; major clinical study; male; mortality; multivariate analysis; nonhuman; observational study; opportunistic infection; prognosis; prospective study; South Africa; Adult; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; HIV Infections; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447324962	Impact of HIV-1 genetic diversity on plasma HIV-1 RNA quantification: Usefulness of the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA second-generation long terminal repeat-based real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test	Rouet F., Chaix M.-L., Nerrienet E., Ngo-Giang-Huong N., Plantier J.-C., Burgard M., Peeters M., Damond F., Ekouevi D.K., Msellati P., Ferradini L., Rukobo S., Maréchal V., Schvachsa N., Wakrim L., Rafalimanana C., Rakotoambinina B., Viard J.-P., Seigneur	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	45	4	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3180640cf5	Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire de Virologie, Université René Descartes, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; HIV/Hepatitis Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, URI 174, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Laboratoire de Virologie, EA 2656, CHU C. Nicolle, Rouen, France; Laboratoire Rétrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; Programme PAC-CI, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; UMR 145, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Epicentre, Paris, France; ZVITAMBO Project, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic; Centro Nacional de Referencia para El SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut Pasteur, Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHUA, Hópital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Michallon, Grenoble, France; Centre Muraz, Laboratoire de Virologie, BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso	Rouet, F., Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Centre Muraz, Laboratoire de Virologie, BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Chaix, M.-L., Laboratoire de Virologie, Université René Descartes, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Nerrienet, E., HIV/Hepatitis Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Ngo-Giang-Huong, N., Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, URI 174, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Plantier, J.-C., Laboratoire de Virologie, EA 2656, CHU C. Nicolle, Rouen, France; Burgard, M., Laboratoire de Virologie, Université René Descartes, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Peeters, M., Laboratoire Rétrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, Montpellier, France; Damond, F., Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; Ekouevi, D.K., Programme PAC-CI, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Msellati, P., UMR 145, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Ferradini, L., Epicentre, Paris, France; Rukobo, S., ZVITAMBO Project, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Maréchal, V., Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic; Schvachsa, N., Centro Nacional de Referencia para El SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Wakrim, L., Institut Pasteur, Casablanca, Morocco; Rafalimanana, C., Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHUA, Hópital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Rakotoambinina, B., Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHUA, Hópital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Viard, J.-P., Laboratoire de Virologie, Université René Descartes, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Seigneurin, J.-M., Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Michallon, Grenoble, France; Rouzioux, C., Laboratoire de Virologie, Université René Descartes, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France	The high genetic diversity of HIV-1 has a major impact on the quantification of plasma HIV-1 RNA, representing an increasingly difficult challenge. A total of 898 plasma specimens positive for HIV-1 RNA by commercial assays (Amplicor v1.5; Roche Diagnostic Systems, Alameda, CA or Versant v3.0; Bayer Diagnostics, Emeryville, CA) were tested using the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA second-generation (G2) real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test: 518 samples containing HIV-1 of known subtype, including 88 from 2 subtype panels and 430 harboring B (n = 266) and non-B (n = 164) group M HIV-1 subtypes from patients followed up in 2002 through 2005 at Necker Hospital (Paris, France), and 380 samples from 10 different countries (Argentina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, France, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Morocco, Thailand, and Zimbabwe). HIV-1 RNA values obtained by G2 real-time PCR were highly correlated with those obtained by the Amplicor v1.5 for B and non-B subtypes (R = 0.892 and 0.892, respectively) and for samples from diverse countries (R = 0.867 and 0.893 for real-time PCR vs. Amplicor v1.5 and real-time PCR vs. Versant v3.0, respectively). Approximately 30% of specimens harboring non-B subtypes were underquantified by at least -0.51 log10 in Amplicor v1.5 versus 5% underquantified in G2 real-time PCR. Discrepant results were also obtained with subtype B samples (14% underquantified by Amplicor v1.5 vs. 7% by G2 real-time PCR). Similar percentages were observed when comparing results obtained with the G2 real-time PCR assay with those obtained using the Versant assay. Addressing HIV-1 diversity, continual monitoring of HIV-1 RNA assays, together with molecular epidemiology studies, is required to improve the accuracy of all HIV RNA assays. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	HIV-1 diversity; HIV-1 RNA viral load; Real-time polymerase chain reaction	virus RNA; article; blood sampling; controlled study; correlation analysis; genetic variability; geographic distribution; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; medical instrumentation; microbiological examination; molecular epidemiology; monitoring; nonhuman; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; RNA analysis; virus typing; Epidemiology, Molecular; HIV Infections; HIV Long Terminal Repeat; HIV-1; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Variation (Genetics); Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447325607	Evaluation of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) varieties for use as trap plants for the management of African stemborer (Busseola fusca) in a push-pull strategy	Khan Z.R., Midega C.A.O., Wadhams L.J., Pickett J.A., Mumuni A.	2007	Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata	124	2	10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00569.x	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 52, Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana	Khan, Z.R., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Midega, C.A.O., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Wadhams, L.J., Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; Pickett, J.A., Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; Mumuni, A., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 52, Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana	We evaluated eight Napier grass [Pennisetum purpureum Schumach (Poaceae)] varieties, used in various parts of eastern Africa as fodder, for their potential role as trap plants in the management of the African stemborer, Busseola fusca Füller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) through a push-pull strategy. Oviposition preference, larval orientation, settling, arrest and dispersal, feeding, mortality and survival, and development were determined for each of these varieties under laboratory and screen house conditions. Two-choice tests showed that only two of the varieties tested (cv. Bana and cv. Uganda Hairless) were preferentially chosen by gravid female moths for oviposition over a susceptible maize variety, cv. Western Hybrid 502. Larval preference was, however, highly variable. Larval feeding by first instars on the maize leaves was more intense and significantly more than on leaves of all the Napier grass varieties evaluated. Food consumed and amounts assimilated by the third instars over a 24-h period were not different among larvae fed on stems of maize and those fed on stems of the various Napier grass varieties. Larval survival was significantly lower on all the Napier grass varieties (below 3%) than on maize (about 44%). Similarly, larval development was about 2-3 weeks longer on majority of the Napier grass varieties. It was concluded that cv. Bana had potential for use as a trap plant in the management of B. fusca because it was more preferred by the moths for oviposition, equally preferred as maize by the larvae for orientation, settling, and arrest, and allowed minimal survival of the larvae. It can thus be used with such 'push' plants as Desmodium spp. (Fabaceae) in a 'push-pull' strategy, but the effectiveness of such a strategy would strictly depend on proper establishment and management of these companion plants. © 2007 The Authors.	Development; Habitat management; Larval behavior; Lepidoptera; Maize; Noctuidae; Oviposition; Survival	crop pest; feeding behavior; grass; habitat management; larval development; larval settlement; maize; mortality; moth; oviposition; pest control; stem borer; survival; trap crop; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia; Busseola fusca; Desmodium; Fabaceae; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Poaceae; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447530889	Effects of shade provision on some physiological parameters, behavior and performance of pack donkeys (Equinus asinus) during the hot-dry season	Minka N.S., Ayo J.O.	2007	Journal of Equine Science	18	2	10.1294/jes.18.39	College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 2134, Mando Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Minka, N.S., College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 2134, Mando Kaduna, Nigeria; Ayo, J.O., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	This study examined the effects of shade provision on some physiological parameters and draft performance of pack donkeys (Equinus asinus) during the packing period of the hot-dry season. Ten donkeys provided with shelter in the form of an open-sided shade after packing work served as the experimental animals. Another ten donkeys not provided with shade served as the control. Rectal temperature (RT, °C), heart rate (HR, beats per minute) and respiratory rate (RR, breaths per minute) recorded pre- and post- packing indicated that unshaded donkeys had significantly (P<0.05) higher values than shaded donkeys pre- and post-packing. The frequency of lying bouts per unshaded donkey was higher in the (P<0.05) pre- and post-packing periods; while the time spent by the donkeys lying down was lower (P<0.01) in unshaded donkeys than the shaded donkeys, apparently due to the high (53.5 ± 0.1-55.2 ± 0.3°C) soil temperature. The percent change in RT, HR, RR and liveweight loss values was higher (P<0.05) in unshaded donkeys. The change rate in behavioral values, except for the frequency of lying down and the donkeys speed, was not different (P>0.05) between the shaded and unshaded donkeys. The pack load and the distance covered by the donkeys in both groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different. The speed of shaded donkeys was significantly (P<0.05) faster than that of the unshaded donkeys during packing. Packing increased (P<0.05) the time spent by the donkeys in eating and drinking in both groups. In conclusion, the provision of shade during the hot-dry season alleviates work and heat stress and enhances work productivity in pack donkeys.	Pack donkeys; Performance; Physiological parameters; Shading	Animalia; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447569541	In vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein-mediated metabolism of some phytochemicals in extracts and formulations of African potato	Nair V.D.P., Foster B.C., Thor Arnason J., Mills E.J., Kanfer I.	2007	Phytomedicine	14	42559	10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.004	Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada	Nair, V.D.P., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Foster, B.C., Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Thor Arnason, J., Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Mills, E.J., The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea, AP) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used as an immune booster and also for the treatment of various ailments such as urinary diseases, prostrate hypertrophy and cancer. Amongst the chemical components contained in AP, the norlignan glycoside, hypoxoside (HYP) is purported to be the most important phytochemical in terms of AP's medicinal value. Additional constituents in AP include the sterols, β-sitosterol (BSS), stigmasterol (STG), and the stanol, stigmastanol (STN). The potential of extracts of AP, AP formulations as well as HYP, its aglycone rooperol (ROP) and the sterols to inhibit in vitro metabolism of drug marker substrates by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 were investigated. Samples were also assessed for their effect on drug transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The effects on CYP-mediated metabolism were studied by fluorometric microtitre plate assay. The potential interaction with P-gp was investigated by measuring the efflux of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) in the CaCo-2 (colon carcinoma) cell line. Various extracts of AP, AP formulations, only STG and the norlignans, in particular the aglycone ROP, exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP3A4-, 3A5- and 19-mediated metabolism. The extracts and the formulations that contained a significant amount of HYP showed high induction of P-gp compared to the positive control, ritonavir. Whilst extrapolation of the current in vitro findings to clinical effects may well be considered speculative, these in vitro data should be heeded as a signal of possible in vivo interactions. Appropriate measures are therefore necessary to explore the possibility of such in vitro-in vivo correlations. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	β-sitosterol; Drug interactions; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hypoxoside; Rooperol; Stigmasterol	African potato extract; alpha tocopherol; aromatase; ascorbic acid; cyanocobalamin; cytochrome P450; cytochrome P450 3A4; cytochrome P450 3A5; fluorescent dye; ginseng extract; glycoprotein P; hypoxoside; norlignan glycoside; plant extract; plant medicinal product; pyridoxine; retinol; rhodamine 123; riboflavin; ritonavir; rooperol; selenium; sitostanol; sitosterol; stanol ester; sterol derivative; stigmasterol; thiamine; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; vitamin D; article; cell strain CACO 2; controlled study; drug formulation; drug metabolism; herb; human; human cell; in vitro study; in vivo study; nonhuman; potato; priority journal; protein induction; traditional medicine; Caco-2 Cells; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Hypoxis; Molecular Structure; P-Glycoprotein; Plant Extracts; Ritonavir; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447571950	Impact of colposcopy on management outcomes of patients with abnormal cervical cytology	Koigi-Kamau R., Kabare L.W., MacHoki J.M.	2007	East African Medical Journal	84	3	None	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nairobi Hospital, P.O. Box 30026, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Nairobi, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID), College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya	Koigi-Kamau, R., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; Kabare, L.W., Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nairobi Hospital, P.O. Box 30026, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; MacHoki, J.M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID), College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya	Background: With stringent cervical cytology screening programmes for women in reproductive age group, cervical cancer is, to a large extent, preventable. Back-up confirmatory colposcopic evaluation is necessary in order for cytology to have impact on cervical cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To track the management outcomes of abnormal cervical cytology and hence confer credence to the value of colposcopy in management of abnormal cervical cytology. Design: Retrospective descriptive study. Setting: Kenya Medical Women Association Colposcopy Clinic. Main outcome measures: Correlation of cervical cytologic abnormalities with colposcopic outcomes and eventual management outcomes. Results: The population was young, with 50.6% being 25-34 years old, and 59.3% less than 35 years of age. Parity was also low, with nearly 75% being para three or less. A substantial proportion of women had normal colposcopic findings (42.0,26.7,18.6 and 11.1% for cytologic abnormalities CIN I, CIN II, CIN III and invasive carcinoma respectively). Colposcopic abnormality detection rate, irrespective of the severity of the lesion, increased with severity of cytologic lesion (from 58.0% CIN I to 89.0% for invasive carcinoma). The sensitivity of cervical cytology was 58, 59 and 65% for CIN 1,11 and III respectively, while respective specificity was 72,71 and 85%. The concordance rates between cytological and colposcopic findings were 38.6, 32.5 and 60% for CIN I, II and III respectively. The eventual management outcome was operative (LEEP and Hysterectomy) in greater frequency as the severity of the cytologic lesion increased. Conclusion: Colposcopy has significant impact on the management outcomes of abnormal cervical cytology and is therefore an invaluable procedure in management of abnormal cervical cytology. For this reason, it is imperative that governments avail these services to all women, in addition to enforcing regular cytologic screening for cervical cancer.	None	adult; article; colposcopy; female; human; middle aged; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ; uterine cervix tumor; vagina smear; Adult; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Colposcopy; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447626839	Evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults	Saranchuk P., Boulle A., Hilderbrand K., Coetzee D., Bedelu M., van Cutsem G., Meintjes G.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	7	None	Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; HIV Service, Department of Medicine, G F Jooste Hospital, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Saranchuk, P., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Boulle, A., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hilderbrand, K., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Coetzee, D., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Bedelu, M., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; van Cutsem, G., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Meintjes, G., HIV Service, Department of Medicine, G F Jooste Hospital, South Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objectives. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of and reduction in diagnostic delay attributable to a clinical algorithm used for the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (SNPTB) in HIV-infected adults. Design. An algorithm was designed to facilitate clinico-radioiogical diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) in HIV-infected smear-negative adult patients. A folder review was performed on the first 58 cases referred for empirical TB treatment using this algorithm. Setting. Nolungile HIV Clinic, Site C, Khayelitsha. Subjects. Subjects included 58 HIV-infected adult patients with suspected PTB consecutively referred to the local TB clinic for outpatient TB treatment using this algorithm between 12 February 2004 and 30 April 2005. Outcome measures. Outcome measures were response of C-reactive protein, haemoglobin, weight and symptoms to TB treatment and TB culture result. Diagnostic delay (in days) was calculated. Results. Thirty-two of the 58 patients (55%) had positive TB cultures (definite TB). Initiation of TB treatment occured on average 19.5 days before the positive culture report. A further 21 patients (36%) demonstrated clinical improvement on empirical treatment (probable/ possible TB). Two patients did not improve and subsequently died without a definitive diagnosis. Three patients defaulted treatment. Conclusions. SNPTB is more common in HIV-infected patients and leads to diagnostic delay. This algorithm allowed for earlier initiation of TB treatment in HIV-infected patients presenting with symptoms of PTB and negative smears or non-productive cough in a high TB incidence setting.	None	amoxicillin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; C reactive protein; ciprofloxacin; cotrimoxazole; doxycycline; erythromycin; flucloxacillin; hemoglobin; metronidazole; tuberculostatic agent; adult; algorithm; article; bacterium culture; controlled study; coughing; delayed diagnosis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; drug withdrawal; fatality; female; hemoglobin blood level; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; protein blood level; sputum analysis; sputum smear; thorax radiography; treatment outcome; weight reduction; Adult; Algorithms; Antitubercular Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Reproducibility of Results; South Africa; Sputum; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447633889	Evaluation of different growth media for the recovery of the species of Alicyclobacillus	Witthuhn R.C., Duvenage W., Gouws P.A.	2007	Letters in Applied Microbiology	45	2	10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02182.x	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Duvenage, W., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Gouws, P.A., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Aims: Five different isolation media, namely potato dextrose agar (PDA), orange serum agar (OSA), K agar, yeast-starch-glucose agar and Bacillus acidocaldarius medium were evaluated for the recovery of Alicyclobacillus spp. from inoculated diluted and undiluted fruit-juice concentrates. Methods and Results: Plates of PDA (pH 3.7), spread with vegetative cells (3.9 × 106 CFU ml-1) of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris from single-strength pear juice, recovered 2.9 × 106CFU ml -1 after 5 days at 50°C (74% recovery). The recovery of endospores from single-strength pear juice, after a heat treatment at 80°C for 10 min, was higher on spread plates of OSA (pH 5.5) at 50°C for 5 days (97% recovery). Conclusions: PDA (pH 3.7) and OSA (pH 5.5) at 50°C for 3-5 days recovered the highest numbers of vegative cells and endospores of Alicyclobacillus spp. from sterilized fruit juices and concentrates. Significance and Impact of the Study: The most appropriate synthetic media for the recovery of Alicyclobacillus species from inoculated fruit juices and concentrates are shown. © 2007 The Authors.	Alicyclobacillus; Endospores; Fruit juice; Isolation media; Spoilage; Vegetative cells	Bacteria; Cells; Fruit juices; Glucose; Heat treatment; pH effects; agar; bacterium; dilution; glucose; inoculation; sporulation; yeast; Alicyclobacillus; article; bacterial endospore; bacterial growth; bacterial strain; culture medium; heat treatment; nonhuman; vegetative growth; Agar; Bacteriological Techniques; Beverages; Culture Media; Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Species Specificity; Temperature; Vitis; Alicyclobacillus; Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius; Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris; Pyrus; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547096232	Impact of an exotic parasitoid on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) population dynamics, damage and indigenous natural enemies in Kenya	Löhr B., Gathu R., Kariuki C., Obiero J., Gichini G.	2007	Bulletin of Entomological Research	97	4	10.1017/S0007485307005068	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Katumani Research Centre, PO Box 340, 90700 Machakos, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga Research Centre, PO Box 30148, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya	Löhr, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Gathu, R., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Kariuki, C., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Katumani Research Centre, PO Box 340, 90700 Machakos, Kenya; Obiero, J., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga Research Centre, PO Box 30148, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Gichini, G., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya	Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) (Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae), an exotic diamondback moth parasitoid, was released in two pilot areas (Werugha in Coast Region and Tharuni in Central Province) in Kenya. Fifteen month before release, observations on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), and local natural enemy population dynamics and pest damage were initiated in both areas and continued for three years after release. The P. xylostella population was bimodal with higher records during dry seasons. At Werugha, the peak population of P. xylostella was 16.8 per plant (October 2001); at Tharuni it was 12.8 (February 2002). Populations at Werugha declined from three months after release and decreased from 5.4 per plant (before release) to 0.8 (year 3 after release). Concurrently, average damage (1.9 to 1.5) (on a 0-5 scale), proportion of attacked plants (72 to 31%) and proportion of plants in damage group >2 (plants with head damage) decreased (21.4 to 5.3%), while total parasitism increased from 14.4 (before) to 52.5% (year 3 after release, 90% due to D. semiclausum). At Tharuni, D. semiclausum was only recovered 3 months after release. Average populations of P. xylostella declined from 5.9 per plant (before release) to 2.4 (year 3 after release) and damage scores from 2.3 to 1.7. The proportion of plants in damage group >2 declined from 39.7 to 4.5% while overall parasitism increased from 4.2 to 40.6% (98.3% by D. semiclausum). Four species of indigenous parasitoids (Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov), Apanteles sp. and Itoplectis sp., all primary parasitoids) were almost completely displaced by D. semiclausum. Possible reasons for the different parasitoid development between the two release areas and the displacement of the indigenous species are discussed. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	Biocontrol impact; Biological control; Diadegma semiclausum; Indigenous parasitoids; Parasitoid displacement; Plutella xylostella	biocontrol agent; biological control; moth; natural enemy; parasitoid; pest damage; population dynamics; wasp; animal; article; biological pest control; Brassica; ecosystem; host parasite interaction; Kenya; moth; parasitology; physiology; pilot study; population dynamics; wasp; weather; Animals; Brassica; Ecosystem; Host-Parasite Relations; Kenya; Moths; Pest Control, Biological; Pilot Projects; Population Dynamics; Wasps; Weather; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Apanteles sp.; Diadegma mollipla; Diadegma semiclausum; Hymenoptera; Itoplectis sp.; Lepidoptera; Oomyzus sokolowskii; Plutella xylostella; Plutellidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547101700	Evaluation of the potentiometric determination of trace fluoride in natural and drinking water with a fluoride ISE	Noh J.-H., Coetzee P.	2007	Water SA	33	4	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Noh, J.-H., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Coetzee, P., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	The performance of the fluoride ion selective electrode (F-ISE) potentiometric method was evaluated for fluoride determination in natural and drinking water and the pitfalls that could prevent accurate analyses were assessed. Guidelines are provided for the accurate implementation of the F-ISE method for low-level F- determination in the routine analytical laboratory. The following aspects were evaluated: minimising electrode drift, electrode care and optimisation, the use of different TISAB (total ion strength adjustment buffer) solutions, calibration procedures for trace F-, interference correction procedures, matrix effects, and the determination of the analytical parameters. The methodologies and procedures proposed in this work were applied in an SABS proficiency testing programme (Water Check Programme-2004) which included low-level F- determination in natural water and synthetic samples with varying amounts of possible interfering elements. The accuracy of the results was excellent confirming the versatility of F-ISE for low-level F- determinations in routine laboratories provided that the correct analytical procedures are followed and common pitfalls are avoided.	F-ISE, F- in drinking water; F- determination	Calibration; Fluoride minerals; Potable water; Potentiometric sensors; Solutions; F<sup>-</sup> determination; Interference correction procedures; Pitfalls; Water analysis; Calibration; Fluoride minerals; Potable water; Potentiometric sensors; Solutions; Water analysis; analytical method; detection method; drinking water; electrode; fluoride; guideline	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547104035	The early-adolescent female clothing consumer: Expectations, evaluation and satisfaction with fit as part of the appreciation of clothing quality	de Klerk H.M., Tselepis T.	2007	Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management	11	3	10.1108/13612020710763146	Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	de Klerk, H.M., Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Tselepis, T., Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the early-adolescent female consumer's expectations and evaluation, as well as satisfaction relating to the fit, as a dimension of the quality of her clothes. Design/methodology/approach - A quantitative research style was followed and a structured questionnaire was used as data-collecting method. A total of 120 13-year-old young female consumers, also known as the early-adolescent female, participated in the study. Findings - The results suggest that the early-adolescent female consumer is not only concerned about the functional aspects of the fit of her clothes, but also about the emotional effect. Results further suggest that this consumer group probably does not have the expertise, knowledge and cognitive skills that can enable them, during the evaluation phase of the decision-making process, to realistically evaluate this very important dimension of the quality of clothes, with the main purpose of giving functional comfort and emotional pleasure during the post-purchase experience. This then contributes to the fact that, when wearing the clothes, they are, especially as regards the emotional and cognitive dimensions, mostly dissatisfied with the fit of their clothes. Originality/value - With the buying power of this young market in mind,the main implication of the above is that brands that are specifically aimed at these young consumers should specifically be sized according to the measurements and figure proportions of the young consumer.	Clothing; Customer satisfaction; Women; Young adults	buying; consumer research; data processing; decision making; market; marketing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547122887	Field evaluation of FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX (urine latex agglutination) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Ethiopia	Diro E., Techane Y., Tefera T., Assefa Y., Kebede T., Genetu A., Kebede Y., Tesfaye A., Ergicho B., Gebre-Yohannes A., Mengistu G., Engers H., Aseffa A., Desjeux P., Boelaert M., Hailu A.	2007	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	101	9	10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.05.002	Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kahsay Abera Hospital, Tigray Regional State, Humera, Ethiopia; Biomedical Research and Training Program (BRTP), Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Control, Prevention and Elimination (CDS/CPE), Cluster of Communicable Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (DMIP), Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Diro, E., Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Techane, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Tigray Regional State, Humera, Ethiopia; Tefera, T., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Tigray Regional State, Humera, Ethiopia; Assefa, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Tigray Regional State, Humera, Ethiopia; Kebede, T., Biomedical Research and Training Program (BRTP), Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Genetu, A., Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, Y., Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Ergicho, B., Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Gebre-Yohannes, A., Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Mengistu, G., Gondar University, Amhara Regional State, Gondar, Ethiopia; Engers, H., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aseffa, A., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Desjeux, P., Department of Control, Prevention and Elimination (CDS/CPE), Cluster of Communicable Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Boelaert, M., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Antwerp, Belgium; Hailu, A., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (DMIP), Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Three novel diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), namely FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX, were evaluated under field conditions using 101 clinical cases suspected of having VL enrolled in a trial either by active (63 patients) or passive (38 patients) surveillance. VL was confirmed in 49 patients: 35 by both aspirate smear microscopy and NNN culture, 10 by NNN culture alone and 4 by aspirate smear microscopy alone. Based on tests performed in the field, sensitivity for FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX was determined to be 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2%), 71.7% (95% CI 56.3-83.5%) and 57.4% (95% CI 42.3-71.4%), respectively. Similarly, the specificity was determined to be 62.7% (95% CI 48.1-75.5%), 82.4% (95% CI 68.6-91.1%) and 84.3% (95% CI 70.9-92.5%), respectively. A higher sensitivity of KATEX (73.9% vs. 41.7%) and higher specificity of FD-DAT (100.0% vs. 48.6%) were demonstrated under passive case detection compared with active case detection. FD-DAT is recommended for confirmation of VL diagnosis in hospital settings, whereas its use in the field will be limited to exclude VL in clinical suspects. The sensitivity of KATEX and rK39 dipstick tests needs to be improved to promote their use as first-line diagnostic tests in the field setting of northwestern Ethiopia. © 2007 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Diagnostic tests; Ethiopia; Latex agglutination test; Leishmania K39 antigen; Serology; Visceral leishmaniasis	stibogluconate sodium; agglutination test; article; assay; clinical article; confidence interval; controlled study; diagnostic test; Ethiopia; human; microscopy; sensitivity and specificity; smear; visceral leishmaniasis; Endemic Diseases; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Latex Fixation Tests; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Male; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Health; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547132052	Qualitative assessment of municipal water resource management strategies under climate impacts: The case of the Northern Cape, South Africa	Mukheibir P.	2007	Water SA	33	4	None	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Mukheibir, P., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	This paper considers existing coping strategies in times of climate variability and proposes long- term strategies for dealing with future projected climate change and variability. A qualitative strategy assessment methodology is proposed and tested for climate conditions in the Northern Cape. The analysis of the results suggests that dry sanitation, education projects and tariff structures are identified as being the most useful strategies. Key factors which were perceived to inhibit the implementation of appropriate drought adaptation strategies are the lack of local capacity and the low financial resource base to cover the capital and running costs of most of the strategies. With the likelihood of increased future rainfall variability, it is important that planners and decision-makers take into account the effects of climate change and variability on water resources. In so doing, they need to adopt sustainable water supply and demand solutions for the longer term.	Climate change; Climate variability; Northern Cape; Water resource management	Climate change; Enzyme inhibition; Municipal engineering; Rain; Sanitation; Water supply; Climate variability; Decision makers; Northern Cape; Water management; Climate change; Enzyme inhibition; Municipal engineering; Rain; Sanitation; Water management; Water supply; assessment method; capacity building; climate effect; climate variation; coping strategy; decision making; local adaptation; sanitation; sustainability; tariff structure; water management; water resource; water supply; Africa; Northern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547133237	Performance of two commercial immunochromatographic assays for rapid detection of antibodies specific to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in serum and urine samples in a rural community-based research setting (Rakai, Uganda)	Kagulire S.C., Stamper P.D., Opendi P., Nakavuma J.L., Mills L.A., Makumbi F., Gray R.H., Serwadda D., Reynolds S.J.	2007	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	14	6	10.1128/CVI.00442-06	Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Kagulire, S.C., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Stamper, P.D., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Opendi, P., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Nakavuma, J.L., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mills, L.A., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Makumbi, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Rapid detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies is of great importance in developing and developed countries to diagnose HIV infections quickly and at low cost. In this study, two new immunochromatographic rapid tests for the detection of HIV antibodies (Aware HIV-1/2 BSP and Aware HIV-1/2 U; Calypte Biomedical Corporation) were evaluated in rural Africa to determine the tests' performance and comparability to commercially available conventional enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot (WB) tests. This prospective study was conducted from March 2005 through May 2005 using serum and urine from respondents in the Rakai Community Cohort Survey. Nine hundred sixty-three serum samples were tested with the Aware blood rapid assay (Aware-BSP) and compared to two independent EIAs for HIV plus confirmatory Calypte WB for any positive EIAs. The sensitivity of Aware-BSP was 98.2%, and the specificity was 99.8%. Nine hundred forty-two urine samples were run using the Aware urine assay (Aware-U) and linked to blood sample results for analysis. The sensitivity of Aware-U was 88.7% and specificity was 99.9% compared to blood EIAs confirmed by WB analysis. These results support the adoption of the Aware-BSP rapid test as an alternative to EIA and WB assays for the diagnosis of HIV in resource-limited settings. However, the low sensitivity of the Aware-U assay with its potential for falsely negative HIV results makes the urine assay less satisfactory. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; antibody detection; article; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic error; diagnostic procedure; diagnostic value; enzyme immunoassay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection; human tissue; immunoaffinity chromatography; immunoassay; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; patient satisfaction; priority journal; prospective study; rural population; urinalysis; Western blotting; Adolescent; Adult; Blotting, Western; Chromatography; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Rural Health; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547133453	Consumer acceptability and sensory evaluation of a fermented cassava product (Nigerian fufu)	Tomlins K., Sanni L., Oyewole O., Dipeolu A., Ayinde I., Adebayo K., Westby A.	2007	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	87	10	10.1002/jsfa.2941	Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Tomlins, K., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Sanni, L., University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oyewole, O., University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Dipeolu, A., University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ayinde, I., University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adebayo, K., University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Westby, A., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom	The purpose of the study was to evaluate the sensory profile and acceptability of six types of fufu (a fermented cassava product) produced by different processes using sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability testing. Fufu samples were selected to evaluate the acceptability of dried fufu flours, which are increasingly being consumed, and compare with a traditional paste and a newly developed paste that produces less environmental waste. Descriptive sensory profiles of the selected samples demonstrated distinct differences in sensory profiles. They were evaluated for consumer acceptance at three demographic locations; Lagos (n = 91), Ibadan (n = 121) and Abeokuta (w = 99), Nigeria. Fufu made from a paste that produced less environmental waste had the highest acceptance scores, followed by flour and paste made by the traditional method and finally the remaining flours. Average consumer liking between the three locations did not differ. Three distinct consumer segments were identified and the number of consumers in these segments differed between the locations. Consumers differentiated fufu made from pastes and from flour. Internal preference mapping indicated that consumers associated the flours with sensory attributes such as sticky texture and raw cassava odour, while pastes were associated with soft texture, and shiny and creamy appearance. Fufu acceptance varies widely among consumers and is related to preferences for distinct fufu flavour profiles. Correlations between consumer acceptance scores and sensory scores appeared to be non-linear for many attributes but a larger sample size of fufu samples would be necessary to confirm this. The implications of these finding are discussed. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.	Acceptability; Cassava; Consumer preference; Flour; Fufu; Nigeria; Sensory evaluation; West Africa	Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547153730	Globalisation and poverty: Impacts on households of employment and restructuring in the Textiles industry of South Africa	Bezuidenhout A., Khunou G., Mosoetsa S., Sutherland K., Thoburn J.	2007	Journal of International Development	19	5	10.1002/jid.1308	Sociology of Work Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom	Bezuidenhout, A., Sociology of Work Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Khunou, G., Sociology of Work Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mosoetsa, S., Sociology of Work Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sutherland, K., School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Thoburn, J., School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom	This paper addresses an important but often neglected theme in debates on globalisation - the consequences for workers of engagement in global markets, particularly for those workers who are retrenched in the process. Using the South African textiles industry as a case study, the paper investigates the impact on workers' household livelihoods of industrial restructuring following trade liberalisation in the 1990s. Interviews with textile workers and retrenched textile workers were conducted in five locations in three provinces - the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal - in order to capture different local dynamics. Workers employed in textiles generally enjoy a relatively stable formal sector wage, which, though less than the manufacturing average, is well above the national poverty line. However, the benefits were not evenly spread between the regions and job insecurity has been increasing. Workers retrenched from textile employment have faced extreme difficulties in a country with exceptionally high levels of open unemployment, and many families have fallen into deep poverty, which may now be transmitted intergenerationally. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Globalisation; Households; Poverty; South Africa; Textiles; Trade liberalisation	employment; globalization; industrial restructuring; poverty; textile industry; trade liberalization; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547178879	Effect of the replacement of maize with wheat offal in broiler finisher diets on growth performance and feed cost	Christopher G.I., Offfiong S., Idiong I.C.	2007	Journal of Central European Agriculture	8	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Christopher, G.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Offfiong, S., Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Idiong, I.C., Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, University of Calabar, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of replacing maize with wheat offal in broiler finisher diets on bird performance and feed cost. Six rations were formulated using 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 percent wheat offal to replace maize in the rations. The formulated rations were fed to one hundred and fifty six commercial broiler finisher birds in a completely randomized experimental design. All the rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the inclusion of varying levels of palm oil. The results indicated that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization and carcass characteristics amongst the treatment means. However, wheat offal replaced maize for up to 25 percent without any adverse effect on performance. More so, at 25 percent inclusion to replace maize, cost of feed per kilogram was reduced by about 15.91 percent. Such feed cost reduction could engender overall production cost reduction in broiler production especially at the finisher stage.	Broiler; Cost; Diet; Finisher; Performance; Wheat offal	Aves; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547196839	Thermal performance of a solar oven with augmented sunlight concentration	Brooks M.J.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	2	None	School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Brooks, M.J., School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	This paper describes the thermal performance of a novel solar oven that incorporates a compact reflective lens, or ring array, to augment sunlight concentration. Performance is reported in terms of the positive effect of the ring array versus a non-concentrating lid, maximum operating temperature, thermal efficiency, performance under partly cloudy skies, and the effects of incidence angle and tracking. Use of the ring array lens improved thermal efficiency by 4% in the test range up to 100°C, while boosting the maximum operating temperature from 138°C to 196°C. Comparative tests conducted under clear sky conditions against two other commercial types showed that when tracked in the azimuth plane at near-normal incidence angles, the new design generated maximum cooking power of 300 W and boiled water at a rate 13% faster than the next best commercial oven tested. Augmented sunlight concentration sensitised the new design to higher angles of incidence and performance was negatively affected in the non-tracked state. Under non-ideal operating conditions, including partial shading by cloud, the oven outperformed both commercial units.	Ring array concentrator; Solar irradiance; Solar oven; Thermal efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547207041	Evaluation of the effect of suretyship on rapid delivery public sector construction projects	Nemato T., Maritz M.J.	2007	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	49	2	None	Department of Construction Economics, South Africa	Nemato, T.; Maritz, M.J., Department of Construction Economics, South Africa	Suretyship is one of the performance risk management measures used in modern construction contracts. Construction contracts, such as the FIDIC, JBCC Series 2000 and GCC 2004, offer pro forma deeds of suretyship and guarantee forms, but consultants sometimes use in-house contract documentation, which may lead to poor interpretation and application. Suretyship requirements are often the cause of time delays on Rapid Delivery Public Sector Construction Projects (RDPSCP), whether pro forma or in-house deeds or forms are used. Project start dates are generally set within weeks after the contract has been awarded, which time period may be inadequate for some contractors (more specifically emerging contractors) to provide a surety to the approval of the client. In the event of non-performance by the original contractor another contractor must be appointed to complete the works. This process results in loss of time attributable to time frames required for issuing contractual/statutory notices to the original contractor, and delay in appointing a second contractor. Most general conditions of contract have been designed from a commercial and legal perspective, which ignore the negative practical implications of construction suretyship on progress on site. Consultants, therefore, are compelled by necessity to draft special conditions to suit RDPSCP, otherwise delays and disputes are inevitable. It is recommended hereafter that, instead of sureties, guarantees be used as securities, which should be in the form of a 'demand guarantee'. No construction time will be lost in calling up this type of construction guarantee (Forsyth & Pretorius 2002: 26) as the guarantor unconditionally and irrevocably undertakes to pay the amount of guarantee on demand and without proof of any breach of contract by the contractor.	Construction contract; Guarantee; Insurance; Rapid delivery; Suretyship	Construction contract; Guarantee; Rapid delivery; Suretyship; Construction industry; Contracts; Project management; Regulatory compliance; Risk management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547212751	Effect of replacement of maize with earth ball (Icacinia manni) meal on the performance of broiler chickens	Umoren U.E., Isika M.A., Asanga E.P., Ezeigwe P.N.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	10	14	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, Swaziland	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Isika, M.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, Swaziland; Asanga, E.P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Ezeigwe, P.N., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Nigeria	The aim of the study was to assess the replacement value of earth ball for maize in broiler diets. A feeding trial was conducted for eight weeks using 220 unsexed Anak 2000 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design to assess the effect of replacement of maize with Icacinia manni meal at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% on the performance. The diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, containing 24% crude protein and 3095 Kcal kg -1 ME in the starter ration and 21% crude protein and 3204 Kcal kg -1 ME in the finisher mash. The birds were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with two replicates containing 22 birds each making a total of 44 birds per treatment. Results showed that in the starter phase, dietary treatments had significantly (p&lt;0.05) least feed intake, body weight gain in the 45 and 60% Icacinia manni meal diets, but not significantly (p&gt;0.05) different in mortality and feed conversion ratio. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were also observed in feed intake and body weight gain in the finisher phase. Birds on 0 and 15% Icacinia manni meal diets consumed more feed and were heavier (p&lt;0.05) than those on 30, 45 and 60% Icacinia meal diets. Mortality and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different (p&gt;0.05) at the finisher phase. Birds on 0 and 15% Icacinia meal inclusion exhibited significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher dressed weight, kidney, liver, lung, shank, intestine, neck and gizzard weights. The study concludes that Icacinia manni meal could replace maize up to 15% in broiler diets without deleterious effect on performance, which holds great potential as feed ingredient in poultry nutrition. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Carcass; Feeding trial; Icacinia manni meal; Organ mass; Performance	animal; animal food; article; chicken; feeding behavior; growth, development and aging; maize; physiology; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Feeding Behavior; Zea mays; Aves; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547226519	Home-based care for parents with AIDS: Impact on children's psychological functioning	Gwandure C.	2007	Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health	19	1	None	School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Gwandure, C., School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Objective: This study explored the concept of home-based care for people living with full-blown AIDS and the impact of this on their children's psychological functioning. There were 30 children in the study whose parents had full-blown AIDS. The comparison group comprised 30 children. The parents of the children in the comparison group reported that they did not have full-blown AIDS and were not registered as AIDS patients with their community home-based care group. Method: The children's psychological functioning and performance on cognitive tasks were examined, using the Impact of Event Scale - Revised, the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), the Stress Symptoms Checklist, the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), the British Ability Scales and Daniel and Diack's Graded Spelling Test. Result: The results of the study showed that children whose parents had full-blown AIDS showed mental distress and low cognitive performance on numerical and spelling skills. Conclusion: The findings of the study seem to suggest that although the home-based care concept is a noble and global idea, it should be accompanied by psychological support mechanisms to mitigate the effects of traumatic stress that normally follow exposure to a traumatic event. Suggestions for further research on the topic are discussed. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; caregiver; child advocacy; child behavior; child care; cognition; controlled study; fear; health program; home care; human; infection risk; memory; mental disease; mental performance; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychologic assessment; rating scale; risk factor; socioeconomics; symptom; task performance; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547246322	The impact of emotional intelligence on human modeling therapy given to a youth with bipolar disorder	Maree J.G., Finestone M.	2007	International Journal of Adolescence and Youth	13	3	None	Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa	Maree, J.G., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Finestone, M., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa	This article deals with the impact of emotional intelligence on human modeling therapy that is used as a point of departure. Human modeling therapy is a creative therapeutic technique during which something new is created from material that already exists. The possible relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity made human modeling and creativity a suitable form of therapy for the purposes of this study. The BarOn EQ-i: YV™ was used as a measuring instrument to determine the emotional intelligence of the youth in this study. © 2007 A B Academic Publishers.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547354169	Performance evaluation of error resilience techniques of transmitted video using punctured convolutional coding	Akintola A.A., Aderounmu G.A., Efereyan M.O.	2007	International Journal of Modelling and Simulation	27	2	None	Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Akintola, A.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Aderounmu, G.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Efereyan, M.O., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Real-time Internet video streaming over wireless noisy channels is attracting a lot of attention for various applications in Internet Protocol networks. In this paper, the authors present the performance of error resilience techniques of transmitted video using punctured convolutional coding with erasures. The system model uses Bernoulli Random Binary Generator block set to generate random binary numbers using Bernoulli distribution. In the system simulation, various rates of coding (i.e., rates 2/3 and 3/4) were applied on various bits patterns (i.e., 3, 4, 8, and 16 bits) and then passed through a noisy wireless link of different range of noise levels (i.e., additive white gaussian noise). Using throughput and bit error rate as performance metrics against signal-to-noise ratio, experimental results show that, while varying the noise levels, high coding rates showed better and improved performance but it is more efficient when the numbers of punctured bits are kept below a certain maximum threshold.	BER; Codes; Convolutional; Erasure; Error; Puncturing; Resilience; Throughput	Binary sequences; Bit error rate; Convolutional codes; Image communication systems; Internet protocols; Real time systems; Throughput; Binary numbers; Error resilience techniques; Performance evaluation; Punctured bits; Video streaming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547559189	The nutritive value of azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal in diets for growing pullets and subsequent effect on laying performance	Alalade O.A., Iyayi E.A., Alalade T.O.	2007	Journal of Poultry Science	44	3	10.2141/jpsa.44.273	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Alalade, O.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Iyayi, E.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Alalade, T.O., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The effect of incorporating graded levels of azolla meal (AZM) in diets of growing pullets was investigated. Particular reference was given to growth, haematology and subsequent laying performance. In a completely randomized design, feeding trials lasted 10 weeks and involved 120 8-weeks old Nera brown pullets. Birds were reared to 18 weeks of age on diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% AZM. From 19 to 30 weeks of age, all groups were switched to a common corn-soybean based layers mash of 17.5% CP and 2522 kcal/kg ME. From the results obtained, apparent differences in weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb) and white blood cell (WBC) were not significant. At the onset of lay, age at first lay was similar across the treatments. Hen-day production to 30 weeks and egg quality characteristics observed were similar across the treatments except for yolk weight, which was significantly lower for all birds on AZM diets. These results indicate a benefit from AZM at low level of supplementation and up to 15% AZM can be incorporated in diets of growing pullets without jeopardizing health and subsequent laying performance.	Azolla meal; Egg quality; Growth; Haematology; Laying performance	Aves; Azolla; Azolla pinnata; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547572937	Polymerase chain reaction detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci: evaluation of 9 assays	Robberts F.J.L., Liebowitz L.D., Chalkley L.J.	2007	Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease	58	4	10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.02.014	Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa	Robberts, F.J.L., Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Liebowitz, L.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Chalkley, L.J., Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa	Various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification strategies have been described for detecting Pneumocystis jiroveci in clinical specimens. Different combinations of primer/target and platforms have been reported to yield varying PCR detection rates. PCR was evaluated on clinical specimens using internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA nested, dihydropteroate synthase single and nested, dihydrofolate reductase nested, major surface glycoprotein heminested, mitochondrial large subunit rRNA (mtLSUrRNA) single and nested, 18S rRNA 1-tube nested, and real-time 5S rRNA PCR. The most sensitive PCR was subsequently compared with routine diagnostic immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy. Discrepant PCR and IF results were resolved after review of clinical and histology/cytology records. Major discrepancies were observed among the methods investigated. mtLSUrRNA nested PCR was the most sensitive, produced less false-negative results, and displayed the highest degree of concordance with histology. Direct comparison of mtLSUrRNA nested PCR versus IF yielded low sensitivity and specificity, which were improved for PCR and lowered for IF on review of clinical and laboratory records. © 2007.	Detection; Immunofluorescent microscopy; PcP; PCR; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Pneumocystis pneumonia	dihydrofolate reductase; dihydropteroate synthase; glycoprotein; mitochondrial RNA; protein subunit; ribosome RNA; article; bacterium detection; cytology; false negative result; gene amplification; histology; immunofluorescence microscopy; microbiology; nonhuman; Pneumocystis jiroveci; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; Dihydropteroate Synthase; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Ribosomal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; False Negative Reactions; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pneumocystis Infections; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; RNA, Ribosomal, 5S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547595380	Improved mechanical performance: Shear behaviour of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC)	van Zijl G.P.A.G.	2007	Cement and Concrete Research	37	8	10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.009	Division for Structural Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands	van Zijl, G.P.A.G., Division for Structural Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands	The retardation of moisture and gas ingress associated with important degradation mechanisms in cement-based composites in general and reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete in particular is an ongoing research focus internationally. A dense outer layer is generally accepted to significantly enhance durability of structural concrete. However, cracking leads to enhanced ingress, unless the cracks are restricted to small widths. Strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) make use of fibres to bridge cracks, whereby they are controlled to small widths over a large tensile deformation range. In this paper, SHCC shear behaviour is studied, verifying that the cracks which arise in pure shear are also controlled to small widths in these materials. The design of an Iosipescu shear test setup and specific SHCC geometry is reported, as well as the results of a test series. A computational model for SHCC, based on finite element theory and continuum damage mechanics, is elaborated and shown to capture the shear behaviour of SHCC. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Fibre reinforcement; Mechanical properties; Microcracking; Shear properties	Continuum damage mechanics; Deformation; Finite element method; Microcracking; Reinforcement; Fiber reinforcements; Shear properties; Composite materials	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547619591	Development of performance-based tests for nontraditional road additives	Jones D.	2007	Transportation Research Record	2	1989	10.3141/1989-58	Transported, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Jones, D., Transported, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Nontraditional road additives (chemical stabilizers and dust palliatives) are applied to unsealed roads to reduce dust levels and gravel loss and improve riding quality and all-weather passability. However, the level of research conducted on additives and documentation derived from it are often unsatisfactory. A review of studies revealed that similar procedures were followed, which entailed routine laboratory tests on a locally available material, followed by a field test during which the period of effectiveness was assessed. No documented test methods exist specifically for these additives. Researchers tend to adapt methods developed for cementitious and asphaltic additives or compare before- and after-treatment results on standard indicator tests. Results rarely correlate with field performance, necessitating construction of full-scale experiments before making a decision on applying the additives on a wider scale. Invariably, a new experiment must be constructed each time conditions such as material, traffic, and climate change. A series of performance-based laboratory tests for nontraditional road additives has been developed, and results have been compared with performance in full-scale experiments. Results are compared with untreated controls or traditional stabilizers. The tests have been incorporated into a research protocol as well as a ht-for-purpose certification system for road additives. They are sensitive enough to assess performance at different application rates and to compare the performance of different additives on the same material. Tentative limits for decision making have been developed on the basis of comparisons of test results with performance on full-scale sections.	None	Climate change; Decision making; Dust; Gravel; Roads and streets; Gravel loss; Laboratory tests; Additives	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547635772	Field evaluation of Cavendish banana cultivars propagated either by suckers or by tissue culture, over six crop cycles in the tropics	Fonsah E.G., Adamu C.A., Okole B.N., Mullinix B.G.	2007	Fruits	62	4	10.1051/fruits:2007016	Dep. Agric. Appl. Econom., Univ. Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, United States; Del Monte Fresh Produce SARL, BP 13275, Douala, Cameroon; LifeLab. (ECoBio Innovation Centre), PO Box 30603, Mayville 4058, Durban KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793-0748, United States	Fonsah, E.G., Dep. Agric. Appl. Econom., Univ. Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, United States; Adamu, C.A., Del Monte Fresh Produce SARL, BP 13275, Douala, Cameroon; Okole, B.N., LifeLab. (ECoBio Innovation Centre), PO Box 30603, Mayville 4058, Durban KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Mullinix, B.G., University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793-0748, United States	Introduction. Bananas are traditionally propagated by suckers: nevertheless, the advantage of using tissue-cultured plants for banana production has been demonstrated in recent years. Despite the large-scale use of micropropagated plants in the subtropical regions, little information is available on the performance of these crops in tropical countries. So we compared the yield potential of some Cavendish banana cultivars propagated either by traditional suckers or by tissue culture. Materials and methods. A randomized complete block experiment was established in a commercial plantation in Cameroon to compare the performance of three tissue-cultured banana plants of Grand Nain, Williams and Zelig cultivars and two conventionally-propagated plants of Grand Nain and Williams. Morphological, phenological and yield component data were collected for six crop cycles. Results. All the plants grew vigorously and produced quality exportable fruits. However, the tissue-cultured plants consistently produced heavier bunches and higher yields than the conventionally-propagated plants. The highest yields (65.92 t·ha -1 for Grand Nain, 64.60 t·ha-1 for Williams and 65.58 t·ha-1 for Zelig) were obtained for the tissue-cultured plants in the third crop cycle compared with 51.43 t·ha-1 and 59.02 t·ha-1 obtained for the traditionally-propagated Grand Nain and Williams plants, respectively. There were no significant yield differences between the plants of different origin in the second and fourth cycles, respectively. However, the tissue-cultured Williams and Zelig plants outperformed the other plants in the sixth crop cycle. Conclusion. The tissue-cultured plants of the three Cavendish cultivars studied performed better than the plants resulting from conventional suckers. The best cultivar for commercial plantation used, that is located in a tropical environment, was Williams. In general, to obtain an optimum benefit, we would recommend the use of tissue-cultured plants over a period of 6-7 years with good management practices. © 2007 Cirad/EDP Sciences. All rights reserved.	Cameroon; Micropropagation; Musa; Plant propagation; Propagation materials; Ratooning; Varieties; Yields	Musa; Musa acuminata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547653550	Evaluation of the effects of vocational choice and practical training on students' employability	Kagaari J.R.K.	2007	Journal of European Industrial Training	31	6	10.1108/03090590710772640	Department of Psychology, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda	Kagaari, J.R.K., Department of Psychology, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda	Purpose - The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the need for Kyambogo to pay special attention to students' vocational choices, university based training and employability. Design/methodology/approach - The sample of 46 final year students, 90 graduates and 50 supervisors using cross sectional survey design was used to collect data. Findings - The paper reveals that factors such as government policies and regulations, people we interact and relate with for instance, parents, teachers, peers and other factors like our aspirations, interests, subjects studied at school have a significant bearing on our vocational choices. Practical training, curriculum followed in teaching and industrial training are relevant for electrical graduates in their preparation for employment challenges. Practical implications - This paper calls for involvement of stakeholders in design, implementation and evaluation of the university curriculum. That there should be vigorous and rigorous regular evaluation of training of electrical engineers to meet the ever-changing needs of employers. Originality/value - This paper presents a new approach to critical thinking young adulthood vocational choices, university based-training and employability of electrical engineering graduates. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Career development; Students; Training; Uganda; Vocational training	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547655503	Effect of feeding graded levels of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) seed meal on the performance characteristics of West African Dwarf goat	Belewu M.A., Orisameyiti B.R., Ajibola K.A.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	6	None	Department of Animal Production, Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Belewu, M.A., Department of Animal Production, Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Orisameyiti, B.R., Department of Animal Production, Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ajibola, K.A., Department of Animal Production, Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	The efficacy of Tigernut seed meal in the diet of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats was evaluated in a completely randomized design model for a 56 day period. The diets consist of A (control, without Tigernut seed meal), B (10% Tigernut seed meal plus 28% wheat offal) and C (20% Tigernut seed meal plus 18% wheat offal). Other ingredients are of fixed percentages. The results revealed increasing crude protein and acid detergent fibre contents as the Tigernut seed meal increased. The intakes of the two components (crude protein and acid detergent fibre) were significantly higher in diet C compared to other diets However, the crude protein digestibility was similar in all the diets while the acid detergent fibre digestibility of the Tigernut seed meal based diet was superior (p<0.05) to that of the control. The ether extract intake and digestibility were higher (p<0.05) for diets B and C (Tigernut seed meal based diets) compared to diet A (control). The crude fibre digestibility of diet C was numerically higher than that of diet A (control) which are similar (p>0.05). Animals on Tigernut seed meal based diet gained more weight than those on diet A (control) due probably to higher feed efficiency of these diets (B and C). In conclusion, a Tigernut seed meal could form part of the complete diet, supplying both protein and energy supplements in the diet of ruminant animals. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Digestibility; Feed intake; Tigernut seed meal; Weight gain; West African dwarf goat	detergent; ether; protein; animal experiment; animal food; article; bovids; controlled study; Cyperus; diet supplementation; digestion; food composition; food intake; goat; nonhuman; physical performance; productivity; protein content; weight gain; wheat; Animalia; Capra hircus; Cyperus esculentus; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547655621	Evaluation of the performance of the Kenya Dual Purpose Goat composites: Additive and non-additive genetic parameters	Mugambi J.N., Wakhungu J.W., Inyangala B.O., Muhuyi W.B., Muasya T.	2007	Small Ruminant Research	72	03-Feb	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.10.001	Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Dev., P.O. Box 34188, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya	Mugambi, J.N., Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Dev., P.O. Box 34188, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Wakhungu, J.W., Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Inyangala, B.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Muhuyi, W.B., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Muasya, T., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya	Growth data from 6800 progeny of straightbreds, intermediate crosses and the resulting Kenya Dual Purpose Goat (KDPG) composites from 1982 to 2004 were used to estimate additive and non-additive genetic parameters. The KDPG was developed by crossing Toggenburg (T), Anglo-Nubian (N), Small East African (E) and Galla (G) breeds in equal proportions. All parameters were simultaneously estimated for early growth traits by fitting an animal model using Derivative-Free-Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) procedures (Meyer, 1998). The model included sex, type of birth, period and season of birth, and age of dam classes as fixed effects; crossbreeding parameters were fitted as covariates. Relative to Small East African breed, Anglo-Nubian showed the highest breed effects for weaning weight (+1.69 kg), yearling weight (+1.74 kg) and pre-weaning average daily gains (+13.28 g/day). Between the indigenous breeds, breed differences were in favour of Galla breed except for yearling weight. Individual heterosis had a positive effect on birth weight (+0.05 kg), yearling weight (+0.36 kg) and post-weaning average daily gains (+3.04 g/day) but negative in pre-weaning traits. Maternal heterosis was favourable in the traits influenced by pre-weaning maternal environment (weaning weight and pre-weaning average daily gains). The effect of recombination was negative and, therefore, reduced performance in all traits. Heritability estimates were low with very narrow range between traits. These estimates were 0.13 ± 0.03, 0.16 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.02 for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, pre-weaning and post-weaning average daily gains, respectively. The study shows that the developed KDPG composites have not optimized on the positive dominance effects; an effect due to retained recombination loss caused by lack of selection during breed development. It was concluded therefore, that the KDPG composites are still segregating and have not stabilized into a new breed as was the aim of the breeding programme. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crossbreeding parameters; Heritability; Kenya Dual Purpose Goat; Recombination loss	Animalia; Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547670304	Larval performance of the pyralid borer Eldana saccharina Walker and stalk damage in sugarcane: Influence of plant silicon, cultivar and feeding site	Kvedaras O.L., Keeping M.G., Goebel F.R., Byrne M.J.	2007	International Journal of Pest Management	53	3	10.1080/09670870601110956	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, Unité de Recherche Systèmes Canniers, Montpellier, France	Kvedaras, O.L., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; Keeping, M.G., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; Goebel, F.R., Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, Unité de Recherche Systèmes Canniers, Montpellier, France; Byrne, M.J., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa	Applied silicon (Si) can improve resistance of plants to insect attack. We investigated the interactions between soil applied Si, sugarcane cultivar, and three documented feeding/penetration sites (internode, leaf bud, and root primordia), each at three heights (top, middle, and base) on the stalk and their effects on stem borer, Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) performance and the stalk damage it inflicts. Four sugarcane cultivars, treated (Si+) and untreated (Si-) with calcium silicate, were artificially infested with E. saccharina and the larvae were examined 21 days later. Silicon treatment significantly increased stalk Si content in all sugarcane cultivars and, overall, significantly reduced borer growth rate and also reduced stalk damage, particularly at the internode. Borer survival and growth rate and stalk damage were lowest at the internode, particularly in Si+ resistant cultivars. Although the internode had the hardest rind, hardness at each site was not significantly increased by Si+.	Antibiosis; Calcium silicate; Host plant resistance; Integrated Pest Management; Mechanical barrier; Saccharum	calcium; cultivar; host plant; integrated pest management; larval settlement; pest resistance; sugar cane; Eldana saccharina; Hexapoda; Lepidoptera; Pyralidae; Saccharum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547674873	The uneven impact of AIDS in a polarized society	Marais H.	2007	AIDS	21	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/01.aids.0000279691.76900.8b	PO Box 1363, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	Marais, H.PO Box 1363, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	Literature on the impact of serious AIDS epidemics anticipates severe outcomes, and places special emphasis on the epidemic's likely effects on productive and governance capacities. Implicit in many impact scenarios is the assumption that the effects are distributed more or less uniformly across society, and are channeled 'naturally' through and across sectors. This article examines evidence of the AIDS epidemic's impact at household level, and in the health, education and economic sectors of South Africa. It shows that the epidemic's impact is strongly shaped by the highly unequal distribution of power, entitlement, risk and responsibility in South Africa. The article concludes that many of the costs associated with the AIDS epidemic are being displaced into the lives, homes and neighbourhoods of poorer South Africans, especially black African women - thus deepening poverty trends, as well as reproducing and hardening the polarized character of South African society. Priority steps to remedy these trends are outlined. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	AIDS; HIV; Home-based care; Household; Impact; Inequality; Poverty; Social protection; Women; Workplace	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; community care; economic aspect; epidemic; health care cost; health care facility; health care organization; health care personnel; health care system; health service; highly active antiretroviral therapy; home care; hospitalization; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medical literature; morbidity; mortality; outcome assessment; poverty; priority journal; responsibility; risk assessment; social status; society; South Africa; workplace; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Community Health Services; Costs and Cost Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Educational Status; Female; Home Care Services; Humans; Male; Poverty; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547676187	The impact of AIDS on government service delivery: The case of the Zambia Wildlife Authority	Rosen S., Hamazakaza P., Feeley F., Fox M.	2007	AIDS	21	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/01.aids.0000279694.61652.e3	Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Farming Systems Association of Zambia, Mount Makulu Central Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia; Health Economics Research Office, Helen Joseph Hospital (Themba Lethu Clinic), Perth Road, Westdene 2092, South Africa	Rosen, S., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, Health Economics Research Office, Helen Joseph Hospital (Themba Lethu Clinic), Perth Road, Westdene 2092, South Africa; Hamazakaza, P., Farming Systems Association of Zambia, Mount Makulu Central Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia; Feeley, F., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Fox, M., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States	BACKGROUND: The loss of working-aged adults to HIV/AIDS has been shown to increase the costs of labor to the private sector in Africa. There is little corresponding evidence for the public sector. This study evaluated the impact of AIDS on the costs and service delivery capacity of a government agency, the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA). METHODS: Data were collected on workforce characteristics, mortality, costs, and number of days spent on patrol between 2003 and 2005 by 76 current patrol officers (reference subjects) and 11 patrol officers who died of AIDS or suspected AIDS (index subjects). The impact of AIDS on service delivery capacity and labor costs and the net benefits of providing treatment were estimated. RESULTS: Reference subjects averaged 197.4 patrol days per year. After adjustment index subjects patrolled 68% less in their last year of service (P < 0.0001), 51% less in their second to last year (P < 0.0001), and 37% less in their third to last year (P < 0.0001). For each employee who died, ZAWA lost an additional 111 person-days for management, funeral attendance, vacancy and staff replacement. Each death also cost ZAWA the equivalent of 3.3 years' annual compensation for care, benefits, recruitment, and training. In 2005, AIDS reduced service delivery capacity by 6.0% and increased labor costs by 9.3%. CONCLUSION: Impacts on this government agency are substantially larger than observed in the private sector. AIDS is constraining ZAWA's ability to protect Zambia's parks. At a cost of US $500/patient/ year, antiretroviral therapy (ART) would result in service improvements and net budgetary savings to ZAWA. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Antiretroviral therapy; Government; HIV/AIDS; Labor productivity; Zambia	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; compensation; death; female; government; health care cost; health care delivery; health service; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; information processing; major clinical study; male; mortality; priority journal; Zambia; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Commerce; Costs and Cost Analysis; Female; Government Agencies; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Male; Workplace; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547689825	Performance and histological responses of internal organs of broiler chickens fed raw, dehulled, and aqueous and dry-heated kidney bean meals	Emiola I.A., Ologhobo A.D., Gous R.M.	2007	Poultry Science	86	6	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Discipline of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 3200 Scottsville, Pietermartzburg, South Africa; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2, Canada	Emiola, I.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2, Canada; Ologhobo, A.D., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Gous, R.M., Discipline of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 3200 Scottsville, Pietermartzburg, South Africa	The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of raw and differently processed [aqueous heating, dehulled, and dry heating (toasted)] kidney bean meals on the performance, weights, and histology of internal organs of broiler chicken. The feeding trial lasted for 56 d. Two hundred twenty-five 1-d-old broiler chicks (Anak strain) were used for the study. There were 5 treatment groups of 3 replicates with 15 birds per replicate. Raw and processed kidney bean meals were used to replace 50% protein supplied by soybean in the control diet. Data collected were used to evaluate feed intake, weight gain, and efficiency of feed utilization. The weights of liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and lungs were also recorded and tissue samples of each collected for histological examination. Average daily food intake, average daily gain, and efficiency of feed utilization were influenced by the dietary treatments. Average daily food intake and average daily gain in birds fed the control diet and heat-treated kidney bean meals were similar and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed raw or dehulled meals. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed raw or dehulled meals compared with those fed the control diet. The relative weight of the pancreas was significantly (P < 0.05) increased as a result of acinar hypertrophy. The kidney had severe congestion of glomeruli and distention of the capillary vessels with numerous thrombi in birds fed raw and dehulled kidney bean meals. The weight of the liver was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in birds fed raw and dehulled meals, and the liver was characterized by marked coagulative necrosis and degeneration of the hepatocytes. The structural alterations were attributed to intake of trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinins in the processed seeds. In conclusion, aqueous heated kidney bean meal can be used to replace 50% protein supplied by soybean meal in broiler starter and finisher diets without any adverse effect on the performance and the internal organs. ©2007 Poultry Science Association Inc.	Histology; Kidney bean seed; Organ weight; Performance; Processing	Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Phaseolus vulgaris; animal; animal disease; animal food; article; chicken; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diet; female; food handling; growth, development and aging; heart; heat; histology; kidney; legume; liver; lung; male; methodology; organ size; pancreas; randomized controlled trial; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Fabaceae; Female; Food Handling; Heart; Heat; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547738651	Impact of South African fortification legislation on product formulation for low-income households	Duvenage S.S., Schönfeldt H.C.	2007	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	20	8	10.1016/j.jfca.2007.04.001	Department of Hospitality and Tourism, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, P.O. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng 1900, South Africa; Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Duvenage, S.S., Department of Hospitality and Tourism, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, P.O. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng 1900, South Africa; Schönfeldt, H.C., Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Newly introduced legislation for the fortification of maize meal and bread flour in South Africa enhanced nutritive intakes for selected nutrients and enabled the formulation of an affordable, dry, plant-based premixed food product for low-income households. Firstly, the nutritive intakes and relatedness to prevalent nutrient deficiencies in South Africa were calculated to portray the impact of the implemented food fortification legislation [Republic of South Africa (RSA), 2003. Department of Health. Government notice. No. R2003. Regulations relating to the fortification of certain foodstuffs. Section 15(1) of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, No. 54 of 1972. Retrieved February 25, 2005, 〈http://www.doh.gov.za/search/default.asp〉]. Despite fortification, nutritive intakes were still significantly less than recommended. Linear programming was then applied to plot the estimated average requirements (EAR) for females (19-50 years) against nutritive content and cost of 100 g cooked product of each of the constituent ingredients of the premix product. Programming constraints were manipulated to identify the most viable ratio of possible ingredients to satisfy the indicated nutritive requirements and affordability. Due to fortification, vitamin A was eliminated as major formulation constraint, enabling satisfaction for vitamin A, zinc, iron and folate. Constraints for pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamine were alleviated, facilitating product formulation. The provisioning for energy (-5%) and potassium (-7%) were indicated as limitations and relaxed to derive a reasonable answer. However, nutrients naturally restricted in cereal grains and legumes could not be provided for. The approach as developed could be applied by industry and others to enhance affordable and sustained nutrient intake to survival households. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Amino acid score; Dietary reference intakes; Fortification legislation; Linear programming; Product optimisation	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547770708	Sampling: The impact on costs and decision making	Minnitt R.C.A.	2007	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	107	7	None	School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Minnitt, R.C.A., School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	The simple act of taking a sample implies that someone will use the information contained in the analytical result to make a decision about a course of action. In the mining industry, the decisions may involve huge capital commitments for opening or closing a mine, or marginal tactical costs that involve deciding if a truckload of mineralized rock should be sent to the mill for processing, or the waste dump. Sampling is among the most fundamental activities in a mining operation, and this paper aims to examine some of the technical issues that can assist in ensuring that samples are representative and correct Insights into the scale of variability require that we disaggregate sampling variance into its component parts and evaluate each one individually. The work of Pierre Gy in understanding; the different sampling errors is the first step in establishing an optimal protocol. This must be followed by the appropriate measures to ensure the protocol is implemented such that minimal bias is introduced in the sampling process. Even with these insights the possibility exists for large unseen and hidden costs can accumulate in a mineral development because of sampling errors. These hidden costs arise due to misunderstanding of the principle factors that affect the size of sampling errors, such as the mass of the sample, the effects of splitting a sample to reduce the mass, and the influence of the nominal particle size. The handling of sample material without due regard to the sampling characteristics of the material being sampled is also a major source of sampling errors. The most significant problem Is due to the influence of the so-called volume-variance effect. This effect is a consequence of the support effect and the information effect both of which relate to the difference in size at which samples are collected and mining blocks are extracted. The information effect is a function of the availability of data at the time that decisions are made about the destinations of mineralized rock, namely the mill or the waste dump. Implementation of appropriate sampling protocols in the mineral value chain remains a challenge throughout the industry. The growing understanding and deepening appreciation of sampling theory and methods means we stand on the threshold of a new era for implementing and understanding appropriate sampling procedures and protocols. In the interests of optimal development of the national patrimony it is suggested that standardization through the identification of structural problem and continuous improvement of mining processes be instituted at a national level. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2007.	None	Capital commitments; Mineralized rock; Variance effect; Costs; Decision making; Errors; Information use; Mineral industry; Standardization; Sampling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547783149	Selection, performance and economic evaluation of dust palliatives on surface mine haul roads	Thompson R.J., Visser A.T.	2007	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	107	7	None	Department of Mining Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Civil and Bio-systems Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Thompson, R.J., Department of Mining Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Visser, A.T., Department of Civil and Bio-systems Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Excessive dust generation from unpaved mine haul roads is a problem common to most surface mining operations. While optimal road wearing course material selection parameters reduce the inherent dust generation potential, they do not totally eliminate fugitive dust Many different classes of suppression or palliative treatments are available for mine haul roads and this paper initially ascertains basic selection guidelines, using a set of ideal dust palliative product, application andperformance parameters based on mine road-user requirements. An evaluation and modelling methodology for truck generated fugitive dust emissions is developed as a basis for the comparative assessment of dust control strategies. For water-based spraying, a watering model was developed to estimate individual mine road watering frequencies for characteriatic site parameter combinations during summer and winter operating conditions, for a required level of control or maximum dust defects. This forms the base-case scenario with which to compare the performance of other types of dust palliatives under the same conditions. Finally, a basic palliative economic evalutionmodel is introduced with the and of identifying and costing the establishment, application and maintenance rejuvenation activities associated with the use of chemical pallisatives. While palliative cost and performance is genetaily site spacific, it is shown that under certain combinations of conditios, the use of dust palliatives has the potential to deliver cost savings when compared to water-based spraying. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2007.	None	Dust generation; Dust palliatives; Fugitive dust; Computer simulation; Dust control; Open pit mining; Parameter estimation; Spraying; Mine dust	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547785112	Confronting HIV/AIDS in a South African village: The impact of health-seeking behaviour	Golooba-Mutebi F., Tollman S.M.	2007	Scandinavian Journal of Public Health	35	SUPPL. 69	10.1080/14034950701355437	Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; MRC/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Golooba-Mutebi, F., Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, MRC/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tollman, S.M., MRC/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Much social science research on HIV/AIDS focuses on its impact within affected communities and how people try to cope with its consequences. Based on fieldwork in rural South Africa, this article shows ways in which the inhabitants of a village react to illness, in general, and the role their reactions play in facilitating the spread of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. There is potentially a strong connection between the manner in which people respond to illness in general, and actual transmission of infection. By influencing the way villagers react to episodes of ill health, folk beliefs about illness and illness causation may create avenues for more people to become infected. This suggests that efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic cannot succeed without tackling the effects of folk beliefs. Therefore, in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS, experts should focus on more than disseminating information about cause and transmission, and promoting abstinence, safe sex, and other technocratic fixes. Our findings suggest that people need information to facilitate not only decision-making about how to self-protect against infection, but also appropriate responses when infection has already occurred.	Allopathic; Diagnosis; HIV/AIDS; Infection; Information; Medicine; South Africa; Therapy; Traditional; Witchcraft	access to information; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; attitude to illness; communicable disease; community care; community living; coping behavior; disease transmission; health belief; health care need; help seeking behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information dissemination; pandemic; patient decision making; patient information; priority journal; rural area; safe sex; sexual behavior; South Africa; attitude to health; cultural anthropology; epidemic; patient attitude; psychological aspect; rural population; traditional medicine; witchcraft; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Attitude to Health; Culture; Disease Outbreaks; HIV Infections; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Rural Population; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Witchcraft	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547810430	Behaviour change in generalised HIV epidemics: Impact of reducing cross-generational sex and delaying age at sexual debut	Hallett T.B., Gregson S., Lewis J.J.C., Lopman B.A., Garnett G.P.	2007	Sexually Transmitted Infections	83	SUPPL. 1	10.1136/sti.2006.023606	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Zimbabwe; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa	Hallett, T.B., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Gregson, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Zimbabwe; Lewis, J.J.C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lopman, B.A., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Garnett, G.P., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: Sexual behavioural change is essential to prevent HIV infections in Africa and statistical analysis of risk factors at the individual-level may be used to design interventions. The importance of reducing cross-generational sex (young women having sex with older men) and delaying age at first sex on the spread of HIV at the population-level has been presumed but not scientifically investigated and quantified. Methods: A mathematical model of heterosexual spread of HIV was developed to predict the population-level impact of reducing cross-generational sex and delaying sexual debut. Results: The impact of behaviour change on the spread of HIV is sensitive to the structure and reaction of the sexual network. Reducing cross-generational sex could have little impact on the risk of infection unless it is accompanied by a reduction in the number of risky sexual contacts. Even peer-to-peer sexual mixing can support high endemic levels of HIV. The benefit of delaying sexual debut is comparatively small and is reduced if males continue to prefer young partners or if young women spend more time unmarried. In Manicaland, Zimbabwe, if older men were to use condoms as frequently as young men, the reduction in risk of infection could exceed that generated by a two-year delay in first sex. Conclusions: At the individual-level avoiding sex with older partners and delaying sexual debut can decrease the risk of infection but at the population-level these interventions may do little to limit the spread of HIV without wider-ranging behavioural changes throughout the sexual network.	None	adolescent; adult; Africa; article; behavior change; condom; controlled study; epidemic; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection risk; male; mathematical model; priority journal; sexual behavior; sexual transmission; sexuality; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Age of Onset; Condoms; Disease Outbreaks; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Models, Theoretical; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Unsafe Sex; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547828088	Storage stability and sensory evaluation of taro chips fried in palm oil, palm olein oil, groundnut oil, soybean oil and their blends	Emmanuel-Ikpeme C.A., Eneji C.A., Esslet U.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	6	None	Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Emmanuel-Ikpeme, C.A., Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Eneji, C.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Esslet, U., Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Taro (Colocasia esculenta) chips fried in Palm Oil (PO), Soybean Oil (SBO), Palm Olein Oil (POO), Groundnut Oil (GO) and in 40:60 w/w blend ratio of palm oil: POO; SBO; GO were stored for 0-5 weeks in dark and in fluorescent light. Chips were subjected to weekly chemical and sensory analysis. Results showed that significant (p<0.05) differences occurred in the organoleptic properties of taro chips fried in the different oil types during storage. Chips fried in palm oil and groundnut oil blend had the most desired flavour, taste and stability. The highest off-flavour rating was for chips fried in soybean oil while chips fried in palm oil: groundnut oil blend had the least rating (p<0.05). The overall acceptability of chips was not significantly (p>0.05) affected by dark storage. Peroxide Value (PV) was highest in soybean oil fried chips (p>0.05) during storage. Peroxide Value (PV) increased at a slower rate in chips fried in palm oil, palm olein oil/blends. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Blend oils; Stability; Storage; Taro chips	arachis oil; palm oil; peroxide; soybean oil; article; chemical analysis; controlled study; darkness; flavor; fluorescent lighting; food storage; frying; organoleptic property; sensory analysis; taste; yam; Colocasia esculenta; Elaeis; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547891854	Evaluation of protein replacement value of sun dried and oven dried coconut oil meal and fermented coconut oil meal in rats	Dairo F.A.S.	2007	International Journal of Agricultural Research	2	3	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Twenty-four male albino rats, Wistar's strain of 21-22 days old, with average weight of 27.6-27.9 g were fed sun dried coconut oil meal (SDCOM), oven dried coconut oil meal (ODCOM), sun dried fermented coconut oil meal (SDFCOM) and oven dried fermented coconut oil meal (ODFCOM) to evaluate the protein quality indices using a nitrogen free diet and casein nitrogen based diet as reference. The feed intake (FI), protein intake (PI) and faecal nitrogen were all significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in the reference diet and SDFCOM. The body weight gain in the reference diet was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than the others but followed by values recorded by rats on SDFCOM and ODFCOM. Urinary nitrogen was highest in (p&lt;0.05) in SDCOM. The nitrogen retained was higher (p&lt;0.05) for rats fed SDFCOM and ODFCOM. Apparent Digestibilities of Nitrogen (AND) were similar for the reference diet, SDFCOM and ODFCOM. The True Protein Digestibility (TPD), Biological Value (BV), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilization (NPU) and Net Protein Ratio (NPR) were all highest in the reference diet and followed by ODFCOM and lowest in SDCOM while the gross protein value (GPV) was highest (p&lt;0.05) for rats on ODFCOM. The TPD and GPV were strongly correlated (Y = 5.716x-267.07) with R2 = 0.98. Amino acids values for the four samples were similar but leucine was highest in ODCOM. The determined values of mineral composition for SDCOM, ODCOM, SDFCOM and ODFCOM were also very similar, but phosphorous had the highest coefficient of variation (24.26%) followed by Ca, K, Zn, Mn, Mg and Cu. Oven dried fermented sample of coconut oil meal (ODFCOM) exhibited better protein quality index values than the others sun dried. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Coconut oil meal; Drying; Fermentation; Protein quality	Goose parvovirus; Rattus; Rattus norvegicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547893417	Performance of growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)/rice intercrop in the South West Nigeria	Okonji C.J., Okeleye K.A., Oyekanmi A.A.	2007	International Journal of Agricultural Research	2	4	None	Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Okonji, C.J., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okeleye, K.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oyekanmi, A.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (latitude 7°15 N' and longitude 3°25 E') located in the forest-savanna transition zone of South West Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 to assess the agronomic growth and yield of intercropping cassava and rice. The treatments consisted of two cassava cultivars and three rice varieties in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The two cassava cultivars were TMS 30572 and TME 1 and the three rice varieties were interspecific hybrid WAB 189-B-B-B-6-HB, ITA 150 and ITA 321. In 2002, cropping system had no significant effects on growth parameters of rice varieties. However, in 2003, cropping system significantly decreased the number of tillers, but increased the panicle length of rice. Cropping system significantly decreased the number of grains per panicle in 2003 and grain yield of rice in both years. The grain yield of rice was significantly conelated with number of tillers (r = 0.83), LAI (r = 0.81) and number of panicles per hill (r = 0.91) in both years. In 2002, tuber yields of the two cassava cultivars in mixtures were similar to the yields of their corresponding sole crop plants. However, in 2003, sole cassava cvs TMS 30572 and TME 1 produced significantly 26 and 23% higher tuber yield than their conesponding intercrops. In 2002 and 2003, TMS 30572 produced 35 and 25 t ha-1 while TME 1 produced 27 and 171 ha-1 tuber yield, respectively, in mixtures. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Agronomic attributes; Cassava; Intercropping; Morphotypes; Rice; Yield attributes	Manihot esculenta; Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547896682	Evaluation of microorganisms from cassava waste water for production of amylase and cellulase	Arotupin D.J.	2007	Research Journal of Microbiology	2	5	None	Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Arotupin, D.J., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Microorganisms associated with cassava waste water-byproduct of cassava processing obtained from five different factories within Akure, Nigeria were investigated. The associated microorganisms were counted and isolated by standard microbiological methods. The highest microbial counts were recorded in factory 5 with 8.02×105 cfu mL-1 and 5.00×102 sfu mL-1 for bacteria and fungi, respectively, while factory 2 had the least counts of 2.33×105 cfu mL-1 and 3.20×102 sfu mL-1 for bacteria and fungi. The bacteria isolated were Aercoccus viridens, Bacillus substilis, Bacillus sp. Corynebacterium manihot and Lactobacillus acidophilus, while fungal isolates included Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. repens, Articulospora inflata and Geotrichum candidum. The yeasts were Candida utilis and Saccharomyces exguus. The pH values and titratable acidity (TTA) ranged from 3.55 to 4.02 and 9.50 to 13.01%, respectively. All the microbial isolates were screened for production of amylase and cellulase, Aerococcus viridens, Bacillus sp. Corynebacterium manihot, A. niger, Articulospora inflata, Geotrichum candidum and Candida utilis were positive for amylase and cellulase. Bacillus substilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces exguus were positive for amylase only, while A. fumigatus and A. repens were positive for cellulase only. Cassava processing water regarded as waste water, hence discharged into the environment constituting nuisance to tenestrial and aquatic life could be explored as a source of microorganisms capable of producing amylase and cellulase for industrial applications. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Amylase; Cassava waste water; Cellulase; Factory; Microbial count	Aerococcus; Articulospora; Aspergillus fumigatus; Bacillus (bacterium); Bacillus sp.; Bacteria (microorganisms); Corynebacterium; Fungi; Galactomyces geotrichum; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Manihot; Manihot esculenta; Pichia jadinii; Saccharomyces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547899539	Influence of supervisors' gender on mathematics student teachers' performance in teaching practice	Ugboduma S.O., Eze A.E.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	17	4	None	Mathematics Department, Delta State College of Sports and Science Education, Mosogar, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	Ugboduma, S.O., Mathematics Department, Delta State College of Sports and Science Education, Mosogar, Nigeria; Eze, A.E., Department of Mathematics, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	This paper examined the influence of supervisors' gender on mathematics student teachers performance in teaching practice. Four hypotheses were formulated for the study, and t-test statistics was used to test the hypotheses. The study was limited to students of mathematics department of Faculty of Education, Delta State University, Abraka. The research method used was ex-post facto design and the instrument use was direct observation and official records which consisted of teaching practice results for 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 Sessions. Two research questions were adopted for the study. Analysis of results revealed the following findings: Male students performed higher with average mean of 3.78 in teaching practice than their female counterparts with average mean of 3.62, mean difference of 0.16 in mathematics department despite the supervisors; and student supervised by male supervisors performed higher with average mean of 7.83 in teaching practice than those supervised by female supervisors with average mean of 6.96, mean difference of 0.87. The difference observed was however not statistically significant showing that supervisors' gender does not influence mathematics student teachers' performance in teaching practice. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2007.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547910509	The impact of safer breastfeeding practices on postnatal HIV-1 transmission in Zimbabwe	Piwoz E.G., Humphrey J.H., Tavengwa N.V., Iliff P.J., Marinda E.T., Zunguza C.D., Nathoo K.J., Mutasa K., Moulton L.H., Ward B.J.	2007	American Journal of Public Health	97	7	10.2105/AJPH.2006.085704	Center for Nutrition, Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC, United States; ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Harare City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; ZVITAMBO Project, #1 Borrowdale Rd, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe	Piwoz, E.G., Center for Nutrition, Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC, United States, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Humphrey, J.H., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States, ZVITAMBO Project, #1 Borrowdale Rd, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tavengwa, N.V., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Iliff, P.J., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Marinda, E.T., School of Public Health, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Zunguza, C.D., Harare City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nathoo, K.J., College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutasa, K., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Moulton, L.H., Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ward, B.J., Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada	Objectives. We assessed the association between exposure to an educational intervention that emphasized safer breastfeeding practices and postnatal HIV transmission among 437 HIV-positive mothers in Zimbabwe, 365 of whom did not know their infection status. Methods. Mothers were tested for HIV and were encouraged - but not required - to learn their HIV status. Intervention exposure was assessed by a questionnaire, Turnbull methods were used to estimate postnatal HIV transmission, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess the association between intervention exposure and postnatal HIV transmission. Results. Cumulative postnatal HIV transmission was 8.2%; each additional intervention contact was associated with a 38% reduction in postnatal HIV transmission. HIV-positive mothers who were exposed to both print and video materials were 79% less likely to infect their infants compared with mothers who had no exposure. These findings were similar for mothers who did not know their HIV status. Conclusions. The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding has the potential to reduce postnatal HIV transmission among women who do not know their HIV status, and child survival and HIV prevention programs should support this practice.	None	article; breast feeding education; controlled study; disease transmission; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Zimbabwe; adult; breast feeding; breast milk; counseling; disease transmission; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; health education; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; methodology; newborn; outcome assessment; polymerase chain reaction; proportional hazards model; serodiagnosis; virology; Zimbabwe; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Breast Feeding; Counseling; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Milk, Human; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Polymerase Chain Reaction; Proportional Hazards Models; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547961289	Evaluation of early to medium maturing open pollinated maize varieties in SADC region using GGE biplot based on the SREG model	Setimela P.S., Vivek B., Bänziger M., Crossa J., Maideni F.	2007	Field Crops Research	103	3	10.1016/j.fcr.2007.05.010	International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; CIMMYT, Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico; Chitedze Research Station, P.O. Box 15, Lilongwe, Malawi	Setimela, P.S., International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; Vivek, B., International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; Bänziger, M., International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; Crossa, J., CIMMYT, Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico; Maideni, F., Chitedze Research Station, P.O. Box 15, Lilongwe, Malawi	Analysis of multi-environment trials (METs) of genotypes (G) and genotype × environment (GE) interactions for yield performance across environments, and selection of the best genotypes is an important routine in maize breeding programs. Analysis and interpretation of METs data have been limited to analysis of variance and mean comparison among genotypes. This type of analysis has not been effective in exploiting GE interactions encountered in METs data sets. The objectives of this study were to exploit METs data sets from maize regional trails using G plus GE interaction (GGE) biplot based on the site regression (SREG) model. The GGE biplots displays graphically the relationship among test environments, genotypes and GE interactions. Grain yield data of 35 early to medium maturing open pollinated maize varieties (OPVs) from five seasons (1999-2003) across 59 locations in Southern African Development Community (SADC) were analyzed. The GGE biplots based on the SREG model indicated that yield performance of maize OPVs were under major environments and of GE interactions. The construction of GGE biplots based on SREG model analysis showed the ideal test environments that discriminate well performing maize OPVs from poor ones, the performance of each OPV in specific year, the discrimativiness versus representativeness view of the GGE biplot of the test locations across the years, the relation among OPVs relative to grain yield, the stability of OPVs across environments and which OPVs is best for what. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Genotype × environment; GGE biplots; Multi-environment trials; Site regression; Zea mays L.	Data reduction; Environmental impact; Genes; Grain (agricultural product); Regression analysis; Open pollinated maize varieties (OPV); Site regression; Crops; crop yield; data set; genotype; maize; pollination; Southern African Development Community; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547962470	Evaluating the performance of sampling plans to detect fumonisin Bi in maize lots marketed in Nigeria	Whitaker T.B., Doko M., Maestroni B.M., Slate A.B., Ogunbanwo B.F.	2007	Journal of AOAC International	90	4	None	U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625; International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Agrochemicals Unit, IAEA/FAO Biotechnology Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria; North Carolin	Whitaker, T.B., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625; Doko, M., International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Agrochemicals Unit, IAEA/FAO Biotechnology Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria; Maestroni, B.M., International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Agrochemicals Unit, IAEA/FAO Biotechnology Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria; Slate, A.B., North Carolina State University, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625; Ogunbanwo, B.F., National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Mycotoxin Unit, Oshodi Central Laboratories, Lagos, Nigeria	Fumonisins are toxic and carcinogenic compounds produced by fungi that can be readily found in maize. The establishment of maximum limits for fumonisins requires the development of scientifically based sampling plans to detect fumonisin in maize. As part of an International Atomic Energy Agency effort to assist developing countries to control mycotoxin contamination, a study was conducted to design sampling plans to detect fumonisin in maize produced and marketed in Nigeria. Eighty-six maize lots were sampled according to an experimental protocol in which an average of 17 test samples, 100 g each, were taken from each lot and analyzed for fumonisin B1 by using liquid chromatography. The total variability associated with the fumonisin test procedure was measured for each lot. Regression equations were developed to predict the total variance as a function of fumonisin concentration. The observed fumonisin distribution among the replicated-sample test results was compared with several theoretical distributions, and the negative binomial distribution was selected to model the fumonisin distribution among test results. A computer model was developed by using the variance and distribution information to predict the performance of sampling plan designs to detect fumonisin in maize shipments. The performance of several sampling plan designs was evaluated to demonstrate how to manipulate sample size and accept/reject limits to reduce misclassification of maize lots.	None	Contamination; Fungi; Liquid chromatography; Marketing; Mathematical models; Toxic materials; Binomial distribution; Computer models; Fumonisins; Maize; Theoretical distributions; Drug products; fumonisin; fumonisin B1; article; chemistry; dose response; food analysis; food contamination; high performance liquid chromatography; liquid chromatography; maize; metabolism; methodology; Nigeria; plant; regression analysis; reproducibility; sample size; statistical model; theoretical model; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Fumonisins; Models, Statistical; Models, Theoretical; Nigeria; Plants; Regression Analysis; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; Sample Size; Zea mays; Fungi; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548013082	Extra-task stimulation on mathematics performance in children with and without ADHD	Greenop K., Kann L.	2007	South African Journal of Psychology	37	2	None	Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa; Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Greenop, K., Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa; Kann, L., Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	The optimal stimulation theory developed by Zentall (1975) holds that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) will demonstrate high levels of activity when faced with a task or situation of low arousal or stimulation. Both Zentall's early work and more recent research have supported the theory. The present study aimed to add to this literature by comparing children with and without ADHD on an academic task under two counterbalanced stimulation conditions. The first required children to do mathematics problems in silence, and the second required doing the problems with their favourite music playing. Twenty-two children with ADHD and 20 children without ADHD, with a mean age of 9.75 years, were hypothesised to perform significantly differently under the two conditions. Mathematics performance was scored as Correct, Number attempted, and Accurate (number correct divided by number attempted). A repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated that generally no main effects for group (ADHD and non-ADHD) nor condition (music and silence) were observed. The only significant finding was that Accuracy (the complex mathematical calculation) improved for both the ADHD and non-ADHD groups, an effect not influenced by order of task presentation. This finding supports the optimal stimulation theory for all children under both order conditions, and is not specific to ADHD. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); Children; Mathematics performance; Music; Optimal stimulation theory	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548029706	Evaluation of water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) germplasm for reaction to yam anthracnose and virus diseases and their effect on yield	Egesi C.N., Odu B.O., Ogunyemi S., Asiedu R., Hughes J.	2007	Journal of Phytopathology	155	9	10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01273.x	National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Niger	Egesi, C.N., National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Odu, B.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Ogunyemi, S., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Asiedu, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Hughes, J., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), PO Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria	Use of genetic resistance is the most practical and economic way to manage major diseases of yams. In a search for sources of resistance, 40 water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) accessions from Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Puerto Rico were screened under natural disease infection conditions in Ibadan, Nigeria. The accessions were evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months after planting (MAP) for severity of yam anthracnose and viral diseases. The effect of the pathogens on yield was also evaluated at harvest 9 MAP. There were significant differences (P &lt; 0.001) between accessions for severities of anthracnose and viral diseases. Eight (20%) of them had lower anthracnose area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) values than the resistant check while 10 (25%) had AUDPC values below the trial mean. There were significant variations (P &lt; 0.001) in yield components among the accessions. There was significant negative correlation of anthracnose severity with fresh tuber yield (r = -0.51) and with number of tubers per plot (r = -0.40). Similarly, significant negative correlations were observed of virus disease severity with fresh tuber yield (r = -0.78) and number of tubers per plot (r = -0.65). Linear regression models also showed that the fresh yield had significant negative relationships with anthracnose (R 2 = 0.26) and viral (R2 = 0.62) diseases. The accessions identified as resistant constitute a valuable resource for breeding of resistant germplasm.	AUDPC; Germplasm; Resistance; Yam anthracnose disease; Yam viruses; Yield	disease control; disease resistance; disease severity; fungal disease; germplasm; monocotyledon; regression analysis; tuber; yield response; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Dioscorea alata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548037886	REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: TEACHERS' EVALUATION OF PUPILS' SOLUTIONS	Chacko I.	2007	Studies in Educational Evaluation	33	42433	10.1016/j.stueduc.2007.07.008	School of Education, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Chacko, I., School of Education, University of Limpopo, South Africa	This article scrutinizes the solutions of real-world problems by pupils and the evaluations of these by their teachers in a semi-rural school in Zimbabwe. Generally, real-world problems are solved as if these are standard problems expecting a solution and a correct answer. In most cases, the solutions of the pupils are considered correct by the teachers thereby suggesting teachers' unfamiliarity with the nature of these problems. There is not much variation in the solution approaches among pupils as well as between pupils and teachers. As assessment in many ways dictates teaching, it is suggested to incorporate continuous assessment into the system, which should include more open ended tasks from real-world contexts. This may encourage teachers to include the same in their day to day teaching. © 2006.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548103853	Field evaluation of a rota- and adenovirus immunochromatographic assay using stool samples from children with acute diarrhea in Ghana	Weitzel T., Reither K., Mockenhaupt F.P., Stark K., Ignatius R., Saad E., Seidu-Korkor A., Bienzle U., Schreier E.	2007	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	45	8	10.1128/JCM.00562-07	Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Regional Health Administration, Ministry of Health, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, D-14050 Berlin, Germany	Weitzel, T., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, D-14050 Berlin, Germany; Reither, K., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Mockenhaupt, F.P., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Stark, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Ignatius, R., Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Saad, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Seidu-Korkor, A., Regional Health Administration, Ministry of Health, Tamale, Ghana; Bienzle, U., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Schreier, E., Department of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany	We evaluated the Rida Quick rotavirus/adenovirus Combi rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) under field conditions with Ghanaian children with acute diarrhea. Compared to PCR results, sensitivities and specificities were 75% and 95% for rotavirus and 22% and 84% for adenovirus. In resource-poor settings, ICTs may help to overcome difficulties in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	acute diarrhea; Adenovirus; article; childhood disease; chromatography; device; evaluation; feces analysis; Ghana; human; immunochromatographic assay; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; Rotavirus; sensitivity and specificity; Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Affinity; Diarrhea; Ghana; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Virology; Adenoviridae; Rotavirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548146570	Flow features resulting from shock wave impact on a cylindrical cavity	Skews B.W., Kleine H.	2007	Journal of Fluid Mechanics	580	None	10.1017/S0022112007005757	School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; School of Aerospace, Civil, and Mechanical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia	Skews, B.W., School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Kleine, H., School of Aerospace, Civil, and Mechanical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia	The complex flow features that arise from the impact of a shock wave on a concave cavity are determined by means of high-speed video photography. Besides additional information on features that have previously been encountered in specific studies, such as those relating to shock wave reflection from a cylindrical wall and those associated with shock wave focusing, a number of new features become apparent when the interaction is studied over longer times using time-resolved imaging. The most notable of these new features occurs when two strong shear layers meet that have been generated earlier in the motion. Two jets can be formed, one facing forward and the other backward, with the first one folding back on itself. The shear layers themselves develop a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability which can be triggered by interaction with weak shear layers developed earlier in the motion. Movies are available with the online version of the paper. © Cambridge University Press 2007.	None	Cylinders (shapes); Imaging techniques; Jets; Numerical methods; Shear flow; Shock waves; Flow features; Kelvin-Helmholtz instability; Video photography; Fluid structure interaction; Cylinders (shapes); Fluid structure interaction; Imaging techniques; Jets; Numerical methods; Shear flow; Shock waves; cylinder; fluid flow; imaging method; Kelvin-Helmholtz instability; photography; shear flow; shock wave	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548148242	Performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with graded levels of Roxazyme G®	Omojola A.B., Adesehinwa A.O.K.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	5	None	Meat Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria	Omojola, A.B., Meat Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adesehinwa, A.O.K., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria	The use of exogenous enzymes as feed additives is still undergoing a lot of research. A total of three hundred and sixty unsexed three week-old Abor Acre plus strain broiler chicken were randomly allocated to four experimental dietary treatments in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of Roxazyme® on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. The diets 1, 2, 3, and 4 contained 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% enzyme supplementation respectively. The birds were fed the experimental diets for a 35-day period during which data were obtained on feed intake, weight gain, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and feed conversion ratio. At the end of the feeding trial, ten birds were sacrificed per replicate to evaluate carcass and meat characteristics. The inclusion of the exogenous enzyme did not significantly (P>0.05) improve the average weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and DMD. The dressing percentage of birds fed the enzyme-supplemented diets was significantly (P<0.05) superior compared to the control. There were no significant differences between all the primal cuts except the head and neck of the birds on the control diet that were significantly (P<0.05) lower in weight. The inclusion of the enzyme did not (P>0.05) affect the relative weights of the kidney, gizzard, heart and the liver of all experimental birds. The flavour, tenderness and juiciness scores of the meat of birds fed the enzyme supplemented diets were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control while the colour, texture and the overall acceptability were not significantly affected by the inclusion of the enzyme in the diet. The Waner Braztler shear force result showed no significant increase (P>0.05) in toughness in agreement with the sensory panel result that adjudged the meat from birds fed enzyme supplemented diets as more tender (P<0.05) than that of the control. The breast muscle of the chickens had higher cooking loss than the thigh muscle while the highest (P<0.05) cooking loss was recorded for both muscle parts of birds reared on 0.2% enzyme supplementation. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Broiler chickens; Carcass characteristics; Growth performance; Roxazyme®	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548150699	Evaluation of poultry egg marketing in South-Western Nigeria	Afolabi J.A.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	5	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Afolabi, J.A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	The study evaluated poultry egg marketing in Nigeria. It specifically identified the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, examined the market structure for egg in the study area, determined the profitability of egg marketing and determined the influence of some socio-economic characteristics on the sales revenue of respondents. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 200 egg marketers in the study area and structured questionnaire administered on them. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents while Gross margin analysis was employed to determine the profitability of the egg business in the study area. Gini coefficient was used to examine the market structure while production function was used to determine the influence of some factors on the sales revenue of respondents. The result showed that only 10% of the respondents were single while the remaining 90% were married. A literacy level of 70.50% was obtained among these marketers. Analysis also revealed that 67% of these marketers were retailers while only 10% were producer/sellers. The profitability analysis showed that an average marketer earned · 4222.55 as gross margin per month. The Gini coefficient of 0.87692 obtained in this study indicates a high level of inequality in income among the respondents. The result also revealed that the regressors explained about 67.1% in the variability of the regressand. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Poultry egg marketing; Profitability of egg business; Socio-economic characteristics	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548168514	Impact of community-based approaches to wildlife management: Case study of the CAMPFIRE programme in Zimbabwe	Mutandwa E., Gadzirayi C.T.	2007	International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology	14	4	None	Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe; Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe	Mutandwa, E., Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe, Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Gadzirayi, C.T., Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe	The objective of this study was to elicit community perceptions on the effectiveness of the CAMPFIRE programme, a community initiative, designed to benefit rural communities in Gonono ward in the Zambezi valley. Five villages and 76 respondents were selected from the ward using simple random sampling. Data collection included a structured questionnaire administered to households, semi-structured interviews with key informants, such as chiefs, headmen and local council staff, transect walks and participant observations. The results of the study revealed that, although the CAMPFIRE concept has been instrumental in creation of employment and infrastructure, the local community considers that no significant changes have occurred to their livelihoods. The findings suggest that the current model of wildlife conservation in Zimbabwe is not promoting total community participation. Future models need to focus on total involvement and independence from government structures. However, this can only happen when there is sufficient capacity building in communities on a wide number of issues, including general management, to ensure long-term sustainability.	CAMPFIRE; Sustainability; Wildlife conservation; Zimbabwe	ecological modeling; local participation; perception; sustainability; wildlife management; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548169083	Evaluation of global clustering patterns and strain variation over an extended ORF26 gene locus from Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus	Zong J.-C., Kajumbula H., Boto W., Hayward G.S.	2007	Journal of Clinical Virology	40	1	10.1016/j.jcv.2007.06.013	Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda	Zong, J.-C., Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States; Kajumbula, H., Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Boto, W., Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Hayward, G.S., Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States	Background: Small 233-bp or 330-bp DNA fragments of the ORF26 gene of human Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) have been used extensively to identify KSHV by PCR in clinical samples; to associate KSHV with novel diseases and to correlate KSHV strain differences with pathogenicity. Objectives: We evaluated the nature, extent and source of nucleotide sequence variability among a large and diverse set of known KSHV-positive DNA samples. Study design: Direct DNA PCR sequencing was carried out on 136 distinct Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma-related samples from different geographic locations. Results: The presence of 26 diagnostic nucleotide polymorphisms across an expanded 965-bp PCR locus define eight distinct ORF26E genotypes, three being of Eurasian origin, one from the Pacific Rim, and five from Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous ambiguities between some genotype patterns in the 330-bp locus data are fully resolved. Conclusions: This analysis provides an expanded database for understanding and evaluating ORF26 polymorphisms. In particular, the eight genotype clusters correlated with specific ethnic and geographic origins of the patients. Furthermore, the very low level of additional sporadic nucleotide variation found permits detection of spurious sequence errors or contamination present in some published data. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Direct PCR sequencing; Multiple KSHV genotypes; Subtype discrimination	article; controlled study; correlation analysis; data base; diagnostic test; DNA polymorphism; DNA sequence; ethnicity; gene cluster; gene deletion; gene locus; gene sequence; genetic analysis; genetic variability; genotype; geography; Herpes virus; human; human cell; Kaposi sarcoma; lymphoma; nucleotide sequence; open reading frame; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; virus strain; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Base Sequence; Cluster Analysis; Demography; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Open Reading Frames; Polymorphism, Genetic; Sarcoma, Kaposi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548183517	Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Spondias Mombin leaves	Njoku P.C., Akumefula M.I.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	6	None	Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Njoku, P.C., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Akumefula, M.I., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Sample of Spondias Mombin leaves was analyzed for the phytochemical composition, vitamins and minerals constituents. Phytochemical screening and subsequent quantification revealed the presence of bioactive compounds tannins 3.82%; Saponins 7.60%; Flavonoids 3.00%, alkaloids 6.00% and phenols 1.00%. Vitamin results showed the plant leaves contained ascorbic acid 19.35mg100-1g; Niacin 3.75mg100-1g. Riboflavin 0.25 mg100-1g and Thiamine 0.05 mg100-1g. Mineral analysis revealed in the plant leaves, K 2.55%, Mg 0.3045%, Na 0.100%, Ca, 1.310% and P, 0.200%. The results proved spondias mombin as a potential source of useful drugs formulation and feed stuff for ruminants as presently used in some African countries. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Leaves; Nutrient; Phytochemical; Spondias Mombin	alkaloid; ascorbic acid; calcium; flavonoid; magnesium; nicotinic acid; phenol derivative; phosphorus; plant extract; potassium; riboflavin; saponin; sodium; spondias mombin extract; tannin derivative; thiamine; unclassified drug; Africa; article; controlled study; drug determination; drug screening; medicinal plant; nonhuman; phytochemistry; plant leaf; quantitative analysis; spondias mombin; Spondias mombin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548216169	Evaluation of selected herbicides for the control of European gorse (Ulex europaeus L) by cut-stump and foliar treatment	Viljoen B.D., Stoltsz C.W.	2007	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	24	2	None	Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, P.O. Box 318, Uitenhage 6230, South Africa	Viljoen, B.D., Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, P.O. Box 318, Uitenhage 6230, South Africa; Stoltsz, C.W., Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, P.O. Box 318, Uitenhage 6230, South Africa	European gorse (Ulex europaeus L) is a persistent, declared weed (Category 1) of South Africa. Current distribution is limited to the moist, high altitude regions of the Drakensberg (KwaZulu Natal Province) and Amatola (Eastern Cape Province) mountains. Gorse poses a threat to the plant diversity of forests, where it could establish itself quickly and occupies the site indefinitely. Once established, gorse can be difficult to eradicate, as it resprouts if cut or burnt and no herbicide was registered in South Africa at the time of this research on its control. The objective of this investigation was therefore to evaluate selected herbicides at various concentrations using different application techniques. Picloram and triclopyr ester proved the most effective and consistent across all application methods, while imazapyr is also recommended for cut-stump treatment. As a result of this research, both picloram and triclopyr were registered under Act 36 (1947) for the control of European gorse by means of cut stump and foliar treatment.	Chemical control; Declared weed; European gorse; Herbicides; Ulex europaeus	agroforestry; herbicide; species diversity; weed control; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Ulex europaeus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548220000	Comparison of field, greenhouse, and detached-leaf evaluations of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi	Twizeyimana M., Ojiambo P.S., Ikotun T., Paul C., Hartman G.L., Bandyopadhyay R.	2007	Plant Disease	91	9	10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1161	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biolo	Twizeyimana, M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ojiambo, P.S., IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ikotun, T., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan; Paul, C., Crop Sciences Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Hartman, G.L., National Soybean Research Center, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Bandyopadhyay, R., IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria	Fourteen soybean accessions and breeding lines were evaluated for resistance to soybean rust caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Evaluations were conducted in replicated experiments in growth chambers using detached leaves and under greenhouse and field conditions. In growth-chamber experiments, inoculation of detached leaves with 1 × 106 spores/ml resulted in a significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) higher total number of pustules and spores per unit leaf area than inoculations with lower spore concentrations. Amending agar medium with plant hormones significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) aided retention of green leaf color in detached leaves. Leaf pieces on a medium containing kinetin at 10 mg/liter had 5% chlorosis at 18 days after plating compared with leaf pieces on media amended with all other plant hormones, which had higher levels of chlorosis. Leaf age significantly affected number of pustules (P = 0.0146) and number of spores per pustule (P = 0.0088), and 3- to 4-week-old leaves had a higher number of pustules and number of spores per pustule compared with leaves that were either 1 to 2 or 5 to 6 weeks old. In detached-leaf and greenhouse screening, plants were evaluated for days to lesion appearance, days to pustule formation, days to pustule eruption, lesion number, lesion diameter, lesion type, number of pustules, and spores per pustule in 1-cm2 leaf area. Plants also were evaluated for diseased leaf area (in greenhouse and field screening) and sporulation (in field screening) at growth stage R6. There were significant (P &lt; 0.0001) differences among genotypes in their response to P. pachyrhizi infection in the detached-leaf, greenhouse, and field evaluations. Accessions PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5 had very low levels of disease compared with the susceptible checks and all other genotypes. Detached-leaf, greenhouse, and field results were comparable, and there were significant correlations between detached-leaf and greenhouse (absolute r = 0.79; P &lt; 0.0001) and between detached-leaf and field resistance (absolute r = 0.83; P &lt; 0.0001) across genotypes. The overall results show the utility of detached-leaf assay for screening soybean for rust resistance.	Disease resistance	Fungus attack; Greenhouse effect; Plants (botany); Seed; Disease resistance; Growth chambers; Phakopsora pachyrhizi; Soybean rust; Diseases; Bacteria (microorganisms); Fungi; Glycine max; Phakopsora pachyrhizi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548245603	Evaluation and comparison of absorbed dose for electron beams by LiF and diamond dosimeters	Mosia G.J., Chamberlain A.C.	2007	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment	580	1 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.nima.2007.05.237	University of Limpopo, Department of Medical Physics, Medunsa Campus, PO MEDUNSA 0204, South Africa	Mosia, G.J., University of Limpopo, Department of Medical Physics, Medunsa Campus, PO MEDUNSA 0204, South Africa; Chamberlain, A.C., University of Limpopo, Department of Medical Physics, Medunsa Campus, PO MEDUNSA 0204, South Africa	The absorbed dose response of LiF and diamond thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), calibrated in 60Co γ-rays, has been determined using the MCNP4B Monte Carlo code system in mono-energetic megavoltage electron beams from 5 to 20 MeV. Evaluation of the dose responses was done against the dose responses of published works by other investigators. Dose responses of both dosimeters were compared to establish if any relation exists between them. The dosimeters were irradiated in a water phantom with the centre of their top surfaces (0.32×0.32 cm2), placed at dmax perpendicular to the radiation beam on the central axis. For LiF TLD, dose responses ranged from 0.945±0.017 to 0.997±0.011. For the diamond TLD, the dose response ranged from 0.940±0.017 to 1.018±0.011. To correct for dose responses by both dosimeters, energy correction factors were generated from dose response results of both TLDs. For LiF TLD, these correction factors ranged from 1.003 up to 1.058 and for diamond TLD the factors ranged from 0.982 up to 1.064. The results show that diamond TLDs can be used in the place of the well-established LiF TLDs and that Monte Carlo code systems can be used in dose determinations for radiotherapy treatment planning. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Calibration factor; Dmax; Dose response; Energy correction factor; MCNP4B; Thermoluminescent dosimeter	Diamonds; Dosimeters; Electron beams; Gamma rays; Lithium compounds; Monte Carlo methods; Thermoluminescence; Calibration factors; Dose response; Energy correction factors; Thermoluminescent dosimeters; Dosimetry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548249642	Evaluation of the nutritive potential of the peels of some citrus fruit varieties feedingstuffs in livestock production	Oluremi O.I.A., Andrew I.A., Ngi J.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	6	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, University of Agiculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Andrew, I.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Agiculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Ngi, J., Department of Animal Production, University of Agiculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	Four (4) varieties of citrus fruit namely Citrus limonum [lemon (Le), Citrus qurantifolia lime (Li)], Citrus sinensis washington (SOw) and Citrus sinensis Ibadan (SOi) were peeled separately, sun dried, milled using hammer mill machine and analyzed in the laboratory to determine yield, proximate composition and crude fibre fractions. The percent dry weight of the peels showed that the yield of sun dried peels which can be obtained per unit weight of fresh peels decreased in the order SOi &gt; SOw &gt; Le &gt; Li. Highly significant variations (p&lt;0.01) existed between the proximate constituents among the peel meal, and their dry matter of about 89% and crude protein of 9.30-10.96% are comparable to that of maize. Crude fibre and ash which were approximately 14% and 5% respectively are higher than 2.1% CF and 1.22% ash in maize. Acid detergent fibre was significantly different (p&lt;0.05), while hemi-cellulose, cellulose, ADF and NDF were highly significantly different (p&lt;0.01) among the peels. The ADF seems high in all the peels and growth trials are recommended with monogastric and ruminant animals to evaluate the replacement value of these citrus peel meals when incorporated into the diets of these farm animals. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Citrus peels; Fibre fractions; Proximate composition	cellulose; hemicellulose; protein; animal food; article; citrus fruit; Citrus qurantifolia; controlled study; dry weight; fiber; food composition; food processing; lemon; livestock; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional value; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; species difference; sweet orange; Animalia; Citrus; Citrus limon; Citrus sinensis; Citrus x limonia; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548264707	Electronic structure of trigonal-planar transition-metal - Imido complexes: Spin-state energetics, spin-density profiles, and the remarkable performance of the OLYP functional	Conradie J., Ghosh A.	2007	Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation	3	3	10.1021/ct600337j	Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa	Conradie, J., Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; Ghosh, A., Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway	We have carried out a detailed multifunctional density functional theory study of first-row transition-metal (Cr to Cu) β-diketiminato ("nacnac") imido and oxo complexes. All the complexes studied exhibit essentially the same d-orbital energy ordering, which is a1 (d x 2-z 2) ≤ a2 (d xy) ≤ a1 (dy2) &lt; b2 (d yz) &lt; b1 (dxz), where the metal-imido vector is identified with the z axis and metal-N3 plane is identified with the xz plane. A curious aspect of this orbital ordering is that the metal d z 2-z 2 orbital, one of whose lobes points directly at the imido nitrogen, is considerably lower in energy than the dπ orbitale. We have determined that the remarkable stability of the dσ-type orbitale owes largely to the way these orbitals hybridize or "shape-shift" as a result of the absence of ligands trans or equatorial with respect to the imido (or oxo) group. Of the many functionals examined, OLYP and OPBE, based on the Handy-Cohen OPTX exchange functional, appear to provide the best overall description of the spin-state energetics of the various complexes. In particular, these two functionals predict an S = 3/2 ground state for Fe(III) nacnac imido complexes and an S = 0 ground state for Co(III) nacnac imido complexes, as observed experimentally. In contrast, classic pure functionals such as PW91 predict S = 1/2 ground states or at best equienergetic S = 1/2 and S = 3/2 states for the Fe(III) imido complexes, while hybrid functionals such as B3LYP and O3LYP predict S = 1 or 2 ground states for the Co(III) nacnac imido complexes. © 2007 American Chemical Society.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548274984	The correlation of segment accelerations and impact forces with knee angle in jump landing	Elvin N.G., Elvin A.A., Arnoczky S.P., Torry M.R.	2007	Journal of Applied Biomechanics	23	3	None	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Laboratory for Comparative Orthopaedic Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Steadman Hawkins Research Foundation, Vail, CO, United States	Elvin, N.G., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Elvin, A.A., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Arnoczky, S.P., Laboratory for Comparative Orthopaedic Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Torry, M.R., Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Steadman Hawkins Research Foundation, Vail, CO, United States	Impact forces and shock deceleration during jumping and running have been associated with various knee injury etiologies. This study investigates the influence of jump height and knee contact angle on peak ground reaction force and segment axial accelerations. Ground reaction force, segment axial acceleration, and knee angles were measured for 6 male subjects during vertical jumping. A simple spring-mass model is used to predict the landing stiffness at impact as a function of (1) jump height, (2) peak impact force, (3) peak tibial axial acceleration, (4) peak thigh axial acceleration, and (5) peak trunk axial acceleration. Using a nonlinear least square fit, a strong (r = 0.86) and significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation was found between knee contact angle and stiffness calculated using the peak impact force and jump height. The same model also showed that the correlation was strong (r = 0.81) and significant (p ≤ 0.05) between knee contact angle and stiffness calculated from the peak trunk axial accelerations. The correlation was weaker for the peak thigh (r = 0.71) and tibial (r = 0.45) axial accelerations. Using the peak force but neglecting jump height in the model, produces significantly worse correlation (r = 0.58). It was concluded that knee contact angle significantly influences both peak ground reaction forces and segment accelerations. However, owing to the nonlinear relationship, peak forces and segment accelerations change more rapidly at smaller knee flexion angles (i.e., close to full extension) than at greater knee flexion angles. © 2007 Human Kinetics, Inc.	Accelerometers; Jumping height; Landing ground reaction	Accelerometers; Contact angle; Correlation theory; Impact strength; Physiological models; Stiffness; Ground reaction force; Jump landing; Jumping height; Knee angle; Shock deceleration; Biomechanics; acceleration; adult; article; correlation analysis; force; height; human; human experiment; jumping; knee function; male; nonlinear system; normal human; statistical significance; thigh; tibia; trunk; Acceleration; Adult; Computer Simulation; Gait; Humans; Knee Joint; Locomotion; Male; Models, Biological; Range of Motion, Articular; Stress, Mechanical; Task Performance and Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548275467	Short-term toxicological evaluation of Terminalia catappa, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Calophyllum inophyllum seed oils in rats	Ajayi I.A., Oderinde R.A., Taiwo V.O., Agbedana E.O.	2008	Food Chemistry	106	2	10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.093	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, Universit	Ajayi, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oderinde, R.A., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Taiwo, V.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Agbedana, E.O., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of feeding the oils of Calophyllum inophyllum, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Terminalia catappa to rats. The effects on physical appearance, feed intake, weight gain, plasma and tissue cholesterol and triacyglycerol levels in rats with 5% of the oils in normal rat feed were determined. Weekly monitoring of the rats showed good physical appearance and steady weight gain, with no mortality recorded for the period of the study. Haematological analysis of the rats indicated that they were not anaemic. Histopathotogical examination of the sections of the heart, liver, kidney and spleen revealed moderate (T. catappa oil) to severe fatty change and necrosis in the liver. Glomerulonephrotic changes in the kidneys of rats fed with T. catappa oil were moderate, while it was severe in the group fed with P. macrophylla oil. Severe myocardiac necrosis as well as atherosclerotic clefts in vasa vasori was observed in the vasa vasori of the hearts of rats fed with P. macrophylla oil. This change was moderate in the heart of rats fed with C. inophyllum, while no such observation was made in the group fed with T. catappa oil. There was a significant difference in the plasma cholesterol levels of the rats fed with C. inophyllum and T. catappa oils when compared with the control rats, while those fed with P. macrophylla oil had no significant difference. The oil of T. catappa appears more suitable for consumption than the oils from C. inophyllum and P. macrophylla. Fatty acid analysis of the oils showed that they have high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic and oleic acids as the major ones. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Calophyllum inophyllum; Pentaclethra macrophylla; Terminalia catappa; Toxicological effect	calophyllum inophyllum extract; pentaclethra macrophylla extract; plant extract; Terminalia catappa extract; unclassified drug; vegetable oil; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; Calophyllum; Calophyllum inophyllum; controlled study; histopathology; medicinal plant; monitoring; nonhuman; parameter; pentaclethra macrophylla; plant seed; rat; Terminalia; toxicity testing; Calophyllum inophyllum; Pentaclethra macrophylla; Rattus; Terminalia catappa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548280900	Evaluation of different plate media for direct cultivation of Campylobacter species from live broilers	Potturi-Venkata L.-P., Backert S., Lastovica A.J., Vieira S.L., Norton R.A., Miller R.S., Pierce S., Oyarzabal O.A.	2007	Poultry Science	86	7	None	Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540 Porto Alegre, Brazil	Potturi-Venkata, L.-P., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Backert, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Lastovica, A.J., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Vieira, S.L., Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Norton, R.A., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Miller, R.S., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Pierce, S., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Oyarzabal, O.A., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States	Accurate identification and optimal culturing procedures for Campylobacter spp. from live broilers are needed for epidemiological studies. Because there is no standardized protocol, we designed and conducted studies to evaluate different selective media for the culturing and isolation of Campylobacter spp. from cecal and fecal samples obtained from battery-reared and commercial broilers. Five media selective for Campylobacter were evaluated: Campylobacter agar base, Campylobacter, Campy-Line, modified Campy-Cefex, and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar. With contaminated broilers reared in battery cages, Campylobacter agar base, Campylobacter, modified Campy-Cefex, and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar revealed similar isolation rates (P > 0.05), whereas Campy-Line showed a lower efficacy (P < 0.05). With commercial live broilers, modified Campy-Cefex agar was more consistent for the isolation of Campylobacter from feces, whereas modified Campy-Cefex and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar showed similar isolation rates from cecal samples. Campy-Line agar showed a lower identification rate (P < 0.05) for both fecal and cecal samples. A multiplex PCR assay used for identification showed that Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli DNA was present in the samples. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis restriction profiles differed among samples collected from different commercial farms but were similar for isolates from the same farm, suggesting clonal differences. No variation was seen in pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns among isolates cultured on different media. Our data suggest that the choice of plate medium may influence the efficiency of isolating Campylobacter spp. from broiler chickens by direct plating from fecal or cecal samples. ©2007 Poultry Science Association Inc.	Broiler; Campylobacter; Plate media	Campylobacter; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Gallus gallus; animal; article; Campylobacter; chemistry; chicken; culture medium; drug effect; evaluation; feces; growth, development and aging; isolation and purification; methodology; microbiological examination; microbiology; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Campylobacter; Chickens; Culture Media; Feces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548281533	Bull breeding soundness evaluation in Southern Africa	Irons P.C., Nöthling J.O., Bertschinger H.J.	2007	Theriogenology	68	6	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.06.013	Section Reproduction, Department Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Irons, P.C., Section Reproduction, Department Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Nöthling, J.O., Section Reproduction, Department Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Bertschinger, H.J., Section Reproduction, Department Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	The motivation for and process leading up to the publication of a new bull breeding soundness certification standard endorsed by the South African Veterinary Association is described. The veterinary certificate of bull breeding soundness and explanatory notes and minimum standards are shown. The first component of the certificate is a declaration by the veterinarian that the bull complies with the minimum standards set for examinations for the selected purpose, these being for use as a natural service sire, as a donor of semen for distribution, and for insurance purposes. This is followed by the details of the bull and owner, and a list of the recommended examinations and tests for the bull with provision for which were performed. Certificates are available in book form with the explanatory notes and minimum standards on the reverse, and a carbon copy which remains in the book.The clarity and ease of completion of the document are regarded as being positive features. Bulls are either classified as breeding sound or not, with no actual parameters indicated on the document and no certificate issued for those which do not meet the set criteria. Contact details of the parties involved are shown on the certificate to allow for communication as a means of avoiding disputes. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Bull breeding soundness; Certification; South Africa	animal; animal husbandry; article; biological model; breeding; cattle; certification; cytology; domestic animal; evaluation; fertility; male; physiology; South Africa; sperm; standard; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Breeding; Cattle; Certification; Fertility; Male; Models, Biological; Semen; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548290738	Evaluation and identification of old and new macadamia cultivars and selections at Pietermaritzburg	Allan P.	2007	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	24	2	None	Department of Horticultural Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Allan, P., Department of Horticultural Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Newer and older cultivars and selections of macadamias have been evaluated at Pietermaritzburg over periods of from five to 35 years. In their sixth year, trees of some of the newer selections have produced good yields of over 10 kg per tree, which is as good as the precocious Beaumont (695) cultivar. Older trees have shown alternation of bearing with low averages, over the past three seasons, of 10 to 20 kg per tree on the marginal soils with close spacing. Kernel quality (kernel percent and % No.1 kernel) is generally better in the newer than the older selections. Selections '783', '842', '887', and 'Daddow' have given best overall quality with hybrids 'A4' and 'A16' giving excellent quality but of very large kernels. All selections should produce better quality under warmer subtropical conditions. Tables of morphological characteristics of typical leave and fruits are presented which enables the identification of the different selections available in South Africa.	Kernel quality; M. integrifolia; M. tetraphylla; Morphology; Yield	cultivar; hybrid; identification method; morphology; selective breeding; tree; yield; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; Pietermaritzburg; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Macadamia; Macadamia integrifolia; Macadamia tetraphylla	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548299531	The impact of tarrif removal on poverty in zimbabwe: A computable general equilibrium microsimulation	Chitiga M., Mabugu R., Kandiero T.	2007	Journal of Development Studies	43	6	10.1080/00220380701466666	University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; National Treasury, South Africa	Chitiga, M., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mabugu, R., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Kandiero, T., National Treasury, South Africa	The paper uses a microsimulation computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to study the impact on poverty of a complete removal of tariffs in Zimbabwe. The model incorporates 14,006 households derived from the 1995 Poverty Assessment Study Survey. This paper's novelty is that it is one among a small group of papers that incorporates individual households in the CGE model as opposed to having representative households. Using individual households allows for a comprehensive analysis of poverty. The complete removal of tariffs favours exporting sectors. Poverty falls in the economy while inequality hardly changes. The results differ between rural and urban areas.	None	computable general equilibrium analysis; export; household income; poverty determinant; tariff structure; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548316477	Longitudinal observation on reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cattle in Fitche, Oromia region, central Ethiopia	Lobago F., Bekana M., Gustafsson H., Kindahl H.	2007	Tropical Animal Health and Production	39	6	10.1007/s11250-007-9027-z	Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Swedish Dairy Association, SE-631 84 Uppsala, Sweden	Lobago, F., Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Bekana, M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Gustafsson, H., Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Swedish Dairy Association, SE-631 84 Uppsala, Sweden; Kindahl, H., Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden	A two-year longitudinal study was conducted to assess the reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cattle in Fitche, central Ethiopia. Twenty-four smallholder dairy farms were monitored and data on reproductive, breeding, lactation and management aspects of crossbred dairy cows (n = 69) were collected and analysed. Moreover, milk samples were collected and analysed for progesterone. The overall Least-squares means for calving interval (CI), calving to conception interval (CCI) and first observed oestrus after calving were 516, 253 and 141 days, respectively. Suckling significantly prolonged these intervals. The mean first onset of luteal activity (OLA) after calving was 52 days, while 67.4% (n = 43) had a delayed (>55 days) return to cyclicity after calving. Suckling and parity number significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the OLA. The mean lactation length was 54.4 weeks. The overall daily mean milk yield for the first 43 weeks of lactation after calving was 11.7 L/day. The estimated daily milk yield increased slowly and reached peak (13.8 L/day) around the 11th week post partum and declined gradually and steadily. Suckling status, season of calving and parity number significantly influenced the estimated daily milk yield. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the smallholder crossbred dairy cows in the study area had prolonged intervals to first oestrus after calving, to conception and to the next calving, and thus their reproductive performance is unsatisfactory. Delayed first onset of luteal activity (postpartum anoestrus) contributed to these extended intervals. Further detailed investigation is suggested to examine the effects of other relevant factors on the reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cows for appropriate intervention. © 2007 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.	Crossbred cattle; Ethiopia; Lactation/reproductive performance; Smallholder	progesterone; animal; article; breeding; cattle; chemistry; cross breeding; dairying; estrus; Ethiopia; female; lactation; methodology; milk; parity; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; reproduction; season; secretion; suckling; time; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Cattle; Crosses, Genetic; Dairying; Estrus; Ethiopia; Female; Lactation; Milk; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Animal; Progesterone; Reproduction; Seasons; Time Factors; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548323871	Determinants of aortic input impedance in two ethnic populations: Impact of obesity	Reimann M., Schutte A.E., Schutte R., Malan L., Huisman H.W., van Rooyen J.M., Schwarz P.E.H., Malan N.T.	2007	Journal of Human Hypertension	21	9	10.1038/sj.jhh.1002224	Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Endocrinopathies and Metabolic Diseases, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany	Reimann, M., Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Schutte, A.E., Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Schutte, R., Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Malan, L., Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Huisman, H.W., Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; van Rooyen, J.M., Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Schwarz, P.E.H., Department of Endocrinopathies and Metabolic Diseases, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Malan, N.T., Subject Group Physiology, School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	adipocytokine; adiponectin; leptin; adult; age; analysis of covariance; artery compliance; article; blood pressure measurement; body fat; body mass; cardiovascular risk; Caucasian; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease predisposition; ethnic difference; ethnicity; female; human; hyperleptinemia; hypertension; immunoradiometric assay; impedance; lean body weight; major clinical study; morbidity; multiple regression; Negro; obesity; protein blood level; pulse pressure; pulse wave; risk factor; South Africa; step wise multiple regression; vascular resistance; waist circumference; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Factors; Aorta; Body Mass Index; Electric Impedance; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Vascular Resistance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548386628	The international performance of the South African academic institutions: A citation assessment	Pouris A.	2007	Higher Education	54	4	10.1007/s10734-006-9034-4	Institute for Technological Innovation, Main Campus, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Pouris, A., Institute for Technological Innovation, Main Campus, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This article reports the results of an investigation to identify the disciplinary strengths and the international standing of the higher education institutions in South Africa. Even though comparative assessments provide valuable information for research administrations, researchers and students such information is not available in South Africa currently. The Essential Science Indicators database of the Institute for Scientific Information is utilized for the investigation and six South African universities are identified to be included in the top 1% of the world's institutions cited in the international scientific literature. The identified institutions are University of Cape Town, University of Pretoria, Orange Free State University, University of Witwatersrand, University of Natal and University of Stellenbosch. Analysis of the scientific disciplines in which the South African institutions meet the threshold requirements for inclusion in the database shows that the country has citation footprints in only nine of the 22 broad scientific disciplines. The article identifies the international standing of the South African universities in the various scientific disciplines, and elaborates on the consequences relevant to higher education and science and technology policy.	Assessment; Citations; Evaluation; Higher education; Rankings; South Africa; Universities	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548390179	Impact of caring for children with cerebral palsy on the general health of their caregivers in an African community	Hamzat T.-H.K., Mordi E.L.	2007	International Journal of Rehabilitation Research	30	3	10.1097/MRR.0b013e3281e5af46	Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 5017 GPO Dugbe, Ibadan, Nigeria	Hamzat, T.-H.K., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 5017 GPO Dugbe, Ibadan, Nigeria; Mordi, E.L., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Caring for children with physical disabilities such as cerebral palsy can have an impact on the health of their caregivers. Records show a dearth of literature on the health impact of caring for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Africa. This study compared the general health of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CGCP) with that of caregivers of age-matched children without cerebral palsy (CGNCP). The relationship between severities of motor disorder in children with CP and the general health of their caregivers was also investigated. Participants comprised 71 CGCP and 70 CGNCP in the Yoruba community of South-Western Nigeria. The General Health Questionnaire was administered to all participants and the severity of motor disorder was assessed in children with cerebral palsy using the Gross Motor Function Measure-66. Results showed significantly higher General Health Questionnaire scores in the caregivers of children with cerebral palsy than in the caregivers of age-matched children without cerebral palsy group (U=1237.5, P=0.00). No significant correlation was found between the Gross Motor Function Measure and General Health Questionnaire scores of the caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (ρ=-0.104). Caring for children with cerebral palsy apparently had a negative impact on the health of their caregivers when compared with the health of caregivers of children without cerebral palsy. It seemed that severity of motor disorder in cerebral palsy had no direct bearing on the health status of caregivers. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Africa; Caregiver; Cerebral palsy; Children; Community; General health	Africa; Medical problems; Cerebral palsy; Community; General health; Motor disorder; Health care; Africa; article; caregiver; cerebral palsy; child care; controlled study; General Health Questionnaire; health care; health status; human; information processing; motor dysfunction; motor performance; physical disability; priority journal; Caregivers; Case-Control Studies; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Male; Motor Skills Disorders; Nigeria; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548397092	In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antitrypanosomal activity of fractions of Holarrhena africana	Nwodo N.J., Brun R., Osadebe P.O.	2007	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	113	3	10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.018	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland	Nwodo, N.J., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Brun, R., Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; Osadebe, P.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The aqueous extract of young leaves of Holarrhena africana, a plant used in the Nigerian traditional medicine, exhibited good activity against Trypanosoma brucei spp. The extract was fractionated and eight fractions were obtained. One fraction designated as HaF5 showed in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense with an IC50 value of 0.785 μg/mg and no overt cytotoxicity against L-6 cells. Fraction HaF5 was tested in vivo at two doses and found to exhibit in vivo efficacy in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mice leading to a complete disappearance of parasitaemia followed by a relapse. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Fractionation; Holarrhena africana; In vitro and in vivo activity; Trypanosoma brucei spp.	antitrypanosomal agent; holarrhena africana extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; cytotoxicity; drug screening; female; fractionation; Holarrhena; IC 50; male; mouse; nonhuman; parasitemia; rat; relapse; traditional medicine; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma rhodesiense; trypanosomiasis; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Female; Holarrhena; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Mice; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Trypanocidal Agents; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; Trypanosomiasis, African; Holarrhena; Mus; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548414867	Cape Town and the two oceans marathon: The impact of sport tourism	Kotze N.	2006	Urban Forum	17	3	10.1007/s12132-006-0013-8	Department of Geography, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Kotze, N., Department of Geography, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548438556	Comorbidity and impact of chronic spinal pain in Nigeria	Gureje O., Akinpelu A.O., Uwakwe R., Udofia O., Wakil A.	2007	Spine	32	17	10.1097/BRS.0b013e31810768fc	Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Nnamidi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, University of Calabar,	Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, PMB 5116, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinpelu, A.O., Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Uwakwe, R., College of Health Sciences, Nnamidi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria; Udofia, O., College of Health Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Wakil, A., Federal Psychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria	STUDY DESIGN. A cross-sectional survey of households selected using multistage stratified sampling. OBJECTIVE. This paper investigates the prevalence of chronic spinal pain, its profile of comorbidity, and its impact on role disability in Nigeria. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA. Study was conducted in 21 states representing 57% of the national population. A probability sample (n = 2143) was interviewed. METHODS. Self-reports of chronic spinal pain, other pain conditions, as well as comorbid medical conditions were obtained. Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3, was used to evaluate mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Functional role impairment was assessed with questions about days out of role. RESULTS. Chronic spinal pain was present in 16.4% (95% confidence interval, 14.5%-18.5%) of the sample. Prevalence increased with age of respondents, with 1 in 3 persons 60 years of age and older reporting chronic spinal pain. Persons with chronic spinal pain were at elevated risk to have chronic pain at other anatomic sites, to have a range of medical comorbidities, and to have mood and substance use disorders. Even though about one third of the decrement in functional role performance associated with chronic pain condition was attributable to demographics and comorbid conditions, chronic spinal pain was independently associated with significant role impairment. CONCLUSION. Chronic spinal pain is a common problem in the Nigerian community, and persons 60 years of age and older may be at particularly elevated risk. Chronic spinal pain is associated with increased probability of comorbid physical and mental disorders. These comorbid conditions partly but do not fully explain the disability associated with chronic spinal pain, which therefore constitutes a substantial health burden on the society. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Chronic spinal pain; Comorbidity, functional role disability	adult; article; chronic pain; comorbidity; confidence interval; controlled study; demography; disability; female; functional disease; human; major clinical study; male; mood disorder; Nigeria; prevalence; priority journal; risk factor; spinal pain; substance abuse; Adult; Age Factors; Back Pain; Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Cost of Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disability Evaluation; Educational Status; Employment; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mood Disorders; Neck Pain; Nigeria; Odds Ratio; Pain Measurement; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Recovery of Function; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548476044	Effects of genotype and housing system on the laying performance of chickens in different seasons in the semi-humid tropics	Yakubu A., Salako A.E., Ige A.O.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	6	None	Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia Campus, P.M.B. 135, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke, Akintola University of	Yakubu, A., Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia Campus, P.M.B. 135, Lafia, Nigeria; Salako, A.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ige, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke, Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	An experiment was designed to study the effects of genotype and housing system on the performance of two commercial layers, Bovans Brown and Lohmann Brown in the hot-dry and wet seasons in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Six hundred, 27 week-old layers were used. One hundred and fifty birds of each strain were randomly assigned to the battery cage system, while another one hundred and fifty birds of each strain were managed on deep litter. The observation for the hot-dry and wet seasons lasted 2 months each respectively in the year 2004. Body weight, hen-housed egg production, egg weight and mortality rate were significantly better in Lohmann Brown than Bovans Brown (1.75±0.01kg vs. 1.69±0.01kg, 74.50±0.84% vs. 68.72±0.86%, 53.70±0.24g vs. 52.43±0.26g, 0.58±0.09% vs. 1.20±0.15%; p<0.05). Birds in cages were superior to those on deep litter in terms of hen-housed egg production, egg weight and mortality (74.06±0.75% vs. 69.16±1.02%, 53.40±0.24g vs. 52.73±0.29g, 0.68±0.10% vs. 1.10±0.15%; p<0.05). Generally, birds performed better in the wet than hot-dry season in body weight, hen-housed egg production, feed intake, egg weight, egg cracks and mortality (1.76±0.01kg vs. 1.68±0.01kg, 74.92±0.74% vs. 68.30±0.86%, 98.51±0.50g vs. 90.90±0.23g, 53.92±0.18g vs. 52.22±0.27g, 1.99±0.23% vs.5.12±0.39%, 0.55±0.08% vs. 1.22±0.15%; p<0.05). The interactions between genotypexhousing system, genotypexseason and housing systemxseason produced significant results. Proper housing design, provision of quality and adequate feeds and proper timing of the laying period were recommended. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Exotic strains; Interaction; Management system; Performance parameters; Season	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548489891	Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] seed meal in layer diets: 2. Laying performance and egg quality characteristics of pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets during grower and layer stages of life	Amaefule K.U., Oke U.K., Obioha F.C.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	6	None	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Oke, U.K., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Laying performance and egg quality characteristics of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets during grower and layer stages of life were determined with 135 black Bovan Nera grower (126 days old) pullets. Each raw or processed (toasted for 30 minutes, boiled for 30 minutes, or soaked in water for 24 hours) seeds, which constituted a treatment, were milled. Each treatment had three replicates and nine birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Live weight, feed intake, live weight gain, egg production, mortality, external and internal egg quality characteristics were measured. Results showed that there were non-significant (P>0.05) differences among the layers fed PSM diets in all the egg production parameters measured, except daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, layers fed boiled PSM diet had the highest hen-day production (67.64%), feed intake (105.57 g/b/d) and hen-housed production (78.71%). Layers fed soaked PSM diet had the lowest hen-housed production (66.30%), hen-day production (58.38%), egg mass production (1083.16 g), poorest FCR, and highest number of cracked eggs. The conclusion was that raw, boiled or toasted PSM included as 30% of the diet could be fed to layers that had received 20% PSM diet during the grower stage of life without adverse effects on egg production, external and internal egg quality characteristics. It should be expected that soaked PSM diet could adversely affect egg production as well as external and internal egg qualities. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Egg quality; Layer diets; Laying performance; Processed pigeon pea seed meal	Aves; Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548499903	Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] seed meal in layer diets: 3. Effect of higher inclusion level and prolonged feeding of raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets from pullet chick stage on the laying performance of pullets	Amaefule K.U., Oguike M.A., Ironkwe M.O., Obioha F.C.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	6	None	College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers Stat	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Oguike, M.A., College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ironkwe, M.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Black Bovan Nera pullets at point of lay (19 weeks old) that were fed pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) diets during the pullet chick and grower stages of life were used to determine the effect of higher inclusion level and prolonged feeding of raw or processed PSM diets from the pullet chick stage on the laying performance of pullets. Brown colored pigeon pea seeds were used as raw, boiled for 30 min, toasted for 30 min, or soaked in water for 24 h, all of which were milled to pass through a 2 mm sieve. Each diet had three replications; each replicate had eight birds in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Parameters measured were feed intake, live weight, hen-day production, age at 1st, 25 and 50% egg production, external and internal egg quality characteristics. Results showed that layers fed boiled PSM diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher hen-day production (67.04%), egg weight (57.63 g), shell weight (6.50 g) while those fed raw PSM diet had the lowest (55.07%) hen-day production. It was concluded that raw or processed pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) could be included as 30% of the whole diet of layers that had received 10 and 20% PSM based diets during their pullet chick and grower stages of life, respectively. Boiled PSM diet would improve hen-day egg production, toasted PSM diet would increase feed intake of layers while PSM diets will have no regular effects on external and internal egg quality characteristics of eggs laid by layers fed PSM diets. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Diet; Eggs; Layers; Pigeon pea seed meal; Pullets	Aves; Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548506064	Froth imaging, air recovery and bubble loading to describe flotation bank performance	Barbian N., Cilliers J.J., Morar S.H., Bradshaw D.J.	2007	International Journal of Mineral Processing	84	42373	10.1016/j.minpro.2006.10.009	Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Barbian, N., Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Cilliers, J.J., Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Morar, S.H., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Bradshaw, D.J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Video image analysis and direct sampling of the froth surface were combined to investigate the relationship between different imaging parameters accounting for the structural features of the froth, and the separation efficiency of a flotation bank. The bubble solids loading and the air recovery were measured to introduce a new structural parameter, the froth volumetric mineral loading, additionally a new image analysis measurement, the cross correlation peak, was investigated. Both parameters were shown to be linked to the mobility of the bubbles on the froth surface. The cross correlation peak was found to be closely related to the volumetric mineral loading measured on the froth surface. Both parameters were found to follow a drop in froth stability and mineral attachment down the bank, which resulted in a relatively wetter and less viscous froth, and therefore a higher bubble mobility on the froth surface. As a result, the cross correlation peak was shown to be related to the mineral grade in the concentrate, while further analysis highlighted the possible use of a combination of air recovery and cross correlation peak to give a closer prediction of the bank performance. © 2006.	Air recovery; Bubble loading; Froth flotation; Froth stability; Image analysis	Bubbles (in fluids); Correlation methods; Froth flotation; Image analysis; Imaging systems; Parameter estimation; Viscous flow; Air recovery; Bubble loading; Flotation banks; Froth stability; Surfaces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548511846	Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in three varieties of upland rice (oryza sativa L.) in the Nigerian Savannah	Ishaya D.B., Dadari S.A., Shebayan J.A.Y.	2007	Crop Protection	26	10	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.12.015	Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Ishaya, D.B., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Dadari, S.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Shebayan, J.A.Y., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	The effect of herbicides for weed control in three upland rice varieties was evaluated in the Nigerian savannah. Among the herbicides evaluated, pretilachlor+dimethametryne at 2.5 kg a.i./ha and piperophos+cinosulfuron at 1.5 kg a.i/ha perfomed well as they effectively controlled weeds and resulted in better growth and grain yield that was comparable to the hoe-weeded control. Among the rice varieties evaluated, WAB 56-50 and FARO 40 performed better than FARO 38 as they resulted in better growth and yield. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Crop; Herbicides; Rice; Varieties; Weeds	crop yield; growth rate; herbicide; rice; weed control; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548513592	Evaluation of pre-harvest Bacillus licheniformis sprays to control mango fruit diseases	Silimela M., Korsten L.	2007	Crop Protection	26	10	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.12.011	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Silimela, M., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Korsten, L., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated as a pre-harvest spray treatment either on its own or alternated with copper oxychloride to control mango fruit diseases. Prior to initiating the spray trials, in vitro and in vivo studies were done to determine the effect of stickers, spreaders, a biostimulant and a copper fungicide on the biocontrol agent's ability to effectively attach to and colonise the mango leaf surface. Bioboost, Nufilm-P, Biofilm and Agral 90 did not affect antagonist growth in vitro. However, copper oxychloride and Supafilm inhibited the in vitro growth of B. licheniformis, more pronouncedly after 8 h. The in vivo study showed that stickers and spreaders did not improve the ability of B. licheniformis to attach to and colonise the leaf surface. Pre-harvest B. licheniformis applications alone and alternated with copper sprays applied at 3-weekly intervals from flowering until harvest controlled moderate levels of anthracnose, bacterial black spot and soft rot. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antagonists; Anthracnose; Bacterial black spot; Biocontrol; Soft rot	antagonism; anthracnose; bacterial disease; bacterium; biocontrol agent; biofilm; biological control; biopesticide; copper compound; crop improvement; disease control; fruit; fungicide; inhibition; Bacillus licheniformis; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548515505	Magnetic imaging of the Vredefort impact crater, South Africa	Muundjua M., Hart R.J., Gilder S.A., Carporzen L., Galdeano A.	2007	Earth and Planetary Science Letters	261	42433	10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.044	iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France	Muundjua, M., iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Hart, R.J., iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gilder, S.A., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Carporzen, L., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Galdeano, A., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France	While most impact craters are characterised by negative magnetic anomalies over their central regions, aeromagnetic surveys over the Vredefort meteorite impact crater reveal multiple concentric magnetic patterns with no significant anomaly at its centre. We performed ground magnetic surveys across a portion of a prominent negative magnetic anomaly that extends in a broad semicircular belt about half way into the basement floor of the crater. Magnetic anomalies defined by our data are most often negative and occur over a wide range of wavelengths. The longest wavelength negative anomaly coincides well with aeromagnetic data. We find that this feature is centred over the amphibolite to granulite metamorphic facies transition exposed in the basement floor. The transition zone is analogous to the Conrad discontinuity, observed at depths of about 20 km elsewhere in the Kaapvaal craton. Petrographic studies show a marked increase in the intensity of the impact-related thermal and shock metamorphism at this transition, which we explain by the focusing and defocusing of shock waves at a rheologic interface during impact. We therefore suggest that the magnetic signature at this boundary is caused by a combination of both thermal and shock effects related to the impact event. A numerical model of the long wavelength anomaly suggests that it is underlain by a body of coherently magnetised rock whose direction and intensity are similar to those found in pseudotachylites and impact melts that formed during impact. On the other hand, negative anomalies occurring over smaller (100 to 20 m) wavelengths often do not coincide with the surface geology. These features cannot be modeled using the same criteria as that for the long wavelength anomaly. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	magnetic survey; magnetism; meteorite impact; plasma; Vredefort crater	Magnetic imaging; Magnetic survey; Metamorphism; Geomagnetism; Mathematical models; Metamorphic rocks; Meteorites; Petrography; Rheology; Tectonics; aeromagnetic survey; crater; granulite; impact structure; magnetic anomaly; magnetic field; metamorphic facies; petrography; shock metamorphism; wavelength; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548546688	Evaluation of the anti-edematogenic activity of the aqueous extract of Leea guineensis	Falodun A., Okunrobo L.O., Agbo L.O.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	50	2	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Falodun, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Okunrobo, L.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Agbo, L.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	The aqueous extract of Leea guineensis leaves was evaluated for its anti-edematogenic properties.The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins and glycosides as the secondary metabolites. Using the carrageenaninduced paw oedema, there was a significant (P<0.001) reduction in edema. The study also revealed a dose dependent antiedematogenic activity.	Anti-edematogenic activity; Carrageenan; Leea guineensis	evergreen tree; organic compound; phytochemistry; secondary metabolite; shrub; Leea guineensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548548350	Paleolimnological assessment of human impacts on an urban South African lake	García-Rodríguez F., Anderson C.R., Adams J.B.	2007	Journal of Paleolimnology	38	3	10.1007/s10933-006-9076-8	Botany Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Department of Geosciences, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	García-Rodríguez, F., Botany Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Anderson, C.R., Department of Geosciences, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Adams, J.B., Botany Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	North End Lake is a polluted and eutrophic freshwater system located in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Since the lake is expected to be used for recreational/tourist purposes by 2010, a rehabilitation program will have to be designed. For this reason, we retrieved a sediment core from the central region of the lake to decipher the effect of historical human impacts on the water body. Pre-disturbance paleolimnological inferences indicate that the lake was likely mesotrophic. After ∼1831, when sheep farming activities were undertaken in the catchment, increases in trophic state and changes in sediment composition were observed. After ∼1937, increases in trace metal levels, organic matter, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and changes in sediment composition were recorded. The system became eutrophic as indicated by the dominance of the diatom Actinocyclus normanii, a cosmopolitan species often observed in systems where water quality has been dramatically degraded. The conditions worsened after 1986 because of the construction of a storm-water retention system, which intentionally channeled storm-water runoff into the lake. Because of this, extremely high values of fecal coliforms (i.e. 2 × 106 every 100 ml) have been measured in the water column. The paleolimnological information identified the sharp increase in organic content in the uppermost section of the core, and this could be correlated to the operation of the storm-water retention system. Therefore, as an immediate management measure, we suggest that the storm-water retention system should either no longer be utilized, or the storm-water runoff should be treated before disposal into the lake. In addition, an effective sewage system has to be constructed. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Diatoms; Eutrophication; Human impacts; Paleolimnology; South Africa; Spheroidal carbonaceous particles; Trace metals	anthropogenic effect; diatom; eutrophication; lake; lake pollution; mesotrophic environment; organic matter; paleolimnology; runoff; sediment analysis; sediment core; trace metal; urban area; water quality; Africa; Eastern Cape; Port Elizabeth; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Actinocyclus normanii; Bacillariophyta; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548550291	Short-term impact of sulphate mine dump rehabilitation on the quality of surrounding groundwater and river water in Mazowe District, Zimbabwe	Nyamadzawo G., Mapanda F., Nyamugafata P., Wuta M., Nyamangara J.	2007	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	32	None	10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.043	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, United States; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe	Nyamadzawo, G., Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, United States, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Mapanda, F., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyamugafata, P., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Wuta, M., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyamangara, J., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe	Disposal of wastes from sulphate mining operations has been a perennial problem to the environment in many countries, because these waste will continue to produce acid mine drainage (AMD) for a long time after being generated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of rehabilitation of a pyrite waste rock dump, which had accumulated over seventy years and covering about 5000 m2 of land, on the quality of surrounding groundwater and river water. The research was done two years after a waste rock dump rehabilitation exercise had taken place. Groundwater was sampled from monitoring wells installed on the lower side of dump and at the bank of a nearby river, while surface water was sampled from the perennial river. The water samples collected at two month intervals over a year were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulphate. Results showed a considerable decrease in pH of river water from 7.5 to 3.0 as the river flowed by the dump. One year after the re-vegetation of waste dump, the pH of river water at all sampling points were not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05) from those obtained in the previous four years of monitoring. The EC of river water increased from 0.25 to 3.2 mS cm-1, while TDS increased from 60 to 2000 mg l-1 from the dump going downstream. Results also indicated that sulphate increased from 20 to 1500 mg l-1 from the dump going downstream and it was the chief solute constituent in river water. Groundwater measurements showed that the rehabilitation exercise had not resulted in the improvement of groundwater quality two years after rehabilitation as water pH remains very low, while EC and sulphates were above the acceptable critical limits. It was concluded that two years after the rehabilitation of the mine dump there was no improvement in the quality of groundwater or surface waters of the Yellow Jacket River. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Electrical conductivity and water pollution; Mine dump; Sulphates (pyrite)	Electric conductivity; Groundwater; Iron mines; pH; Pyrites; Rivers; Water quality; Acid mine drainage; Mine dump rehabilitation; Total dissolved solids; Tailings disposal; acid mine drainage; electrical conductivity; environmental impact; groundwater pollution; mining; pH; pyrite; river pollution; waste disposal; water quality; Africa; Mashonaland Central; Mazowe; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Yellow Jacket River; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548550433	Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine impact against purulent meningitis in Rwanda	Muganga N., Uwimana J., Fidele N., Gahimbare L., Gessner B.D., Mueller J.E., Mhlanga B.R., Katsande R., Herbinger K.-H., Rugambwa C.	2007	Vaccine	25	None	10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.032	Ministry of Health, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Kigali, Rwanda; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; World Health Organization, National Office, Kigali, Rwanda	Muganga, N., Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Uwimana, J., Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Fidele, N., Ministry of Health, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Kigali, Rwanda; Gahimbare, L., Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Gessner, B.D., Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Mueller, J.E., Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Mhlanga, B.R., Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Katsande, R., Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Herbinger, K.-H., Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Rugambwa, C., World Health Organization, National Office, Kigali, Rwanda	Rwanda introduced Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine in January 2002 and simultaneously implemented pediatric bacterial meningitis surveillance at a major referral hospital in the capital Kigali. We reviewed clinical and laboratory information collected during January 2002 to June 2006. Due to a variety of laboratory limitations, only eight confirmed Hib cases were identified, all before 2004. However, the proportion of cerebrospinal fluid with purulence decreased from 26.0% during 2002, to 15.9% during 2003, 9.7% during 2004 and 8.4% in 2005 (p < 0.001). Vaccine effectiveness of two or three doses of Hib vaccine against purulent meningitis was 52% (95% confidence interval, 5-75%). In an African setting with few resources and in which few confirmed Hib meningitis cases were identified, Hib vaccine impact nevertheless could be demonstrated against the outcome of purulent meningitis and was found to be high. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Epidemiology; Haemophilus influenzae; Meningitis; Rwanda; Vaccine; Vaccine effectiveness; Vaccine impact	antiretrovirus agent; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; article; bacterial meningitis; cerebrospinal fluid; confidence interval; controlled study; diphtheria; drug efficacy; hospital; human; infant; major clinical study; pertussis; preschool child; priority journal; Rwanda; tetanus; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Humans; Infant; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Population Surveillance; Rwanda; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548558974	Nutritional evaluation, functional properties and anti-nutritional factors of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, an underutilized animal	Omotoso O.T., Afolabi O.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	50	2	None	Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Omotoso, O.T., Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Afolabi, O., Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	The proximate, nutritionally valuable minerals, functional and anti-nutritional factors of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were determined in the laboratory for human consumption. Results indicated a high protein content (68.88 ± 0.56%), ash (15.33 ±0.14%), moisture (9.37 ±0.03%), fat (5.36 ±0.01%) and carbohydrate (1.06 ±0.00%), while fibre was not detected. Protein solubility was pH dependent with minimum and maximum protein solubilities at pH 2, pH 6 and pH 11. Nutritionally valuable mineral analyses showed that M. rosenbergii contains phosphorus (126.18 ±0.032 mg/100 g), magnesium (86.44 ±0.10 mg/100 g), potassium (64.24 ±0.20 mg/100 g), sodium (57.53 ±0.15 mg/100 g), calcium (49.54 ±0.11 mg/100 g), iron (7.20 ±0.02 mg/100 g), manganese (0.89 ±0.01 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.69 ±0.01 mg/100 g). Copper, cobalt, lead, nickel and chromium were not detected. The sample had a minimum gelation concentration of (8.5 ±0.10%), water absorption capacity (345.00 ±0.30%), oil absorption capacity (521.36 ±0.12%), foaming capacity (15.00 ±0.05%), foaming stability (2.20 ±0.01%, emulsion capacity (22.62 ±0.03%) and emulsion stability (45.50 ± 0.15). Three anti-nutrients were determined: phytic acid was 4.00 ±0.01 mg/100 g, oxalate 1.05 ±0.00 mg/100 g while tannin was not detected.	Anti-nutrients; Functional properties; M. rosenbergii; Protein solubility; Proximate composition	carbohydrate; crustacean; fat; laboratory method; mineral; moisture; nutritive value; protein; solubility; Animalia; Macrobrachium rosenbergii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548565629	Evaluation of community-driven smallholder irrigation in dryland South Pare Mountains, Tanzania: A case study of Manoo micro dam	Makurira H., Mul M.L., Vyagusa N.F., Uhlenbrook S., Savenije H.H.G.	2007	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	32	None	10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.020	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands	Makurira, H., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe, UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Mul, M.L., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe, UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Vyagusa, N.F., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Uhlenbrook, S., UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Savenije, H.H.G., UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands	Water is the main limiting factor for crop production in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa. This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of community-driven smallholder irrigation schemes using micro dams under current operational practices. The research site is the semi-arid Vudee sub-catchment within the Makanya Catchment, which is part of the Pangani River Basin (Northern Tanzania). A micro dam is presented as a case study. Micro dams are popular in the study area they have water sharing system between upstream and downstream users put in place with minimum input from external agencies. The effectiveness of micro dams on dry spell mitigation is investigated. The significance of dam size, total water diverted per season, system losses and approximate amounts of water received by each farmer in a given season is analysed. Local smallholder farmers have put up the micro dams to address their need for extra water for agriculture. The capacities of the micro dams are very small but without them there is insufficient water to allocate to at least one irrigation event per farmer in a season, the dams serve a useful purpose when operated as night storage reservoirs. The study found out that the micro dam system, under current operational rules, is inefficient as the high system losses put to question the wisdom of irrigating over scattered sites as opposed to one common irrigation plot near the dam site where each participant would be allocated a small piece of land to irrigate. © 2007.	Communal irrigation; Irrigation efficiency; Micro dams; Supplemental irrigation	Catchments; Crops; Cultivation; Dams; Resource allocation; Water management; Water supply; Communal irrigation; Dry spell mitigation; Micro dam; Supplemental irrigation; Irrigation; community resource management; crop production; efficiency measurement; irrigation; semiarid region; smallholder; water availability; water planning; Africa; East Africa; Kilimanjaro [Tanzania]; Pare Mountains; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548578692	Evaluation of sorption capacity of scrap tyre in the removal of copper (II) ion from aqua system	Oladoja N.A., Ofomaja A., Ebare E.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	49	6	None	Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Nigeria; Department of Polymer Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Nigeria	Oladoja, N.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria; Ofomaja, A., Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Nigeria; Ebare, E., Department of Polymer Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Nigeria	The use of scrap-tyre (ST), which was both a waste and pollutant was investigated as a low-cost sorbent to sorbed Cu (II) from aqueous solution. The influence of pH, sorbent dosage, contact time, and initial sorbate concentration on the uptake of Cu (II) by ST were studied. Optimum sorption of Cu (II) by ST was achieved at pH 6. The amount of sorbate sorbed per gram of sorbent decreased with increase in sorbent dosage. Maximum uptake of the Cu (II) was achieved within the first thirty minutes of contact between the ST and the Cu (II). The equilibrium relationship between the concentration of the Cu (II) in the fluid phase and the concentration in the ST particles at a given temperature showed that the sorption mechanism was like adsorption rather than distribution into any phase. Analysis of the results using Langmuir and Freundlich models showed that it conformed to Langmuir equation based on the formation of a monomolecular layer. The adsorption capacity due to monolayer coverage was 12.95 mg/g, while the energy of adsorption was 3.95 dm/mg.	Adsorption; Cu2+ ion; Scrap tyre	adsorption; copper; ion; pH; removal experiment; tire	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548587813	Impacts of land use/cover classification accuracy on regional climate simulations	Ge J., Qi J., Lofgren B.M., Moore N., Torbick N., Olson J.M.	2007	Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres	112	5	10.1029/2006JD007404	Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, United States; NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 2205 Commonwealth Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2945, United States; Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, United States; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Ge, J., Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, United States; Qi, J., Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, United States; Lofgren, B.M., NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 2205 Commonwealth Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2945, United States; Moore, N., Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, United States; Torbick, N., Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, United States; Olson, J.M., Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, United States, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Land use/cover change has been recognized as a key component in global change. Various land cover data sets, including historically reconstructed, recently observed, and future projected, have been used in numerous climate modeling studies at regional to global scales. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of land cover classification accuracy on climate simulations, though accuracy assessment has become a routine procedure in land cover production community. In this study, we analyzed the behavior of simulated precipitation in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) over a range of simulated classification accuracies over a 3 month period. This study found that land cover accuracy under 80% had a strong effect on precipitation especially when the land surface had a greater control of the atmosphere. This effect became stronger as the accuracy decreased. As shown in three follow-on experiments, the effect was further influenced by model parameterizations such as convection schemes and interior nudging, which can mitigate the strength of surface boundary forcings. In reality, land cover accuracy rarely obtains the commonly recommended 85% target. Its effect on climate simulations should therefore be considered, especially when historically reconstructed and future projected land covers are employed. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.	None	Climate change; Climatology; Computer simulation; Land use; Mathematical models; Precipitation (meteorology); Weather forecasting; climate change; climate modeling; land cover; land use change	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548588355	Diets containing Escherichia coli-derived phytase on young chickens and turkeys: Effects on performance, metabolizable energy, endogenous secretions, and intestinal morphology	Pirgozliev V., Oduguwa O., Acamovic T., Bedford M.R.	2007	Poultry Science	86	4	None	Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Chestnut House, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 1QJ, United Kingdom; University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeo	Pirgozliev, V., Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Oduguwa, O., Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Acamovic, T., Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Bedford, M.R., Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Chestnut House, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 1QJ, United Kingdom	The aim of this experiment was to compare the responses of young broiler chickens directly with the responses of turkeys to different dietary phytase concentrations. Nine hundred sixty birds (480 female Ross 308 broilers, and 480 female BUT6 turkeys) were reared in 64 floor pens from 0 to 21 d of age. Each species was fed a nutritionally complete (12.79 MJ/kg of AME, 231 g/kg of CP vs. 11.75 MJ/kg of AME, 285 g/kg of CP for chickens and turkeys, respectively), low-P (28 and 37 g/kg available P for chickens and turkeys, respectively) corn (maize)-soy feed supplemented with either 0, 250, 500, or 2,500 phytase units (phytase/kg of feed) to give a total of 4 diets per species. The study was conducted in a split-plot design and each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times. Performance, AME, sialic acid (SA) excretions, and ileal villus morphology of 21-d-old broiler chickens and turkeys were determined. Overall, chickens grew faster and consumed more than turkeys throughout the study period. Dietary enzyme concentrations linearly increased the feed intake and weight gain of birds. The results were improved, on average, as follows: feed intake by 11.2 and 6.5%, gain by 10.2 and 13.2%, feed efficiency by 0 and 7.6%, AME by 1.4 and 5.7%, and AME intake by 13.1 and 9.8% for chickens and turkeys, respectively. The AME data were subject to a species x phytase interaction, whereby increasing the phytase dosage led to significant increments in parameters for turkeys but not broilers; broilers recovered significantly more energy from the ration than did turkeys. A quadratic relationship existed between dietary AME and phytase concentrations. Turkeys excreted more SA than did chickens in the absence of phytase, whereas supplementation with phytase (250 and 500 phytase units) reduced the excretion of SA in turkeys. Enzyme supplementation did not affect the ileal villus morphometry of the 2 species. We concluded that both species can tolerate phytase concentrations much higher than 1,000 phytase units and that these concentrations have further beneficial effects compared with lower phytase concentrations. The work reported here supports the hypothesis that supplementing turkey diets with phytase will need to be considered independently of chicken diets, considering the components in the diets, such that optimal responses can be obtained. ©2007 Poultry Science Association Inc.	Chicken; Endogenous excretion; Performance; Phytase; Turkey	Aves; Escherichia coli; Gallus gallus; Meleagris gallopavo; Zea mays; phytase; animal; animal food; animal husbandry; article; caloric intake; chicken; digestion; drug effect; energy metabolism; enzymology; Escherichia coli; intestine; physiology; poultry; turkey (bird); weight gain; 6-Phytase; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Chickens; Digestion; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Escherichia coli; Intestines; Poultry; Turkeys; Weight Gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548595319	Multiple disease resistance in common bean genotypes and their agronomic performance in eastern Ethiopia	Fininsa C., Tefera T.	2006	International Journal of Pest Management	52	4	10.1080/09670870600811836	Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Fininsa, C., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Tefera, T., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Field trials were conducted during the 1996-1999 summer cropping seasons to evaluate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes for multiple disease (anthracnose, angular leaf spot and common bacterial blight) resistance at Haramaya, eastern Ethiopia. Performance of promising genotypes was also evaluated in terms of yield and yield components. Out of 201 genotypes evaluated in 1996, 171 genotypes were found to be resistant to anthracnose, 117 to angular leaf spot, and 161 to common bacterial blight. Among the 201 genotypes, 26 (13%) were commonly resistant to all three diseases, and were further evaluated in 1997 and 1998. Out of the aforementioned 26 genotypes, 10 (39%) were found to be resistant to the diseases and so were evaluated in 1999 to further verify the degree of resistance and also to evaluate agronomic performance. The genotypes identified as having multiple disease resistance were: EMP 219, TY 3396-6, TY 3396-7, TY 3396-12, RAB 404, ARA 21, TAR 3, BZ 1289-12, GLPX-92 (Ayenew) and A-176 (Roba-1). The selected genotypes were of the late maturity group and had a similar number of pods per plant and seeds per pod. Ayenew gave the highest 100-seed weight (46 g), but TY 3396-12 had better yield (4.5 t ha-1) performance compared to the two released varieties, Ayenew and Roba-1 under production. The identified genotypes can be used as sources of resistance in breeding programme.	Angular leaf spot; Anthracnose; Common bacterial blight; Multiple disease resistance; Phaseolus vulgaris	agronomy; crop production; crop yield; disease resistance; genotype; performance assessment; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bacteria (microorganisms); Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548612204	The impact of perceived stigma and mediating social factors on infertility-related stress among women seeking infertility treatment in Southern Ghana	Donkor E.S., Sandall J.	2007	Social Science and Medicine	65	8	10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.003	School of Nursing, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College, London, United Kingdom	Donkor, E.S., School of Nursing, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Sandall, J., School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College, London, United Kingdom	This research aimed to investigate the extent to which women in Southern Ghana seeking infertility treatment perceived themselves as stigmatised in order to investigate the relationship between perceived stigma and infertility-related stress. A survey was conducted using face-to-face interviews in three languages with 615 women receiving infertility treatment on three health sites in Southern Ghana. The majority (64%) of women in this sample felt stigmatised. Sequential multiple regression analyses indicated that higher levels of perceived stigma were associated with increased infertility-related stress. Also women with higher levels of education felt less infertility-related stress. The presence of an existing child/children, the number of years spent in infertility treatment and the type of marriage (monogamous/polygamous union) were less important in predicting stress. The findings suggest that the social status of infertile women derived from other factors can be of importance in minimising the impact of stigmatisation and stress related to infertility. These findings highlight the wider beneficial effects of improved educational opportunities for girls and women. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Education; Ghana; Infertility; Stigma; Stress; Women	demographic survey; demographic transition; health care; infertility; language; literacy; social status; socioeconomic impact; womens health; womens status; adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; female; female infertility; Ghana; health survey; human; interview; major clinical study; social aspect; social status; stigma; stress; women's health; Adult; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Ghana; Humans; Infertility, Female; Interviews as Topic; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; Social Class; Social Environment; Stereotyping; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548625221	Assessment of the impacts of land use changes on the hydrological regime of a small rural catchment in South Africa	Troy B., Sarron C., Fritsch J.M., Rollin D.	2007	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	32	15-18	10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.049	IRD, UMR G-eau, P.O. Box 542, Newtown 2113, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Rennes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X 813, Silverton 0127 Pretoria, South Africa	Troy, B., IRD, UMR G-eau, P.O. Box 542, Newtown 2113, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sarron, C., Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Rennes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Fritsch, J.M., IRD, UMR G-eau, P.O. Box 542, Newtown 2113, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rollin, D., International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X 813, Silverton 0127 Pretoria, South Africa	Wetlands provide various environmental services and support livelihoods of poor populations in many parts of the world. Nevertheless knowledge about the quantification of the hydrological functions provided by wetlands is still limited. The current study was carried out on a small rural catchment in South Africa (263 km2), where according to the locals, a change in hydrological regime has occurred during the past decade. A small wetland area occupies the bottom of the catchment, and this wetland has been drastically reduced by small scale farming activities. The purpose of the study was twofold; on the one hand to determine if any hydrological change occurred, and on the other hand to relate it to the land use change, which is considered the cause of the change by conservationist groups. A comparative analysis of the land use of the catchment during the past decade was carried out using satellite images. The hydrological behavior of the basin during the last two decades was then studied using the conceptual rainfall-runoff model GR4J. Indeed the available climate and hydrological data was very poor and only a scarce-parameters lumped model could be used. According to Nash coefficient of efficiency, the model was able to simulate the observed runoff of the catchment with acceptable accuracy. The method showed that under similar rainfall conditions, the basin was generating more runoff in recent years than in the early 1990s. This observation matched an observed reduction in the wetland area. To check if this change in land use could be the cause of the hydrological change, rapid estimations were made of the water transfer processes in the different land use units. It appears that, in particular in the wetlands area, the processes related to land use change only account for a small proportion of the observed increase in runoff at the catchment scale. Under conditions of inaccurate hydrometeorological information, the approach used is appropriate to study the changes in the water balance at the catchment scale. We suggest that future applications of this method should in addition include an uncertainty assessment. Moreover it may be relevant to analyse if this method performs better than other parsimonious empirical models. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	GR4J; Land use changes; Olifants River; Rainfall-runoff modeling; Wetlands	Catchments; Climatology; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Rain; Rivers; Runoff; Weather forecasting; Wetlands; Hydrometeorological information; Land use changes; Rainfall-runoff modeling; Rural catchment; Land use; accuracy assessment; agriculture; catchment; comparative study; efficiency measurement; environmental assessment; environmental impact; hydrological cycle; hydrological regime; land use change; rainfall-runoff modeling; rural area; wetland management; Africa; Olifants River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548636216	Girls' performance in mathematics in upper primary schools of Addis Ababa	Kassahun T., Kedir B.	2006	Indian Journal of Gender Studies	13	3	10.1177/097152150601300304	Ethiopian Civil Service College, Research and Publication Office, P.O. Box 5648, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Organisation for Examinations, Ministry of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kassahun, T., Ethiopian Civil Service College, Research and Publication Office, P.O. Box 5648, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kedir, B., National Organisation for Examinations, Ministry of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	This article was designed to make a comprehensive comparative analysis of mathematics achievement for females and males at the upper primary education level. It was also aimed at investigating the extent of association between females' maths achievement and school ownership, and probing into existing gender stereotypes among the minds of schoolchildren. To this end, the article has employed both objective and subjective data-gathering instruments. The instruments were applied to 309 boys and 302 girls drawn from 10 schools (five government and five non-government) on the basis of diversified sampling techniques. The results of data analyses revealed that mathematics achievement was strongly associated with student gender, and girls' achievement was significantly lower than that of boys'. However, girls' mathematics performance did not show significant difference in government and non-government schools. Further, it was evident that traditional stereotypes, which favour male dominance in mathematical ability, were still prevalent at a modest level in the schools studied. © 2006 Sage Publications.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548645222	Assessment of Factors Associated With Surgical Difficulty in Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Extraction	Gbotolorun O.M., Arotiba G.T., Ladeinde A.L.	2007	Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	65	10	10.1016/j.joms.2006.11.030	Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, C	Gbotolorun, O.M., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Arotiba, G.T., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ladeinde, A.L., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate radiologic and clinical factors associated with increased difficulty in the removal of impacted mandibular third molars. We also aimed to form an index to measure the difficulty of removal of the impacted molars preoperatively. Patients and Methods: A total of 87 patients who required 90 surgical extractions of impacted mandibular third molars from November 2003 to May 2004 were involved in the study. Radiologic and clinical data were taken preoperatively. All extractions were performed under local anesthesia by a single operator. Surgical difficulty was measured by the total intervention time. Results: Increased surgical difficulty was associated with increasing age and body mass index. It was also associated with the curvature of roots of the impacted tooth and the depth from point of elevation (P < .05). Conclusion: Both clinical and radiologic variables are important in predicting surgical difficulty in impacted mandibular third molar extractions. © 2007 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.	None	adolescent; adult; article; body mass; clinical assessment; diagnostic imaging; disease association; female; human; local anesthesia; major clinical study; male; measurement; molar tooth; predictor variable; preoperative evaluation; prospective study; radiodiagnosis; risk factor; surgical technique; tooth disease; tooth extraction; tooth radiography; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Molar, Third; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Root; Tooth, Impacted	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548647421	The effect of coarse edge on wool spinning performance and yarn properties	Botha A.F., Hunter L.	2007	South African Journal of Science	103	42433	None	CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, P.O. Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Department of Textile Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Botha, A.F., CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, P.O. Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Hunter, L., Department of Textile Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	The interrelationship of natural fibre, yarn and fabric properties is both important and complex, and has attracted considerable research. An area which has received little attention is that concerning the effect of fibre diameter distribution, notably of relatively coarse fibres, on processing behaviour and yarn and fabric properties, except for their well-known effect on handle and prickle (scratchiness). Prickle is an unpleasant sensation sometimes experienced with garments worn next to the skin. The effect of fibre diameter distribution, of coarse fibres (or coarse edge, CE) in particular, on spinning performance and yarn properties, was investigated for 400 different wools. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to quantify the relationships between all the main fibre properties, including CE, on the one hand, and the spinning performance and yarn properties on the other hand. We found that CE had no significant effect on spinning performance and yarn properties, except for yarn neps and yarn hairiness. These findings are important for sheep breeding practices as well as for selecting the most appropriate wools when yarn of a specified quality is to be processed, because attention needs be paid only to fibre diameter, not to coarse edge.	None	regression analysis; research work; sheep; wool; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548694553	Evaluation of cereal-legume intercropped forages for smallholder dairy production in Zimbabwe	Ngongoni N.T., Mwale M., Mapiye C., Moyo M.T., Hamudikuwanda H., Titterton M.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	9	None	Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe	Ngongoni, N.T., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mwale, M., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mapiye, C., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Moyo, M.T., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Hamudikuwanda, H., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Titterton, M., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	A study was conducted at Henderson Research Station in Mazoe, Zimbabwe to assess the establishment, persistence, yield and nutritive quality of cereal and ley legumes sole crops and cereal-legume intercrops on sandy and clay soils. Four cereals, maize and three sorghum varieties; Jumbo, Pan 888 and Sugargraze, and five legume varieties Vigna unguiculata, (Cow pea) Lablab pupureus (Lablab), Crotolaria juncea (Sunnhemp), Glycine max (Soyabean) and Lupinus albus (Lupin) were used. A 2 x 4 x 5 factorial experiment in a split-split plot design with soil type as the main plot factor, cereal as the sub-plot factor and legume as sub-sub-plot factor was used. Total herbage yields were significantly higher on the clay than sandy soil, with yield ranging from 8.0 to 11.0 t/ha Dry matter (DM) and 1.0 to 5.6 t/ha DM, respectively. On intercrops legumes contributed 14-69% of the total herbage yield for sandy soils (P < 0.05). On clay soil, legume contribution was low ranging from 3-30%. The dry matter yield for cereals grown on the sandy soil was 22-34% of clay soil yields. Cowpea, lablab and sunnhemp sandy soil yields ranged from 44-60% of the clay soil yield. Soybean performed poorly on the sandy soil whilst lupin did so in both sites. Sandy soil forage tended to have significantly higher DM, Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and fibre contents and low Crude protein (CP) contents than those grown on clay soil. Maize and Jumbo had higher yields than Pan 888 and Sugargraze (P < 0.05). Cowpea, lablab and sunnhemp had higher yields than lupin and soybean (P < 0.05). Intercropping of cereals and legumes is commendable for the increase of nutrient quality particularly the crude protein content of cereals on clay soils. However, the matching has to be thoroughly done to avoid mixing forages that may hinder each other from the access of nutrients, chiefly sunlight. Therefore, farmers are recommended to use cereal-legume intercrops especially maize or sorghum and cowpea and or lablab to enhance dry season feed availability.	Cereal; Intercrop; Legume; Nutritive quality; Persistence; Yield; Zimbabwe	Crotalaria juncea; Glycine max; Lablab; Lupinus albus; Pisum sativum; Vigna unguiculata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548700133	Evaluation of varietal differences and storage materials on some fungal diseases and germination of cowpea	Ihejirika G.O.	2007	International Journal of Agricultural Research	2	8	None	Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Ihejirika, G.O., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) pods or grains could be stored in warehouse, silos, cribs, steel drums, rombus, earthen ware pots, plastic or gourds. A test was conducted to evaluate storage materials and varietal differences on some fungal diseases and germination of cowpea. It was found that cowpea stored in earthen pot recorded lowest percentage occurrence of Anthracnose followed by those stored in jute, when those stored in plastic bag recorded highest. IAR1696 and IT89KD-374 recorded similar but low percentage occurrence of Anthracnose in all the storage materials investigated. These varieties recorded similar but lowest percentage germination in all the storage materials when IT89KD-374 and IT93K-452-1 recorded but highest percentage germination. Cowpea stored in jute recorded highest mean percentage germination (89.2), when those stored in plastic bag recorded lowest 75.8%. Cowpea variety IT89KD-288 recorded lowest percentages germination irrespective of the storage material used, when other varieties recorded higher but similar percentages germination which fall with the range of 83.6-85.4. Investigation revealed that storage materials influence some fungal diseases development as well as the viability of the seed as determined by its germination percentage. On the other hand there were varietal influences on the percentage occurrence of some fungal diseases as well as germination of cowpea. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Cowpea; Fungal diseases; Germination; Storage materials; Varieties	Citrullus colocynthis; Corchorus capsularis; Cucurbita; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548719956	Evaluation of organic manures and plant densities on podrot, nodulation and seed weight of groundnut in an ultisols	Ihejirika G.O.	2007	Journal of Plant Sciences	2	4	None	Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	Ihejirika, G.O., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	Two field experiments were carried out during the early seasons of 2000 and 2001, to examine the effect of organic manure applied as zero manure, green manure and fowl droppings respectively and plant densities of 1,000,000; 250,000; 111,111 and 62,500 plants ha-1, respectively in 2000 and 2001, respectively on pod rot, nodulation and 1000-seed weight of groundnut. The result showed that manure and plant density were highly significant (p&lt;0.01) on pod rot, nodulation and 1000-seed weight in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Organic manure significantly reduced pod rot 4.31 and 4.47 in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Fowl dropping reduced severity of pod rot 3.10; 3.02 in comparison with green manure 4.72; 4.86 when zero manure (no-treatment) 5.10; 5.54 in 2000 and 2001, respectively were high. Two hundred and fifty thousand plants ha -1 recorded least severity of pod rot 3.00; 2.77 while 1,000,000 plants ha-1 4.95; 4.50 were high in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Organic manure were highly significant on nodulation 9.60; 9.48 in 2000 and 2001, respectively with fowl dropping 15.10; 14.75 recording highest, when zero-manure (control) 10.84; 11.16 nodulation per plant were low in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Organic manure and plant density were highly significant (p&lt;0.01) on 1000-seed weight with organic manure 641.1; 642.9 and plant density 812.2; 799.2 in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Fowl dropping recorded highest 1000-seed weight 672.5; 680.0 as well as 250,000 plants ha-1 895.5; 863.4 while 1,000,000 plants ha-1 recorded the lowest 1000-seed weight 752.0; 785.0 in 2000 and 2001, respectively. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Evaluation; Ground nut; Nodulation; Organic manures; Plant-population; Podrot; Seedwieght	Arachis hypogaea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548740875	Growth performance and pod dry matter yield of some local and an improved variety of okra in Sudan savannah zone Nigeria	Chigbundu I.N., Dialoke S.A., Ajaero J.O., Nwosu F.O., Ibeawuchi I.I.	2007	Journal of Plant Sciences	2	4	None	Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture, Zuru, P.M.B. 1018, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extention,	Chigbundu, I.N., Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture, Zuru, P.M.B. 1018, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria; Dialoke, S.A., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Ajaero, J.O., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extention, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Nwosu, F.O., Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture, Zuru, P.M.B. 1018, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria; Ibeawuchi, I.I., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	Field experiments were conducted during 2002 and 2003 rainy seasons to study the growth dry yield of some selected local and an improved varieties of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD), replicated four times. The results show that there were significant differences in growth characteristics and yield of the varieties. There were significant yield depression tons ha-1 by 21.8, 21.9. 49.8 and 63.4%, when Kwanab Bokodo was compared with Kwanab Magwandara, Kwanab lende, Kwanab Kwete and lady finger (control), on fresh weight basis. However on dry weight basis, reverse was the case with lady's finger significantly out-weighing (Kwanab Magwandara by 14.50%, Kwanab lende, 25.4%. Kwanab Bokodo, 34.7% and Kwaanab Kwete, 56.9%). There were also significant variations in the length of pods/plant (cm), leave area per plant (cm 2), number of leaves per plant and number of branches per plant. This implies that lady's finger with higher pod dry matter yield therefore has higher productivity and contains more nutritional components than others. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Growth and pod dry matter yield; Local and improved varieties of okra; Sudan savannah zone Nigeria	Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548743570	Effects of landrace legumes-velvet bean, lima bean and African yam bean-on the performance of yam, cassava based crop mixtures	Ibeawuchi I.I., Ofoh M.C., Nwufo M.I., Obiefuna J.C.	2007	Journal of Plant Sciences	2	4	None	Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Ibeawuchi, I.I., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Ofoh, M.C., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Nwufo, M.I., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Obiefuna, J.C., Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	This study appraised the effects of landrace legumes, velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens Var. utilis) Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and African yam bean (Stenostylis sternocarpa) on the performance of yam, cassava based crop mixtures. The three-landrace legumes were intercropped with tuber based cropping system. The 18 treatments comprising yam/maize/mucuna, yam/maize/lima, yam/maize/African yam bean, yam/maize cassava/maize/mucuna, cassava/maize/lima, cassava/maize/African yam bean, cassava/maize, yam/maize/cassava/mucuna, yam/maize/cassava/mucuna, yam/maize/cassava/ African yam bean, yam/maize/cassava, yam, cassava, maize, Mucuna, Lima bean and African yam beans were laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. The research was canied out at the training and research farm of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, located at latitude 5° 20′N and 5° 29′N, longitude 7°E and 7°02′E in the humid rainforest zone of southeastern Nigeria. Growth and yield data were collected and statistically analysed. The heavy canopy cover of mucuna in all crop combination associated with it coupled with high number of component crops per plot reduced maize and cassava plant heights as well as maize grain yield, fresh cassava roots and fresh yam tubers. However, crop mixtures with lima bean and or African yam bean did not significantly p≥ 0.05 affect maize and cassava plant heights nor depressed fresh cassava roots, maize grain and fresh yam tuber yields. All the legume crops performed well in sole cropping system than in mixture of more than three component crops as a result of competition for the necessary growth resources. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Cassava based crop mixtures; Landrace legumes; Yam	Dioscorea alata; Manihot esculenta; Mucuna; Mucuna pruriens var. utilis; Phaseolus lunatus; Sphenostylis stenocarpa; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548755466	Evaluation of information indices as indicators of environmental stress in terrestrial soils	Tobor-Kapłon M.A., Holtkamp R., Scharler U.M., Doroszuk A., Kuenen F.J.A., Bloem J., de Ruiter P.C.	2007	Ecological Modelling	208	1	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.022	Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Department of Soil Sciences, Alterra Wageningen University, Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Bldg., 4041 Durban, South Africa; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management (AEW), Wageningen University, Research Centre, Ritzema Bosweg 32 -A, 6703 AZ Wageningen, Netherlands; Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Institute of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands	Tobor-Kapłon, M.A., Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands, Department of Soil Sciences, Alterra Wageningen University, Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Holtkamp, R., Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Scharler, U.M., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Bldg., 4041 Durban, South Africa, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management (AEW), Wageningen University, Research Centre, Ritzema Bosweg 32 -A, 6703 AZ Wageningen, Netherlands; Doroszuk, A., Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Kuenen, F.J.A., Institute of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands; Bloem, J., Department of Soil Sciences, Alterra Wageningen University, Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; de Ruiter, P.C., Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands	Information indices from Ecosystem Network Analysis (ENA) can be used to quantify the development of an ecosystem in terms of its size and organization. There are two types of indices, i.e. absolute indices that describe both the size and organization of ecosystem (Total System Throughput (TST)-system size, Ascendancy (A)-size of organized flows and Development Capacity (C)-upper limit for A, Overhead (L)-size of unorganized flows) and relative indices that describe only the organization (Average Mutual Information (AMI = A:TST), Flow Diversity (H = C:TST), Relative Overhead (RL = L:TST)). It is theorized that environmental stress impair the ecosystem development and that the effect of stress can be quantified with the ENA information indices. Here we applied ENA on a case of environmental stress in a terrestrial ecosystem, i.e. soils that have endured long-term exposure to elevated copper concentration and altered pH. The absolute indices showed an unexpected pattern of response to pollution, suggesting that ecosystems in polluted soils are more active and better organized than these in unpolluted soils. The relative indices, alternatively, responded to pollution as predicted by theory, i.e. with decrease of stress (pollution level) the level of specialization increased (increase of AMI) and losses of energy, e.g. due to respiration, decreased (decrease of Overhead). The diversity and evenness of flows showed hump-backed relationship with stress. Less polluted soils appeared to be less vulnerable to external disturbances and more efficient in processing energy (higher Relative Ascendancy (RA = A:C)) than polluted soils. The relative information indices were rigid to changes in values of assumed parameters. The relative indices, opposite to absolute indices, appeared to be useful as indicators of environmental stress on the ecosystem level. © 2007.	Ascendancy; Average Mutual Information; Development Capacity; Ecosystem Network Analysis; Flow Diversity; Information indices; Soil; Stress	Ecosystems; Environmental engineering; pH effects; Soil pollution; Stress analysis; Systems analysis; Ascendancy; Average Mutual Information; Development Capacity; Ecosystem Network Analysis; Flow Diversity; Information indices; Soil mechanics; concentration (composition); copper; environmental stress; pH; soil pollution; terrestrial environment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548763918	Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of pyramidal, modified pyramidal and monoscreen traps for the control of the tsetse fly, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, in Uganda	Abila P.P., Okello-Onen J., Okoth J.O., Matete G.O., Wamwiri F., Politzar H.	2007	Journal of Insect Science	7	None	None	National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda; Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Community Based Vector Control Organisation, P.O. Box 806, Tororo, Uganda; Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya	Abila, P.P., National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda; Okello-Onen, J., Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Okoth, J.O., Community Based Vector Control Organisation, P.O. Box 806, Tororo, Uganda; Matete, G.O., Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Wamwiri, F., Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Politzar, H., Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya	Several trap designs have been used for sampling and control of the tsetse fly, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on preferences of individual researchers and program managers with little understanding of the comparative efficiency and cost-effectiveness of trap designs. This study was carried out to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four commonly used trap designs: monoscreen, modified pyramidal and pyramidal, relative to the standard biconical trap. The study was performed under high tsetse challenge on Buvuma Island, Lake Victoria, Uganda, using a 4 x 4 Latin square design replicated 3 times, so as to separate the trap positions and day effects from the treatment effect. A total of 12 trap positions were tested over 4 days. The monoscreen trap caught significantly higher numbers of G. f. fuscipes (P<0.05) followed by biconical, modified pyramidal and pyramidal traps. Analysis of variance showed that treatment factor was a highly significant source of variation in the data. The index of increase in trap catches relative to biconical were 0.60 (pyramidal), 0.68 (modified pyramidal) and 1.25 (monoscreen). The monoscreen trap was cheaper (US$ 2.61) and required less material to construct than pyramidal trap (US$ 3.48), biconical and the modified pyramidal traps (US$ 4.06 each). Based on the number of flies caught per meter of material, the monoscreen trap proved to be the most cost-effective (232 flies/m) followed by the biconical trap (185 flies/m). The modified pyramidal and the pyramidal traps caught 112 and 125 flies/m, respectively.	None	Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina fuscipes fuscipes; Glossinidae; animal; article; cost benefit analysis; economics; evaluation; female; insect control; instrumentation; male; physiology; standard; tsetse fly; Uganda; Animals; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Insect Control; Male; Tsetse Flies; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548775941	Performance and utility of a cost-effective collagen-binding assay for the laboratory diagnosis of Von Willebrand disease	Meiring M., Badenhorst P.N., Kelderman M.	2007	Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine	45	8	10.1515/CCLM.2007.188	Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Meiring, M., Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Badenhorst, P.N., Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Kelderman, M., Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background: The collagen-binding assay, a functional assay of Von Willebrand factor (VWF), discriminates the subtypes of Von Willebrand disease (VWD). Commercial collagen binding assays have the advantage of immediate use for fast results, but are expensive. Methods: In this study we evaluated an in-house collagen-binding assay using type III collagen. We included it in the diagnostic work-up of 44 patients with VWD and 40 normal subjects. Other assays included VWF antigen, ristocetin cofactor activity, ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination and VWF multimeric analysis. Results: The cost of this collagen-binding assay is 10-fold lower than that of commercial kits. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <8% and <9% for normal values, respectively, and the normal reference range varies between 51% and 143%. This assay is sensitive to large VWF multimer representation, with a mean collagen-binding activity/antigen level (CB/Ag) ratio of 0.18 and 0.45 for type 2A and type 2B VWD, respectively, indicating functional discordance. It correlates with the antigen levels in type 2M and type 1 VWD, with mean CB/Ag ratios of 1.1 and 1, respectively. Conclusions: Our cost-effective in-house collagen-binding assay produced reliable results. We recommend the use of this test together with the ristocetin cofactor test in the diagnostic work-up of VWD. © 2007 by Walter de Gruyter.	Collagen-binding assay; Von Willebrand disease; Von Willebrand disorder; Von Willebrand factor	collagen type 3; ristocetin; von Willebrand factor; adult; article; binding affinity; binding assay; clinical article; controlled study; correlational study; cost benefit analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; female; human; laboratory diagnosis; male; priority journal; reliability; von Willebrand disease; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Collagen Type III; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Humans; Laboratory Techniques and Procedures; Male; Middle Aged; Protein Binding; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; von Willebrand Disease	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548790817	Sensory evaluation of four FHIA tetraploid hybrids for Kaakle (a Local Dish) in Ghana	Dzomeku B.M., Darkey S.K., Bam R.K., Ankomah A.A.	2007	Journal of Plant Sciences	2	6	None	Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	Dzomeku, B.M., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Darkey, S.K., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Bam, R.K., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Ankomah, A.A., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	The success of the introduction of any new Musa hybrid hinges on the acceptance of common dishes prepared from these hybrids by the local people. A study was conducted to assess the consumer acceptability of four FHIA hybrids (FHIA-21, FHIA-01, FHIA-03 and FHIA-25 for a popular food preparation called kaakle with local Apantu (local False Horn plantain) as control. Kaakle is prepared by blending the pulp of over-ripened pulp of plantain or banana fruits. The paste produced is mixed with 20% corn flour. Salt and spices are added to the composite paste produced to taste. The composite paste is then packaged and wrapped in green plantain leaves and boiled for 1 h. In some localities it is boiled for 1 h especially in the evening and left on fire overnight. It is eaten without sauce after peeling off the plantain leaves. An untrained panel reflecting the range of social class of consumers within the ethnic group was presented with coded samples of the food preparation. All the varieties were accepted for use in preparing kaakle with overall acceptance ranging from 70% (FHIA-25) to 100% (FHIA-21 and FHIA-01). The local Apantu and FHIA-21 were highly accepted compared to the other hybrids. In the processed form the tetraploid hybrids compare favourably with the triploids. There was a significant difference in the overall acceptance between cooking bananas (FHIA-25 and FHIA-03) and plantains (FHIA-21) and dessert banana (FHIA-01). This is not surprising since in the raw ripe state the cooking bananas have low sugar content. FHIA-25 in the raw ripe state lack the banana aroma associated with bananas. The results indicated that considering the food habit of the ethnic group, the new varieties that may be rejected in some localities may receive favourable responses from others. It is therefore relevant to allow various ethnic groups to evaluate new hybrids according to the food habits and if possible release these varieties as ecotypes. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Cooking banana; Hybrid; Plantain; Sensory evaluation	Musa; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548828031	Evaluation of seed quality in long-staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense)	Obasi M.O., Msaakpa T.S.	2007	Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences	77	6	None	Department of Crop Production, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Seed Science, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, P M B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	Obasi, M.O., Department of Crop Production, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Msaakpa, T.S., Department of Seed Science, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, P M B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted during 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons to study the variability among 30 cultivars of long-staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) for 5 seed cotton quality traits, viz oil percentage, iodine value, refractive index, protein percentage and seed index. Correlation coefficient among these 5 traits were also studied to choose the high seed quality cultivars for effective use in the breeding programme. Combined analysis over the 2 seasons showed significant differences among all traits for the studied cultivars. Only years significantly affected both oil percentage and iodine value. Year x cultivars interaction was not significant for all traits indicating that the cultivars responded the same from year to year. Significant negative correlation was noted between protein percentage and seed index (-0.36) and between protein percentage and oil percentage (-0.38). A significant positive correlation was obtained between refractive index and iodine value (+0.92). On the other hand protein and oil levels among the 30 cultivars were not significantly associated with refractive index and iodine value.	Cotton cultivars; Gossypium barbadense; Quality traits; Seed quality	Gossypium barbadense; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548837460	Evaluation of three serological tests for brucellosis in naturally infected cattle using latent class analysis	Muma J.B., Toft N., Oloya J., Lund A., Nielsen K., Samui K., Skjerve E.	2007	Veterinary Microbiology	125	02-Jan	10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.012	Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 70062, Kampala, Uganda; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Animal Disease Research Institute, Canada Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ont. K2H 8P9, Canada	Muma, J.B., Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Toft, N., Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; Oloya, J., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 70062, Kampala, Uganda; Lund, A., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Nielsen, K., Animal Disease Research Institute, Canada Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ont. K2H 8P9, Canada; Samui, K., Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Skjerve, E., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway	Serological methods are traditionally used in diagnosis of brucellosis. However, the comparative performance of these tests and their accuracy under the local environment in Zambia has not been assessed. Thus, the objective of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of three serological tests for brucellosis; Rose Bengal Test (RBT), competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and Fluorescence Polarisation Assay (FPA) in naturally infected cattle in Zambia without an appropriate reference test to classify animals into truly infected and non-infected. Serological test results from a study to determine sero-prevalence were used to compare the performance of RBT, c-ELISA and FPA in diagnosing brucellosis in traditional cattle. Since none of the tests can be seen as a perfect reference test or gold standard, their performance in a population of naturally infected cattle was evaluated using latent class analysis which allows the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) to be estimated in the absence of a gold standard. The highest Se was achieved by the c-ELISA (97%; Credible Posterior Interval (CPI) = 93-100%) and the highest Sp by the FPA (93%; CPI = 85-99%), conversely these tests also had the lowest Sp and Se, respectively, with the RBT performing well in both the Se (93%; CPI = 84-98%) and Sp (81%; CPI = 61-97). © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Brucellosis; c-ELISA; FPA; RBT; Sensitivity; Specificity	rose bengal; article; brucellosis; cattle disease; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; fluorescence polarization immunoassay; gold standard; nonhuman; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; serology; seroprevalence; Zambia; Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bayes Theorem; Brucella; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; Rose Bengal; Sensitivity and Specificity; Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548847508	Personality and academic performance of three cohorts of veterinary students in South Africa	Van Der Walt H.S., Pickworth G.	2007	Journal of Veterinary Medical Education	34	3	10.3138/jvme.34.3.356	P.O. Box 15547, Sinoville, Pretoria 0129, South Africa; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Van Der Walt, H.S., P.O. Box 15547, Sinoville, Pretoria 0129, South Africa; Pickworth, G., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	To aid in selecting students for admission to undergraduate veterinary training, admissions procedures often take into account students' previous academic performance as well as the results of an interview. The study reported here investigated the relationship between personality and academic success. Students from three entry cohorts to the second year of study of a six-year BVSc program at the University of Pretoria completed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. A meta-analytic approach was used to estimate the relationship between academic performance in two major final-year subjects and academic performance on entry, an interview score, and the personality factors. The study confirmed the value of previous academic performance and the interview in selecting students for the veterinary degree program. The findings also indicate that the inclusion of a measure of intellectual ability could be of value. The value of various personality characteristics in predicting good study habits and examination performance is highlighted by the study results: students were more successful if they were conscientious, emotionally stable, socially adept, self-disciplined, practical rather than imaginative, and relaxed rather than anxious. It appears worthwhile to consider including an appropriate personality questionnaire in the selection process to improve the accuracy of predictions of students' success. A sound personality make-up will not only increase the likelihood of academic success but should also be beneficial in the successful management of a veterinary practice and in enjoying veterinary science as a career. © 2007 AAVMC.	16 Personality factor questionnaire; Personality and academic performance; Veterinary medical education	article; clinical competence; cohort analysis; education; educational status; human; personality; professional competence; psychological aspect; South Africa; standard; statistics; student; veterinary medicine; Clinical Competence; Cohort Studies; Educational Measurement; Educational Status; Humans; Personality; Professional Competence; South Africa; Students; Veterinary Medicine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548850031	Performance assessment of pregnant ewes fed broiler litter as feed supplement	Ososanya T.O., Odedire J.A., Oyeyemi M.O.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	6	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ososanya, T.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Odedire, J.A., Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Oyeyemi, M.O., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Four low cost feed samples were formulated using 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels of broiler litter processed into feed along with other feed ingredients. All the animals were dewormed using Ivermectin and dipped against ticks and fleas using diazintol. Estrus was artificially synchronized in all the animals using Prostaglandin 2F-alpha, the animals were mated with rams of known fertility and lineage bred. They were evaluated in a pregnancy and pre-weaning growth trial. All the ewes were weighed before pregnancy and bi-monthly thereafter until parturition. The parameters studied were weights before and after parturition, weight gain in pregnancy, weight changes in lactation and nursing, lambs birth weights and daily weight of lambs, dam's weight at weaning and gestation length. It was observed that weight at mating, weight before mating, weight at parturition, gestation length, weight gain in pregnancy, weight change in lactation and nursing, lambs birth weights and daily weight gain of lambs were significantly affected (p<0.05) while dam's weight at weaning and lambs' weaning weight were not affected (p>0.05). Results of this study indicate that inclusion of broiler litter up to 50% in feed mixtures of ewes has no deleterious effect on the performance and health status of ewes during pregnancy and lactation. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Broiler litter; Ewes; Lactation; Parturition; Pregnancy	antiparasitic agent; diazintol; ivermectin; prostaglandin F2 alpha; unclassified drug; animal food; article; birth; birth weight; body weight; controlled study; estrus; ewe; female; flea; food composition; gestation period; health status; infestation; lactation; lamb; male; maternal nutrition; nonhuman; pregnancy; statistical significance; tick; weaning; weight change; weight gain; Animalia; Ixodida; Ovis aries; Siphonaptera (fleas)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648814058	The impact of the HIV epidemic on the composite wellbeing of educators in South Africa: A qualitative study	Theron L.C.	2007	African Journal of AIDS Research	6	2	None	School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, North-West University, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900 Gauteng, South Africa	Theron, L.C., School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, North-West University, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900 Gauteng, South Africa	In South Africa, support is available for educators who are HIV-positive, and there are numerous initiatives to curb further HIV infections. What is lacking though is an understanding of how the HIV epidemic impacts on educators who are affected personally or professionally. For this reason a qualitative study was undertaken with 25 affected educators from the Gauteng and Free State provinces. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to determine how the epidemic is impacting the health of educators who are affected but not HIV infected. The results suggest that affected educators are in need of interventions that target health promotion, since those who participated reported poor physical, emotional, social, spiritual and professional health. The results also suggest that some educators do cope with the overall impact of the epidemic, implying that resilient functioning among affected educators should be promoted. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Coping behaviour; Health impact; Health interventions; Health promotion; Resilient functioning; Teachers	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; clinical article; controlled study; coping behavior; emotionality; epidemic; female; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; occupational health; qualitative research; religion; semi structured interview; social aspect; South Africa; teacher; wellbeing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648817250	Maleic anhydride derivatives of a protein isolate: Preparation and functional evaluation	Lawal O.S., Dawodu M.O.	2007	European Food Research and Technology	226	02-Jan	10.1007/s00217-006-0525-4	Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany; Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen	Lawal, O.S., Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany, Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Dawodu, M.O., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria	African locust bean protein isolate (NPI) was acylated with maleic anhydride at various concentrations. Addition of maleic anhydride at the levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/g of protein produced 36.4% (MP1), 43.7% (MP2) and 73.6% (MP3) of maleylated protein isolate, respectively. Water absorption capacity increased after maleylation but oil absorption capacity reduced progressively with increase in level of modification. Results also revealed that gelation capacities reduced after protein modifications. Emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (ES) increased following protein modification. In addition, corresponding increases in emulsifying properties were observed with increase in degree of modification of the proteins. Maleylation improved the foaming capacity of the native protein. Foaming capacity increased with increases in protein concentration for both native and maleylated protein derivatives while progressive decline in foam stability occurred with increases in level of protein modification. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Functional properties; Maleic anhydride; Modification; Protein isolate	Derivatives; Emulsions; Gelation; Maleic anhydride; Water absorption; Emulsifying activity (EA); Emulsion stability (ES); Foam stability; Functional properties; Protein isolate; Proteins; Parkia filicoidea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648820316	Modelling the relationship between antiretroviral treatment and HIV prevention: Limitations of the Spectrum AIDS Impact Model in changing policy environment	Nattrass N.	2007	African Journal of AIDS Research	6	2	None	Department of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Nattrass, N., Department of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	This paper shows how two publicly available epidemiological modelling packages, namely the Spectrum AIDS Impact Model and the ASSA2003 AIDS and Demographic Model, predict very different impacts from rolling out highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on new HIV infections. Using South Africa as a case study, it shows that the ASSA2003 model predicts a significant drop in new HIV infections as HAART is rolled out, whereas the Spectrum model assumes that HAART does not have a preventative impact (and in fact generates a small increase in new HIV infections). Users will thus draw different conclusions about the public health benefits of HAART depending on which modelling package they use. Despite being presented as a policy-oriented modelling tool capable of exploring 'what if' questions about the impact of different policy choices, the Spectrum model is ill-equipped to do so with regard to a HAART rollout. Unlike Spectrum, ASSA2003 is more flexible and its assumptions are clear. Better modelling and more information (including about the relationship between HAART and sexual risk behaviour) is required to develop appropriate public-policy modelling for the HAART era. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Demographic models; HAART; Health impact; Interventions; Mathematical models; Policy development; Sexual risk behaviour; South Africa	antiretrovirus agent; nevirapine; zidovudine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; case study; controlled study; epidemic; high risk behavior; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; policy; prediction; prevalence; sexual behavior; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648823167	Laboratory evaluation of mahogany (Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) seed oil and seed powder for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on stored cowpea	Bamaiyi L.J., Ndams I.S., Toro W.A., Odekina S.	2007	Journal of Entomology	4	3	None	Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	Bamaiyi, L.J., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria; Ndams, I.S., Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria; Toro, W.A., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria; Odekina, S., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	The efficacy of Khaya senegalensis seed oil and powder was evaluated for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea. The oil was extracted locally by steaming of the dry K. senegalensis seeds in a large cooking pot after pounding into a paste in a mortar. Similarly the seed shaft leftover from the extraction process was dried in the oven at 30°C and pounded in a mortar and further macerated in an electric moulinex kitchen blender into fine powder. This was compared with actellic Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) and actellic dust as standards. Adult mortality of C. maculatus was highest within 24 h post treatment with seed oil concentrations at 1, 2 and 3 mL/100 g of cowpea. The seed oil significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the F1 and F2 progeny emergence but did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05) when compared with the control. For all the parameters investigated, K. senegalensis seed oil did not differ significantly with Actellic EC in the Control of C. maculatus, during the study. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Callosobruchus maculatus; Cowpea; Fumigation; Khaya senegalensis; Seed oil; Seed powder	Bruchinae; Callosobruchus maculatus; Coleoptera; Khaya senegalensis; Swietenia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648834436	Evaluation of critical thinking application in medical ultrasound practice among sonographers in south-eastern Nigeria	Agwu K.K., Ogbu S.O.I., Okpara E.	2007	Radiography	13	4	10.1016/j.radi.2007.01.001	Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Agwu, K.K., Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ogbu, S.O.I., Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria; Okpara, E., Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Purpose: To investigate the application of critical thinking (CT) in medical ultrasound by sonographers in south-eastern Nigeria as a measure of the quality of practice. Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire based on six elements of CT was distributed to 82 sonographers selected through a simple random sampling. The questionnaire investigated the application of the elements of interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, explanation and self-regulation involved in CT by medical sonographers. The data for each respondent were categorized into age, experience and the elements of CT. Statistical analyses were done using mean and Spearman's Rank correlation. Results: The overall mean score of the practitioners on all the elements of CT application was 8.65 ± 6.76 against a total of 60. The application of CT did not show any correlation with age or clinical experience using Spearman's Rank correlation (r = -0.017; p > 0.05 and r = -0.086; p > 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: The results show that there is poor application of CT by medical sonographers in the locality which may impact negatively on the outcome of this diagnostic process. Increase in the number of formal training programmes in sonography and inclusion of CT skills in the curriculum are recommended. © 2007 The College of Radiographers.	Audit; Critical thinking; Medical sonography	adult; article; clinical practice; controlled study; critical thinking; health care personnel; health care quality; human; Nigeria; priority journal; questionnaire; ultrasound	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748814296	Evaluation of groundwater quality characteristics in Lagos-City	Yusuf K.A.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	13	None	Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University Ojo, P.M.B. 1087, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria	Yusuf, K.A., Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University Ojo, P.M.B. 1087, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria	Most of the water requirement for Lagos is met from surface and ground water supplies. Lagos an industrial and highly populated city located in the Southwest Nigeria has urban migration problems and resource limitations. However, as found in many cities, a certain proportion of the population is forced to rely on the well water as sources of drinking water, a poor drinking water quality that may have health consequences. A study was therefore carried out to gain an idea of the inorganic quality of the water in the wells penetrating the shallow (< 20 m thick) alluvial aquifer in the city. Results from this study revealed that some of the ground water quality constituents exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water irrespective of the sources of pollution: the total dissolved solids limit in 50%, the conductivity limit in 27.8%, the lead limit in 38.9%, the pH limit in 44.4% and the sodium and calcium limits in 11.1% of the samples. Thus, ground water from some of these wells requires further purification to ensure its fitness for human consumption. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Aquifer; Ground water; Water quality constituents; Wells	Conductivity limit; Ground-water qualities; Health consequences; Resource limitations; Surface and ground waters; Total dissolved solids; Water requirements; World Health Organization; Aquifers; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Health; Water quality; Water supply; Wells; Groundwater resources	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748818776	Catalytic performance and deactivation of precipitated iron catalyst for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur in the waste gas streams from coal gasification	Mashapa T.N., Rademan J.D., Van Vuuren M.J.J.	2007	Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research	46	19	10.1021/ie061589z	Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	Mashapa, T.N., Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Rademan, J.D., Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Van Vuuren, M.J.J., Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	The selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur, using a commercial, precipitated silica promoted ferric oxide based catalyst, was investigated in laboratory and pilot-plant reactors. Low levels of hydrogen sulfide (1-3 vol %) can be readily removed, but a continuous slow decrease in catalyst activity was apparent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the loss of activity was due to the formation of ferrous sulfate, which is known to be less active than the ferric oxide. In addition, studies using a model feed showed that the propene and HCN impurities in the plant feed stocks also act as potent catalyst poisons. © 2007 American Chemical Society.	None	Catalysts; Coal gasification; Sulfur; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Catalytic performance; Precipitated silica; Hydrogen sulfide; Catalysts; Coal gasification; Hydrogen sulfide; Sulfur; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748856174	Impact of grazing on forage quality and quantity for ungulates of the Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria	Aremu O.T., Onadeko S.A., Inah E.I.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	13	None	Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Aremu, O.T., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Onadeko, S.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Inah, E.I., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	The study examined the effect of grazing as simulated by clipping on forage quality and quantity in terms of above ground biomass, live, total production and nutrients content of forages utilized by ungulates of Kainji Lake National Park. Three 2.5x2.5 m plots were constructed in the three main vegetation communities in the Park, the plots were in three replicates in each vegetation community. Each plot received separate treatment including medium clipping, heavy clipping and unclipped, average forage biomass production and forage nutrients were measured. The results revealed that higher total annual above ground biomass was recorded in clipped plots which values ranged between 1642 and 2458 g m-2 year-1 when compared to unclipped plots which values ranged between 1.394 and 1.435 g m-2 yeacl-1. Equally, the values of annual total production of clipped and unclipped plots ranged between 250-471 and 210-254 g m-2 year-1 respectively, the values were significantly different at (p = 0.05). It was observed that forages in clipped plots contained higher values of crude protein and fat. Also they contained nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sodium values above minimum values required by herbivores for body maintenance, pregnancy and lactation. Measures to improve forage quality and quantity in the Park are also discussed. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Clipping; Forage biomass; Grazing; Herbivores; Nutrients quality	Above ground biomass; Biomass productions; Clipping; Crude proteins; Forage quality; Grazing; Herbivores; Vegetation community; Animals; Forestry; Lakes; Nutrients; Biomass	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748856220	Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) in Nigeria	Ishaya D.B., Dadari S.A., Shebayan J.A.Y.	2007	Crop Protection	26	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.02.013	Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Ishaya, D.B., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Dadari, S.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Shebayan, J.A.Y., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Weed infestation is one of the major threats to cereal production in the Nigerian Savanna. Two trials were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate different types of herbicides for weed control in sorghum. Among the herbicides tested, pretilachlor+dimethametryne at 2.5 kg a.i./ha, cinosulfuron at 0.05 kg a.i./ha and piperophos+cinosulfuron at 1.5 kg a.i./ha performed best as they effectively controlled weeds, increased crop vigour, plant height, reduced crop injury and produced higher grain yield of sorghum. © 2007.	Control hoe-weeding; Herbicides; Sorghum; Weed	crop production; herbicide; sorghum; weed control; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748869759	Knowledge dissemination and evaluation in a cervical cancer screening implementation program in Nigeria	Miller D., Okolo C.A., Mirabal Y., Guillaud M., Arulogun O.S., Oladepo O., Crain B., Follen M., Adewole I.F.	2007	Gynecologic Oncology	107	1 SUPPL.	10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.07.014	Department of Gynecologic Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology, The University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; D	Miller, D., Department of Gynecologic Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Okolo, C.A., Department of Pathology, The University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria; Mirabal, Y., Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Guillaud, M., Department of Optical Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Arulogun, O.S., Department of Promotion and Education, The University of Ibadan Faculty of Public Health, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oladepo, O., Department of Promotion and Education, The University of Ibadan Faculty of Public Health, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crain, B., The Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Follen, M., The Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Adewole, I.F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria	Objectives: Our goals were to train health professionals in Nigeria using the text, "Planning and Implementing Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control Programs: A Manual for Managers", and then evaluate the knowledge dissemination process using a pre- and post-test assessment. The manual was developed by the ACCP, WHO, IARC, PATH, Engender Health, JHPIEGO, and PAHO with funding from the Gates Foundation. It is an inclusive guide to implementation and maintenance of screen-and-treat cervical cancer prevention clinics and is ideally suited for programs operating in the developing world. Methods: Training took place at a conference in Ibadan, Nigeria. Participants included teams of physicians, nurses, bioengineers, data managers, and administrators who met in joint and parallel sessions to "train the trainers". This meeting was designed to provide both training and equipment to personnel to be involved in the implementation of a cervical cancer control initiative in Nigeria. A 36 item pre-test was administered prior to a group study sessions. A slide presentation summarized salient points before the post-test was given. The results were entered into an MS Excel spreadsheet for descriptive statistics about (1) the participants, (2) the test, (3) an examination of profession, years of work experience, years of education, and gender as predictors of two outcomes (low pre-test score and large difference between pre- and post-tests) and (4) overall performance on the exam. Results: There were 70 participants and trainers, of which 53 took the exam. Most of the examinees were physicians. Some participants did not fill out the post-test, leaving their tests inevaluable. A closer look at the test revealed eight questions that were confusing and nine that were too easy. All participant subgroups performed better on the post-test than the pre-test; the improvements were statistically significant. While profession impacted the results, profession was not statistically significant. Years of work experience, years of education, and gender did not affect test results. Conclusions: While the study suffers from a small sample size, a few ambiguous questions, and the need for pilot testing the instrument prior to the meeting, the report evaluates the manual very favorably. The authors showed a significant gain in knowledge. The manual gives "the big picture" and does so with clarity. The text and supplementary material outline the work that needs to proceed in an organized program, and the material was easily understandable in Nigeria. Future evaluations could benefit from more participants and varied learning structures. © 2007.	Cervical cancer; Cervical cancer screening; Cervical cytology; Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); Cervical screening programs; Human papillomavirus; Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL); Use of the WHO manuals in training	article; cancer prevention; cancer screening; clinical practice; controlled study; female; health care personnel; health care planning; health program; human; male; medical assessment; medical education; Nigeria; physician; priority journal; statistical significance; uterine cervix cancer; world health organization; Female; Health Education; Health Occupations; Health Personnel; Humans; Mass Screening; Nigeria; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748873222	Impact of β2-adrenoreceptor gene variants on cardiac cavity size and systolic function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy	Badenhorst D., Norton G.R., Sliwa K., Brooksbank R., Essop R., Sareli P., Woodiwiss A.J.	2007	Pharmacogenomics Journal	7	5	10.1038/sj.tpj.6500426	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Schools of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medicine (Division of Cardiology, Chris-Hani Baragwanath Hospital), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Badenhorst, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Schools of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G.R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Schools of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sliwa, K., Medicine (Division of Cardiology, Chris-Hani Baragwanath Hospital), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brooksbank, R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Schools of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Essop, R., Medicine (Division of Cardiology, Chris-Hani Baragwanath Hospital), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sareli, P., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Schools of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Schools of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	In heart failure, the Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms of the β2-adrenoreceptor (β2-AR) gene are associated with exercise-capacity, clinical outcomes and response to β-AR blocker therapy. Whether β2-AR gene variants mediate these effects in-part through an impact on cardiac structural remodeling and pump function independent of the effects of β-blockers is uncertain. We evaluated whether the Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu variants of the β2-AR gene predict left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) before and 6 months after receiving standard medical therapy other than β-AR blockers. In all, 394 patients with IDC and 393 age and gender-matched controls were genotyped for the β2-AR gene variants using restriction-fragment length polymorphism-based techniques. LVEF and dimensions were determined in 132 patients (of whom 71 were newly diagnosed) both at baseline and after 6 months. Genotype of neither variant was associated with the presence of IDC. Moreover, β2-AR genotype did not determine LVEF or LV dimensions prior to initiating therapy. After 6 months of therapy, LVEF increased by 7.1 ± 1.0 absolute units (P &lt; 0.0001) and LVEDD decreased by 0.27 ± 0.06cm (P &lt; 0.02). Adjusting for baseline values as well as gender, age, and type of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy received, genotype was associated with neither final LVEF and LVEDD, nor change in LVEF and LVEDD. In conclusion, these data suggest that in heart failure, the functional Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu variants of the β2-AR gene have no independent effect on adverse structural remodeling and pump function.	None	beta 2 adrenergic receptor; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; digoxin; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; diuretic agent; enalapril; furosemide; perindopril; trandolapril; beta 2 adrenergic receptor; cardiotonic agent; cardiovascular agent; adult; article; congestive cardiomyopathy; controlled study; female; genetic association; genetic risk; genetic variability; genotype; heart failure; heart left ventricle ejection fraction; heart left ventricle enddiastolic volume; heart left ventricle volume; heart ventricle remodeling; human; major clinical study; male; priority journal; restriction fragment length polymorphism; risk factor; systole; case control study; clinical trial; congestive cardiomyopathy; drug combination; drug effect; gene frequency; genetic predisposition; genetics; haplotype; heart left ventricle function; heart stroke volume; heart ventricle; heart ventricle remodeling; middle aged; pathology; pathophysiology; prospective study; restriction fragment length polymorphism; time; treatment outcome; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular Agents; Case-Control Studies; Digoxin; Diuretics; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Furosemide; Gene Frequency; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Haplotypes; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Prospective Studies; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; Risk Factors; Stroke Volume; Systole; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Remodeling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748894849	Plants level of chromium and nickel at a refuse site, any positive impact?	Ololade I.A., Ashoghon A.O., Adeyemi O.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	13	None	Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria	Ololade, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria; Ashoghon, A.O., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria; Adeyemi, O., Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria	Trace metals, including heavy metals can be dangerous to the biota and human beings. Consequently, a study of the accumulation of two unpopular heavy metals, Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni), in four species of plants were carried out. At Ojota refuse sites (Old and New) in Lagos State, Nigeria, from where samples were taken; knowledge about these metals were scarce. The results obtained from the analysis of leaves and roots of plants showed that the sites were heavily polluted by chromium and nickel containing substances, which were indiscriminately dumped at the sites. Values were far above the background level with higher concentrations being recorded at the New Refuse Site (NRS). The concentrations obtained were also found to correlate strongly with the results of some soil physico-chemical properties, which were determined during the study. The plants used in the present research were observed to display a higher level of tolerance to metal concentration, an important characteristic of hyper-accumulator plants in phytoremediation study. Consequently, they are recommended for cultivation in non-grazing heavy metal polluted sites. However, livestock feedings and vegetable consumption at the present sites should be discouraged to avoid metal poisoning. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Chromium; Indicator plants; Nickel; Phytoremediation; Pollution; Refuse	Background level; Indicator plants; Metal concentrations; Metal poisoning; Nickel containing; Phytoremediation; Refuse; Soil physico-chemical properties; Agriculture; Bioremediation; Chromium; Heavy metals; Nickel; Pollution; Plants (botany)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748901212	Insights into the morphology, geometry, and post-impact erosion of the Araguainha peak-ring structure, central Brazil	Lana C., Souza Filho C.R., Marangoni Y.R., Yokoyama E., Trindade R.I.F., Tohver E., Reimold W.U.	2007	Bulletin of the Geological Society of America	119	42623	10.1130/B26142.1	Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Departamento de Geologia e Recursos Naturais, Instituto de Geociencias, State University of Campina (UNICAMP), Campina 13083-970, Brazil; Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Museum for Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany	Lana, C., Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Souza Filho, C.R., Departamento de Geologia e Recursos Naturais, Instituto de Geociencias, State University of Campina (UNICAMP), Campina 13083-970, Brazil; Marangoni, Y.R., Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Yokoyama, E., Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Trindade, R.I.F., Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Tohver, E., Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Reimold, W.U., Museum for Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany	The 40-km-wide Araguainha structure is the largest and best-exposed complex impact crater in South America. It was excavated in flat-lying sediments of the intracratonic Paraná Basin, where target rocks are well exposed and have remained undeformed since the impact event ca. 245 Ma. Despite the excellent state of preservation and exposure, information available on the target rock stratigraphy, post-impact erosion, and morphology of the structure is limited. Our combined field observations and remote sensing analysis demonstrate that Araguainha preserves all features of a shallowly eroded peak-ring crater. The interior of the structure exposes a central peak surrounded by a 5-km-wide annular basin and two main ring features 10-12 and 14-18 km from the center. Analysis of the pre-impact stratigraphy, present morphology, and crater dimensions indicates that excavation related to the transient cavity formation was extensive in the annular basin, but minimal to nonexistent beyond the inner ring feature. The formation of the inner ring feature can be reconciled with compressional stresses during outward collapse of the central uplift and inward slumping of the crater walls. Regional stratigraphic data combined with field observations indicate two periods of post-impact erosion associated with exhumation of the Paraná Basin. We estimate that 250-350 m of fallback deposits and target rocks have been removed by erosion. Erosion also accounted for removal of the proximal ejecta immediately outside the rim of the structure. In contrast to previous suggestions that the impact took place in a shallow-marine environment, our observations are more consistent with an extremely shallow, brackish to freshwater lacustrine environment, with little effect on the developing impact crater. © 2007 Geological Society of America.	Araguainha; Crater collapse; Impact craters; Paraná Basin; Peak ring	Impact craters; Intracratonic; Regional stratigraphic data; Environmental impact assessments; Erosion; Geomorphology; Remote sensing; Sediments; Stratigraphy; Tectonics; Structural geology; crater; ejecta; geometry; impact; lacustrine environment; morphology; remote sensing; stratigraphy; Araguainha Dome; Brazil; Parana Basin; South America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848819445	Environmental-impacts of urban road transportation in south-western states of Nigeria	Osuntogun B.A., Koku C.A.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	16	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Osuntogun, B.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Koku, C.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	A study of the impacts of urban road transportation on the ambient air and the health of residents of some heavily trafficked locations-eight in Lagos metropolis, four in Ibadan and four in Ado-Ekiti-were carried out. Also, two locations in Lagos, one in Ibadan and one in Ado-Ekiti were used as control. Air quality indicators namely carbon-monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total suspended particulates were estimated using automatic air monitors. The noise levels at these locations were also determined with a noise meter. The highest levels obtained for the air pollution indicators in Lagos were CO-232 ppm at Idumota; SO2-2.9 ppm at Idumota; NO2-1.5 ppm at Iyana-Ipaja bus stop; total suspended particulates 852 cpm at Oshodi bus stop. At Ibadan, the CO and SO2 levels at 271 and 1.4 ppm were, respectively highest at Mokola round about while NO2 at 1.0 ppm was highest at Bere round about. In Ado-Ekiti, the highest levels obtained were CO-317 at Oke Isha, NO2-0.6 ppm at Ijigbo junction and SO2-0.8 ppm at Old Garage junction. The recorded noise levels were 112.8 dB at Oshodi bus stop in Lagos, 120 dB at Iwo road in Ibadan and 115 dB at Old Garage junction, Ado-Ekiti. The blood samples of people at these high trafficked locations such as the commercial drivers, conductors, street traders and road traffic wardens were also analysed for lead content with a resultant high Pb concentration. Responses to interviews indicate that these people suffer from air pollution related diseases such as headaches, loss of vision, anaemia, forgetfulness and fatigue than those from the control locations. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Blood lead levels; Blood pressure; Gaseous air pollutants; Noise levels; Particulates; Urban transportation	Air pollutants; Air pollution indicators; Blood lead levels; Commercial drivers; Noise levels; Particulates; Quality indicators; Total suspended particulates; Air pollution control; Air quality; Blood pressure; Bus terminals; Disease control; Garages (parking); Lead; Sulfur dioxide; Urban transportation; Nitrogen oxides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848821622	Evaluation of a rapid screening test for rifampicin resistance in re-treatment tuberculosis patients in the Eastern Cape	Albert H., Trollip A.P., Seaman T., Abrahams C., Mole R.J., Jordaan A., Victor T., Hoosain E.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	9	None	Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Albert, H., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Cape Town, South Africa; Trollip, A.P., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Seaman, T., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Abrahams, C., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Mole, R.J., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Jordaan, A., Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Victor, T., Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Hoosain, E., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	Background and objectives. Patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) are at high risk of treatment failure. It is anticipated that early identification of MDR-TB and appropriate treatment will improve patient outcome and disease control. We evaluated the rapid detection of rifampicin resistance in previously treated TB patients, directly from acid-fast bacilli (AFB)-positive sputum using a phage-based test, FASTPlaque-Response (Biotec Laboratories Ltd, Ipswich, UK). The ability of rifampicin resistance to predict MDR-TB was also determined. Design. A prospective study was done comparing performance of the rapid phage test with conventional culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) in AFB-positive TB patients. Setting. Five primary health clinics and one TB referral centre in the Port Elizabeth Metropolitan area, Eastern Cape. Outcome measures. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of the phage test were determined compared with gold standard culture and DST. Discrepant results were resolved by molecular detection of mutations conferring rifampicin resistance. The proportion of rifampicin-resistant strains that were MDR was also determined. Results. Previously treated patients were at a high risk of MDR-TB (35.7%). Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of FASTPlaque-Response for rifampicin resistance determination were 95.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 91.0-99.8%), 97.2% (95% CI: 94.5-99.9%) and 96.5% (95% CI: 94.1-98.9%) respectively compared with conventional DST (unresolved), calculated for specimens that had both FASTPlaque-Response and conventional DST results available. FASTPlaque-Response results were available in 2 days instead of 28-85 days with conventional DST. However, only 70.6% of FASTPlaque-Response results were interpretable compared with 86.3% of conventional DST results. The majority (95.5%) of rifampicin-resistant strains were MDR-TB. Conclusions. Rapid detection of rifampicin resistance using FASTPlaque-Response could contribute to improved management of patients at risk of MDR-TB, such as previously treated patients. However, improvement in control of specimen-related contamination is needed to ensure that a higher proportion of FASTPlaque-Response results are interpretable. Where indicated, early modification of therapy could improve patient prognosis and reduce disease transmission.	None	isoniazid; rifampicin; acid fast bacterium; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterial strain; bacteriophage typing; bacterium culture; bacterium isolate; bacterium isolation; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; drug treatment failure; human; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; multicenter study; multidrug resistance; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; outcome assessment; prognosis; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; sputum analysis; tuberculosis control; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteriophage Typing; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Predictive Value of Tests; Retreatment; Rifampin; South Africa; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848846123	Evaluation of male anterior urethral strictures by ultrasonography compared with retrograde urethrography	Akano A.O.	2007	West African Journal of Medicine	26	2	None	Department of Radiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria	Akano, A.O., Department of Radiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria	Background: Abnormality of the male anterior urethra is common and is routinely assessed by contrast X-ray retrograde urethrogram (RUG). There is paucity of knowledge about the efficacy or findings at ultrasound of the anterior urethra in patients with urethral stricture in our setting. Objective: To compare the efficacy of ultrasound to that of RUG in male patients diagnosed as having urethral strictures. Method: In order to compare the efficacy of ultrasound to that of RUG thirteen male patients diagnosed as having urethral strictures were prospectively examined using high resolution sonourethrography (SUG) and X-ray retrograde urethrogram between June and November 2004. Results: The ages of the patients ranged from 32 to 66 years (with a mean of 49.8). All the 13 patients scanned showed abnormalities of the anterior urethra, 11(84.6%) of which had strictures. Ten out of the 11 strictures were detected on both sonourethrograpby and RUG. One patient who was negative on RUG showed a stricture only 2.3 mm thick on SUG. The urethral mucosa, thickness of the urethral wall at the stricture level and the lengths of the strictures were well assessed on sonourethrography SUG. Conclusion: Ultrasound is as efficacious as retrograde urethrogram in the assessment of the male anterior urethra in patients with urethral stricture and may be recommended in the evaluation of this disease, in view of its efficacy, non-invasiveness, ready-availability and lack of exposure to radiation. It may also serve as baseline for other similar studies in our environment.	Male urethra; Retrograde urethrography; Sonourethrograph; Stricture	adult; age distribution; aged; article; clinical article; clinical effectiveness; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; echography; human; image analysis; intermethod comparison; male; non invasive measurement; prospective study; ultrasound scanner; urethra stricture; urethrography; Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Male Urogenital Diseases; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Urethral Diseases; Urethral Stricture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848850433	Feed intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks fed diets containing varying levels of sorghum dried Brewers' grains	Adama T.Z., Ogunbajo S.A., Mambo M.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	8	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria	Adama, T.Z., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Ogunbajo, S.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Mambo, M., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria	Three hundred Dako broiler chicks of both sexes each having average initial weight of 86.4 g were randomly distributed into five treatments with two replicates each with 30 birds. Five iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric starter and finisher diets were formulated and fed for a period of four weeks at starter and finisher phases. Sorghum Dried Brewer's Grain (SDBG) was used at the levels of 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% to replace maize grain and groundnut cake (GNC) in the diets at both starter and finisher phases. Feed intake, growth performance of the birds as well as the digestibility coefficients and the gross margins of the diets were measured. Digestibility values were not significantly affected up to a level of 20% SDBG in the diet. Also, cost of feed/kg declined with increasing levels of SDBG. Gross margin was highest at SDBG level of 20%. It was concluded that SDBG inclusion at a level of 20% in broiler diets will reduce the cost of feed and increase profit margin. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Broiler diet; Feed intake; Growth performance; Nutrient digestibility	Arachis hypogaea; Aves; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848888657	Evaluation of egg production in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria	Haruna U., Jibril S.A., Kalla D.J.U., Suleiman H.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	8	None	School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; School of Management Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria	Haruna, U., School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Jibril, S.A., School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kalla, D.J.U., School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Suleiman, H., School of Management Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria	The study was conducted to evaluate small-scale egg production in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. Thirty five (35) poultry farms were purposively selected from the local government area. Structured questionnaire were used to collect data and analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting model and regression analysis. The results showed that 77.40% of the egg producers were females and 71.43% attended tertiary institutions. The returns per naira invested was found to be 1.35 and the operating ratio was 0.6 indicating the venture was profitable. Regression analysis revealed that the significant variables influencing egg production were feeds (P<0.01) and flock size (P<0.001). Avian diseases constituted the most predominant constraint (91.4%), followed by feed problems (68.6%). Farmers should be encouraged on modern poultry management systems with emphasis on disease prevention and feed formulation in order to improve the production of the enterprise. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Constraints; Cost; Egg; Evaluation; Returns	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848901110	Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy in the developing world	Vijayaraghavan A., Efrusy M.B., Mazonson P.D., Ebrahim O., Sanne I.M., Santas C.C.	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	46	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181342564	Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States; Brenthurst Clinic, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 15 Hillcrest Avenue, Larkspur, CA 94939, United States	Vijayaraghavan, A., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States, 15 Hillcrest Avenue, Larkspur, CA 94939, United States; Efrusy, M.B., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States; Mazonson, P.D., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States; Ebrahim, O., Brenthurst Clinic, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sanne, I.M., Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Santas, C.C., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States	OBJECTIVE: Determine the cost-effectiveness of initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developing countries according to developing world versus developed world guidelines. DESIGN: Lifetime Markov model incorporating costs, quality of life, survival, and transmission to sexual contacts. METHODS: We evaluated treating patients with HIV in South Africa according to World Health Organization (WHO) "3 by 5" guidelines (treat CD4 counts ≤200 cells/mm or patients with AIDS, and monitor CD4 cell counts every 6 months) versus modified WHO guidelines that incorporate the following key differences from developed world guidelines: treat CD4 counts ≤350 cells/mm or viral loads >100,000 copies/mL, and monitor CD4 cell counts and viral load every 3 months. RESULTS: Incorporating transmission to partners (excluding indirect costs), treating patients according to developed versus developing world guidelines increased costs by US $11,867 and increased life expectancy by 3.00 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), for an incremental cost-effectiveness of $3956 per QALY. Including indirect costs, over the duration of the model, there are net cost savings to the economy of $39.4 billion, with increased direct medical costs of $60.5 billion offset by indirect cost savings of $99.9 billion. CONCLUSIONS: Treating patients with HIV according to developed versus developing world guidelines is highly cost-effective and may result in substantial long-term savings. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Cost-effectiveness; Developing countries; Guidelines; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Transmission; Viral load	antiretrovirus agent; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; stavudine; tenofovir; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; cost; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; developing country; economic aspect; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; priority journal; probability; quality adjusted life year; quality of life; sexual transmission; sexuality; South Africa; survival; virus load; world health organization; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Developing Countries; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Markov Chains; Models, Economic; Monte Carlo Method; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; United States; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848910202	Predicting the impact of a partially effective HIV vaccine and subsequent risk behavior change on the heterosexual HIV epidemic in low- and middle-income countries: A South African example	Andersson K.M., Owens D.K., Vardas E., Gray G.E., McIntyre J.A., Paltiel A.D.	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	46	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31812506fd	Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States	Andersson, K.M., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Owens, D.K., Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Vardas, E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gray, G.E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States	We developed a mathematical model to simulate the impact of various partially effective preventive HIV vaccination scenarios in a population at high risk for heterosexually transmitted HIV. We considered an adult population defined by gender (male/female), disease stage (HIV-negative, HIV-positive, AIDS, and death), and vaccination status (unvaccinated/vaccinated) in Soweto, South Africa. Input data included initial HIV prevalence of 20% (women) and 12% (men), vaccination coverage of 75%, and exclusive male negotiation of condom use. We explored how changes in vaccine efficacy and postvaccination condom use would affect HIV prevalence and total HIV infections prevented over a 10-year period. In the base-case scenario, a 40% effective HIV vaccine would avert 61,000 infections and reduce future HIV prevalence from 20% to 13%. A 25% increase (or decrease) in condom use among vaccinated individuals would instead avert 75,000 (or only 46,000) infections and reduce the HIV prevalence to 12% (or only 15%). Furthermore, certain combinations of increased risk behavior and vaccines with <43% efficacy could worsen the epidemic. Even modestly effective HIV vaccines can confer enormous benefits in terms of HIV infections averted and decreased HIV prevalence. However, programs to reduce risk behavior may be important components of successful vaccination campaigns. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Africa; AIDS vaccines; Condoms; Heterosexual transmission; Mathematical models; Models/projections; Sexual behavior	Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; behavior change; condom; death; drug efficacy; female; gender; heterosexuality; high risk population; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; major clinical study; male; mathematical model; prevalence; priority journal; risk; South Africa; vaccination; AIDS Vaccines; Computer Simulation; Condoms; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Unsafe Sex	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34948812581	Chemical and biogenophysical impact of four-dimensional (4D) seismic exploration in sub-Saharan Africa, and restoration of dysfunctionalized mangrove forests in the prospect areas	Osuji L.C., Ayolagha G., Obute G.C., Ohabuike H.C.	2007	Chemistry and Biodiversity	4	9	10.1002/cbdv.200790172	Petroleum and Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Ha	Osuji, L.C., Petroleum and Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ayolagha, G., Department of Soil Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Obute, G.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ohabuike, H.C., EPG-PN-TTSP, Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Four-dimensional (4D) seismic exploration, an improved geophysical technique for hydrocarbon-data acquisition, was applied for the first time in the Nembe Creek prospect area of Nigeria. The affected soils were slightly alkaline in situ when wet (pH 7.2), but extremely acidic when dry (pH 3.0). The organic carbon content (4.6-26.8%) and other physicochemical properties of soils and water (N, P, and heavy-metal contents, etc.) were higher than the baseline values obtained in 2001 before seismic profiling. Most values also exceeded the baseline compliance standards of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). Rehabilitation of the affected areas was achieved by stabilizing the mangrove floor by liming and appropriate application of nutrients, followed by replanting the cut seismic lines over a distance of 1,372 km with different mangrove species, including juvenile Rhizophora racemosa, R. mangle, and Avicennia species, which were transferred from nursery points. Quicker post-operational intervention is recommended for future 4D surveys, because the time lag between the end of seismic activity and post-impact investigation is critical in determining the relationship between activity and impact: the longer the intervening period, the more mooted the interaction. © 2007 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.	None	heavy metal; hydrocarbon; organic carbon; water; petroleum; article; Avicennia; biogeography; chemical analysis; controlled study; ecosystem regeneration; environmental protection; mangrove; Nigeria; nutrient; petrochemical industry; pH; physical chemistry; Rhizophora mangle; Rhizophora racemosa; soil pollution; water contamination; world health organization; methodology; Rhizophoraceae; soil; tree; Avicennia; Rhizophora racemosa; Conservation of Natural Resources; Hydrocarbons; Metals, Heavy; Nigeria; Petroleum; Rhizophoraceae; Soil; Trees	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34948840889	Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention on women's empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa	Kim J.C., Watts C.H., Hargreaves J.R., Ndhlovu L.X., Phetla G., Morison L.A., Busza J., Porter J.D.H., Pronyk P.	2007	American Journal of Public Health	97	10	10.2105/AJPH.2006.095521	Rural AIDS and Development Action Research Programme, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Acornhoek, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; RADAR, PO Box 2, Acornhoek, 1360, South Africa	Kim, J.C., Rural AIDS and Development Action Research Programme, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Acornhoek, South Africa, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, RADAR, PO Box 2, Acornhoek, 1360, South Africa; Watts, C.H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hargreaves, J.R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ndhlovu, L.X., Rural AIDS and Development Action Research Programme, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Acornhoek, South Africa; Phetla, G., Rural AIDS and Development Action Research Programme, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Acornhoek, South Africa; Morison, L.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Busza, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Porter, J.D.H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Pronyk, P., Rural AIDS and Development Action Research Programme, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Acornhoek, South Africa, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objectives. We sought to obtain evidence about the scope of women's empowerment and the mechanisms underlying the significant reduction in intimate partner violence documented by the Intervention With Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa. Methods. The IMAGE intervention combined a microfinance program with participatory training on understanding HIV infection, gender norms, domestic violence, and sexuality. Outcome measures included past year's experience of intimate partner violence and 9 indicators of women's empowerment. Qualitative data about changes occurring within intimate relationships, loan groups, and the community were also collected. Results. After 2 years, the risk of past-year physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner was reduced by more than half (adjusted risk ratio=0.45; 95% confidence interval=0.23, 0.91). Improvements in all 9 indicators of empowerment were observed. Reductions in violence resulted from a range of responses enabling women to challenge the acceptability of violence, expect and receive better treatment from partners, leave abusive relationships, and raise public awareness about intimate partner violence. Conclusions. Our findings, both qualitative and quantitative, indicate that economic and social empowerment of women can contribute to reductions in intimate partner violence.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; controlled study; empowerment; female; financial management; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; partner violence; rural area; sexual abuse; sexuality; South Africa; wellbeing; women's health; adolescent; adult; aged; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; domestic violence; economics; male; middle aged; organization; organization and management; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; rural population; women's rights; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Domestic Violence; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organizational Objectives; Rural Population; South Africa; Women's Rights	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34948858900	Evaluation of the three-stage BCR (European community bureau of reference) sequential extraction procedure to assess the potential mobility and toxicity of heavy metals in roadside soils	Yusuf K.A.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	49	3	None	Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, PMB 1087, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria	Yusuf, K.A., Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, PMB 1087, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria	The geochemical properties of roadside soils, specifically the association of metals with operationally defined solid fractions, were characterised. The new optimised four-step (acid extractable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) sequential extraction procedure was applied to five roadside soils from an urban city, Lagos, Nigeria. Three elements were examined (Pb, Cu and Zn) in the < 250-μm fraction. Data so obtained indicated that more than 50% of the metals were associated with the residual fraction, reflecting lithogenic-pedogenic control. Zinc had one-sixth of its quantity in the most mobile and/or bioavailable fraction, which is susceptible to release into solution with the decrease in pH. The amount of lead associated with the reducible fraction was significant, while an appreciable amount of copper was associated with oxidizable fraction (19%).	Heavy metals; Metal mobility; Metal toxicity; Roadside soils; Sequential extraction	copper; lead; mobility; roadside environment; soil analysis; soil chemistry; toxicity; urban region; zinc; Africa; Lagos [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34948867279	Source rock evaluation of coals from the lower Maastrichtian Mamu Formation, SE Nigeria	Akande S.O., Ogunmoyero I.B., Petersen H.I., Nytoft H.P.	2007	Journal of Petroleum Geology	30	4	10.1111/j.1747-5457.2007.00303.x	Department of Geology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark	Akande, S.O., Department of Geology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ogunmoyero, I.B., Department of Geology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Petersen, H.I., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Nytoft, H.P., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark	The Lower Maastrichtian Mamu Formation in the Anambra Basin (SE Nigeria) consists of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. Sub-bituminous coals within this formation are distributed in a north-south trending belt from Enugu-Onyeama to Okaba in the north of the basin. Maceral analyses showed that the coals are dominated by huminite with lesser amounts of liptinite and inertinite. Despite high liptinite contents in parts of the coals, an HI versus Tmax diagram and atomic H/C ratios of 0.80-0.90 and O/C ratios of 0.11-0.17 classify the organic matter in the coals as Type III kerogen. Vitrinite reflectance values (%Rr) of 0.44 to 0.6 and Tmax values between 417 and 429°C indicate that the coals are thermally immature to marginally mature with respect to petroleum generation. Hydrogen Index (HI) values for the studied samples range from 203 to 266 mg HC/g TOC and S1 + S2 yields range from 141.12 to 199.28 mg HC/g rock, suggesting that the coals have gas and oil-generating potential. Ruthenium tetroxide catalyzed oxidation (RTCO) of two coal samples confirms the oil-generating potential as the coal matrix contains a considerable proportion of long-chain aliphatics in the range C19-35. Stepwise artificial maturation by hydrous pyrolysis from 270°C to 345°C of two coal samples (from Onyeama, HI = 247 mg HC/g TOC; and Owukpa, HI = 206 mg HC/g TOC) indicate a significant increase in the S 1 yields and Production Index with a corresponding decrease in HI during maturation. The Bitumen Index (BI) also increases, but for the Owukpa coal it appears to stabilize at a T max of 452-454°C, while for the Onyeama coal it decreases at a Tmax of 453°C. The decrease in BI suggests efficient oil expulsion at an approximate vitrinite reflectance of ∼I%Rr. The stabilization/ decrease in BI is contemporaneous with a significant change in the composition of the asphaltene-free coal extracts, which pass from a dominance of polar compounds (∼77-84%) to an increasing proportion of saturated hydrocarbons, which at &gt;330°C constitute around 30% of the extract composition. Also, the n-alkanes change from a bimodal to light-end skewed distribution corresponding to early mature to mature terrestrially sourced oil. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the coals in the Mamu Formation have the capability to generate and expel liquid hydrocarbons given sufficient maturity, and may have generated a currently unknown volume of liquid hydrocarbons and gases as part of an active Cretaceous petroleum system. © 2007 Scientific Press Ltd.	Anambra Basin; Cretaceous; Mamu Formation; Oil generation; SE Nigeria; Source rock; Sub-bituminous coals	Carbonaceous shale; Catalytic oxidation; Oil bearing formations; Pyrolysis; Silt; Long-chain aliphatic; Maceral analysis; Petroleum generation; Ruthenium tetroxide catalyzed oxidation; Stepwise artifical maturation; Coal; hydrocarbon generation; Maastrichtian; source rock; subbituminous coal; thermal maturity; vitrinite reflectance; Africa; Anambra Basin; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34948881107	Managing the hydrological impacts of South African plantation forests: An overview	Dye P., Versfeld D.	2007	Forest Ecology and Management	251	42371	10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.013	Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Agrometeorology, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; 42 Jordaan Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa	Dye, P., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Agrometeorology, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Versfeld, D., 42 Jordaan Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa	South Africa is poorly endowed with natural forests, and is heavily dependent on plantations of exotic forestry species to meet its timber needs. The first forest plantations of exotic trees were established in South Africa in 1875. Since then, there has been a steady growth in the total area of forest plantation, culminating in the approximately 1.5 million hectares that are today spread over the higher-rainfall eastern and southern regions of the country. Concerns over the effects of these forest plantations on streamflows and catchment water yields arose as far back as 1915, and were thoroughly debated during the Empire Forestry Conference that took place in South Africa in 1935. A decision taken at this conference led to the establishment of a network of long-term paired catchment experiments in various catchments located in the major forestry areas of South Africa. Since the mid 1980s, these experiments have been supplemented by a wide variety of process studies, where transpiration or evapotranspiration in particular have been directly measured above forest, grassland and other vegetation types, using heat pulse and micrometeorological techniques. Information from all these studies has been used to calibrate catchment hydrological models that have provided estimates of the hydrological impacts of forest plantations in all quaternary catchments in which some degree of afforestation has taken place. Outputs from such studies have been simplified and tabulated to permit planning authorities to predict the likely hydrological impacts of afforestation in any given catchment, and to limit the spread of further afforestation in catchments where available water resources are fully or over-committed. This paper reviews the present South African forest water use situation, and in particular the attitude towards new afforestation, outlining the requirements of the National Water Act that was passed in 1998. Recent efforts to implement an integrated water resource management system that meets the requirements of this Act are described, as are the new institutional arrangements in the process of being implemented. The concept of streamflow reduction activities is presented, and the process by which the national Department of Water Affairs and Forestry currently regulates plantation forestry in the context of all forms of land and water use, is described. Additional aspects of the new system, such as the protection of an ecological reserve (to maintain aquatic systems and ensure supply for basic human needs), water pricing and trading, Compulsory Licensing and the need for equity in the allocation of water resources are highlighted, as well as some of the difficulties hindering implementation efforts. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Forest plantations; Hydrological impacts; Legislation; Licensing; South Africa	Catchments; Ecology; South Africa; Timber; Vegetation; Water resources; Forest plantations; Hydrological impacts; Forestry; afforestation; evapotranspiration; forested catchment; hydrological modeling; hydrological response; legislation; plantation; rainfall; streamflow; vegetation type; water use; water yield; Forests; Plantations; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34948902242	Brand management and strategic performance: Some evidence from South Africa	Berthon J.-P., Opoku R.A., Pitt L.F., Nel D.	2007	Journal of African Business	8	2	10.1300/J156v08n02_03	Industrial Marketing and e-Commerce Research Group, Division of Business Administration and Management, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden; Department of Marketing, Segal School of Business, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6C 1W6, Canada; Department of Marketing, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Berthon, J.-P., Industrial Marketing and e-Commerce Research Group, Division of Business Administration and Management, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden; Opoku, R.A., Industrial Marketing and e-Commerce Research Group, Division of Business Administration and Management, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden; Pitt, L.F., Department of Marketing, Segal School of Business, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6C 1W6, Canada; Nel, D., Department of Marketing, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	This article reports on a study using a previously published checklist to assess the brand management practices of South African firms. Indications are that the perceptions of a sample of senior managers regarding how well their institutions manage their brands are reasonably positive, and that the management of brands has effects on a firm's profitability, market share and growth compared to competitors. While the checklist used seems to possess the characteristic of reliability, further development needs to be done on aspects of its underlying structure. Implications for managers and further avenues for research are identified and discussed. © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Brand management; South Africa; Strategic performance	competitiveness; corporate strategy; industrial practice; performance assessment; profitability; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35048841735	Reconfiguration and load balancing in the LV and MV distribution networks for optimal performance	Siti M.W., Nicolae D.V., Jimoh A.A., Ukil A.	2007	IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery	22	4	10.1109/TPWRD.2007.905581	Electrical Engineering Department, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0116, South Africa	Siti, M.W., Electrical Engineering Department, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0116, South Africa; Nicolae, D.V., Electrical Engineering Department, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0116, South Africa; Jimoh, A.A., Electrical Engineering Department, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0116, South Africa; Ukil, A., Electrical Engineering Department, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0116, South Africa	To get the distribution network to operate at its optimum performance in an automated distribution system reconfiguration was been proposed and researched. Considering, however, that optimum performance implies minimum loss, no overloading of transformers and cables, correct voltage profile, and absence of phase voltage and current imbalances, network reconfiguration alone is insufficient. It has to be complemented with techniques for phase rearrangement between the distribution transformer banks and the specific primary feeder with a radial structure and dynamic phase and load balancing along a feeder with a radial structure. This paper contributes such a technique at the low-voltage and medium-voltage levels of a distribution network simultaneously with reconfiguration at both levels. While the neural network is adopted for the network reconfiguration problem, this paper introduces a heuristic method for the phase balancing/loss minimization problem. A comparison of the heuristic algorithm with that of the neural network shows the former to be more robust. The approach proposed here, therefore for the combined problem, uses the neural network in conjunction with a heuristic method which enables different reconfiguration switches to be turned on/off and connected consumers to be switched between different phases to keep the phases balanced. An application example of the proposed method using real data is presented. © 2007 IEEE.	Distribution automation; Distribution control; Heuristic algorithm; Load balancing; Load control; Neural nets; Neural network; Optimal control; Performance evaluation; Phase arrangement; Phase current imbalance; Phase voltage imbalance; Power loss; Reconf	Electric loads; Electric switches; Heuristic algorithms; Heuristic methods; Neural networks; Optimization; Resource allocation; Distribution automation; Phase arrangement; Power loss; Electric power distribution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35048879608	Experience of mental disorder in the context of basic service reforms: The impact on caregiving environments in South Africa	Breen A., Swartz L., Flisher A.J., Joska J.A., Corrigall J., Plaatjies L., McDonald D.A.	2007	International Journal of Environmental Health Research	17	5	10.1080/09603120701628388	Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Lentegeur Hospital, Mitchell's Plain, South Africa; Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada; Municipal Services Project, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Breen, A., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Swartz, L., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa, Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Flisher, A.J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Joska, J.A., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Lentegeur Hospital, Mitchell's Plain, South Africa; Corrigall, J.; Plaatjies, L., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, ; McDonald, D.A., Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada, Municipal Services Project, Canada	The integration of mental health services into primary health care and the shift towards community- and family-based care for chronic mental disorders has been associated with increased burden on households. At the same time, research investigating the impact of policies of cost recovery for basic services such as water and electricity has also indicated an increased burden on households. This study aimed to investigate the impact of these basic service reforms on households caring for a family member with a chronic mental disorder in Cape Town, South Africa. The findings indicate that factors associated with service reforms may increase the stress and burden experienced by households and in turn impact on the primary environment in which care is received. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.	Global service reforms; Household burden; Mental disorders; Mental health care	health care; health services; mental health; article; caregiver; economic aspect; household; human; income; lowest income group; mental disease; mental health service; primary health care; South Africa; Caregivers; Chronic Disease; Community Mental Health Services; Cost of Illness; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Health Care Reform; Home Nursing; Humans; Mental Disorders; Primary Health Care; Social Conditions; South Africa; Africa; Cape Town; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35148813105	Of pacts, trickster ethos, and impact: A reading of Ahmadou Kourouma's les Soleils des indpendances	Asaah A.H.	2007	Journal of Black Studies	38	2	10.1177/0021934705285568	University of Ghana, Ghana	Asaah, A.H., University of Ghana, Ghana	The article seeks to use the pact factor to interpret Kourouma's ground-breaking novel, Les Soleils des indpendances. The sinister figure of the predatory trickster is discernible in the profiles of the crafty man of religion and the wily dictator, both using myths of legitimization to enhance the success of their pacts with others. A pattern of deceit can also be observed in various societal compacts. In the author's use of language, storytelling techniques, and rapport with the reader, however, he arrives at a happy mean between conflicting exigencies. © 2007 Sage Publications.	Impact; Kourouma; Pact; Politician; Reader; Trickster	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35148833686	Impact of hair relaxers in women in Nakuru, Kenya	Etemesi B.A.	2007	International Journal of Dermatology	46	SUPPL. 1	10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03458.x	Nakuru Provincial Hospital, PO Box 71, 20100 Nakuru, Kenya	Etemesi, B.A., Nakuru Provincial Hospital, PO Box 71, 20100 Nakuru, Kenya	Background: The practice of relaxing hair is intended to straighten it, so that it is easy to manage and style, and the result is aesthetically pleasing. We studied the impact of using hair relaxers in women in Nakuru, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between February and March 2006. The subjects were women and girls aged 15 years and above, living in Nakuru district, Kenya, who had been or were currently using hair relaxers and were willing to participate. Sampling was by the snowball method and data collection by questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Epi-info 2000. Results: Two hundred and forty-two women were recruited into the study. The age range was 15-51 years, with a median of 32 years. The main reasons given for relaxing hair were that it made hair easy to manage and looked "beautiful". One hundred and thirty-four women (67%) had problems with the relaxers used (at least once), 75% of whom decided to stop. Half of those who stopped resumed the use of relaxers almost immediately or after a period of time. The problems encountered included hair loss, burns to the scalp, and color change. Surprisingly fake/counterfeit products were not implicated as a cause of the problems experienced, although they are known to be on the market. Conclusion: Despite the problems encountered, a significant number of Kenyan women in this region have used and continue to use relaxers. © 2007 The AuthorJournal compilation © 2007 The International Society of Dermatology.	None	cosmetic; adolescent; adult; article; attitude; burn; esthetics; female; hair discoloration; hair loss; health survey; human; Kenya; lifestyle; major clinical study; scalp hair; women's health; Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Alopecia; Burns, Chemical; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hair; Hair Color; Hair Preparations; Humans; Kenya; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Scalp Dermatoses	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35148850067	Population dynamics in a long-lived seabird: I. Impact of breeding activity on survival and breeding probability in unbanded king penguins	Bohec C.L., Gauthier-Clerc M., Grémillet D., Pradel R., Béchet A., Gendner J.-P., Maho Y.L.	2007	Journal of Animal Ecology	76	6	10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01268.x	Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France; Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Montpellier, France; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France	Bohec, C.L., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France; Gauthier-Clerc, M., Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Grémillet, D., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Pradel, R., Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Montpellier, France; Béchet, A., Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Gendner, J.-P., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France; Maho, Y.L., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France	1. Understanding the trade-off between current reproductive effort, future survival and future breeding attempts is crucial for demographic analyses and life history studies. 2. We investigated this trade-off in a population of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) marked individually with transponders using multistate capture-recapture models. 3. This colonial seabird species has a low annual proportion of non-breeders (13%), despite a breeding cycle which lasts over 1 year. To draw inferences about the consequences of non-breeding, we tested for an effect of reproductive activity on survival and on the probability of subsequent breeding. 4. We found that birds non-breeding in year t show the same survival rate as breeders (two-states analysis: breeding and non-breeding). However, breeders had a lower probability of breeding again the following year. This negative phenotypic correlation suggests the existence of reproductive costs affecting future breeding probability, but it might also be strengthened by late arrival for courtship in year t. 5. A three-state analysis including breeding success revealed that failed breeders in year t have a lower probability to reproduce successfully in year t + 1 than non-breeders in year t, providing some evidence for the existence of reproductive costs. Moreover, successful breeders showed higher survival probability. This positive phenotypic correlation between current reproduction and subsequent survival supports the hypothesis of an heterogeneity in individual quality. 6. Males breeding in year t had a lower probability to breed again in year t + 1 than females, suggesting higher reproductive costs for this sex. Such additional costs might be due to higher male parental investment in the final phase of chick-rearing, which also delays the arrival of males in year t + 1, and decreases their breeding probability. 7. Our study is the first to explore the breeding biology and the demography of penguins without the disturbance of flipper-bands. © 2007 The Authors.	Heterogeneity hypothesis; Intermittent breeding; Multistate mark-recapture models; Prudent parent hypothesis; Transponder tags	demographic survey; heterogeneity; mark-recapture method; population dynamics; reproductive biology; reproductive cost; reproductive cycle; reproductive effort; reproductive success; seabird; survival; tagging; trade-off; animal; Antarctica; article; breeding; female; male; methodology; mortality; penguin; physiology; population dynamics; probability; reproduction; sexual development; survival; time; Animals; Antarctic Regions; Breeding; Female; Male; Mortality; Population Dynamics; Probability; Reproduction; Sex Characteristics; Spheniscidae; Survival; Time Factors; Aptenodytes patagonicus; Aves; Spheniscidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35148889396	Parameters and computer software for the evaluation of mass attenuation and mass energy-absorption coefficients for body tissues and substitutes	Okunade A.	2007	Journal of Medical Physics	32	3	None	Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, 220005, ILE-IFE Osun State, Nigeria	Okunade, A., Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, 220005, ILE-IFE Osun State, Nigeria	The mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients (radiation interaction data), which are widely used in the shielding and dosimetry of X-rays used for medical diagnostic and orthovoltage therapeutic procedures, are strongly dependent on the energy of photons, elements and percentage by weight of elements in body tissues and substitutes. Significant disparities exist in the values of percentage by weight of elements reported in literature for body tissues and substitutes for individuals of different ages, genders and states of health. Often, interested parties are in need of these radiation interaction data for body tissues or substitutes with percentage by weight of elements and intermediate energies that are not tabulated in literature. To provide for the use of more precise values of these radiation interaction data, parameters and computer programs, MUA_T and MUEN_T are presented for the computation of mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients for body tissues and substitutes of arbitrary percentage-by-weight elemental composition and photon energy ranging between 1 keV (or k-edge) and 400 keV. Results are presented, which show that the values of mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients obtained from computer programs are in good agreement with those reported in literature.	Body tissues and substitutes; Mass attenuation coefficient; Mass energy-absorption coefficient	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348816672	The role of educational strategies to reverse the inverse performance spiral in academically-isolated rural hospitals	Marais B.J., De Villiers M., Kruger J., Conradie H., Jenkins L., Reuter H.	2007	South African Family Practice	49	7	None	Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care; Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Worcester Hospital, Worcester, South Africa; George Hospital, George, South Africa	Marais, B.J., Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; De Villiers, M., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Kruger, J., Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Conradie, H., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Worcester Hospital, Worcester, South Africa; Jenkins, L., George Hospital, George, South Africa; Reuter, H., Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	The importance of continuous professional development for health care workers is widely acknowledged, but the identification of optimal implementation strategies remains a challenge, particularly in academically isolated rural areas. We report the results of a qualitative study that evaluated the effect of an educational intervention aimed at rural doctors in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. We also present a conceptual framework for developing best practice educational strategies to reverse the inverse performance spiral in academically isolated rural hospitals. Doctors felt that participation in relevant learning activities improved their competence, increased the levels of job satisfaction they experienced, increased their willingness to stay in a rural environment, and impacted positively on the quality of services provided. However, the success of educational strategies is heavily dependant on the local environment (context), as well as the practical applicability and clinical relevance of the activities (process). Successful educational strategies may help to reverse the inverse performance spiral previously described in academically isolated rural hospitals, however, this requires effective local leadership that creates a positive learning environment and supports clinically relevant learning activities. The study findings also indicate the need for health care providers and institutions of higher education to join forces to improve the quality of rural health care.	None	article; clinical competence; continuing education; health care personnel; health care quality; health service; hospital; human; job performance; job satisfaction; medical education; physician; rural area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348871884	Evaluation of weigh-in-motion accuracy by simulation	Slavik M.	2007	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	49	3	None	BKS, South Africa; BKS (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 3173, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Slavik, M., BKS, South Africa, BKS (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 3173, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	A method for the evaluation of accuracy of weigh-in-motion (WIM) scales based on Monte Carlo simulation Is proposed. The objective of the method is to assist with decision on acceptance of the tested WIM scale as sufficiently accurate, or its rejection. Conceptually, the method considers a 'nebula' of possible populations that could supply the observed sample of n weighing errors. Excessive WIM weighing error is defined as an error falling outside a specified acceptance region. The percentage of excessive errors, Q, is then determined in each of the above populations. The distribution of Q Is constructed and the probability of Q exceeding a tolerable limit Qcrit is determined from this distribution. Verdict on acceptance or rejection is formulated in terms of the above probability and displayed graphically. Also graphically displayed are risks of wrong acceptance and wrong rejection. This allows the user to make decisions with a full view of consequences. The method is simple to use and its applications Indicate that, when using conventional WIM-accuracy testing procedures, one may under-estimate the risk of wrong decision. The objective of the paper is to Introduce and explain the principle of a method for correct evaluation of accuracy of weigh-in-motion scales. The purpose of the method is to assist with decisions on acceptance of the tested scale as sufficiently accurate, or its rejection.	Risk of wrong acceptance or rejection; Simulation; Weighing error; WIM accuracy	Weighing error; WIM accuracy; Computer simulation; Decision making; Monte Carlo methods; Probability; Risk analysis; Building codes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348879830	Large-scale human immunodeficiency virus rapid test evaluation in a low-prevalence ugandan blood bank population	Eller L.A., Eller M.A., Ouma B.J., Kataaha P., Bagaya B.S., Olemukan R.L., Erima S., Kawala L., De Souza M.S., Kibuuka H., Wabwire-Mangen F., Peel S.A., O'Connell R.J., Robb M.L., Michael N.L.	2007	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	45	10	10.1128/JCM.00894-07	Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; U.S. Military Human Immunodeficiency Virus Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Makerere University, Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Building, A-10, Old Mulago Hill Rd., Kampala, Uganda	Eller, L.A., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda, U.S. Military Human Immunodeficiency Virus Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Makerere University, Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Building, A-10, Old Mulago Hill Rd., Kampala, Uganda; Eller, M.A., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda, U.S. Military Human Immunodeficiency Virus Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Ouma, B.J., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Kataaha, P., Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda; Bagaya, B.S., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Olemukan, R.L., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Erima, S., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Kawala, L., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; De Souza, M.S., U.S. Military Human Immunodeficiency Virus Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Kibuuka, H., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Peel, S.A., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; O'Connell, R.J., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Robb, M.L., Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Michael, N.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States	The use of rapid tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become standard in HIV testing algorithms employed in resource-limited settings. We report an extensive HIV rapid test validation study conducted among Ugandan blood bank donors at low risk for HIV infection. The operational characteristics of four readily available commercial HIV rapid test kits were first determined with 940 donor samples and were used to select a serial testing algorithm. Uni-Gold Recombigen HIV was used as the screening test, followed by HIV-1/2 STAT-PAK for reactive samples. OraQuick HIV-I testing was performed if the first two test results were discordant. This algorithm was then tested with 5,252 blood donor samples, and the results were compared to those of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and Western blotting. The unadjusted algorithm sensitivity and specificity were 98.6 and 99.9%, respectively. The adjusted sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 99.96%, respectively. This HIV testing algorithm is a suitable alternative to EIAs and Western blotting for Ugandan blood donors. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	algorithm; article; blood bank; blood donor; device; enzyme immunoassay; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; infection risk; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; prevalence; priority journal; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; validation study; virus detection; Western blotting; Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Blood Banks; Blood Donors; False Positive Reactions; Female; HIV; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348913706	Parasitological impact of 2-year preventive chemotherapy on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda	Zhang Y., Koukounari A., Kabatereine N., Fleming F., Kazibwe F., Tukahebwa E., Stothard J.R., Webster J.P., Fenwick A.	2007	BMC Medicine	5	None	10.1186/1741-7015-5-27	Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom	Zhang, Y., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Koukounari, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Kabatereine, N., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Fleming, F., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Kazibwe, F., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Tukahebwa, E., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Stothard, J.R., Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; Webster, J.P., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) are among the neglected tropical diseases in Africa. A national control program for these diseases was initiated in Uganda during March 2003. Annual treatment with praziquantel and albendazole was given to schoolchildren in endemic areas and to adults in selected communities where local prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni in schoolchildren was high. Methods: The impact of the treatment program was monitored through cohorts of schoolchildren and adults. Their infection status with S. mansoni and STH was determined by parasitological examinations at baseline and at annual follow-ups. The prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni and STH before and after treatment were analyzed. Results: Two rounds of treatment significantly reduced the prevalence of S. mansoni infection in schoolchildren across three regions in the country from 33.4-49.3% to 9.7-29.6%, and intensity of infection from 105.7-386.8 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) to 11.6-84.1 epg. The prevalence of hookworm infection was reduced from 41.2-57.9% to 5.5-16.1%, and intensity of infection from 186.9-416.8 epg to 3.7-36.9 epg. The proportion of children with heavy S. mansoni infection was significantly reduced from 15% (95% CI 13.4-16.8%) to 2.3% (95% CI 1.6-3.0%). In adults, significant reduction in the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni and hookworm infections was also observed. More importantly, the prevalence and intensity of both S. mansoni and hookworm infections in the cohorts of newly-recruited 6-year-olds who had never previously received treatment decreased significantly over 2 years: 34.9% (95% CI 31.9-37.8%) to 22.6% (95% CI 19.9-25.2%) and 171.1 epg (95% CI 141.5-200.7) to 72.0 epg (95% CI 50.9-93.1) for S. mansoni; and 48.4% (95% CI 45.4-51.5) to 15.9% (95% CI 13.6-18.2) and 232.7 epg (95% CI 188.4-276.9) to 51.4 epg (95% CI 33.4-69.5) for hookworms, suggesting a general decline in environmental transmission levels. Conclusion: Annual anthelminthic treatment delivered to schoolchildren and to adults at high risk in Uganda can significantly reduce the prevalence and intensity of infection for schistosomiasis and STH, and potentially also significantly reduce levels of environmental transmission of infection. © 2007 Zhang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albendazole; praziquantel; antineoplastic agent; adult; article; ascariasis; Ascaris lumbricoides; child; cohort analysis; confidence interval; controlled study; endemic disease; female; follow up; helminthiasis; high risk population; hookworm infection; human; infection prevention; infection risk; major clinical study; male; parasite control; parasite prevalence; parasite transmission; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; treatment duration; trichuriasis; Trichuris; Uganda; animal; comparative study; disease transmission; helminthiasis; parasitology; Schistosoma mansoni; soil; Uganda; Adult; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Helminthiasis; Humans; Male; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Soil; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348933379	Hyperoxia improves 20 km cycling time trial performance by increasing muscle activation levels while perceived exertion stays the same	Tucker R., Kayser B., Rae E., Rauch L., Bosch A., Noakes T.	2007	European Journal of Applied Physiology	101	6	10.1007/s00421-007-0458-z	Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland	Tucker, R., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Kayser, B., Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Rae, E., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Rauch, L., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Bosch, A., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Noakes, T., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	Increasing inspiratory oxygen tension improves exercise performance. We tested the hypothesis that this is partly due to changes in muscle activation levels while perception of exertion remains unaltered. Eleven male subjects performed two 20-km cycling time-trials, one in hyperoxia (HI, FiO2 40%) and one in normoxia (NORM, FiO2 21%). Every 2 km we measured power output, heart rate, blood lactate, integrated vastus lateralis EMG activity (iEMG) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Performance was improved on average by 5% in HI compared to NORM (P &lt; 0.01). Changes in heart rate, plasma lactate concentration and RPE during the trials were similar. For the majority of the time-trials, power output was maintained in HI, but decreased progressively in NORM (P &lt; 0.01) while it increased in both trials for the last kilometre (P &lt; 0.0001). iEMG was proportional to power output and was significantly greater in HI than in NORM. iEMG activity increased significantly in the final kilometer of both trials (P &lt; 0.001). This suggests that improved exercise performance in hyperoxia may be the result of increased muscle activation leading to greater power outputs. The finding of identical RPE, lactate and heart rate in both trials suggests that pacing strategies are altered to keep the actual and perceived exercise stress at a similar level between conditions. We suggest that a complex, intelligent system regulates exercise performance through the control of muscle activation levels in an integrative manner under conditions of normoxia and hyperoxia. © Springer-Verlag 2007.	Exercise; Fatigue; Hyperoxia; Pacing strategy	lactic acid; adult; article; athlete; controlled study; cycling; electromyogram; heart rate; human; human experiment; hyperoxia; hypothesis; lactate blood level; male; muscle contraction; muscle strength; normal human; physical performance; priority journal; statistical significance; vastus lateralis muscle; Adult; Athletic Performance; Bicycling; Biomechanics; Electromyography; Exertion; Heart Rate; Humans; Hyperoxia; Lactic Acid; Male; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen; Perception	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348945847	Performance synergies between low-temperature and high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch diesel blends	Lamprecht D., Dancuart L.P., Harrilall K.	2007	Energy and Fuels	21	5	10.1021/ef0701283	Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Sasol Technology (Pty.) Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Sasol Technology Fuels Research, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	Lamprecht, D., Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Dancuart, L.P., Sasol Technology (Pty.) Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Harrilall, K., Sasol Technology Fuels Research, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	The highly paraffinic related fuel properties such as high H:C ratio, high cetane number, and low density together with the virtually zero-sulfur and very low aromatics content of low-temperature Fischer - Tropsch (LTFT) derived synthetic diesel contribute to its clean combustion performance. The low density and low aromatic content however results in LTFT diesel having a lower volumetric heating value than conventional diesel and elastomer compatibility concerns where the diesel is to be used in a mixed fuel scenario. Blending LTFIF diesel with another synthetic derived fuel with similar, good fuel properties, but which contains monoaromatics, such as the coal derived high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFF) diesel, could unlock potential performance synergies in the fuel properties of such blends. The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel blends have an ultralow sulfur content, high cetane number, and good cold flow properties and are stable under specified storage and oxidizing conditions. With the presence of about 25% mono-aromatics in HTFT diesel, the shrinking nature of swollen elastomer seals typically found in diesel fuel injection systems is less when exposed to the FT blend than when exposed to neat LTFT diesel. The HTFT diesel improves the volumetric heating value and fuel economy of the LTFT diesel in such an FF blend with comparable particular matter and hydrocarbon exhaust emissions. Although the blend with HTFF diesel increases the volumetric heating value, it decreases the specific heating value (mass basis). These alternative diesel fuel blends therefore provide future fuel characteristics that are compatible with current infrastructure and technology. © 2007 American Chemical Society.	None	Blending; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; High temperature properties; Low temperature properties; Synthetic fuels; Diesel blends; Fuel properties; Synergy; Diesel fuels	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348947921	Performance assessment and monitoring of water infrastructure: An empirical case study of benchmarking in Uganda	Mugisha S.	2007	Water Policy	9	5	10.2166/wp.2007.022	Institutional Development and External Services Division, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	Mugisha, S., Institutional Development and External Services Division, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	Performance monitoring and benchmarking are increasingly becoming vital performance drivers especially in utilities where strong tariff incentive applications are not readily applicable. In this paper, performance improvement initiatives in the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Uganda are presented, incorporating practical benchmarking and performance monitoring approaches. A detailed empirical study of the influence of commercial/customer orientation on technical efficiency is outlined using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) benchmarking techniques. After a long spell of heavy engineering orientation in a water utility, a shift to significant commercial/customer orientation is positively associated with a reduction in technical inefficiency. © IWA Publishing 2007.	Benchmarking; Commercial orientation; Customer orientation; Monitoring; Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35349012079	Development of an analytical method for the evaluation of N,N-dimethylformamide in dosage form design	Olivier E.I., Du Toit D., Hamman J.H.	2007	Pharmazie	62	10	10.1691/ph.2007.10.7013	Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Olivier, E.I., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Du Toit, D., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Hamman, J.H., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a well-known chemical entity that is extensively used for pharmaceutical, biomedical and chemical applications. Previous research identified the need for the development of an effective dosage form for the systemic delivery of DMF due to its unique antiviral properties. For purposes of quality control and evaluation during pharmaceutical product development, development of an analytical method was required. A gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed with a flame-ionization detector (FID) on a carbowax packed glass column. 2-Methoxyethanol was used as internal standard. The analytical method proved to be capable of separating DMF and 2-methoxyethanol adequately within a relatively short runtime of 2.5 min. The analytical method described was primarily developed for use in dissolution studies of DMF containing delivery systems. Various physicochemical properties of candidate internal standard materials were correlated with the observed retention times of these compounds. The best correlation (r2 = 0.8077) was obtained between the boiling point and the retention time of the compounds for the current application. The boiling point of an internal standard candidate material may therefore be useful in predicting the retention time of that compound under similar conditions.	None	2 methoxyethanol; macrogol; n,n dimethylformamide; article; chemical analysis; drug delivery system; gas chromatography; melting point; physical chemistry; pressure; temperature sensitivity; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chemistry, Physical; Dosage Forms; Excipients; Flame Ionization; Formamides; Indicators and Reagents; Quality Control; Reference Standards	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35448962527	Sink competition and desuckering effects on field performance of triploid and tetraploid plantain genotypes	Tenkouano A., Vuylsteke D., Swennen R.	2007	Journal of Crop Improvement	20	02-Jan	10.1300/J411v20n01_02	Crop Improvement Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; IITA c/o L.W. Lam	Tenkouano, A., Crop Improvement Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA c/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Vuylsteke, D., Crop Improvement Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Swennen, R., Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium	Reproductive growth in polyarchic Musa spp. varieties occurs by the simultaneous growth of several shoots, resulting in competitive inhibition of fruit development in the individual shoots, particularly under poor soil fertility conditions. Nine plantain genotypes were forced into single-culm growth by continuous sucker removal in the ratoon crop (RC). There were no significant differences among genotypes for days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH) in the plant crop (PC), but significant differences occurred in RC for both traits. There was a negative correlation between degree of sucker growth in the PC and DTF or DTH in RC, indicating that early flowering and maturity in the RC occurred as a result of fast sucker development in the PC. Likewise, bunch weight in the RC was positively correlated with sucker growth in the previous crop. However, sucker growth appeared to compete against the development of the bunch in the PC, resulting in a significant reduction in fruit size but not fruit number. Desuckering significantly reduced DTF and DTH in the RC. Bunch weight and fruit size were significantly improved by sucker removal in the RC. Gains were highest for genotypes that normally produce multiple lateral shoots and lowest for those displaying a more hierarchical growth habit. Thus, sucker removal could be recommended as a crop management option for the polyarchic Musa genotypes. Copyright © by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Apical dominance; Bunch weight; Crop management; Desuckering; Genetic improvement; Musa spp.; Suckering behavior	Musa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35448968769	The medical management of central nervous system infections in Uganda and the potential impact of an algorithm-based approach to improve outcomes	Trachtenberg J.D., Kambugu A.D., McKellar M., Semitala F., Mayanja-Kizza H., Samore M.H., Ronald A., Sande M.A.	2007	International Journal of Infectious Diseases	11	6	10.1016/j.ijid.2007.01.014	Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Salt Lake City VA Medical, Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States	Trachtenberg, J.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, United States; Kambugu, A.D., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; McKellar, M., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, United States; Semitala, F., Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Samore, M.H., Salt Lake City VA Medical, Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Ronald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada; Sande, M.A., Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States	Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV has increased the spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) infections. The etiological diagnosis is often difficult. Mortality from CNS infections is higher in sub-Saharan Africa compared to Western countries. This study examines the medical management of CNS infections in Uganda. We also propose a clinical algorithm to manage CNS infections in an effective, systematic, and resource-efficient manner. Methods: We prospectively followed 100 consecutive adult patients who were admitted to Mulago Hospital with a suspected diagnosis of a CNS infection without any active participation in their management. From the clinical and outcome data, we created an algorithm to manage CNS infections, which was appropriate for this resource-limited, high HIV prevalence setting. Results: Only 32 patients had a laboratory confirmed diagnosis and 23 of these were diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis. Overall mortality was 39%, and mortality trended upward when the diagnosis was delayed past 3 days. The initial diagnoses were made clinically without significant laboratory data in 92 of the 100 patients. Because HIV positive patients have a unique spectrum of CNS infections, we created an algorithm that identified HIV-positive patients and diagnosed those with cryptococcal meningitis. After cryptococcal infection was ruled out, previously published algorithms were used to assist in the early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and other common central nervous system infections. In retrospective comparison with current management, the CNS algorithm reduced overall time to diagnosis and initiate treatment of cryptococcal meningitis from 3.5 days to less than 1 day. Conclusions: CNS infections are complex and difficult to diagnose and treat in Uganda, and are associated with high in-hospital mortality. A clinical algorithm may significantly decrease the time to diagnose and treat CNS infections in a resource-limited setting. © 2007 International Society for Infectious Diseases.	Africa; Algorithm; Central nervous system infection; Cryptococcus; HIV; Meningitis; Neurologic infections	amphotericin B; antimalarial agent; chloramphenicol; fluconazole; penicillin G; adult; algorithm; article; bacterial meningitis; central nervous system infection; controlled study; demography; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lumbar puncture; major clinical study; male; meningitis; prevalence; treatment outcome; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Anti-Infective Agents; Central Nervous System Infections; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35448972889	The impact of changes in the work environment on the place-identity of academics: An exploratory study	Segalo P.	2007	Journal of Psychology in Africa	17	42371	None	University of South Africa, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Segalo, P., University of South Africa, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	The study examined the Impact of changes in the work environment on the construction of place-identity among university academics. Data were collected from five academics at a large distance learning university in South Africa. The Institution was undergoing major structural changes at the time of the study. Unstructured questions were used for the data collection. These data were analysed using content analysis and the results suggested academics construct identities towards their place of work and changes to this place may be perceived as a threat. Copyright © 2007 Journal of Psychology in Africa.	Change; Identity; Physical environment; Place-identity; Workplace	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35448988108	The R&D performance of the South African manufacturing sector, 1970-1993	Fedderke J., Schirmer S.	2006	Economic Change and Restructuring	39	42371	10.1007/s10644-007-9023-3	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Fedderke, J., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Schirmer, S., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	In this article we undertake a detailed exploration of the research and development activities in one particular middle-income country. We explore what the data from R&D surveys can tell us about the levels, the determinants and the effectiveness of R&D in the manufacturing sector. We point to some of the broader factors that may have influenced South Africa's drive to improve the technological capacity of its manufacturing sector, but we mostly focus on those issues associated directly with R&D. We show that the degree of interaction between the different domains of R&D activity, business, government and the tertiary sector has been weak, and that the possibility of positive spill-overs between these domains has not been fully exploited. In addition, little or no policy intervention designed to stimulate R&D activity by industry has been deployed in South Africa. We find that South African R&D activity has mainly been reactive in character and suggest that this lies at the heart of South Africa's mixed R&D performance in relation to other developing countries. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 2007.	Manufacturing; R&D; South Africa	developing world; industrial performance; manufacturing; performance assessment; research and development; spillover effect; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35448992066	The impact of life-long illness on women: A qualitative study of low socio-economic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients	Naldoo P.	2007	Journal of Psychology in Africa	17	42371	None	Department of Psychology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Naldoo, P., Department of Psychology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	The purpose of this qualitative, ethnographic study was to explore the impact of a chronic disease on low socio-economic women with RA In South Africa. Ten women participants with a mean age of 48 years and a mean duration of RA of 10 years were obtained through purposive sampling from a public hospital RA clinic. In-depth individual interviews were conducted as a method of data collection. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed for the data analysis. Grounded theory analysis was used which produced 3 primary categories around the impact of RA: (1) Physical impact, (2) Social and economic impact, and (3) Psychological Impact; and 5 sub-categories, namely, Pain and poor Functional Status, Change in life-style following a weakened economic position, Change in the constitution of the "Self", Change in the constitution of the "Self" of the spouse/partner, and Depression. Depression, pain and poor functional status are well known health outcomes for RA patients. Perceived change in the psychological concept of the "Self" is less frequently reported. The value of this study is that the concept of the self is further explored in chronically III Individuals as a 'fluid' one, with the potential for undergoing a complete transformation as a consequence of RA. Copyright © 2007 Journal of Psychology in Africa.	Depression; Life-long illness; Pain; Rheumatoid arthritis; Self identity; Women	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548949890	Processing and mechanical property evaluation of maize fiber reinforced green composites	Dauda M., Yoshiba M., Miura K., Takahashi S.	2007	Advanced Composite Materials: The Official Journal of the Japan Society of Composite Materials	16	4	10.1163/156855107782325168	Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Maiduguri, 1 Bama Road, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Advanced Composites Technical De	Dauda, M., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Maiduguri, 1 Bama Road, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Yoshiba, M., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; Miura, K., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan, Advanced Composites Technical Department, Toray Industries Inc., Shiga 520-8558, Japan; Takahashi, S., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan	Green composites composed of long maize fibers and poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) biodegradable polyester matrix were manufactured by the thermo-mechanical processing termed as 'Sequential Molding and Forming Process' that was developed previously by the authors' research group. A variety of processing parameters such as fiber area fraction, molding temperature and forming pressure were systematically controlled and their influence on the tensile properties was investigated. It was revealed that both tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composites increase steadily depending on the increase in fiber area fraction, suggesting a general conformity to the rule of mixtures (ROM), particularly up to 55% fiber area fraction. The improvement in tensile properties was found to be closely related to the good interfacial adhesion between the fiber and polymer matrix, and was observed to be more pronounced under the optimum processing condition of 130°C molding temperature and 10 MPa forming pressure. However, processing out of the optimum condition results in a deterioration in properties, mostly fiber and/or matrix degradation together with their interfacial defect as a consequence of the thermal or mechanical damages. On the basis of microstructural observation, the cause of strength degradation and its countermeasure to provide a feasible composite design are discussed in relation to the optimized process conditions. © 2007 VSP.	Biodegradable plastics; Composite materials; Materials recycling; Mechanical properties; Natural fibers	Biodegradable polymers; Composite materials; Elastic moduli; Polyesters; Reinforcement; Tensile properties; Forming pressure; Forming Processes; Materials recycling; Molding temperature; Sequential Molding; Natural fibers; Natural Fibers; Polyesters; Reinforcement; Tensile Properties	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548954633	Performance of in situ rainwater conservation tillage techniques on dry spell mitigation and erosion control in the drought-prone North Wello zone of the Ethiopian highlands	McHugh O.V., Steenhuis T.S., Berihun Abebe, Fernandes E.C.M.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	97	1	10.1016/j.still.2007.08.002	Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 206 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-5701, United States; Dryland Agriculture and Community Participation Consultant, TESFA, Meket, Amhara State, Ethiopia; Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, The World Bank, ESSD-ARD, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC 20433, United States	McHugh, O.V., Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 206 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-5701, United States; Steenhuis, T.S., Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 206 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-5701, United States; Berihun Abebe, Dryland Agriculture and Community Participation Consultant, TESFA, Meket, Amhara State, Ethiopia; Fernandes, E.C.M., Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, The World Bank, ESSD-ARD, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC 20433, United States	Grain production shortfalls in northern Ethiopia are commonly associated with occurrence of intra-seasonal dry spells or droughts and rapid land degradation which adversely impact crop yields. Suitable practices that use available rainwater more efficiently to mitigate impact of dry spells on crops and that protect soil are needed to stabilize and improve grain yields in the predominately rainfed agriculture. During three cropping seasons on-farm experiments tested conservation tillage techniques implemented with oxen-drawn plows on clay loam soil. Tested tillage techniques are subsoiling, open and tied ridges, no till, and conventional tillage with the local maresha plow (the control). Effectiveness in improving root zone soil moisture, limiting soil erosion, and improving sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grain yield were determined. Results demonstrate that performance of the tillage techniques varied with seasonal rainfall distribution and intensity and land slope gradient. Tied and open ridge increased seasonal root zone soil moisture 15-24%. Subsoiling slightly (3%) increased and no till slightly decreased soil moisture but were not statistically different from conventional tillage. Tied ridge and no till significantly reduced seasonal soil loss by up to 11 Mg ha-1 during seasons with moderate intensity storms, but during a season with high intensity storms tied ridge on over 9% slope gradient increased soil loss (up to 35 Mg ha-1). The increased soil disturbance of subsoiling led to higher soil loss rates (up to 32 Mg ha-1) than conventional tillage during all seasons. Grain yield decreased and runoff and erosion rates increased rapidly with increasing land slope gradient. During a season with moderate intensity rainfall open and tied ridge increased sorghum yield by 67-73% over the control (730 kg ha-1) while no till decreased yield by 25%. During a season when high intensity rainfall events damaged the ridges, subsoiling had the best sorghum yield with 42% increase over the control (1430 kg ha-1). Poor early season rainfall and fungus attacks resulted in low chickpea yields (200-320 kg ha-1) and statistically insignificant differences between tillage methods. Overall results of the study suggest that on slopes below 8% gradient oxen-drawn ridge tillage and subsoiling, to a lesser degree, can effectively improve conditions that mitigate impact of short dry spells especially during seasons with less intense rainfall events. © 2007.	Drought mitigation; On-farm trial; Ridge tillage; Soil erosion; Soil moisture; Subsoiling	Crops; Drought; Erosion; Rain; Soil moisture; Storms; Drought mitigation; On-farm trial; Ridge tillage; Soil erosion; Subsoiling; Water conservation; clay loam; conservation tillage; crop yield; drought; erosion control; land degradation; rainwater; soil erosion; soil moisture; sorghum; subsoil; upland region; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; Cicer arietinum; Fungi; Sorghum bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548956429	Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests: Visceral leishmaniasis	Boelaert M., Bhattacharya S., Chappuis F., El Safi S.H., Hailu A., Mondal D., Rijal S., Sundar S., Wasunna M., Peeling R.W.	2007	Nature Reviews Microbiology	5	None	10.1038/nrmicro1766	Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; Höpital Universitaire de Genëve, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khartoum University, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Black Lion Hospital, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; LSD, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India; Centre for Clinical Research (CCR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 20778, 00202 Nairobi, Kenya; UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank, WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland	Boelaert, M., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Bhattacharya, S., Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; Chappuis, F., Höpital Universitaire de Genëve, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; El Safi, S.H., Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khartoum University, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan; Hailu, A., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Black Lion Hospital, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mondal, D., LSD, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Rijal, S., B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Sundar, S., Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India; Wasunna, M., Centre for Clinical Research (CCR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 20778, 00202 Nairobi, Kenya; Peeling, R.W., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank, WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland	[No abstract available]	None	agglutination test; antigen detection; article; biomedical technology assessment; clinical competence; comorbidity; data analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; health care facility; human; immunoaffinity chromatography; informed consent; laboratory diagnosis; Leishmania; methodology; microscopy; parasite identification; patient selection; priority journal; professional standard; quality control; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; tissue preservation; visceral leishmaniasis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548972877	To what extent are nurses using recognised IMCI protocols to identify and manage children with HIV: An evaluation of IMCI trained nurses in Kwazulu Natal in the use of the HIV portion of the IMCI algorithm	Haskins J.L.M.	2006	Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery	8	2	None	Durban University of Technology, Dept. of Postgraduate Nursing Studies, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Haskins, J.L.M., Durban University of Technology, Dept. of Postgraduate Nursing Studies, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	In South Africa HIV infection is an increasing problem. The Department of Health (2004) estimated that by the end of 2003, 5.6 million people had acquired the HIV infection. Given the mother to child transmission of the disease, a paediatric HIV epidemic is expected. These children can be identified and managed using the HIV portion of the IMCI algorithm. This evaluation study sought to assess the accuracy of the use of the HIV portion of the algorithm by IMCI trained nurses in the public sector clinics in KwaZulu Natal province. Quantitative and qualitative procedures were utilized to conduct the survey. Eight nurses were selected through a two phase sampling strategy. The selected nurses were observed and assessed for a total of 72 consultations using a checklist. In addition, a questionnaire was developed and administered to the eight nurses in the original sample as well as 5 others who were conveniently selected. The findings indicate a poor level of accuracy with which IMCI trained nurses' use the algorithm and therefore suggest a poor level of management of HIV infection in children at clinic level in KwaZulu Natal. The findings indicated a reluctance of some IMCI trained nurses to discuss HIV infection with mothers who bring their children to the clinics. Support for IMCI nurses to accurately and effectively use the HIV portion of the IMCI algorithm needs to be introduced in order to provide a better service to children with HIV infection.	Algorithm; Assessment; HIV; IMCI; IMCI trained nurse	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548978030	Critique of early models of the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa based on contemporary empirical data from Zimbabwe	Gregson S., Nyamukapa C., Lopman B., Mushati P., Garnett G.P., Chandiwana S.K., Anderson R.M.	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	104	37	10.1073/pnas.0611540104	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Postgraduate Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Gregson, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyamukapa, C., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Lopman, B., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Mushati, P., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Garnett, G.P., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Chandiwana, S.K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom, Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Postgraduate Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Anderson, R.M., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom	Early mathematical models varied in their predictions of the impact of HIV/AIDS on population growth from minimal impact to reductions in growth, in pessimistic scenarios, from positive to negative values over a period of 25 years. Models predicting negative rates of natural increase forecast little effect on the dependency ratio. Twenty years later, HIV prevalence in small towns, estates, and rural villages in eastern Zimbabwe, has peaked within the intermediate range predicted by the early models, but the demographic impact has been more acute than was predicted. Despite concurrent declines in fertility, fueled in part by HIV infections (total fertility is now 8% lower than expected without an epidemic), and a doubling of the crude death rate because of HIV/AIDS, the rate of natural population increase between 1998 and 2005 remained positive in each socioeconomic stratum. In the worst-affected areas (towns with HIV prevalence of 33%), HIV/AIDS reduced growth by two-thirds from 2.9% to 1.0%. The dependency ratio fell from 1.21 at the onset of the HIV epidemic to 0.78, the impact of HIV-associated adult mortality being outweighed by fertility decline. With the benefit of hindsight, the more pessimistic early models overestimated the demographic impact of HIV epidemics by over-extrapolating initial HIV growth rates or not allowing for heterogeneity in key parameters such as transmissibility and sexual risk behavior. Data collected since the late 1980s show that there was a mismatch between the observed growth in the HIV epidemic and assumptions made about viral transmission. © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.	Dependency ratio; Population growth	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa south of the Sahara; article; demography; female; fertility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; major clinical study; male; mathematical model; population growth; prediction; priority journal; risk assessment; rural area; sexual transmission; socioeconomics; virus transmission; Zimbabwe; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Southern; Demography; Developing Countries; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Population; Population Dynamics; Research; Research Design; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548981362	Impact of parent-child relationship on the career development process of high school students in Ibadan, Nigeria	Salami S.O., Aremu A.O.	2007	Career Development International	12	7	10.1108/13620430710834387	Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Salami, S.O., Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aremu, A.O., Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationships of parental attachment and psychological separation to the career development process of secondary school adolescents. Design/methodology/approach: An ex post facto survey research design was adopted. The sample comprised 242 (males=121, females=121) senior secondary school II students randomly selected. Parental attachment, psychological separation, and career development scales were administered on the students. The data collected were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis treating parental attachment and psychological separation as predictors and career development as a criterion variable. Parental attachment and psychological separation (mother scales) separately and significantly predicted career information-seeking behaviour of participants. However, combined attachment and separation (father scale) could not significantly predict any of the career development variables. Research limitations/implications: The study utilised cross-sectional and self-report measures. Practical implications: The cultural environment and type of family in which the study was carried out should be considered. Counsellors in Nigeria should assess views of students' parents and peers on career development. Originality/value: Most previous studies have linked familial factors like parental educational, financial and modelling opportunities with career development. This study reported the relationship of parental attachment and psychological separation with the career development process. Results from this study may enlighten career counsellors, parents and students on the need to assess the relationship between the students and their parents when dealing with their career development problems. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Adolescents; Career guidance; Family; Influence; Nigeria; Social interaction	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548990259	Poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene palladium complexes: Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation as heck coupling catalysts	Motsoane N.M., Guzei I.A., Darkwa J.	2007	Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section B Journal of Chemical Sciences	62	3	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States	Motsoane, N.M., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Guzei, I.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	The poly(pyrazol-1-ylmefhyl)benzenes L1-L5 react with [PdCl 2(NCMe)2] or [PdClMe(COD)] to form dinuclear palladium complexes [{PdClX(3,5-Me2pzCH2)2-1,2-C 6H4}2] (X = Cl (1), Me (2)), [{PdCl 2(3,5-Me2pzCH2)2-1,3-C 6H4}2] (3), palladium complexes [{Pd 2(μ-Cl)2Me2(3,5Me2pzCH 2)2-1,3-C6H4}] (4), [{Pd 2(μ-Cl)2X2(3,5-Me2pzCH 2)2-1,4-C6H4}] (X = Cl (5), Me (6)), [{Pd2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(3,5-'Bu 2pzCH2)2-1,4-C6H4}] (7), and tetranuclear [{Pd2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(3,5Me 2pzCH2)2}2-1,4-C6H 4] (8). The structures of 1, 2 and 8 were confirmed by X-ray structure analysis. The complexes efficiently catalyse the coupling reaction of iodobenzene and butylacrylate at 80 °C © 2007 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung,.	Catalysts; Crystal structures; Heck coupling; Palladium complexes; Poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene ligands	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35549003955	Impact of hair relaxers in women in Nakuru, Kenya [L'effet des défrisants chez les femmes à Nakuru au Kenya]	Etemesi B.A.	2007	Nouvelles Dermatologiques	26	8 SPEC. ISS.	None	Nakuru Provincial Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya	Etemesi, B.A., Nakuru Provincial Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya	Background: The practice of relaxing hair is intended to straighten it, so that it is easy to manage and style, and the result is aesthetically pleasing. We studied the impact of using hair relaxers in women in Nakuru, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between February and March 2006. The subjects were women and girls aged 15 years and above, living in Nakuru district, Kenya, who had been or were currently using hair relaxers and were willing to participate. Sampling was by the snowball method and data collection by questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Epi-info 2000. Results: Two hundred and forty-two women were recruited into the study. The age range was 15-51 years, with a median of 32 years. The main reasons given for relaxing hair were that it made hair easy to manage and looked "beautiful". One hundred and thirty-four women (67%) had problems with the relaxers used (at least once), 75% of whom decided to stop. Half of those who stopped resumed the use of relaxers almost immediately or after a period of time. The problems encountered included hair loss, burns to the scalp, and color change. Surprisingly fake/counterfeit products were not implicated as a cause of the problems experienced, although they are known to be on the market. Conclusion: Despite the problems encountered, a significant number of Kenyan women in this region have used and continue to use relaxers. © Nouv. Dermatol. 2007.	Kenya; Relaxers	adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; female; hair analysis; hair color; human; human experiment; Kenya; questionnaire	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35649009945	The impact of the staub model on policy making in Amsterdam regarding polarization and radicalization	De Lange J.	2007	Peace and Conflict	13	3	None	Royal Netherlands Embassy, Kampala, Uganda	De Lange, J.Royal Netherlands Embassy, Kampala, Uganda	[No abstract available]	None	policy making; political theory; Amsterdam; Benelux; Eurasia; Europe; Netherlands; North Holland; Western Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35649012028	Clinical performance of an in-house real-time RT-PCR assay using a fluorogenic LUX™ primer for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)	Rekhviashvili N., Stevens W., Marinda E., Gonin R., Stevens G., McIntyre J., Wood R.	2007	Journal of Virological Methods	146	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.024	Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), Faculty of Health Science, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Westat, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Unit 006, Magaliszicht Avenue, Albury Park, Dunkel West, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), WITS University, WITS Health Consortium, Old Potch Road, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa; The Desmond Tutu HIV Center, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Rekhviashvili, N., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Marinda, E., School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), Faculty of Health Science, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Gonin, R., Westat, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Stevens, G., International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Unit 006, Magaliszicht Avenue, Albury Park, Dunkel West, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa; McIntyre, J., Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), WITS University, WITS Health Consortium, Old Potch Road, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wood, R., The Desmond Tutu HIV Center, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	The South African National Antiretroviral Treatment Guideline recommends the use of HIV viral load assays for routine monitoring of HIV-1 positive patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Approved commercial HIV-1 viral load assays are expensive for developing countries where a large number of patients are treated in the public sector. The evaluation of an in-house HIV-1 viral load assay (LUX assay) is described using 458 plasma specimens. Good specificity of the LUX assay was demonstrated using 50 seronegative plasma specimens. A group of 142 HIV-1 positive patients was used to assess the agreement between the LUX assay and the COBAS Amplicor assay. An intra class correlation (ICC) coefficient of 0.85 (CI 95%) indicated good agreement between the assays. The Bland-Altman model showed good agreement between the assays for ∼87% of the results (mean 0.03 [-1.26; 1.32], CI 95%). In a cohort of 55 patients followed-up longitudinally the LUX assay showed similar declines in viral load to the COBAS Amplicor assay in response to therapy. Viral rebound was detected in 5 patients out of 55 by both assays. Thus, the LUX assay compares well to the gold standard and represents an affordable alternative for high volume testing in resource limited settings. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Affordable; HIV-1 viral load; LUX primer; Quantitative real-time RT-PCR	antiretrovirus agent; article; blood sampling; controlled study; correlation coefficient; gold standard; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; model; nonhuman; priority journal; quantitative analysis; real time polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; serology; treatment outcome; virus load; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35748933532	Effect of high-pressure homogenization, nonfat milk solids, and milkfat on the technological performance of a functional strain for the production of probiotic fermented milks	Patrignani F., Iucci L., Lanciotti R., Vallicelli M., Mathara J.M., Holzapfel W.H., Guerzoni M.E.	2007	Journal of Dairy Science	90	10	10.3168/jds.2007-0373	University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Piazza Goidanich, 60, 47023 Cesena, Italy; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute of Hygiene and Toxicology, Hald-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany	Patrignani, F., University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Piazza Goidanich, 60, 47023 Cesena, Italy; Iucci, L., University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Piazza Goidanich, 60, 47023 Cesena, Italy; Lanciotti, R., University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Piazza Goidanich, 60, 47023 Cesena, Italy; Vallicelli, M., University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Piazza Goidanich, 60, 47023 Cesena, Italy; Mathara, J.M., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Holzapfel, W.H., Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute of Hygiene and Toxicology, Hald-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Guerzoni, M.E., University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Piazza Goidanich, 60, 47023 Cesena, Italy	The aim of this research was the evaluation of the effects of milkfat content, nonfat milk solids content, and high-pressure homogenization on 1) fermentation rates of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei BFE 5264 inoculated in milk; 2) viability loss of this strain during refrigerated storage; and 3) texture parameters, volatile compounds, and sensorial properties of the coagula obtained. The data achieved suggested a very strong effect of the independent variables on the measured attributes of fermented milks. In fact, the coagulation times were significantly affected by pressure and added milkfat, and the rheological parameters of the fermented milk increased with the pressure applied to the milk for added nonfat milk solids concentrations lower than 3%. Moreover, the polynomial models and the relative response surfaces obtained permitted us to identify the levels of the 3 independent variables that minimized the viability loss of the probiotic strain used during refrigerated storage. © American Dairy Science Association, 2007.	High-pressure homogenization; Lactobacillus paracasei; Probiotic fermented milk; Response surface methodology	2,3 butanedione; acetaldehyde; fat; organic compound; probiotic agent; article; chemistry; dairy product; freezing; human; Lactobacillus; microbiology; physiology; pressure; sensation; time; viscosity; Acetaldehyde; Cultured Milk Products; Diacetyl; Fats; Humans; Lactobacillus; Organic Chemicals; Pressure; Probiotics; Refrigeration; Sensation; Time Factors; Viscosity; Lactobacillus paracasei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35748951293	On the fast track to land degradation? A case study of the impact of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Kadoma District, Zimbabwe	Fox R.C., Chigumira E., Rowntree K.M.	2007	Geography	92	3	None	Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Fox, R.C., Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Chigumira, E., Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Rowntree, K.M., Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	The Fast Track Land Reform Programme is the defining instrument for Zimbabwe's future development prospects. In the three-year period from 2000 to 2002, 300,000 families were resettled on 11 million hectares, thus bringing to an end the colonial division of land. The process which displaced the commercial farm workers and farm owners was chaotic, violent and disorderly. Subsequent legislation and government agricultural initiatives have attempted to impose, retroactively, technocratic order to the sweeping changes that have taken place. Our study finds that the dire macro-economic situation coupled with trends of HIV/AIDS prevalence combine, at the local scale, with variable rainfall and poor soils to make commercial agricultural production a difficult proposition. Three case studies in Kadoma District show that there have been multiple outcomes to the resettlement process. In some instances individual households have benefitted in the short term, but this has only occurred where climatic and soil conditions have been particularly favourable. Geography © 2007.	None	agricultural policy; agricultural production; land degradation; land reform; rural planning; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35848951570	Evaluation of growth performance and dry matter partitioning of four processing potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars	Geremew E.B., Steyn J.M., Annandale J.G.	2007	New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science	35	3	None	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Geremew, E.B., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Steyn, J.M., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Annandale, J.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Climate, cultivar, and crop management determine the growth and dry matter (DM) production of a potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop. Drought and high temperature affect leaf area development and its persistence, and these in turn limit the photosynthetic activity of the crop and finally DM production and allocation. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four potato cultivars for growth performance and DM partitioning to the sink by efficient use of the microclimate of the specific growing location. Four potato cultivars, namely 'Frodo', 'Pentland Dell', 'Darius', and 'Shepody', were used in the experiment. Four different harvests were undertaken during the growing season to determine DM partitioning to various parts of the plant. The results revealed that during the first harvest the percentage of leaf DM and tuber DM did not differ significantly among cultivars. The total DM accumulation for 'Shepody' was found to be significantly higher during the first harvest. During the second harvest, however, 'Shepody' and 'Frodo' had significantly lower DM partitioned to leaf and stem respectively, but 'Shepody' still had maximum total DM accumulation. Again, during the third harvest, 'Shepody' maintained its highest total DM accumulation and had the highest DM translocation towards tuber and the least towards leaf. 'Shepody' is an early maturing cultivar, and the high tuber DM during this harvest did not necessarily indicate a high final yield. This is substantiated by the final tuber harvest, where 'Frodo' produced a significantly higher fresh tuber yield and 'Shepody' yielded the least. Average leaf area index followed the same trend as the total DM accumulation, where 'Shepody' had significantly the highest and 'Darius' remained the lowest. From this, it can be concluded that 'Frodo' appeared to be the highest yielder, followed by 'Pentland Dell'. © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2007.	Canopy cover; Dry matter; Dry matter partitioning; Leaf area index; Potato cultivars	canopy architecture; crop yield; cultivar; dry matter; experimental study; growth rate; harvesting; leaf area index; microclimate; photosynthesis; potato; Solanum tuberosum; Tuber (truffle)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35948957044	Tillage effects on growth performance of Hevea seedling rootstock and some fertility indices of sandy acid soil in the humid forest area of Nigeria	Okore I.K., Akpobome F.A., Tijani-Eniola H., Oghide E.A.	2007	Journal of Rubber Research	10	2	None	Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Okore, I.K., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Akpobome, F.A., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Tijani-Eniola, H., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Oghide, E.A., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria	Vast amount of resources are devoted annually for the establishment of Hevea seedling rootstock nursery through conventional tillage, despite global disposition of conservative tillage. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of tillage methods, namely, plough+harrow, plough only, bed and without tillage on the growth performance of Hevea brasiliensis (natural rubber) seedling rootstock and the nutrient status of sandy acid soil in a forest area (Benin) of Nigeria for two years. In both cropping years (2003/2004 and 2004/2005), the effect of tillage methods on seedling height and stem girth did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.05). However, seedling dry matter and budding success (69.8 g/tree and 78% on the average, respectively) were significantly higher in the ploughed plots. The plots with no tillage, followed by raised seedbed treatments, had significantly higher values of organic C, available P and exchangeable bases with low levels of Al3+ and H + at 0 cm-15 cm depth. Having recorded no significant difference in crop performance between the nil-tillage and plough+harrow plots, but higher soil nutrient levels in the treatments without tillage for two years; it could be predicted that land preparation without tillage, in addition to ploughing only or raised seed-bed was a better alternative to plough+harrow which often caused soil degradation in the sandy acid soil of high rainfall areas.	CEC; Growth performance; Hevea seedling; Natural rubber; Nigeria; Nursery; Organic C; Rootstock; Tillage practices	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35948984184	Science laboratory environment and academic performance	Aladejana F., Aderibigbe O.	2007	Journal of Science Education and Technology	16	6	10.1007/s10956-007-9072-4	Institute of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Special Education and Curriculum Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Aladejana, F., Institute of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Aderibigbe, O., Department of Special Education and Curriculum Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The study determined how students assess the various components of their science laboratory environment. It also identified how the laboratory environment affects students' learning outcomes. The modified ex-post facto design was used. A sample of 328 randomly selected students was taken from a population of all Senior Secondary School chemistry students in a state in Nigeria. The research instrument, Science Laboratory Environment Inventory (SLEI) designed and validated by Fraser et al. (Sci Educ 77:1-24, 1993) was administered on the selected students. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and Product Moment Correlation. Findings revealed that students could assess the five components (Student cohesiveness, Open-endedness, Integration, Rule clarity, and Material Environment) of the laboratory environment. Student cohesiveness has the highest assessment while material environment has the least. The results also showed that the five components of the science laboratory environment are positively correlated with students' academic performance. The findings are discussed with a view to improving the quality of the laboratory environment, subsequent academic performance in science and ultimately the enrolment and retaining of learners in science. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Environment; Integration; Material environment; Open-endedness; Rule clarity; Student cohesiveness	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35948991958	Design and performance of BNR activated sludge systems with flat sheet membranes for solid-liquid separation	du Toit G.J.G., Ramphao M.C., Parco V., Wentzel M.C., Ekama G.A.	2007	Water Science and Technology	56	6	10.2166/wst.2007.643	Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Palermo, Palermo 90100, Italy; Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd., 81 Church Street, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	du Toit, G.J.G., Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa, Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd., 81 Church Street, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Ramphao, M.C., Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd., 81 Church Street, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Parco, V., Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Palermo, Palermo 90100, Italy; Wentzel, M.C., Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Ekama, G.A., Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	The use of immersed membranes for solid-liquid separation in biological nutrient removal activated sludge (BNRAS) systems was investigated at lab scale. Two laboratory-scale BNR activated sludge systems were run in parallel, one a MBR system and the other a conventional system with secondary settling tanks. Both systems were in 3 reactor anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic UCT configurations. The systems were set up to have, as far as possible, identical design parameters such as reactor mass fractions, recycles and sludge age. Differences were the influent flow and total reactor volumes, and the higher reactor concentrations in the MBR system. The performances of the two systems were extensively monitored and compared to identify and quantity the influence of the membranes on system response. The MBR UCT system exhibited COD, FSA, TKN, TP and TSS removals that were consistently equivalent or superior to the conventional system. Better P removal in the MBR was attributed to lower observed P uptake in the anoxic zone. High nitrate loads to the anoxic reactor appeared to be the determining factor in stimulating P uptake. The MBR UCT system had a greater sludge production than the conventional system. This was partly attributable to the retention of all solids in the MBR reactor. For steady state design this increase is accommodated by increasing the influent unbiodegradable particulate COD fraction. Additionally an attempt was made to determine the Alpha values in the oxygen transfer rate. This paper briefly summarises and compares the results from both systems, and the conclusions that can be drawn from these results. © IWA Publishing 2007.	Activated sludge; Alpha; Anoxic P uptake; Biological nutrient removal; Membrane bioreactor	Bioreactors; Chemical oxygen demand; Nutrients; Phase separation; Phosphorus; Removal; Sewage settling tanks; Biological nutrient removal; Membrane bioreactor; Activated sludge process; nitrogen; oxygen; phosphorus; Activated sludge process; Bioreactors; Chemical oxygen demand; Nutrients; Phase separation; Phosphorus; Removal; Sewage settling tanks; activated sludge; bioreactor; membrane; activated sludge; aerobic reactor; anaerobic reactor; article; biodegradability; chemical oxygen demand; controlled study; intermethod comparison; membrane reactor; oxygen transport; particulate matter; process design; quantitative analysis; separation technique; solid liquid separation; steady state; suspended particulate matter; Bioreactors; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Purification	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36048952789	An evaluation of the impact of a life skills programme in the workplace	Taute F.M.	2007	Social Work	43	3	None	Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Taute, F.M., Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	It is indispensable for social workers to evaluate their interventions to ascertain whether they are effective and lead to change. The Life Skills programme was implemented at a tertiary institution. In this quantitative research a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pre-test post-test experiment and a pre-test self-constructed questionnaire were administered to measure respondents' knowledge, skills and attitudes. Forty-six of the 71 respondents (65%) completed the post-test questionnaire six months after attendance of the programme. Results showed that Life Skills training could enhance adults' social functioning irrespective of age, gender, marital status or qualifications.	None	experimental design; questionnaire survey; social work; workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36048990788	The contribution of isokinetic strength parameters to the performance of cricket batsmen	Nunes T., Coetzee B.	2007	Isokinetics and Exercise Science	15	3	None	Sport Science (Human Movement Science), 10 Boom Street, Miederpark, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa; School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2521, South Africa	Nunes, T., Sport Science (Human Movement Science), 10 Boom Street, Miederpark, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa; Coetzee, B., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2521, South Africa	The purposes of this study were to determine which of the isokinetic knee and shoulder strength parameters discriminate between successful and less successful provincial academy cricket batsmen and to assess the contribution of isokinetic knee and shoulder strength parameters to the performance of these athletes. Twenty-two contracted batsmen (20.63 ± 1.62 years) from the Gauteng and North-West Cricket Academies in South Africa were tested during the 2004 and 2005 seasons. The discriminant analyses showed that no strength, work or power parameters discriminated significantly between the successful (top 5 ranked batsmen of both seasons) and less successful academy batsmen. A forward stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the contribution of individual knee-related isokinetic parameters ranged 4-16% whereas for the shoulder the range was 4-28%. However knee parameters accounted for a total of 57% of the difference between the more and less successful batsmen while the corresponding share in terms of shoulder parameters was even higher: 61%. The conclusion that can, therefore, be drawn is that isokinetic knee and shoulder strength parameters contribute to the performance of provincial academy cricket batsmen and that these components should be included in the talent identification protocols for young promising batsmen. © 2007 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.	Batsmen; Batting; Cricket; Isokinetic strength	adult; article; cricket; discriminant analysis; human; human experiment; knee function; male; multiple regression; muscle isometric contraction; muscle strength; musculoskeletal system parameters; normal human; shoulder; sport; sports medicine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36049003443	Evaluation of preventive and control measures for lead exposure in a South African lead-acid battery recycling smelter	Dyosi S.	2007	Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene	4	10	10.1080/15459620701566324	National Institute for Occupational Health, Occupational Medicine, Ergonomics Unit, PO Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa	Dyosi, S., National Institute for Occupational Health, Occupational Medicine, Ergonomics Unit, PO Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa	In South Africa, new lead regulations released in February 2002 served as motivation for a cross-sectional study investigating the effectiveness of preventive and control measures implemented in a lead smelter that recycles lead-acid batteries. Twenty-two workers were observed and interviewed. Structured questionnaires were used to gather workers' personal information, perception about their work environment, health risks, and work practices. Retrospective data from air monitoring and medical surveillance programs were obtained from the plant's records. The smelter implemented a number of control measures for lead exposure, including engineering controls, administrative controls, and, as a last resort, personal protective equipment. Engineering controls were rated the best control measure and included local exhaust ventilation systems and wet methods. Positive pressure systems were used in the offices and laboratory. The local exhaust ventilation system was rated the best engineering control measure. Although control measures were used, areas such as smelting and refinery had average lead in air levels above 0.15 mg/m 3, the occupational exposure limit for lead. This was a concern especially with regard to the smelting area because those workers had the second highest mean blood lead levels; workers in the battery breaking area had the highest. Regular use of personal protective equipment by some workers in the "lead exposure zones" was not observed. Although the mean blood lead levels had been below 40 μg/dL for more than 90% of the workers since 2001, more than 70% of workers reported concerns about their health while working in the smelter. Even though control measures were implemented, they were not adequate because in some areas lead in air exceeded the occupational exposure limit. Therefore, improvement of existing measures and regular monitoring of personal protective equipment use were included in the recommendations given to the smelter. Copyright © 2007 JOEH, LLC.	Engineering controls; Lead exposure; Preventive and control measures	lead; adult; air conditioning; air pollutant; article; blood; environmental monitoring; environmental protection; evaluation; exposure; female; human; male; metallurgy; middle aged; occupational exposure; perception; protective clothing; questionnaire; South Africa; Adult; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Conservation of Natural Resources; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Lead; Male; Metallurgy; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Perception; Protective Clothing; Questionnaires; South Africa; Ventilation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36049004040	Social and cultural significance of the sexual cleansing ritual and its impact on HIV prevention strategies in western Kenya	Ayikukwei R.M., Ngare D., Sidle J.E., Ayuku D.O., Baliddawa J., Greene J.Y.	2007	Sexuality and Culture	11	3	10.1007/s12119-007-9010-x	School of Medicine, AMPATH Program, Moi University, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret 30100, Kenya; School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States	Ayikukwei, R.M., School of Medicine, AMPATH Program, Moi University, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret 30100, Kenya; Ngare, D., School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya, School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Sidle, J.E., School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Ayuku, D.O., School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya, School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Baliddawa, J., School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya, School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Greene, J.Y., School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States	Traditional cultural practices and sexual rituals have an important role in the life and structure of tribal groups within Kenya. These cultural practices and rituals also play a significant role in the spread of HIV. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to document the underlying social and cultural significance of the sexual cleansing ritual and to assess its impact on HIV prevention strategies. The study participants were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations; they were analyzed using content analysis. The article gives detailed explanations of the meanings and symbols of the ritual in its cultural context as a ritual of social transition. Sexual intercourse is perceived as a sacred rite when performed as a ritual. It is associated with most social cultural activities like planting, harvesting, weddings and burial ceremonies. The underlying intention of this ritual is to cleanse evil spirits and to sanctify. Widows who are not cleansed are ostracized and discriminated. The continued practice of the ritual is perpetuated by a shared common belief system that affects social interactions of the community members. Widows and cleansers are believed to be purveyors of the HIV virus. The ritual encourages unprotected sex with multiple partners. These are barriers to HIV prevention strategies that are aimed at changing sexual behaviors.	Culture; HIV/AIDS; Rituals; Sexual behaviors; Sexual cleansing; Symbols	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36049009147	Left ventricular hypertrophy in African black patients with chronic renal failure at first evaluation	Ulasi I.I., Arodiwe E.B., Ijoma C.K.	2006	Ethnicity and Disease	16	4	None	Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Ulasi, I.I., Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Arodiwe, E.B., Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Ijoma, C.K., Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality all over the world. The combined effect of volume and pressure overload seen in patients with CKD is the primary cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Though it accounts for a significant proportion of patients dying in hospitals in Nigeria, information on CKD in African Blacks is lacking. This study evaluates the prevalence of LVH and factors affecting it in pre-dialysis patients by using echocardiography. Design, Setting and Patients: One hundred consecutive patients with CKD who were attending the medical outpatient and renal clinics of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, who satisfied the inclusion criteria were screened for the study. Eighty-eight patients completed the study. Forty-five age-and sex-matched subjects were selected as controls. Clinical and laboratory parameters and echocardiographic indices were measured. Results: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), defined in absolute terms as left ventricular mass index &gt;134 g/m 2 in men and &gt;110 g/m2 in women was present in 95.5% of patients and 6.7% of controls. Themost prevalent type of LVH was eccentric hypertrophy, which was found in 54.6%, while concentric was seen in 40.9%. Hypertension was present in 85.2% of the patients. The predominant causes of CKD were chronic glomerulonephritis (43.2%), hypertension (25%), and diabetes mellitus (14.8%). All the patients studied had advanced CKD, either stage 4 or 5 of the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative classification of CKD. Stepwise method of multiple linear regressions identified mean arterial pressure (32%), hemoglobin concentration (22%), male sex (17%), and creatinine clearance (24%) as predictors of LVH in CKD. Conclusion: This study showed a strong association between CKD and LVH in patients in developing countries at the time of first evaluation by a nephrologist. It demonstrated a high prevalence of LVH in patients at first evaluation. The patients were often anemic and had severe hypertension even at first presentation. Early detection and treatment of causes of CKD should be pursued aggressively at the primary prevention level, as has been advocated by the International Society of Nephrology to reduce the effects of CKD and its attendant complications in the society.	Anemia; Cardiovascular risk; CKD; Hypertension; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Mean arterial pressure	biological marker; creatinine; hemoglobin; adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood; blood pressure; case control study; chronic kidney failure; diabetic nephropathy; echocardiography; echography; ethnology; female; glomerulonephritis; glomerulus filtration rate; heart left ventricle hypertrophy; heart ventricle remodeling; hospitalization; human; hypertension; male; metabolism; methodology; middle aged; Negro; Nigeria; observer variation; pathophysiology; prediction and forecasting; prevalence; renal replacement therapy; risk factor; sex difference; statistical model; statistics; urine; Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Biological Markers; Blood Pressure; Case-Control Studies; Creatinine; Diabetic Nephropathies; Echocardiography; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis; Hemoglobins; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Linear Models; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Observer Variation; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Renal Dialysis; Research Design; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Factors; Ventricular Remodeling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36049012726	Evaluation and improvement of sticky traps as monitoring tools for Glossina austeni and G. brevipalpis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Green K.K., Venter G.J.	2007	Bulletin of Entomological Research	97	6	10.1017/S0007485307005238	Entomology Division, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Green, K.K., Entomology Division, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Venter, G.J., Entomology Division, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	The attractiveness of various colours, colour combinations and sizes of sticky traps of the 3-dimensional trap (3DT), cross-shaped target (XT), rectangular screen (RT) and monopanels were evaluated for their efficacy to capture Glossina austeni Newstead and G. brevipalpis Newstead in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The 3-dimensional shapes of the XT and 3DT in light blue (l.blue) and white were significantly (ca. 3.1-6.9 times) better than the RT for G. austeni. On bicoloured XTs, G. austeni landed preferentially on electric blue (e.blue) (58%) and black (63%) surfaces when used with white; while for G. brevipalpis, significantly more landed on e.blue (60-66%) surfaces when used with l.blue, black or white surfaces. Increased trap size increased the catches of G. brevipalpis females and both sexes of G. austeni significantly. Temoocid and polybutene sticky materials were equally effective and remained durable for 2-3 weeks. The glossy shine of trap surfaces did not have any significant effect on the attraction and landing responses of the two species. The overall trap efficiency of the e.blue/l.blue XT was 23% for G. brevipalpis and 28% for G. austeni, and that of the e.blue/black XT was 16% for G. brevipalpis and 51% for G. austeni. Larger monopanels, painted e.blue/black on both sides, increased the catches of G. austeni females significantly by up to four times compared to the standard e.blue/black XT. This monopanel would be recommended for use as a simple and cost effective survey tool for both species in South Africa. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	Glossina spp.; South Africa; Sticky traps; Trap efficiency; Tsetse flies	adhesive agent; biological survey; capture method; comparative study; cost; efficiency measurement; monitoring; trap (equipment); tsetse fly; animal; article; color; environmental monitoring; equipment design; insect control; methodology; South Africa; tsetse fly; Adhesives; Animals; Color; Environmental Monitoring; Equipment Design; Insect Control; South Africa; Tsetse Flies; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina austeni; Glossina brevipalpis; Glossinidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148946794	The impact of land transformation on breeding Blue Swallows Hirundo atrocaerulea Sundevall, in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa	Wakelin J., Hill T.R.	2007	Journal for Nature Conservation	15	4	10.1016/j.jnc.2007.05.003	Scientific Services, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, P.O. Box 13053, Cascades 3202, South Africa; Discipline of Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Wakelin, J., Scientific Services, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, P.O. Box 13053, Cascades 3202, South Africa; Hill, T.R., Discipline of Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	The Blue Swallow is confined to the grassland component of the mistbelt region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, a habitat well suited to intensive agriculture and especially afforestation, due to the high rainfall and deep well-drained soils. The species is listed as amongst the top five Critically Endangered bird species in South Africa and the numbers are dramatically declining. Any further fragmentation of its habitat may well lead to the local extinction of the Blue Swallow. It is in response to these sentiments that this paper investigates the potential influence of land use change, identifies what those changes have been over a 20-year epoch and what the impact on the persistence of Blue Swallow nesting sites has been. To achieve this, the extent and nature of land transformation, adjacent to past and current Blue Swallow nesting sites on five separate study sites in KwaZulu-Natal was investigated, using a Geographical Information System (GIS) as a means of recording the levels of transformation and the change in land use over time. While sample sizes were limited, as a result of dealing with a Critically Endangered species, the data suggest that nest density was positively related to changes in grassland and arable land uses and negatively related to an increase in plantation forestry. A decrease of 55% in active Blue Swallow nest sites coincided with a measured decline in grassland of 46% for the period 1981-2000. It is clear that the current rate of loss of Blue Swallow breeding pairs is critical and without the conservation of primary grassland habitat, the Blue Swallow is heading towards extinction in KwaZulu-Natal. It is recommended that artificial nest site provision and the conservation and sustainable management of the mistbelt grassland biome, both as a vegetation unit worthy of conserving in its own right and in collaboration with surrounding dependant communities, is necessary for the recovery of this charismatic, indicator species. © 2007.	Conservation; Critically Endangered; Geographical Information Systems; Land transformation; Mistbelt grasslands	afforestation; breeding; endangered species; GIS; habitat fragmentation; intensive agriculture; land use change; local extinction; nesting; passerine; plantation forestry; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aves; Hirundinidae; Hirundo atrocaerulea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148947457	Market-led agrarian reform: Policies, performance and prospects	Lahiff E., Borras S., Kay C.	2007	Third World Quarterly	28	8	10.1080/01436590701637318	Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of International Development Studies, St Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands	Lahiff, E., Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Borras, S., Department of International Development Studies, St Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Kay, C., Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands	Market-led agrarian reform (mlar) has gained prominence worldwide since the early 1990s as an alternative to the state-led approaches widely implemented over the course of the 20th century. This neoliberal policy framework advocates voluntary transactions between 'willing sellers' and 'willing buyers' and the removal of various 'distortions' from land and agricultural markets. Related policies aim to secure and formalise private property rights. Emerging evidence from across the developing world suggests that such policies are incapable of challenging the political and economic power of large landowners and are unlikely to meet the land needs of the rural poor and landless. In key areas such as land transfer, farmer development and programme financing, mlar is shown to be falling far short of its objectives. Meanwhile, it is being actively challenged by national and international peasant movements that are calling for more direct intervention by the state in order to restructure patterns of landholding and provide the necessary support for small-scale farmers, many of whom produce primarily for their own consumption. The future of agrarian reform, it is argued, lies not in a return to the top-down, statist models of the past but in new forms of partnerships between progressive political forces and peasant movements that go beyond the confines of the market to redistribute land and create sustainable livelihood opportunities for the rural poor and landless.	None	agrarian reform; agricultural finance; agricultural policy; developing world; future prospect; landholding; property rights; smallholder	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148949714	Hepatitis B virus genotype E surface antigen detection with different immunoassays and diagnostic impact of mutations in the preS/S gene	Olinger C.M., Weber B., Otegbayo J.A., Ammerlaan W., Van Der Taelem-Brulé N., Muller C.P.	2007	Medical Microbiology and Immunology	196	4	10.1007/s00430-007-0050-5	Institute of Immunology, National Public Health Laboratory, 20a, rue Auguste Lumière, Luxembourg 1950, Luxembourg; Laboratoires Réunis Junglinster, Z.A.C. Langwies, Junglinster 6131, Luxembourg; Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätskliniken Fr	Olinger, C.M., Institute of Immunology, National Public Health Laboratory, 20a, rue Auguste Lumière, Luxembourg 1950, Luxembourg; Weber, B., Laboratoires Réunis Junglinster, Z.A.C. Langwies, Junglinster 6131, Luxembourg, Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätskliniken Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Otegbayo, J.A., Gastrointestinal/Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ammerlaan, W., Institute of Immunology, National Public Health Laboratory, 20a, rue Auguste Lumière, Luxembourg 1950, Luxembourg; Van Der Taelem-Brulé, N., Laboratoires Réunis Junglinster, Z.A.C. Langwies, Junglinster 6131, Luxembourg; Muller, C.P., Institute of Immunology, National Public Health Laboratory, 20a, rue Auguste Lumière, Luxembourg 1950, Luxembourg	The major neutralizing epitope, the "a" determinant of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E surface antigen (HBsAg) is most divergent from that of genotype A, which is used for preparing monoclonal antibodies used in commercially available HBV reagents. To evaluate the performance of the latest generation of HBsAg detection assays with respect to genotype E HBsAg. Three commercial assays were evaluated using sera from 200 Nigerian patients compared to the preS/S sequence of DNA positive samples. Out of 200 samples, 61 and 103 gave concordant positive and negative results between the three HBsAg assays. Of 36 samples with discordant results, 35 were confirmed negative by neutralisation. One of the three assays showed significantly high rate of false positives (29 of 35). DNA positive samples with no detectable HBsAg or reduced HBsAg detection signals (<75% of mean signal obtained with HBsAg positive samples) revealed several mutations (V14A, F46S, N48T, L49R, I49T, D51G, A53V, P54L, Q82P, F83C, L127P, A184V, T189I, S204N, V224A), mostly outside the a-determinant. Several of these mutations are found as wild type nucleotides normally in genotype A and only exceptionally in genotype E. All three assays showed comparable sensitivities for genotype E HBsAg detection (98.4-100%) but differed considerably in specificity (84-99%). Failure to detect HBsAg antigen and differences in signal intensity were mainly associated with mutations in the preS/S gene outside the "a" determinant. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	Genotype E; HBsAg; Nucleic acid amplification test; PreS/S gene	hepatitis B(e) antigen; nucleotide; antigen detection; article; diagnostic test; DNA sequence; gene mutation; genotype; Hepatitis B virus; human; immunoassay; major clinical study; Nigeria; priority journal; serum; signal transduction; virus gene; wild type; DNA, Viral; Genotype; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Mutation; Protein Precursors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Variation (Genetics)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148961216	Sc(III) porphyrins. The molecular structure of two Sc(III) porphyrins and a re-evaluation of the parameters for the molecular mechanics modelling of Sc(III) porphyrins	de Sousa A.S., Fernandes M.A., Nxumalo W., Balderson J.L., Jeftič T., Cukrowski I., Marques H.M.	2008	Journal of Molecular Structure	872	1	10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.02.018	Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	de Sousa, A.S., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Fernandes, M.A., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Nxumalo, W., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Balderson, J.L., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Jeftič, T., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Cukrowski, I., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Marques, H.M., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	The crystal structures of two new Sc(III) porphyrins, [Sc(TPP)Cl]·2.5(1-chloronaphthalene), (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin)-chloro-scandium(III)·2.5(1-chlo ronaphthalene) solvate, (Mo Kα, 0.71073 Å, triclinic system P over(1, ̄), a = 9.9530(2) Å, b = 15.4040(3) Å, c = 17.7770(3) Å, α = 86.5190(10)°, β = 89.7680(10)°, γ = 86.9720(10)°, 13101 independent reflections, R1 = 0.0712) and the dimeric [μ2-(OH)2(Sc(TPP))2], bis-(μ-hydroxo)-(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin) scandium(III) (Mo Kα, 0.71073 Å, monoclinic system C2, a = 24.2555(16) Å, b = 11.1598(7) Å, c = 25.6468(17) Å, β = 91.980(2)°, 13084 independent reflections, R1 = 0.0485) are reported. In [Sc(TPP)Cl] the metal is five-coordinate and the porphyrin is domed with the metal displaced by 0.63 Å from the mean porphyrin towards the axial Cl- ligand. The average Sc-N bond length is 2.143(3) Å, which is shorter than the average bond length of previously reported structures. Two of the phenyl rings are nearly orthogonal to the porphyrin core and the other two are significantly tilted because of contacts with 1-chloronaphthalene solvent molecules, and the phenyl rings of neighbouring porphyrins. In [μ2-(OH)2(Sc(TPP))2] both porphyrins are domed, with the metal displaced from the mean porphyrin plane towards the bridging hydroxo ligands. The average Sc-N bond length is 2.197(12) Å, which is in the upper range of Sc-N bond lengths in known Sc(III) porphyrins but not dissimilar to the average Sc-N bond lengths in another other bis-μ2-hydroxo Sc(III) porphyrin, [μ2-(OH)2(Sc(OEP))2]. One porphyrin is rotated relative to the upper porphyrin by 25° due to steric contacts between the phenyl substituents. We have used these new structures to re-evaluated our previously reported molecular mechanics force field parameters for modelling Sc(III) porphyrins using the MM2 force field; the training set was augmented from two to seven structures by using all available Sc(III) porphyrin structures and the two new structures. The modelling reproduces the porphyrin core very accurately; bond lengths are reproduced to within 0.01 Å, bond angles to within 0.5° and torsional angles to within 2°. The optimum parameters for modelling the Sc(III)-N bond lengths, determined by finding the minimum difference between the crystallographic and modelling mean bond lengths with the aid of artificial neural network architectures, were found to be 0.90 ± 0.03 mdyn Å-1 for the bond force constant and2.005 ± 0.005 Å for the strain-free bond length. Modelling the seven Sc(III) porphyrins with the new parameters gives an average Sc-N bond length of 2.182 ± 0.018 Å, indistinguishable from the crystallographic mean of 2.181 ± 0.024 Å. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Artificial neutral networks; Force field; Metalloporphyrins; Molecular mechanics; Scandium	Crystal structure; Molecular mechanics; Molecular structure; Neural networks; Scandium compounds; Solvents; Average bond length; Force fields; Metalloporphyrins; Phenyl rings; Porphyrins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148989151	Evaluation of attempted-suicide management in a rural district of KwaZulu-Natal	Nakin D.C.T., Joubert G., Pretorius P.J., van Vuuren M.J.V.	2007	South African Journal of Psychiatry	13	2	None	Department of Family Medicine, Biostatistics and Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Nakin, D.C.T., Department of Family Medicine, Biostatistics and Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, G., Department of Family Medicine, Biostatistics and Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Pretorius, P.J., Department of Family Medicine, Biostatistics and Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van Vuuren, M.J.V., Department of Family Medicine, Biostatistics and Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Objectives: Critical aspects in the management of attempted-suicide patients have been identified in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine which of these aspects were included in the management of patients who attempted suicide in a rural district of KwaZulu-Natal. Design. Descriptive study. Setting. The two hospitals in a rural district of KwaZulu-Natal. Subjects. Attempted-suicide patients admitted to the above two hospitals between 1 June 2001 and 31 March 2002. Outcome measures. Patients were interviewed regarding how they were managed and were followed up until 3 months after the attempted suicide. Results. Medicine was given to 41% of participants on admission and 64% were counselled by a doctor. A no-suicide contract was entered into in 42% of counselled cases. Family therapy, social worker involvement and psychiatric referral were very low and there was no involvement of friends, teachers or priests. Conclusion. Management of patients who attempted suicide in this district is inadequate as there are no proper policy guidelines. It is important that health caregivers be trained in psychiatry.	None	psychotropic agent; adult; article; clergy; clinical practice; descriptive research; family therapy; female; follow up; friend; health care delivery; health personnel attitude; hospital admission; human; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; patient care; patient counseling; patient referral; practice guideline; rural health care; social support; social worker; South Africa; suicide attempt; teacher	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148991468	Evaluation of diversity of Candida species isolated from fermented cassava during traditional small scale gari production in Nigeria	Oguntoyinbo F.A.	2008	Food Control	19	5	10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.05.010	Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Oguntoyinbo, F.A., Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	The yeast population dynamics during cassava fermentation at different time regimes was determined and the Candida species isolated from the fermented mash were identified using combined phenotypic and genomic methods. The yeast population increases as the fermentation progresses with corresponding pH reduction mediated by lactic acid bacteria and yeast co-metabolism. The phenotypic characteristic of the Candida species isolated from fermented cassava during gari production in Nigeria was determined using the sugar fermentation profile of the API 20AUX that generated the phenotypic identity of Candida species as Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida maris, Candida galabrata. Only strain 1RB identified phenotypically as C. guilliermondii fermented all the sugars except inositol and lactose. Although, the strain 2RB identified by the API 20AUX as C. maris fermented galactose, all other strains could only ferment glucose with the presence of pseudohypae. The result of the comparison of the 18S rDNA gene sequencing with the blast database identified the strains of C. guilliermondii 100% C. krusei 98%, Candida inconspicua 100%, Candida rugopelliculosa 98%. The results also demonstrated that different strains of Candida species participated in the traditional fermentation of cassava and differentiated C. krusei from C. inconspicua using the 18S rDNA gene sequencing. C. inconspicua has not been previously reported due to its phenotypic relatedness to C. krusei. C. inconspicua may not be a good candidate to be selected as starter culture due to its medical importance; it must be genetically differentiated from the diverse strains of C. krusei that participated in the fermentation. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Candida; Cassava; Characterization; Fermentation	Bacteria (microorganisms); Candida; Candida inconspicua; Candida maris; Candida rugopelliculosa; Gari; Issatchenkia orientalis; Manihot esculenta; Pichia guilliermondii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148993897	Yeast vitality - A holistic approach toward an integrated solution to predict yeast performance	Lodolo E.J., Cantrell I.C.	2007	Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists	65	4	10.1094/ASBCJ-2007-0809-01	SABMiller Group Brewing Research, Sandton, South Africa; SABLtd. Brewing Centre of Excellence, P.O. Box 123902, Alrode 1451, South Africa	Lodolo, E.J., SABMiller Group Brewing Research, Sandton, South Africa, SABLtd. Brewing Centre of Excellence, P.O. Box 123902, Alrode 1451, South Africa; Cantrell, I.C., SABMiller Group Brewing Research, Sandton, South Africa	The underlying philosophy behind yeast vitality tests has been reconsidered and a new holistic approach proposed to predict brewing yeast fermentation performance. In this holistic approach, special emphasis is placed on the impact of yeast physiology when combined with varying growth media. Two methods of applying this approach are described, and a "low-tech" (quartets) approach that can be applied readily in commercial breweries is recommended. © 2007 American Society of Brewing Chemists, Inc.	DNA; Fermentation performance; Flow cytometry; Quartets; Vitality; Yeast	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36248933795	Hb Kenya among luo adults and young children in malaria holoendemic Western Kenya: Screened by high performance liquid chromatography and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction	Kifude C.M., Polhemus M.E., Heppner Jr. D.G., Withers M.R., Ogutu B.R., Waitumbi J.N.	2007	Hemoglobin	31	4	10.1080/03630260701587638	Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Operational Medicine Department, Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States; Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, United Nations Avenue Gigiri, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya	Kifude, C.M., Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Polhemus, M.E., Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Heppner Jr., D.G., Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Withers, M.R., Operational Medicine Department, Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States; Ogutu, B.R., Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Waitumbi, J.N., Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya, Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, United Nations Avenue Gigiri, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya	Hb Kenya, a fusion hemoglobin (Hb) resulting from a crossover between the Aγ- and β-globin genes, is accompanied by an increased level of fetal Hb (Hb F) in adult life. This study describes the use of cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification of Hb Kenya and of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for confirmatory diagnosis. Data came from 584 children and 406 adults who were screened for eligibility for malaria vaccine trials at Kombewa, Western Kenya. Sixteen subjects (13 children and three adults) had elevated Hb F (5.0-28.4%; normal <5.0%). Of these, 11 had an apparent markedly elevated Hb A2 (9.2-22.9%) and were confirmed by gap-PCR as having the 22.7 kb deletion characteristic of Hb Kenya. Of the five cases with elevated Hb F but normal A2, none had Hb Kenya. We propose that in this population, the finding by cation exchange HPLC of an elevated Hb F (>9.0%) and of an apparently increased Hb A2 (>9.2%), may suggest the presence of Hb Kenya. However, given the inability of differentiating Hb Kenya from a truly elevated Hb A2 by routine cation exchange HPLC, it is imperative to confirm the Hb Kenya mutation by gap-PCR. Copyright © Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.	Cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Hb Kenya; Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH); Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis	hemoglobin A2; hemoglobin F; hemoglobin kenya; hemoglobin variant; malaria vaccine; unclassified drug; adult; article; clinical article; data analysis; diagnostic procedure; endemic disease; female; gene deletion; gene mutation; high performance liquid chromatography; human; ion exchange chromatography; Kenya; malaria; male; mass screening; molecular weight; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; Adolescent; Adult; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cohort Studies; Endemic Diseases; Female; Fetal Hemoglobin; Hemoglobin A2; Hemoglobinopathies; Hemoglobins, Abnormal; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36248971166	The storm that rocks the boat: The systemic impact of gated communities on urban sustainability	Landman K.	2007	CyberGeo	2007	None	None	CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, South Africa	Landman, K., CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, South Africa	This paper is concerned with the impact and implications of gated communities on urban sustainability. This is investigated making use of an overarching methodological framework based on the internationally accepted Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, developed by the OECD. Additional to the simple causal flow from drivers to responses are the dynamic relationships between these five aspects. The paper discusses each of these issues and the relationships between them as they pertain to gated communities in South Africa. Gated communities, as complex systems, necessitate the consideration of a multiplicity of feedback loops with internal rates of flow that are determined by non-linear relationships. Only in this way can the full extent of their impact and implications on urban sustainability be assessed.	None	gated community; modeling; storm; sustainability; urban area; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36248995893	Factors influencing the academic performance of school children with epilepsy	Ibekwe R.C., Ojinnaka N.C., Iloeje S.O.	2007	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	53	5	10.1093/tropej/fmm034	Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University, Abakiliki, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University Of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria	Ibekwe, R.C., Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University, Abakiliki, Nigeria; Ojinnaka, N.C., Department of Paediatrics, University Of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Iloeje, S.O., Department of Paediatrics, University Of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria	The academic performance and intelligence quotient (IQ) of 50 children with epilepsy aged between 5 and 14 years, attending normal primary schools in Enugu, were compared with those of their non-epileptic classmates. The academic performance was assessed using the overall scores achieved in terminal examinations in the 2001-2002 academic year. IQ was assessed using the Draw-A-person Test. The influences of school absence rate, Rutter behavioural scores, socio-economic status and seizure-related variables on academic performance were then determined. Twenty-six percent of the children with epilepsy had a low overall score, and therefore poor academic performance, compared with 16% of the controls (p = 0.35). The mean IQ of the children with epilepsy was significantly lower than that of the controls (p = 0.02). The mean school absence rate for the children with epilepsy was significantly higher than that of the controls (p = 0.001). The mean Rutter score of the children with epilepsy was significantly higher than that for the controls (p = 0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, only IQ (p = 0.01) and seizure type (p = 0.03) had significant predictive effects as risk factors for low overall scores and poor academic performance. It is concluded that the academic performance of epileptic children is influenced by their IQ and type of seizures rather than by other seizure variables or socio-demographic characteristics. © The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	anticonvulsive agent; carbamazepine; ethosuximide; nitrazepam; phenobarbital; valproic acid; absence; absenteeism; academic achievement; adolescent; article; atonic seizure; child; childhood disease; clinical article; complex partial seizure; controlled study; demography; epilepsy; female; focal epilepsy; human; intelligence quotient; male; mixed seizure; monotherapy; multiple linear regression analysis; Nigeria; prediction; risk factor; scoring system; social class; tonic clonic seizure; Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Educational Status; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Intelligence; Linear Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Underachievement	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36249012553	Global streamflows - Part 2: Reservoir storage-yield performance	McMahon T.A., Vogel R.M., Pegram G.G.S., Peel M.C., Etkin D.	2007	Journal of Hydrology	347	42433	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.021	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Civil Engineering Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	McMahon, T.A., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Vogel, R.M., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Pegram, G.G.S., Civil Engineering Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Peel, M.C., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Etkin, D., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States	This is the second of three papers describing hydrologic analyses of monthly and annual streamflow data for a global set of 729 unregulated rivers with at least 25 years of continuous data. Capacity estimates of hypothetical reservoirs are computed for each river using the Sequent Peak Algorithm (SPA), Behaviour analysis and the Gould-Dincer Gamma procedure. Based on SPA and Behaviour procedures, empirical relationships relating reservoir capacity and yield were developed which accounted for 87-96% of the variance in capacity estimates across the global data set of monthly streamflows. The theoretical Gould-Dincer Gamma procedure was also shown to be a suitable technique to estimate reservoir capacity-yield relationships. It is noted that the three procedures are based on different definitions of supply reliability. Continental variations of the estimated capacities under equivalent conditions are examined. Reservoir performance measures - reliability, resilience and dimensionless vulnerability - are computed and their continental variations described. As a result of these analyses a number of differences are noted about the performance of reservoirs across continental regions. For example, the median continental reservoir capacity as a ratio of the mean annual flow varied by a factor of 9 across the continental regions. Furthermore, based on the reliability metric as an example of reservoir performance, high reliabilities occur in the South Pacific and Europe, slightly less reliable systems in North and South America, lower still in northern Africa, followed by Australia and the lowest value in southern Africa. This distribution follows inversely with the coefficient of variation of annual streamflow between continents. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Global hydrology; Global rivers; Reservoir capacity-yield; Reservoir performance	Algorithms; Computation theory; Parameter estimation; Reservoirs (water); Global hydrology; Global rivers; Reservoir capacity-yield; Reservoir performance; Stream flow; Algorithms; Computation theory; Parameter estimation; Reservoirs (water); Stream flow; algorithm; data set; global perspective; hydrology; reliability analysis; reservoir; resilience; streamflow; vulnerability; Africa; Australasia; Australia; Eurasia; Europe; North America; Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean (South); South Africa; South America; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348947933	The relationship between lecture attendance and academic performance in an undergraduate psychology class	Thatcher A., Fridjhon P., Cockcroft K.	2007	South African Journal of Psychology	37	3	None	Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand WITS, 2050, South Africa; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Thatcher, A., Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand WITS, 2050, South Africa; Fridjhon, P., School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cockcroft, K., Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	This article reports on a preliminary investigation into the impact of non-attendance at lectures on the performance of students in a second-year psychology class. Results suggest that the frequency of lecture attendance is significantly, but moderately, related to better academic performance and that 'always' attending lectures is the best indicator of academic performance. These results are discussed in relation to understanding lecture non-attendance and improving academic performance. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Academic performance; Lecture attendance; Teaching psychology; Undergraduate psychology classes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348958368	Impacts of Chinese imports and coping strategies of local producers: The case of small-scale footwear enterprises in Ethiopia	Gebre-Egziabher T.	2007	Journal of Modern African Studies	45	4	10.1017/S0022278X07002911	Regional and Local Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, POB 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Gebre-Egziabher, T., Regional and Local Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, POB 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The footwear sector in Ethiopia is dominated by cheap imports from Asia, particularly from China. This has inflicted heavy impacts on the sector, and threatened its competitiveness in the domestic market. This study examines the impact of imports and coping strategies of firms to withstand the competition. Firm level data were gathered from micro, small and medium footwear enterprises. The findings revealed that Chinese shoes are superior in design, price and quality, with the result that they have taken over the domestic market. The impact of Chinese imports on local producers varied from downsizing, bankruptcy, loss of assets and property, to downgrading activities and informalising operations. Firms have pursued coping strategies that focused on improving design and quality, as well as lowering prices and profit margins. Coping strategies appear to be differentiated by size of firms, and have some association with the performance of firms. The ways forward for local producers should focus on collaborative engagements of stakeholders and government to overcome the competitive disadvantages of firms. Training, technology, quality control, benchmarking and reorganization of production should be designed as a package of intervention. In addition, strengthening local producers to engage in collective actions and promoting exports should also be given proper attention. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	None	collective action; competitiveness; coping strategy; footwear industry; import; small scale industry; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348978770	Effect of substrate to piezoceramic layer thickness ratio on the performance of a C-shape piezoelectric actuator	Mtawa A.N., Sun B., Gryzagoridis J.	2008	Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical	141	1	10.1016/j.sna.2007.07.031	Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Mtawa, A.N., Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Sun, B., Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Gryzagoridis, J., Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	This paper is focused on the influence of the thickness ratio between substrate and piezoceramic layers on the displacement and force output of a C-shape actuator. The ratio of substrate/PZT layers thickness is one of the parameters that can be used for the optimization of performance of a C-shape actuator. Experimental and Finite Element software (MSC Marc) was used for validation of the theoretical results. The results show that with a fixed piezoceramic layer thickness, the thickness, hence the stiffness of the substrate layer can be varied to obtain a range of values of displacement and force. With increasing thickness of substrate, the free displacement reaches a maximum value after which it decreases. The possible causes for this behaviour are discussed. This information is a useful guide to designers enabling the selection of appropriate material and geometry for a C-shape actuator, depending on whether the primary requirement is large force or large displacement. The information is also useful when deciding on the required number of individual C-shape actuators in series or parallel. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	C-shape actuator; Curved actuator; Lightweight actuator; Piezocomposite actuator; Piezoelectric actuator	Computer software; Finite element method; Optimization; Piezoelectric actuators; Thickness measurement; Curved actuators; Lightweight actuators; Piezoceramic layers; Piezocomposite actuators; Piezoelectric ceramics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348981041	Is 'something better than nothing'? The impacts of ten outreach nurseries on South African community stakeholders	Botha J., Witkowski E.T.F., Cock J.	2007	Forests Trees and Livelihoods	17	3	None	Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Botha, J., Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Witkowski, E.T.F., Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Cock, J., Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The impacts, both positive and negative, of small-scale outreach projects on local stakeholders are frequently under-estimated. The effects of ten South African outreach nurseries on the well-being of community participants are assessed in this collective case study. Income generation was a major objective in all projects, but few individuals derived financial returns. It took 5-8 years for three nurseries to generate regular incomes; the remainder were barely breaking even, or were running at a loss. Those who had started earning incomes gained self confidence and personal satisfaction, increased respect from others, and freedom of choice. Although increased knowledge and experience was valued, 35% of the participants felt that no benefits had been derived, and 41% believed that they bad not achieved any success. People lost not only material well-being, but also social capital and self esteem, with many experiencing varying degrees of depression. In several cases, conflicts spiralled or threatened to escalate into violence, threatening peoples' physical security. Before embarking on projects, organisations have a moral obligation to consider the potential impacts of projects on local stakeholders, and to assess project viability as well as their own willingness and ability to commit to the extensive time frames and resources that are inevitably required. © 2007 A B Academic Publishers.	Community-based conservation; Ex-situ conservation; Livelihoods; Poverty alleviation; Wildlife enterprises	collective action; income distribution; nursery ground; poverty alleviation; project assessment; social capital; stakeholder; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348983375	Evaluation of the yield of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont) singer on selected economic tree species	Ayodele S.M., Akpaja E.O., Anyiador F.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	10	23	None	Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Ayodele, S.M., Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Akpaja, E.O., Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Anyiador, F., Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria	Sawdust from seven economic trees (Mansonia altissima, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Nesogordonia papaverifera, Combretodendron macrocarpum, Terminalia sp., Khaya ivorensis and Brachystegia nigerica were used to cultivate Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont) Singer. The highest mycelial density was observed in the sawdust of Mansonia altissimia and lowest in Piptadeniastrum africanum. Time of premodial emergence, fresh weight of mushroom and number of flushes varied from one sawdust to the other. The best sawdust for the growth of this mushroom among the sawdust of the economic trees was that of Combretodendron macrocarpum. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Economic trees; Evaluation; Lentinus squarrosulus; Yield	analysis of variance; article; economics; Lentinus; microbiology; physiology; tree; Analysis of Variance; Economics; Lentinula; Trees; Basidiomycota; Brachystegia; Khaya ivorensis; Lentinus; Lentinus squarrosulus; Mansonia altissima; Nesogordonia; Piptadeniastrum africanum; Terminalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348985543	Evaluation of the Arkansas method of urine testing for isoniazid in South Africa	Hanifa Y., Mngadi K., Lewis J., Fielding K., Churchyard G., Grant A.D.	2007	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	11	11	None	Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Institute for Health Research, 47 Main Street, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa	Hanifa, Y., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Aurum Institute for Health Research, 47 Main Street, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; Mngadi, K., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lewis, J., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Fielding, K., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	SETTING: A South African hospital serving gold mine employees. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Arkansas method for detecting isoniazid (INH) metabolites among South African adults and to examine the effect of smoking status on positive results. DESIGN: Urine specimens were collected from in-patients taking INH as part of tuberculosis treatment at 6, 12 and 24 h after a directly observed 300 mg oral dose. As a control group, a single urine specimen was collected from surgical in-patients not taking INH. Specimens were tested for INH using a commercially available dipstick. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients on INH and 60 controis were recruited. The sensitivity of the test was 93.3% (95%CI 88.1-96.8) at 6 h post INH, 93.4% (95%CI 88.2-96.8) at 12 h and 77% (95%CI 69.1-83.7) at 24 h. The specificity of the test was 98.3% (95%CI 91.1->99.9). There was no association between smoking status and colour change of positive results. CONCLUSIONS: This test is a useful method of monitoring adherence to TB treatment or preventive therapy among South Africans. However, it is less than 100% sensitive, especially with increasing time post dose, which should be taken into consideration when interpreting results for individual patients. © 2007 The Union.	Adherence; Africa; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis	drug metabolite; isoniazid; tuberculostatic agent; adult; article; cigarette smoking; controlled study; female; human; major clinical study; male; medical assessment; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; tuberculosis; United States; urinalysis; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smoking; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348987743	The impact of war experiences and physical abuse on formerly abducted boys in Northern Uganda	Amone-P'Olak K., Garnefski N., Kraaij V.	2007	African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa)	10	2	None	Department of Psychology, Gulu University, PO Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands	Amone-P'Olak, K., Department of Psychology, Gulu University, PO Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Garnefski, N., Department of Psychology, Gulu University, PO Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Kraaij, V., Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands	Objective: In this article, war experiences and the impact of physical abuse on formerly abducted boys in Northern Uganda are assessed. Method: In a cross-sectional self-report design, Impact of Events Scale - Revised (IES-R), War Experiences Checklist questionnaires were administered to 216 formerly abducted boys between August and November 2004 and data from records at three rehabilitation centres were retrospectively assessed and analysed. Results: The boys were exposed to war events, participated in atrocities, were physically abused, and manifested many signs and symptoms of post traumatic stress. Consequently, many were psychologically distressed at the time of the study. Conclusions: The psychosocial intervention activities proposed include teaching better coping skills, entrepreneurial skills training, and provision of micro credit facilities.	Physical abuse; Psychosocial intervention; PTS; Uganda; War	adolescent; adult; article; child abuse; coping behavior; cross-sectional study; distress syndrome; experience; human; Impact of Events Scale; major clinical study; male; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychosocial care; questionnaire; school child; self report; Uganda; war	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348998733	Friction stir weld process evaluation by multi-axial transducer	Blignault C., Hattingh D.G., Kruger G.H., van Niekerk T.I., James M.N.	2008	Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation	41	1	10.1016/j.measurement.2006.12.001	Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Faculty of Technology, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA England, United Kingdom	Blignault, C., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Hattingh, D.G., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Kruger, G.H., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; van Niekerk, T.I., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; James, M.N., Faculty of Technology, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA England, United Kingdom	Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state joining technique that is rapidly establishing itself as an approved production technique and it remains the focus of significant international research effort. Scientific understanding of the FSW process is necessary for its successful automation. The interaction between the rotating tool and the alloy is complex, making the determination of the contribution of various process parameters (tool geometry, temperature, rake angle, speed and feed) to the desired weld properties difficult. The construction of a rotating multi-axial transducer has been realised. This allows online and offline measurement of process responses (force footprint, energy, temperature, etc.) and can be incorporated into a feedback control system for the processes technical and economic trade-off regulation. This paper describes the design, development and calibration of this multi-axial transducer. The application of the real-time process data to develop the force footprint as an aid for gaining scientific insight into FSW is also discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Force footprint; Friction stir weld (FSW); Transducer	Automation; Calibration; Feedback control; Real time systems; Transducers; Force footprint; Friction stir weld (FSW); Process control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36349008165	The impact of onset controllability on stigmatization and supportive communication goals toward persons with HIV versus lung cancer: A comparison between Kenyan and U.S. participants	Miller A.N., Fellows K.L., Kizito M.N.	2007	Health Communication	22	3	None	Communication Department, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Communication Studies, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States; c/o University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Communication Studies, Leutze Hall No. 226, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC 28403-5933, United States	Miller, A.N., Communication Department, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya; Fellows, K.L., Department of Communication Studies, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States, c/o University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Communication Studies, Leutze Hall No. 226, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC 28403-5933, United States; Kizito, M.N., Communication Department, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya	This study examined the impact of controllability of onset (i.e., means of transmission), disease type (HIV and lung cancer), and culture (Kenya and U.S.) on stigmatizing attitudes and goals for supportive communication. Four hundred sixty-four Kenyan students and 526 American students, and 441 Kenyan nonstudents and 591 American nonstudents were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 hypothetical scenario conditions and asked to respond to questions regarding 3 different types of stigmatizing attitudes and 6 types of supportive communication goals with respect to the character in the scenario. Means of transmission had a strong effect on the blame component of stigma, but none on cognitive attitudes and social interaction components. Similarly, although an effect for means of transmission emerged on intention to provide "recognize own responsibility" and "see others' blame" types of support, no effect was evident for most other supportive interaction goals. Although effects for culture were small, Kenyan participants, student and nonstudent alike, were not as quick as American participants to adopt goals of communicating blame in any direction. Implications for measurement of stigma in future research are discussed. Copyright © 2007, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; attitude to health; comparative study; control; cultural factor; educational status; epidemiology; female; health behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; lung tumor; male; middle aged; psychological aspect; questionnaire; social psychology; social support; student; United States; university; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Attitude to Health; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Educational Status; Female; Health Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Internal-External Control; Kenya; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Precipitating Factors; Prejudice; Questionnaires; Social Support; Stereotyping; Students; United States; Universities	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36349013100	Psychosocial impact of sickle cell disease on mothers of affected children seen at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria	Tunde-Ayinmode M.F.	2007	East African Medical Journal	84	9	None	Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 693, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Tunde-Ayinmode, M.F., Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 693, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Background: Attention paid to psychological disorders of mothers or families of children suffering from sickle cell disease (SCD) in Nigeria has been inadequate. Objective: To assess the psychosocial impact of SCD on mothers of affected children and two control samples. Design: A cross-sectional controlled study. Setting: University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Subjects: One hundred mothers of SCD affected children (SCD children) were the study sample while the controls were made of 75 mothers of children with bronchial asthma (asthmatics) and 75 mothers of children with some acute medical illness (AMI). Results: The mothers of children with SCD (SCD mothers) were significantly likely to report burden in the areas of finance, time consumption and hindrance from enjoyment of live and were also more likely to over-protect their children. A total of 28% of SCD mothers were identified as probable cases with psychological problems on SRQ compared to 20% and 25% of mothers of asthmatics and AMI children respectively, this differences were, however, not statistically significant. Conclusion: As a result of the prevalent psychosocial impact of this disease on mothers it is strongly suggested that special consideration in terms of routine psychosocial assessment and treatment be incorporated into the various levels of health care system. There is also the need to encourage the establishment of more social organisations like SCD clubs where affected families can interact and counsel one another.	None	adaptive behavior; adult; article; caregiver; cross-sectional study; female; health survey; human; mother; mother child relation; Nigeria; parent; psychologic test; psychological aspect; questionnaire; sickle cell anemia; socioeconomics; teaching hospital; university hospital; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Caregivers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Surveys; Hospitals, Teaching; Hospitals, University; Humans; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Nigeria; Parents; Psychological Tests; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36349028670	Preparation of a solid phosphoric acid catalyst from low-quality kieselguhr - Parameters controlling catalyst quality and Performance	Prinsloo N.M.	2007	Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research	46	23	10.1021/ie070644g	Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology, Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	Prinsloo, N.M., Fischer-Tropsch Refinery Catalysis, Sasol Technology, Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	High-quality Kieselguhr is normally employed as the support for solid phosphoric acid (SPA), The catalyst used for the oligomerization of C 3-C5 alkenes in a Fischer-Tropsch refinery. In this paper, we demonstrate that an SPA catalyst of suitable activity can be prepared from a low-quality Kieselguhr provided that the Kieselguhr bulk density is &lt;0.3 g/mL. Several catalyst samples were evaluated on microreactor and pilotplant scale using propene mixtures as feed. An increase in acid-to-Kieselguhr ratio used during catalyst preparation was shown to improve catalyst activity, although this is detrimental to catalyst particle strength under similar calcination conditions. By studying the effect of impurities on catalyst performance, it was confirmed that high impurity levels lower oligomerization activity. It was also established that a high Kieselguhr quartz content (&gt; 10% by mass) reduces the catalyst particle crushing strength. © 2007 American Chemical Society.	None	Calcination; Chemical reactors; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Oligomerization; Fischer-Tropsch refinery; Microreactor; Catalysts; Calcination; Catalysts; Chemical reactors; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Oligomerization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36448936420	Evaluation of some factors affecting milk composition of indigenous goats in Nigeria	Zahraddeen D., Butswat I.S.R., Mbap S.T.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	11	None	Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B.0248, Bauchi, Nigeria	Zahraddeen, D., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B.0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Butswat, I.S.R., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B.0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Mbap, S.T., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B.0248, Bauchi, Nigeria	This study was carried out at the Research Farm of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria (October 2003 - May 2006) to evaluate some factors (breed, season, stage of lactation and parity) affecting goat milk composition. The results showed that per cent crude protein, fat, lactose and total solid contents were significantly (P<0.05) affected by breed; with pH and ash contents differed non-significantly in the three breeds. The percentages of crude protein, fat and lactose contents were significantly (P<0.001) different in the four stages of lactation (colostrum, early, mid and late), while the differences in the total solid, pH and ash contents were not affected by the lactation stages. There were seasonal (P<0.001) variations in the per cent fat and lactose contents; with crude protein, total solid, pH and ash contents being not influenced by the two seasons (dry and wet). Similarly, fat and lactose contents showed significant (P<0.001) parity effects; with the crude protein, total solid, pH and ash values differed non-significantly in the three parities (first, second and third). It is therefore concluded that the goat milk composition studied is comparable to the levels obtained in improved goats reported elsewhere. It is therefore suggested that improvement in the goat milk composition of the local breeds can be made through improved management and cross-breeding with higher-yielding local or exotic goats.	Breed; Lactation stage; Parity; Season	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36448937088	Stable isotope study of the Archaean rocks of the Vredefort impact structure, central Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa	Fagereng Å., Harris C., La Grange M., Stevens G.	2008	Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology	155	1	10.1007/s00410-007-0224-6	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand	Fagereng, Å., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa, Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand; Harris, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; La Grange, M., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Stevens, G., Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	The Vredefort dome in the Kaapvaal Craton was formed as a result of the impact of a large meteorite at 2.02 Ga. The central core of Archaean granitic basement rocks is surrounded by a collar of uplifted and overturned strata of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, exposing a substantial depth section of the Archaean crust. Orthogneisses of the core show little variation in whole-rock δ18O value, with the majority being between 8 and 10‰, with a mean of 9.2% (n = 35). Quartz and feldspar have per mil differences that are consistent with O-isotope equilibrium at high temperatures, suggesting minimal interaction with fluids during subsequent cooling. These data refute previous suggestions that the Outer Granite Gneiss (OGG) and Inlandsee Leucogranofels (ILG) of the core represent middle and lower crust, respectively. Granulite-facies greenstone remnants from the ILG have δ18O values that are on average 1.5% higher than the ILG host rocks and are unlikely, therefore, to represent the residuum from the partial melting event that formed the host rock. Witwatersrand Supergroup sedimentary rocks of the collar, which were metamorphosed at greenschist-to amphibolite-facies conditions, generally have lower δ18O values than the core rocks with a mean value for metapelites of 7.7% (n = 45). Overall, through an 20 km thick section of crust, there is a general increase in whole-rock δ18O value with increasing depth. This is the reverse of what is normal in the crust, largely because the collar rocks have δ18O values that are unusually low in comparison with metamorphosed sedimentary rocks worldwide. The collar rocks have δD values ranging from -35 to -115‰ (average -62‰, n = 29), which are consistent with interaction with water of meteoric origin, having a δD of about -25 to -45‰. We suggest that fluid movement through the collar rocks was enhanced by impact-induced secondary permeability in the dome structure. © Springer-Verlag 2007.	Archaean basement; Fluid-rock interaction; Stable isotopes; Vredefort impact structure; Witwatersrand Supergroup	Archean; basement rock; granite; granulite facies; greenstone; host rock; impact structure; lower crust; meteorite; orthogneiss; partial melting; stable isotope; Africa; Free State; Kaapvaal Craton; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome; Witwatersrand	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36448939790	Reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows in Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia	Mureda E., Zeleke Z.M.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	11	None	Agricultural College, ATVET, Holleta, Ethiopia; Bair Dar University, P.O.Box 1866, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Mureda, E., Agricultural College, ATVET, Holleta, Ethiopia; Zeleke, Z.M., Bair Dar University, P.O.Box 1866, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to assess reproductive performances of 304 crossbred (Holstein Friesian x Zebu) dairy cows kept in small (SSDP), medium (MSDP) and large scale dairy production (LSDP) systems in Eastern lowland of Ethiopia. The overall mean age at first service (AFS) and at first calving (AFC) across all production systems were 25.6 (n=283) and 36.2 (n=210) months, respectively. The AFS and AFC were significantly longer (P≤0.05) in the MSDP than in the SSDP and LSDP systems. The overall mean intervals from calving to first service (CFSI) and from calving to conception (CCI) were 162.5 (n=149) and 218.5 (n=108) days, respectively. The crossbred cows under SSDP management system had shorter (P≤0.05) CFSI and CCI than those managed under MSDP and LSDP. The CFSI and CCI were the longest (P≤0.05) for the first and beyond 6th parities as compared to 2nd, 3rd and 4th parities. The mean calving interval (CI) across all production systems was 17.8 (n=155) months. Cows managed under SSDP system had significantly shorter (P≤0.05) CI as compared to cows managed under MSDP and LSDP. The overall pregnancy, calving and conception to first service rates were 72.8%, 63.4% and 45.9%, respectively with no significant difference (P≥ 0.05) among production systems. In conclusion, crossbred cows under the SSDP management systems had better reproductive performance followed by cows in LSDP. Developing feed resource, effective reproductive health management and reliable AI service could be management options to mitigate some of the prevailing problems.	Crossbred cows; Production system; Reproduction	Bos; Bos indicus; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36448940830	Environmental impact assessment of risk associated with groundwater overdraft remediation in cone of depression, Jining, China	Ong'or B.T.I., Shu L.-C., Liu P.-G.	2007	Environmental Geology	53	4	10.1007/s00254-007-0687-9	College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Science and Technology, Western University, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya	Ong'or, B.T.I., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China, College of Science and Technology, Western University, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya; Shu, L.-C., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Liu, P.-G., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China	In this paper, a simple scenario and probabilistic approach is used to assess the potential groundwater risk due to proposed overdraft remedial actions in cone of depression, Jining City, China. Focusing on the concentrations of Chloride ions (Cl -) and total hardness (TH), the impact of artificial recharge and reduced pumping on groundwater quality and quantity is analysed by using the three-dimensional finite difference groundwater flow and transport model, Visual MODFLOW, to simulate groundwater flow and transport within the study area based on scenarios, and utilizes SURFER software to map risk levels. Although 5, 10 or 15% reduced pumping with artificial recharge leads to more decrease in Cl - and TH concentrations than the 25%, less volume increase is achieved for the remediation of land subsidence and other environmental problems in the cone of depression. The Cl - concentrations in recovered groundwater are within the desired concentration of 200 mg/l; however, TH in some cases are above the maximum permissible limit of 500 mg/l, with an exceedence probability of about 0.67 for recharge and recharge with reduced pumping at 25%. The presence of fractures and hydrogeological complexity greatly determines impacts of remediation, and the 22% reduced pumping with artificial recharge offers an optimum strategy for overdraft remediation in the Jining cone of depression. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	Artificial recharge; Groundwater quality and quantity; Jining China; Reduced pumping; Risk assessments; Visual MODFLOW	Chlorine compounds; Environmental impact; Hydrogeology; Probabilistic logics; Remediation; Risk assessment; Three dimensional; Chloride ions; Overdraft remedial actions; Three-dimensional finite difference groundwater flow; Transport model; Groundwater; chloride; degradation; environmental impact assessment; groundwater flow; hardness; recharge; remediation; risk assessment; three-dimensional flow; water quality; Asia; China; Eurasia; Far East; Jining; Shandong	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36549005511	Development and performance evaluation of impact bambara groundnut sheller	Oluwole F.A., Abdulrahim A.T., Oumarou M.B.	2007	International Agrophysics	21	3	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Oluwole, F.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abdulrahim, A.T., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Oumarou, M.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	A centrifugal bambara groundnut sheller was designed, constructed and evaluated. The shelter consists of a feed hopper with a flow rate control device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. Nine different impellers were used for the investigation at three different pod moisture contents. Results of the performance tests were examined using a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with moisture content, impeller slot angulations and number of impeller slots as variables. Results showed that moisture content, impeller slot angulations, number of impeller slots and interaction between these variables statistically affected the performance indicators (shelling efficiency, percentage of breakage, percentage of partially shelled pods, percentage of unshelled pods and winnowing efficiency) at the significance level of 5%. The forward facing impeller with eight slots gave the best performance of 96% shelling efficiency, 3.4% breakage, 0.6% partially shelled pods. No unshelled pods were recorded, and winnowing efficiency of 97.3% was recorded at an average feed rate of 215.8 kg h-1. © 2007 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences.	Bambara groundnut; Centrifugal impeller; Pods; Winnowing	groundnut; moisture content; performance assessment; shelter; Arachis hypogaea; Bambara	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36549055033	Evaluation of soybean cultivars for resistance to sclerotinia stalk rot in South Africa	McLaren N.W., Craven M.	2008	Crop Protection	27	2	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.05.010	Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Plant Health Management, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	McLaren, N.W., Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Plant Health Management, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Craven, M., ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Soybean cultivars were evaluated for resistance to sclerotinia stem rot from 2003/04 to 2005/06 in inoculated, sequentially planted field experiments. Ranking of cultivars according to disease incidence was not correlated over planting dates, seasons or localities, but differential responses of cultivars to the pathogen under different environmental conditions were evident. Nonlinear regression analysis quantified cultivar responses to the pathogen under changing environmental conditions. Regression parameters placed cultivars into three categories, i.e., those linearly related to disease potential, those highly susceptible even at low disease potentials and those with various degrees of resistance despite increasing disease potentials. Regression parameters were used to calculate the disease potential required to initiate disease and the subsequent rate of change in susceptibility with increasing disease potential. Area under the disease potential curve was used to quantify cultivar response to changing environments, but it could not differentiate between the time of disease onset and the rate of disease response to changing environment. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cultivar evaluation; Resistance; Sclerotinia; Soybean	cultivar; disease incidence; disease resistance; environmental conditions; experimental study; fungal disease; pathogenicity; regression analysis; soybean; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Glycine max; Sclerotinia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36549088200	Evaluation of filter paper transfer of whole-blood and plasma samples for quantifying HIV RNA in subjects on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda	Waters L., Kambugu A., Tibenderana H., Meya D., John L., Mandalia S., Nabankema M., Namugga I., Quinn T.C., Gazzard B., Reynolds S.J., Nelson M.	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	46	5	10.1097/QAI.0b013e318159d7f4	St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom	Waters, L., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom, St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Kambugu, A., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Tibenderana, H., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Meya, D., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; John, L., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mandalia, S., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Nabankema, M., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Namugga, I., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Quinn, T.C., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gazzard, B., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Reynolds, S.J., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nelson, M., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom	BACKGROUND: Most HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings do not undergo virologic monitoring. There is an urgent need for cheap, accessible HIV RNA assays for early diagnosis of virologic failure. We investigated filter paper transfer (FPT) of whole blood and plasma as an alternative to standard plasma-based assays for virologic monitoring in Uganda. METHODS: Whole blood (n = 306) and plasma (n = 218) from 402 subjects established on ART were spotted onto filter paper and transported to Europe for HIV RNA extraction and quantification. These results were compared to a gold standard plasma assay in Kampala. RESULTS: Of 402 ART-treated subjects, 39 (9.7%) had viremia detectable (>500 copies/mL) by local methods. Plasma FPT showed excellent agreement with gold standard, whereas whole blood yielded a large number of false-positive viral loads. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate the use of FPT in ART-treated subjects and demonstrates that it may provide a practical, reliable method for virologic monitoring in resource-poor settings. Plasma FPT was accurate but requires centrifuge; whole blood produced a high number of false-positive results, but these were low-level. Whole blood may be sufficiently accurate if higher HIV RNA cut-offs were used to define virologic failure. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Antiretroviral monitoring; Developing world; Dried blood spot; Viral load; Virologic	antiretrovirus agent; virus RNA; article; blood filter; blood sampling; controlled study; Europe; evaluation; false positive result; gold standard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; plasma; priority journal; RNA extraction; transport medium; Uganda; viremia; virus load; Anti-HIV Agents; Blood; Blood Chemical Analysis; False Positive Reactions; HIV Infections; Humans; Plasma; Predictive Value of Tests; RNA, Viral; Specimen Handling; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36649012395	Protein supplementary quality of vegetable leaf meal (Amaranthus cruentus) in the diets of laying hens: Egg laying performance, egg quality and heamatological implications	Fasuyi A.O., Dairo F.A.S., Olujimi O.T.	2007	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	5	04-Mar	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Olujimi, O.T., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out with Hy-line Brown variety layer birds at the beginning of the hen year (first egg laying phase). Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated in which the major difference was the percentage inclusion levels of the Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal (ACLM) at 0, 10, 15 and 20% in Diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Apart from the yolk colour score and feed efficiency that varied significantly (p<0.05) among the hens on the four dietary treatments, there were no significant differences in the mean values for body weight changes, hen day production, egg weight, albumen height, shell thickness and Haugh unit. The mean egg weight values ranged between 62.67±2.31 g in eggs collected from hens on Diet 3 and 68.30±6.51 g from hens on Diet 4 while albumen height ranged between 4.77±0.15 and 5.23±0.31 mm. The shell thickness also ranged from 0.39±0.04 in eggs from hens on Diet 3 to 0.47±0.09 in eggs from hens on Diet 1. The yolk colour score was significantly different (p<0.05) among eggs collected from hens on the different diets with yolk yellowish colouration deepening from Diet 1 to Diet 4. The feed efficiency, hen day production and albumen height values recorded for hens on Diet 2 (10% ACLM inclusion) were consistently higher than other values. Livability was 100% for all experimental hens and haematological investigation was favourable. No physical health hazards or deformations were observed in all experimental hens. It is evident that ACLM if well harnessed could be a potential supplementary protein source in poultry layer diets particularly at inclusion levels not exceeding 10%.	Albumen height; Body weight; Dietary treatments; Egg weight; Feed efficiency; Haugh unit; Shell thickness; Yolk colour	Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36649026694	Evaluation of the susceptibility of local cocoa germplasms in Nigeria to Phytophthora pod rot disease using the leaf discs technique	Otuonye A.H., Adeoti A.Y.A., Agbeniyi S.O., Aikpokpodion P.O., Enikomehin O., Popoola T.O.	2007	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	5	04-Mar	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Otuonye, A.H., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adeoti, A.Y.A., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Agbeniyi, S.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Aikpokpodion, P.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Enikomehin, O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Popoola, T.O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	The Phytophthora pod rot disease constitutes a major threat to cocoa cultivation in all cocoa-growing regions worldwide. It is one of the most important diseases limiting the attainment of genetic yield potential of this tree crop. Though available, chemical control methods are often expensive and beyond the reach of peasant farmers that produce more than 95% of Nigeria crop. Also, the limited knowledge of rational chemical application among rural farmers and the adverse effect on the environment makes it an unfriendly approach. Breeding commercially viable resistant cacao genotypes have been advocated to be the most durable control approach against the Phytophthora pod rot. Towards achieving this objective, promising cacao materials were selected from the gene pool in Cocoa Research Institute ofNigeria (CRIN) Headquarters, Ibadan. Screening of these eight selected cocoa clones with four isolates of Phytophthora megakarya of known aggressiveness in combination-NGRI4, using the leaf discs inoculation method at standard inoculum concentration of zoospores of 3 x 105 ml-1 was carried out. Results showed that T12/5 was resistant, while clones T17/11 and T86/2 are moderately resistant. The other clones, T85/5, T85/45 and T20/11, were moderately susceptible. It is therefore suggested that clone T12/5 be integrated into the resistance breeding effort against Phytophthora pod rot.	Aggressiveness; Clones; Cocoa; Isolate; Phytophthora megakarya; Resistant; Screening	Phytophthora; Phytophthora megakarya; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749018732	Performance of academically at-risk medical students in a problem-based learning programme: A preliminary report	Burch V.C., Sikakana C.N.T., Yeld N., Seggie J.L., Schmidt H.G.	2007	Advances in Health Sciences Education	12	3	10.1007/s10459-006-9006-6	Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Higher Education and Development, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands	Burch, V.C., Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Sikakana, C.N.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Yeld, N., Centre for Higher Education and Development, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Seggie, J.L., Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Schmidt, H.G., Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands	Racially segregated schooling, a legacy of Apartheid policies, continues to hamper education in South Africa. Students entering university from suboptimal circumstances are at significant risk of demonstrating poor academic performance and dropping out of their programmes. Attempts to address the educational needs of these students have included the introduction of extended medical programmes at several universities. Such a programme, the Academic Development Programme (ADP), was implemented at the University of Cape Town in 1991. Over the past decade the programme has graduated more than 100 students. Upon implementation of a new problem-based learning (PBL) programme in 2002, the ADP was discontinued and all students were entered directly into the new PBL programme. Students who demonstrate a need for additional academic support by the end of the first semester enter the Intervention Programme for 1 year before proceeding to the second semester of the PBL programme. An interim analysis was performed to compare the retention rates and academic performance of academically at-risk students in the new PBL programme and the ADP. The records of all academically at-risk students entering the ADP (1991-2000) and the new PBL programme (2002) were reviewed. Retention rates for all years of study, and academic performance in the fourth year clerkship courses of the respective programmes were compared. A total of 239 academically at-risk students in the ADP and 43 at-risk students in the new PBL programme were studied. The median retention rates, per year of study, for at-risk students in the PBL programme was significantly better than for at-risk students in the ADP (p<0.02). Academic performance of the at-risk students in all the fourth year clinical clerkship courses of the PBL programme was significantly better than the mean performance over 10 years for at-risk students in the same fourth year courses in the ADP. The introduction of PBL at the University of Cape Town has not had a deleterious effect on the performance of academically at-risk medical students. Interim analysis suggests that retention rates and academic performance in the PBL programme are better than those achieved in the extended traditional programme. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Academically disadvantaged students; Dropout rates; Problem-based learning; Undergraduate medical training	article; cultural deprivation; education; health care quality; human; medical education; medical student; methodology; Negro; problem based learning; program development; psychological aspect; social psychology; South Africa; standard; statistics; student; teaching; time; African Continental Ancestry Group; Cultural Deprivation; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Humans; Prejudice; Problem-Based Learning; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Remedial Teaching; School Admission Criteria; South Africa; Student Dropouts; Students, Medical; Time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749054748	Economic impact assessment for technology: The case of improved soybean varieties in southwest Nigeria	Ogunsumi L.O., Adegbite A.A., Oyekan P.O.	2007	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	108	1	None	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ogunsumi, L.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adegbite, A.A., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oyekan, P.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria	The Study on economic impact assessment for the production of improved soybean varieties in Nigeria was carried out in Nigeria using the agronomic data on yield of the nationally coordinated soybean research from two major zones namely the southwest and the middle belt. The study assesses the economic returns due to improved soybean varieties. Primary data were collected with the use of structured and validated questionnaires. A sample of 288 respondents was drawn from four states namely Oyo, Ogun, Kwara and Niger State at 72 respondents per state. Secondary data were collected from Agricultural Development Programme (ADP), International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, (IAR & T), National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Central Bank of Nigeria CBN and Federal Office of Statistics (FOS). An internal rate of return (IRR) of 38 percent was estimated from the stream of netted real social gains at 1985 constant. The return to investment in soybean production technology is attractive and justifies the investments made on the technologies. The policy implication is that there is under-investment in soybean production research.	Economic impact assessment; Improved varieties; Nigeria; Soybean	Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749074017	The development and evaluation of a four-roller flour mill with parallelogram configuration	Famurewa J.A.V.	2007	International Journal of Food Engineering	3	6	None	Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Famurewa, J.A.V., Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A roller mill was designed and evaluated using four equal size cylindrical rollers with their centers on vertices of a parallelogram. The relative speeds and opposite direction of rotation of the rollers allowed the discharge of the materials on them, and splitting took place in between the first pair of corrugated rollers. The broken seeds were directed towards the second and third nips where adequate size reduction was accomplished consecutively by smooth rollers. The milled products were separated into three fractions: chaff, flour and size larger than flour. The chaff and the flour are collected at different outlets, while the particles with sizes larger than flour are blown back into the hopper for further reduction. The mill was evaluated using three grains: maize, beans and soy beans at different combinations of evaluating parameters. The machine was able to mill grains to flour size without any leakage at the nip points. For all the grains, a wide gap set produced higher throughput than narrow, as well as fast feeding in smaller particle size and higher throughput. The results obtained from the evaluation showed that the machine is very capable of three-stage size reduction to produce flour, avoiding the feeding problems in three high roller mills. Sieve analysis of the milled product for each experiment showed uniform particle size. Copyright ©2007 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.	Cereals; Milling; Roller mills; Size reduction	Food processing; Machine design; Milling (machining); Rollers (machine components); Rotation; Size determination; Cereals; Parallelogram configurations; Roller mills; Size reduction; Grain (agricultural product); Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749084577	Performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leef meal (Manihot esculenta crantz)	Iheukwumere F.C., Ndubuisi E.C., Mazi E.A., Onyekwere M.U.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	1	None	Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Ndubuisi, E.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Mazi, E.A., Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Onyekwere, M.U., Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	A 35-day feeding trial involving 120, 5-week old Anak broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leaf meal at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and organ weight of birds on the control (0%) and (5%) leaf meals were significantly superior (p<0.05) to the group on 10% and 15% leaf meal. The utilization of Dry Matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract and ash was significantly poorer at the 10 and 15% dietary levels. The organ weights (heart, liver, gizzard) were superior at 0 and 5% (p<0.05) groups to the groups on 10 and 15% inclusion levels of the leaf meal. It is suggested that 5% inclusion of cassava leaf meal could be used in broiler finisher diets without any deleterious effects. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler; Cassava leaf meal; Organs weight and nutrient utilization; Performance	animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; article; ash; avian stomach; bird; cassava; chemical composition; controlled study; food composition; food intake; heart weight; liver weight; meal; nonhuman; nutrient uptake; organ weight; plant leaf; randomization; weight gain; Aves; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36849031236	Impact assessment of university-based rural youths Agricultural Extension Out-Reach Program in selected villages of Kaduna-State, Nigeria	Akpoko J.G., Kudi T.M.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	21	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Akpoko, J.G., Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Kudi, T.M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	The concern about youths development borders on the believe that they constitute an important labour forbe which can easily become leaders in employing and innovating modem techniques of agricultural production. The National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria in recognition of these potentials has established a rural youths extension out-reach Program to encourage the youths to adopt modem techniques of agricultural production. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of this program on agricultural production. This study was carried out during the 2005/2006 cropping season by comparing the performance of the program participants with non-participants. The results revealed that the participants had an adoption level of improved practices higher than the non-participants. This was further confirmed by the significant relationship found between respondents access to extension services and level of adoption (R = 0.46, p = 0.01). Yield of major crops and income of farmers were slightly higher among the participants than the non-participants. The results of the study have helped to identify for the benefit of policy makers, the type of extension approaches required to encourage rural youths to adopt modern fanning techniques. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Crop yields; Farmers income; Impact assessment; Rural youths; University-based extension out-reach	Adoption level; Agricultural productions; Crop yield; Cropping seasons; Farmers income; Impact assessments; Policy makers; University-based extension out-reach; Modems; Agriculture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36849052052	Evaluation of thyroid function in diabetes mellitus in Calabar, Nigeria	Udiong C.E.J., Udoh A.E., Etukudoh M.E.	2007	Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry	22	2	10.1007/BF02913318	Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria	Udiong, C.E.J., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Udoh, A.E., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Etukudoh, M.E., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	The prevalence of abnormal thyroid hormone levels in diabetes mellitus in Nigeria is not well described. To determine the incidence of abnormal thyroid hormone levels in diabetics in Calabar, Nigeria, fasting blood samples from 161 diabetic subjects and 105 non-diabetic controls were analysed. Free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (T3) and total thyroxine (T4) kits obtained from Biomerica Inc. of USA were used for the analysis. TSH levels (1.80 ± 1.62) in diabetics were significantly lower (p = 0.016) than the level in non-diabetic controls (2.34 ± 1.24). Male diabetics had lower (p &lt; 0.05) levels of TSH (1.192 ± 0.68 miu/ml) than diabetic females (1.90 ± 1.70 mIu/ml). The level of T3 in diabetic males (125 ± 97ng/ml) was higher than the level in females (98 ± 75ng/dl). TSH (F = 2.74, p = 0.049), T4 (F = 56.87, p = 0.O01), T3 (F =56.44, P = 0.001) in diabetics and FT4 (F = 5.74, p = 0.002) in controls showed significant variation with the ages of the subjects. Out of 161 diabetics subjects studied 26.6% had low plasma thyroid hormone levels (FT 4&gt;2.01ng/dl), 19.8% had raised plasma thyroid hormone levels (FT4 &lt; 2.01), and 54% was euthyroid (FT40.78 - 2.01ng/dl). This study has shown a high incidence (46.5%) of abnormal thyroid hormone levels among the diabetics in Nigeria (hypothyroidism 26.6%, hyperthyroidism, 19.9%). The prevalence of hypothyroidism was higher in women (16.8%) than in men (9.9%), while hyperthyroidism was higher in males (11%) than in females (8%). This study has defined thyroid function status of diabetics in Calabar, Nigeria probably the first of such work in Africa.	Diabetes mellitus; Diagnosis; Thyroid hormones	antidiabetic agent; insulin; liothyronine; thyroid hormone; thyrotropin; thyroxine; article; blood sampling; controlled study; female; free thyroxine index; hormone blood level; human; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; incidence; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; prevalence; sex difference; thyroid function	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36849082672	Impact of maternal Plasmodium falciparum malaria and haematological parameters on pregnancy and its outcome in southeastern Nigeria	Uneke C.J., Sunday-Adeoye I., Iyare F.E., Ugwuja E.I., Duhlinska D.D.	2007	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	44	4	None	Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Morbid Anato	Uneke, C.J., Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Sunday-Adeoye, I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Iyare, F.E., Department of Morbid Anatomy, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Ugwuja, E.I., Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Duhlinska, D.D., Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	Haematological parameters; Malaria; Nigeria; P. falciparum; Pregnancy	adolescent; adult; article; blood analysis; blood group ABO system; blood sampling; clinical protocol; disease severity; endemic disease; female; genotype; hematological parameters; human; infection rate; infection sensitivity; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; Nigeria; parasite transmission; Plasmodium falciparum; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; pregnant woman; Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Blood Group Antigens; Female; Genotype; Hemoglobin A; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Malaria, Falciparum; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Pregnancy Outcome; Risk Factors; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36849087324	Health impact assessment of solid waste disposal workers in Port Harocurt, Nigeria	Wachukwu K.C., Eleanya E.U.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	22	None	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Wachukwu, K.C., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Eleanya, E.U., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	The various health risks associated with solid waste disposal workers in Port Harcourt, Rivers State of Nigeria, were investigated. The aim is to assess the extent of exposure in terms of inhalation of toxic substances and its inherent adverse health effects on them since the workers are not adequately protected while doing their jobs. About 10 mL of venous blood was collected from each of the 35 solid waste disposal workers aged 21-50 years and from each of the 15 control subjects of the same age bracket who are not exposed. A well structured questionnaire was also given to all the solid waste disposal workers to assess their health profile. Haematological parameters, liver function test (LFT) and toxic substance (Pb, Cu, Zn) concentration in the blood were carried out. There were slight decrease in the haematological parameters and liver function test (LFT) results, as compared with the control subjects. The values obtained are: Hb 13.43±1.14 g dL-1, HCT 37.13±3.22%, WBC 6.35±1.86×109 L-1, platelet 236.15±104.33×109 L-1, neutrophil 42.60±11.11% and monocyte 3.05±2.41% for solid waste workers. While the values for control subjects are: Hb 14.69±0.4 g dL-1, HCT 41.77±2.74%, WBC 7.23±1.21×109 L-1, platelets 282.40±33.76×109 L-1, neutrophil 58.65±5.87% and monocyte 5.77±2.03%. The lymphocyte counts for waste disposal workers was significantly higher (50.42±11.30%) and (32.83±5.32%) for the control subjects. The AST values increased significantly for solid waste workers with a mean AST concentration of (11.19±2.36 μ L-1) and 8.97±4.07 μL-1 for the control subjects. And mean total bilirubin increased progressively as the number of years of exposure increased (19.00 μmol L-1). The peak value was for workers exposed for about 7 year. The result also showed that mean lead, copper and Zinc concentrations were high for the solid waste workers (Ph = 0.07±0.05 mg L-1, Cu =0.22±0.08 mg L-1 and Zn = 0.56±0.48 mg L-1) while that of control subjects were Ph = 0.02±0.01 mg L-1, Cu =0.11±0.04 mg L-1 and Zn = 0.30±0.04 mg L-1. Malaria parasitaemia was high amongst the solid waste disposal workers. Adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be provided to avoid epidemic among the workers. It can be inferred that the lymphocytosis observed in this category of workers may indicate the presence of bacterial and protozoal infections, while a mild eosinophilia might be as a result of allergic disorders and helminthic infections. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Dump site; Health risk; Solid waste workers; Toxic waste exposure assessment and inhalation of pollutants	Adverse health effects; Allergic disorder; Copper and zinc; Dump site; Exposure assessment; Health impact assessment; Personal protective equipment; Toxic substances; Body fluids; Health; Health risks; Lead; Platelets; Protective clothing; Toxic materials; Waste disposal; Zinc; Solid wastes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36849093892	Evaluation of maize yield in an on-farm maize-soybean and maize-Lablab crop rotation systems in the Northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Okogun J.A., Sanginga N., Abaidoo R.C.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	10	21	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; IITA, c/o	Okogun, J.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA, c/o L.W. Lamboum and Co., 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Abaidoo, R.C., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	An attempt was made to solving the problem of shortfall of fertilizer to maize production in the Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS) of Nigeria by harnessing the potentials of legume/cereal crop rotation in on-farm trials. The yield of maize that succeeded two soybean varieties and Lablab in a two-cycle of soybean/maize and Lablab/maize crop rotation in NGS Nigeria was assessed in researcher-managed and farmer-managed plots. Though maize that followed the soybean received between 5 kg N ha-1 from improved soybean variety (TGx 1448-2E) and 17 kg N ha-1 from farmer soybean variety (Samsoy-2) as N balance, this did not significantly (p = 0.05) affect the maize yields. The soybean shed 90-100% of its leaves at physiological maturity which resulted in about 110 kg N ha-1 N uptake. This source of N might be one of the factors responsible for the increase in maize yield that followed soybean (20 to 24%) compared with continuous maize yield plot. Maize yield in previous Lablab plot was significantly (p = 0.05) higher than in all other treatments. Maize yield in farmer-managed plot ranged between 0.13 and 4.53 t ha -1, maize yield in researcher-managed plot was over 200% higher than maize yield in farmer-managed plot because of poor crop management on the part of the farmer. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Fertilizer; Maize; Northern Guinea savanna; Rotation; Soybean	nitrogen; agriculture; article; biological model; chemistry; crop; growth, development and aging; maize; metabolism; methodology; Nigeria; nitrogen fixation; soil; soybean; Agriculture; Crops, Agricultural; Models, Biological; Nigeria; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Fixation; Soil; Soybeans; Zea mays; Glycine max; Lablab; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36948998622	Impact of mechanized farming on the heavy metals load of an ultisol located in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria	Ebong G.A., Etuk H.S., Essien J.P.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	20	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Ebong, G.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Etuk, H.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Essien, J.P., Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Top soil samples from a mechanized farm located in Awot Uta, Akwa Ibom State in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer for their Cr; Cd; Fe; Cu; Zn and Pb concentrations. Top soil samples were also collected from a local farm situated close to the study area and analyzed for their metal contents. The following mean concentrations were observed in the mechanized farm: 0.343±0.200 ing kg-1 for Cr; 0.012±0.006 mg kg-1 for Cd; 0.959±8.814 mg kg-1 for Fe; 0.031±0.011 mg kg-1 for Cu; 0.169±0.041 mg kg-1 for Zn and 0.010±0.005 mg kg-1 for Pb. While the local farm recorded the following concentrations: 0.115±0.005 mg kg-1 for Cr; 0.001±0.001 mg kg-1 for Cd; 22.115±3.351 mg kg-1 for Fe; 0.015±0.004 mg kg-1 for Cu; 0.098±0.008 mg kg-1 for Zn and 0.001±0.001 mg kg-1 for Pb. Generally, the metal levels obtained in the mechanized farm were higher than their corresponding levels in the local farm. Although the metals loads were within the recommended standards for agricultural soils, the elevated loads obtained from the mechanized farmland is of serious health implications because of the attendant metals effects on the food chain. Coefficient of variations were also calculated for the metal concentrations in the mechanized farm and results obtained indicated Cr as having the highest CV value (58%) while Fe had the lowest (22%). © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Heavy metal; Mechanized farming; Niger Delta; Nigeria	Atomic absorption spectrophotometer; Coefficient of variation; Health implications; Mean concentrations; Mechanized farming; Metal concentrations; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Chromium; Heavy metals; Lead; Metals; Soil surveys; Soils; Zinc; Pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36949001095	Do working children have worse academic performance?	Fetuga M.B., Njokanma O.F., Ogunlesi T.A.	2007	Indian Journal of Pediatrics	74	10	10.1007/s12098-007-0172-1	Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, P.O. Box 358, Sagamu 121001, Nigeria	Fetuga, M.B., Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Nigeria, Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, P.O. Box 358, Sagamu 121001, Nigeria; Njokanma, O.F., Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Nigeria; Ogunlesi, T.A., Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Nigeria	Objective. To examine the effect of child labor on school children's academic performance. Methods. Primary school children engaged in child labor were compared with age, sex and school-matched controls for absence from school and scores obtained at sessional examination in English language, Mathematics, Sciences and Social studies. Results. There was no significant difference in the mean rate of school absence (p = 0.80), mean aggregate examination scores (p = 0.1) and proportion of class repeaters (p = 0.16) among working school children and the controls. However, a significantly higher proportion of the controls had high (>75%) average examination scores compared with the working school children (p = 0.017). Similarly, the controls performed better than working school childre nin each of four core subjects but significant differences were observed only in Social Studies and Science (p = 0.006 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion. There is some undermining of academic performance among children who combine schooling with child labor despite comparable school absence with the controls. © 2007 Dr. K C Chaudhuri Foundation.	Academic performance; Child labor	academic achievement; article; child; controlled study; human; job performance; major clinical study; primary school; Absenteeism; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Educational Status; Employment; Female; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Underachievement	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049000606	Baseline for the evaluation of a National Action Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children using the UNAIDS core indicators: A case study in Zimbabwe	Saito S., Monasch R., Keogh E., Dhlembeu N., Bergua J., Mafico M.	2007	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	2	3	10.1080/17450120701439619	UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Statistics Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe	Saito, S., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Monasch, R., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Keogh, E., Statistics Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Dhlembeu, N., Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bergua, J., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mafico, M., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe	This paper describes the experience of Zimbabwe in establishing a baseline for its National Action Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children (NAP for OVC) using the 10 core indicators developed by the UNAIDS Global Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group in 2004. Through a population-based household survey in rural and urban high-density areas and the OVC policy and planning effort index assessment tool, a baseline was established. The survey found that 43.6% of children under 18 years were orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. Half of all households with children care for one or more OVC. While the large majority of OVC continued to be cared for by the extended family, its capacity to care for these children appeared to be under pressure. OVC were less likely to have their basic minimum material needs met, more likely to be underweight, less likely to be taken to an appropriate health provider when sick and less likely to attend school. Medical support to households with OVC was found to be relatively high (26%). Other support, such as psychosocial support (2%) and school assistance (12%), was lower. The OVC Effort Index assessment indicates that serious efforts are being made. The increase in the effort index between 2001 and 2004 in the areas of consultative efforts, planning and coordinating mechanisms reflects the strengthened commitment. Monitoring and evaluation and legislative review are the weakest areas of the OVC response. The findings of the baseline exercise point to the need for continued and additional efforts and resources to implement the NAP for OVC, the priorities of which were confirmed by the survey as critical to improve the welfare of the OVC in Zimbabwe.	HIV/AIDS; Indicators; Monitoring; OVC; Zimbabwe	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049009948	Evaluation of a traditional decoction made from Psidium guajava and Zingiber officinale for anti bacterial activity	Adebolu T.T., Adeboye P.T., Adegbola N.B.	2007	Research Journal of Microbiology	2	12	None	Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Adebolu, T.T., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adeboye, P.T., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adegbola, N.B., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A traditional decoction made from the leaves of Psidium guajava (guava) and rootstalk of Zingiber officinale (ginger) prepared in schnapps (42% v/v ethanol: water) that is widely used in Akoko North community in Ondo State, Nigeria to treat many diseases was evaluated for antibacterial activity on some common bacteria that cause diarrhea in south-west Nigeria. Its activity was compared with that of Psidium guajava leaf extract in schnapps without Zingiber officinale and Psidium guajava leaf extract in water with or without Zingiber officinale. The effect of storage temperature on the antibacterial activity of the extracts was also investigated. All the extracts inhibited the growth of all the test organisms which include Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella tyhpi but the leaf extract in schnapps without Zingiber officinale gave the highest inhibition on the growth of the test organisms with diameter ranging from 7.0-16.0 mm. These values were comparable with the inhibition mediated by most of the antibiotics used. The inhibitory effect reached climax by the third day and declined to zero level for most of the test organisms by the fifth day. The storage temperatures used (4, 20, 28±2°C) did not have significant effect (p≥ 0.05) on the potency of the prepared extracts on the growth of the test organisms. It is being suggested that in the absence of immediate medical attention when one is having running stomach, this decoction may be used as first aid in the treatment of bacterial diarrhea caused by these organisms. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Antibacterial effects; Diarrheal bacteria; Ginger rootstalks; Guava leaves; Schnapps	Bacteria (microorganisms); Chamaesyce degeneri; Escherichia coli; Psidium; Psidium guajava; Salmonella; Shigella dysenteriae; Staphylococcus aureus; Zingiber officinale	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049014892	Chemical composition of edible Macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia) and impact of soil quality	Moodley R., Kindness A., Jonnalagadda S.B.	2007	Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering	42	14	10.1080/10934520701627074	School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa	Moodley, R., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Kindness, A., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Jonnalagadda, S.B., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa	The distribution of eight selected elements (As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn) in edible Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) nuts from eight sampling sites in the south east coast region of South Africa is investigated. The levels of the elements in all the Macadamia nuts are found to be in the decreasing order of Mg > Ca > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > As. The exception is Mn, which exhibited large variability with concentrations in nuts ranging from 10.21 ± 0.47 μg g-1 to 216.4 ± 0.4 μg g-1. The impact of soil quality parameters: soil pH, cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter and elemental concentrations, as well as interactions in the soil on the elemental composition in the nuts are also studied. At the Ifafa site, south of Durban, typical elemental concentrations (in μg g-1 dry weight) in the (nuts and soil) are Mg (4920 and 4656), Ca (2169 and 6173), Fe (92 and 20200), Zn (52 and 30), Cu (20 and 49), Cr (2.0 and 69.0) and As (0.024 and 0.104). The maximum concentration of Mg in the nuts is observed to be 4956.1 ± 92.8 μg g-1, while that of As is below 0.058 ± 0.003 μg g-1. Ca and Mg levels in nuts are antagonistic. Further, when bioavailable levels of Fe, Cu and Zn in soil are low, the bioaccumulation factor for Fe in nuts is high. Although, the soil quality parameters have an influence on the elemental uptake by the Macadamia nut, the results show that uptake and distribution of metals in the nuts are primarily dependent on the plants inherent controls that ensure the physiological well-being of the plant. Macadamia nuts prove to have good control on elemental uptake and are low in the toxic metals investigated. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Chemical characteristics; Edible nuts; Elemental composition; Macadamia nuts; Nutrition; South Africa	Chemical analysis; Chemical properties; Concentration (process); Metals; Nutrition; Soils; South Africa; Chemical characteristics; Edible nuts; Elemental composition; Macadamia nuts; Fruits; arsenic; calcium; chromium; copper; iron; magnesium; manganese; organic matter; zinc; article; bioaccumulation; bioavailability; chemical composition; concentration (parameters); controlled study; Macadamia; nonhuman; nut; soil quality; Calcium; Chromium; Copper; Iron; Macadamia; Magnesium; Nuts; Plant Oils; Protons; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Zinc; Macadamia; Macadamia integrifolia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049023192	Chemical evaluation of the nutrient composition of some unconventional animal protein sources	Ojewola G.S., Udom S.F.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	10	10.3923/ijps.2005.745.747	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Udom, S.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	A trial was conducted to assess the nutrient composition of some novel feed ingredients so as to enhance livestock development and human protein intake. Ten (10) unconventional protein sources which include fish, crayfish, frog, shrimps, crabs, squilla, toads and grasshopper were harvested, processed and analyzed for their proximate and mineral (macro) composition using internationally established procedures. The results showed that the samples had percent crude protein that ranged from 28.14 (crab) to 61.38 (local fish meal). Frog, toad, squilla, crayfish, pellonula and crab respectively recorded appreciable percent ether extract (EE) values of 9.14, 8.74, 7.21, 6.32, 6.26 and 6.02. The gross energy (kcal/g) value was highest for squilla (2.97), followed closely by crayfish (2.87), Pellonula (2.85), mudskipper (2.84) while the others were below 2.0kcal /g. The crab gave the highest percent ash content (39.11) while the local fish meal gave the least value (5.96). Local fishmeal had the highest percentage of calcium (2.56%) followed by Pellonula (1.94%) and Mudskipper (1.89%) while the others had values that were lower than 1%. Percent Phosphorus followed a similar trend as calcium with local fishmeal recording the highest value of 1.92%. The results of this study showed that all the samples possess an appreciable quantities of all the dietary elements tested for, which, more or less could make them partial or complete substitutes for the conventional feed sources. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Live stock industry; Nutrient composition; Unconventional animal protein	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37249035151	The impact of social welfare policies on social development in South Africa: An NGO perspective	Lombard A.	2007	Social Work	43	4	None	Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lombard, A., Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The adoption of the White Paper for Social Welfare (1997) earmarked the commitment of the social welfare sector to impact on social development goals in South Africa. As policy frameworks the Integrated Social Service Delivery Model and the Policy on Financial Awards to Service Providers reveal great strengths to this effect. However, critical challenges remain to take the social welfare sector forward in delivering on its social development agenda. To fast-track service delivery requires the social welfare sector to redefine its developmental context and focus, guided by clear terminology and policy directions for implementation, monitoring and evaluation.	None	nongovernmental organization; social development; social policy; welfare reform; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37249067223	From introduction to fishery dominance: The initial impacts of the invasive carp Cyprinus carpio in Lake Naivasha, Kenya, 1999 to 2006	Britton J.R., Boar R.R., Grey J., Foster J., Lugonzo J., Harper D.M.	2007	Journal of Fish Biology	71	SUPPL. D	10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01669.x	Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Environment Agency, Sussex Area, Worthing, West Sussex, BN11 1DH, United Kingdom; Naivasha Fisheries Department, Moi Lake Road South, Naivasha, Kenya; Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom	Britton, J.R., Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom; Boar, R.R., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Grey, J., Department of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Foster, J., Environment Agency, Sussex Area, Worthing, West Sussex, BN11 1DH, United Kingdom; Lugonzo, J., Naivasha Fisheries Department, Moi Lake Road South, Naivasha, Kenya; Harper, D.M., Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom	Following the accidental introduction of the carp Cyprinus carpio into Lake Naivasha during 1999, a sustainable population became rapidly established and in early 2004 became the principal species exploited in the commercial fishery. Over 9000 kg of carp were harvested from the lake between October 2005 and 2006, when fish were captured between fork lengths (LF) 200 and 800 mm (&gt;8 kg). Diet of carp &lt;100 mm LF was dominated by zooplankton, &gt;100 mm LF there was a shift to benthic macro-invertebrates, with these carp feeding principally upon food resources previously unexploited by the fish community. Contrary to predictions and despite the increasing carp abundance, there has been macrophyte regeneration in littoral areas since 2004. There have been substantial increases in areal cover, with coverage in 2006 at levels not observed since the late 1980s, and significant increases in species richness. Possible reasons for this, and the significance of this carp introduction, are discussed. © 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.	Cyprinus carpio; Invasion; Macrophyte; Procambarus clarkii	Cyprinidae; Cyprinus carpio; Invertebrata; Procambarus clarkii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37249080649	Evaluation of a semi-automated reporter phage assay for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in South Africa	Banaiee N., January V., Barthus C., Lambrick M., RoDiti D., Behr M.A., Jacobs Jr. W.R., Steyn L.M.	2008	Tuberculosis	88	1	10.1016/j.tube.2007.08.006	Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Que., Canada; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States	Banaiee, N., Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; January, V., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Barthus, C., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambrick, M., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; RoDiti, D., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Behr, M.A., McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Que., Canada; Jacobs Jr., W.R., Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Steyn, L.M., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	In a prospective study conducted by laboratory technologists in a diagnostic laboratory in Cape Town, South Africa, a semi-automated phage-based antibiotic susceptibility assay was implemented and the performance of the luciferase reporter mycobacteriophage (LRP) system for susceptibility testing of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolates against rifampin and isoniazid was evaluated. Two hundred consecutive clinical MGIT cultures of MTC species were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility assays were set up manually for the LRP and BACTEC radiometric systems (BACTEC) and read in a plate luminometer and the BACTEC 460 instrument, respectively. Discrepant susceptibility results were resolved by the conventional agar proportion method. Of the 200 secondary cultures prepared for this study, 9 (4.5%) were lost to contamination (LRP 4, BACTEC 1, both 4). All of the remaining 191 cultures underwent susceptibility testing by both methods and the overall agreement between the LRP and BACTEC was 98.4% (rifampin 100%; isoniazid 96.9%). Of the 6 discrepant cultures tested by the agar proportion method, 2 gave results in agreement with the LRP. The sensitivity of the LRP for detection of drug-resistant isolates was 100% for both rifampin (n=9) and isoniazid (n=12). The median turnaround time for susceptibility testing was 2 days with the LRP and 9 days with BACTEC. In conclusion, the semi-automated LRP-based assay offers a rapid and practical approach for accurate susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis cultures in diagnostic laboratories with limited financial resources, but with competent technologists. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Drug resistance; Drug susceptibility testing; Luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	antibiotic agent; isoniazid; luciferase; rifampicin; antibiotic sensitivity; article; assay; bacteriophage; bacterium culture; clinical laboratory; instrumentation; minimum inhibitory concentration; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; radiometry; reporter gene; South Africa; Antitubercular Agents; Biological Assay; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Isoniazid; Luciferases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacteriophages; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Rifampin; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349014525	Growth performance of pigs fed on diets containing Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica and Colophospermum mopane leaf meals	Halimani T.E., Ndlovu L.R., Dzama K., Chimonyo M., Miller B.G.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	12	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; National University of Science and Technology, P. O Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding and Genetics, Stellenbosch, University, P Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Pasture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom	Halimani, T.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ndlovu, L.R., National University of Science and Technology, P. O Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Dzama, K., Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding and Genetics, Stellenbosch, University, P Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Chimonyo, M., Department of Livestock and Pasture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Miller, B.G., Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom	Growth performance of pigs fed diets containing 10 % Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica and Colophospermum mopane leaf meals was investigated using 20 individually penned male Large White pigs weighing 32.4 ± 5.86 kg (mean ± sd) over 56 days. There was no significant effect of including leaf meals on average daily liveweight gain and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Pigs supplemented with Acacia karroo had significantly higher intake than the other diets (P < 0.05). The control diet had a higher digestibility of crude protein and dry matter compared to the treatment diets (P < 0.05) except for the dry matter digestibility of the Acacia nilotica supplemented diet, which was not different to that of the control diet (P > 0.05). After the 56-day feeding period, there was an increase in the secretion of trichloroacetic acid soluble proteins from the parotid glands in all diets that contained leaf meals. No change was observed in the mandibular glands (P < 0.05). The activity of hepatic microsomal uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase increased significantly for pigs fed on the supplemented diets (P < 0.05). Indices of mitosis in the small intestine, the kidney and the liver were not affected by inclusion of leaf meals (P > 0.05). In conclusion, inclusion of leguminous leaf meals in pig fattening diets reduced digestibility of the feed, but did not affect growth rate. Inclusion of leguminous leaf meals in the diets of pigs is, therefore, a feasible technology that farmers may adopt as part of their feeding strategy for pigs.	Alternative feeds; Flavonoids; Salivary proteins; Tannins; Tropical legumes	Acacia; Acacia karroo; Acacia nilotica; Colophospermum mopane; Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349024327	On the estimation and performance of subset autoregressive moving average models	Ojo J.F.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	18	4	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ojo, J.F., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Full autoregressive moving average model are always characterize by many parameters and this is a problem. Some of these parameters are always close to zero and there is the need to eliminate these parameters and this can be done through subsetting. In this paper subset autoregressive moving average models is considered using the proposed algorithm and as well compare with subset autoregressive models. The autoregressive models of order p and autoregressive moving average models of order p and q from which we can have various subsets is represented respectively thus: Xt = φ1Xt-1 + φ 2Xt-2 + φpXt-p + εt 1 (1 - a1 β - a2 β 2 - ⋯ - ap βp) Yt = (1 + b1 β + b2 β 2 + ⋯ + bp βp) εt (2) The best model among the subsets autoregressive models and subsets autoregressive moving average models is selected using the Akaike Information Criteria. The best models in the subsets autoregressive models and the subsets autoregressive moving average models are compared using residual variance. Results revealed that the residual variance attached to the subset autoregressive moving average model is smaller than the residual variance attached to the subset autoregressive model. We conclude that the subset autoregressive moving average model perform better than subset autoregressive model. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2007.	Full autoregressive moving average model; Model estimation; Order determination criterion; Subset selection; Subsets autoregressive models	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349029400	Environmental influences on pre-weaning growth performances and mortality rates of extensively managed Somali goats in Eastern Ethiopia	Zeleke Z.M.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	12	None	Bahir Dar University, PO Box 1866, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Zeleke, Z.M., Bahir Dar University, PO Box 1866, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Records of 326 Somali goats born from 1994 to 2004 in eastern Ethiopia were used to assess effects of major environmental factors on growth and survival traits. Year of birth had significant effect (P<0.01) on birth weight, pre-weaning daily weight gain and weaning weight of kids. Male kids had higher (P<0.01) birth weight (3.35±0.18kg vs. 3.04±0.18kg), pre-weaning daily weight gain (61.60±7.06g vs. 55.87±7.15g) and weaning weight (12.27±0.89kg vs. 11.10±0.91kg) than female kids. Kids born from fifth parity dams had the least birth weight (2.98±0.23kg) and the highest pre-weaning mortality rate (33.33%) than those born from dams younger than fifth parity. Similarly, single born kids had heavier birth weight (3.17±0.06kg vs. 2.30± 0.20kg), higher pre-weaning daily weight gain (55.80±2.22g vs. 47.31±7.92g), higher weaning weight (11.47±0.28kg vs. 9.50±1.00kg) and less pre-weaning mortality rate (8.78 vs. 42.86%) than twin born kids. Similarly, mortality rate was found to be the highest (75%) in kids weighing <1.5kg. Improving feeding management for pregnant and lactating dams to assure moderate birth weight and adequate quantity of milk for twin born kids, and stringent culling practice of dams beyond fourth parity can be suggested to improve the productivity of Somali goats.	Birth type; Birth weight; Parity; Season; Sex; Weaning weight	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349057834	The impact of HIV/AIDS on blood transfusion practice in South Africa: Some ethical issues	Jenkins T.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	11 III	None	Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Services, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Jenkins, T., Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Services, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Blood transfusion has become an essential component of modern medical practice. However, worldwide epidemics of viral diseases - in particular, HIV/AIDS - have made the practice of blood transfusion therapy hazardous, motivating scientists to devise techniques and strategies to ensure the supply of safe blood and blood components for clinical use. The challenges are particularly great in sub-Saharan Africa, where clinicians have become so accustomed to using blood transfusion that it may be difficult for them to reduce their dependence on it. A number of ethical issues raised by the practice of blood transfusion in medicine are raised and discussed.	None	blood substitute; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; blood analysis; blood donor; blood transfusion; health care policy; history of medicine; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; informed consent; medical ethics; medical practice; needs assessment; patient safety; population research; professional secrecy; public health; resource allocation; risk assessment; South Africa; virus infection; virus transmission; Blood Substitutes; Blood Transfusion; HIV Infections; Humans; Informed Consent; Privacy; Resource Allocation; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349076232	Evaluation of grazing regimes on milk composition of Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cattle at Holetta research center, Ethiopia	Mesfin R., Getachew A.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	12	None	Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mesfin, R., Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Getachew, A., Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A study was carried out to analyze and compare percentages of milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids content of Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows across seasons to evaluate the grazing management of dairy cows. The study was aimed to plan proper feeding strategies across seasons in line with feed supply situations of the grazing pastureland based on recommendations drawn from results of this study. Regardless of the effect of seasons, Boron cows showed higher percentage of milk fat, protein and total solids content than Friesian crossbred cows. However Friesian crossbred dairy cows showed higher content of milk lactose than local Borana cows. Highest milk fat content of Friesian crossbred dairy cows was observed in July to September and the lowest was in April to June. Highest milk fat, protein and total solids contents of local Borana cows were observed in October to December and the lowest in January to March. Friesian crossbred dairy cows had highest milk protein in July to September and the lowest in January to March. However milk lactose content of Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows did not differ across seasons. Milk total solids content of Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows was highest in July to September and the lowest in January to March. Milk fat and protein contents of Boran and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows were higher in July to September and October to December as compared to rest of the seasons. Similarly total solids content of Boran cows was higher in July to September and October to December as compared to rest of the seasons. Feeding management should be planned and implemented to Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows across seasons independently. There is a need to properly feed dairy cows particularly in seasons when shortage of grazing land affects milk composition.	Fat; Lactose; Season; Total solids	Bos; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349076935	Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed a mixture of palm kernel meal and cassava peel meal	Fatufe A.A., Akanbi I.O., Saba G.A., Olowofeso O., Tewe O.O.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	12	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Fatufe, A.A., Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Akanbi, I.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Saba, G.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olowofeso, O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Tewe, O.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	In a 42 days feeding trials, twenty growing crossbred pigs with mean initial body weights of 16 ± 0.8kg were assigned randomly to 5 dietary treatment groups of four pigs each. A basal diet was formulated. The basal diet was based on cassava flour, maize offals, soyabean meal and brewer's dried grain (BDG). A mixture of cassava peel meal and (CPM) and palm kernel meal (PKM) replaced the BDG fraction in the basal diet in the ratio 2:0, 0:2, 1:1 and 1.75:1.75 in diets II, III, IV and V respectively. Each diet was offered on ad libitum basis. Pigs were individually weighed on weekly basis until the end of the experiment. Daily voluntary feed intake was monitored. Growing pigs responded non-significantly (p> 0.05) to the mixture of different fibre sources in body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio except for feed intake, which varied significantly (p< 0.05). Data on final body weight was described using the linear regression method. The slope of regression of final body weight (y) (kg/pig/week) depending on weeks (kg/week) was highest on diet V (3.525 ± 0.1842) and lowest on diet II (2.074 ± 0.1742). Digestibility values also varied significantly (p< 0.05) with ether extract having the average digestibility value (%) of 90.32 and ash the lowest value of 53.60.	Additivity; Dietary fibre; Efficiency of utilisation; Weight gain	Glycine max; Manihot esculenta; Suidae; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349095631	The effect of mode of entry into medical school on performance in the first two years	Afolabi A.O., Mabayoje V.O., Togun V.A., Oyadeyi A.S., Raji Y.	2007	Journal of Medical Sciences	7	6	None	Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University o	Afolabi, A.O., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Mabayoje, V.O., Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Togun, V.A., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Oyadeyi, A.S., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The study was designed to compare the relative performance of students admitted into the Medical Programme through Pre-degree Science with those of students admitted through the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB). The performance indices used were the University 100 level Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) and Physiology examination score during the 200 level Comprehensive Examination. The files of students admitted into the Medical Programme in 1998/1999, 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 Sessions were obtained from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences. The following data were extracted from each file-age, sex, school certificate result, mode of entry (JAMB, Pre-degree, Direct at 100 level or transfer at 200 level), 100 level CGPA and Physiology score in the 200 level Comprehensive examinations. The study showed that the students admitted through JAMB performed better in 200 level Physiology examinations but there was no correlation between the University Matriculation Examination (UME) Scores and the O-Level aggregate, 100 level CGPA and 200 level Physiology results. The Pre-degree examination score however showed a strong positive correlation with the O-Level aggregate, 100 level CGPA and the 200 level Physiology examination scores. It is therefore recommended that the Pre-degree examination results be used in admitting students into Medicine, as it is a more reliable predictor of success in Medical School Examinations.	CGPA; Direct; JAMB/UME; O-level aggregates; Pre-degree; Transfer	academic achievement; age; article; correlation analysis; education program; intermethod comparison; medical education; medical school; medical student; prediction; reliability; sex difference; task performance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349097322	Heterosis, inbreeding depression and mean performance of segregating population in upland cotton	Khan N.U., Hassan G., Kumbhar M.B., Kang S., Khan I., Parveen A., Umm-e-Aiman, Saeed M.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	18	2	None	Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, United States; NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan; Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Nigeria; National Ins	Khan, N.U., Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, United States, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan; Hassan, G., NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan; Kumbhar, M.B., Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Nigeria; Kang, S., Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, United States, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA 151 Seodung-Dong, Suwon 441-857, South Korea; Khan, I., NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan; Parveen, A., Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan; Umm-e-Aiman, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan; Saeed, M., Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan	Performance of F1 hybrids, F2 population and some selected population in advanced generations (F3, F4 and F5) were studied for bolls per plant, seed cotton yield per plant, lint % and staple length of Gossypium hirsutum during 1999-2004 at Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, NWFP Pakistan. In F1 hybrids, maximum heterosis was observed for seed cotton yield per plant followed by bolls per plant while lint % and staple length showed low values of heterosis. Majority of the F2 population displayed inbreeding depression and it was high for seed cotton yield per plant followed by bolls per plant, lint % and staple length. Inbreeding depression was higher in high performing hybrids than in low performing hybrids. In F1 generation, heterosis over better parent ranged from +3.13 to +65.63% for bolls per plant, +0.82 +115.22% for seed cotton yield per plant, +0.27 +3.88% for lint % and +0.28 to +6.00% for staple length. In F2 population the average some selections were made in promising cross families (CIM-109 × CIM-1100, CIM-240 × CIM-1100, CIM-1100 × CIM-109 and CIM-1100 × CIM-240). In advanced generations (F3, F4 and F5), the single plant families of the above four selected crosses superseded the standard cultivar (CIM-446) for bolls and seed cotton yield per plant and staple length, but in lint % only few of the cross families exhibited superiority over standard. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2007.	F1 hybrids; F2 population; Heterosis and inbreeding depression; Mean performance; Segregating generations; Upland cotton	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37549003684	Performance and fitness traits versus phenotypic appearance in the African Ankole Longhorn cattle: A novel approach to identify selection criteria for indigenous breeds	Ndumu D.B., Baumung R., Wurzinger M., Drucker A.G., Okeyo A.M., Semambo D., Sölkner J.	2008	Livestock Science	113	03-Feb	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.04.004	Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, North. Territ. 0909, Australia; International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Ndumu, D.B., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Baumung, R., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Wurzinger, M., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Drucker, A.G., School of Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, North. Territ. 0909, Australia; Okeyo, A.M., International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Semambo, D., National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda; Sölkner, J., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria	Ankole cattle are well known for their massive white horns and red coat colour. These characteristics are attributed to centuries of cultural breeding practices. Two experiments with traditional cattle keepers were carried out at a governmental Ankole nucleus farm in south-western Uganda to identify phenotypic characteristics as well as production and fitness traits which are important indigenous selection criteria. Forty one body measurements each were taken from 15 bulls and 35 cows and phenotypic characteristics were described in detail. In the first experiment 12 groups of 6 to 8 cattle keepers were invited to rank several groups of 4-5 animals according to their preference for a breeding bull or cow based on phenotype alone. In the second experiment the ranking was based on phenotype and a hypothetical life history that was randomly assigned to each animal on each day of experiment. The history included milk yield (on own performance for cows and that of the dam for bulls), fertility of the animal and its sire as well as events of East Coast Fever. For analysis, Generalized Multinomial Logit Models were fitted. To compare different models the likelihood-based pseudo R square measure was used. The results indicate that, in the selection of cows, performance and fitness traits are emphasized by the cattle keepers while in the selection of bulls, the phenotypic appearance of the animal plays an important role. Individual fertility followed by milk performance are the main criteria for selecting cows, resistance to East Coast Fever was of highest importance in bulls. In both sexes a dark red coat colour was highly rated. The study indicates that the methodology of preference ranking combining phenotype and a hypothetical life history may provide insight into indigenous selection criteria of stock owners elsewhere. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ankole cattle; Indigenous selection criteria; Multinomial logistic regression; Phenotypic ranking	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37549021530	Self-assembled nano-arrays of single-walled carbon nanotube-octa(hydroxyethylthio)phthalocyaninatoiron(II) on gold surfaces: Impacts of SWCNT and solution pH on electron transfer kinetics	Nkosi D., Ozoemena K.I.	2008	Electrochimica Acta	53	6	10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.073	Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Nkosi, D., Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The construction by sequential self-assembly process of reproducible, highly stable and pH-responsive redox-active nanostructured arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) integrated with octa(hydroxyethylthio)phthalocyaninatoiron(II) (FeOHETPc) via ester bonds on a gold surface (Au-Cys-SWCNT-FeOHETPc) is investigated and discussed. The successful construction of this electrode is confirmed using atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as from the distinct cyclic voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic profiles. The Au-Cys-SWCNT-FeOHETPc electrode exhibited strong dependence on the reaction of the head groups and the pH of the working electrolytes, the surface pK a is estimated as 7.3. The high electron transfer capability of the Au-Cys-SWCNT-FeOHETPc electrode over other electrodes (Au-Cys-SWCNT or the Au-Cys-FeOHETPc or the Au-FeOHETPc) suggests that SWCNT greatly improves the electronic communication between FeOHETPc and the bare gold electrode. The electron transfer rate constant (k app) of Au-Cys-SWCNT-FeOHETPc in pH 4.8 conditions (∼1.7 × 10 -2 cm -2 s -1) over that of the electrode obtained from SWCNT integrated with tetraaminophthalocyninatocobalt(II) (Au-Cys-SWCNT-CoTAPc) (5.1 × 10 -3 cm -2 s -1) is attributed to the possible effect of the central metal on the phthalocyanine core and substituents on the peripheral positions of the phthalocyanine rings. We also prove that aligned SWCNT arrays exhibit much faster electron transfer kinetics to redox-active species in solutions compared to the randomly dispersed (drop-dried) SWCNTs. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cyclic voltammetry; Electron transfer rates; Impedance spectroscopy; Octa(hydroxyethylthio)phthalocyaninatoiron(II); Self-assembled monolayer; Single-walled carbon nanotube; Surface pK a	Cyclic voltammetry; Esters; Gold; Iron compounds; pH effects; Redox reactions; Self assembled monolayers; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Electron transfer kinetics; Electron transfer rates; Impedance spectroscopy; Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37649003663	Virtual international experiences in veterinary medicine: an evaluation of students' attitudes toward computer-based learning	French B.C., Hird D.W., Romano P.S., Hayes R.H., Nijhof A.M., Jongejan F., Mellor D.J., Singer R.S., Fine A.E., Gaye J.M., Davis R.G., Conrad P.A.	2007	Journal of Veterinary Medical Education	34	4	None	US Air Force; Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis Medical Center, PSSB 2400, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, United States; Computer Assisted Learning Facility, Office of the Dean, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL 3508 Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Department of Tropical Veterinary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Population Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, United States; Field Disease Investigation Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647010, Pullman, WA 99164-7010, United States; Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50013, United States; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States	French, B.C., US Air Force; Hird, D.W., Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Romano, P.S., Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis Medical Center, PSSB 2400, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, United States; Hayes, R.H., Computer Assisted Learning Facility, Office of the Dean, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Nijhof, A.M., Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL 3508 Utrecht, Netherlands; Jongejan, F., Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Tropical Veterinary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Mellor, D.J., Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Singer, R.S., Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Fine, A.E., Population Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, United States; Gaye, J.M., Field Disease Investigation Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647010, Pullman, WA 99164-7010, United States; Davis, R.G., Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50013, United States; Conrad, P.A., Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States	While many studies have evaluated whether or not factual information can be effectively communicated using computer-aided tools, none has focused on establishing and changing students' attitudes toward international animal-health issues. The study reported here was designed to assess whether educational modules on an interactive computer CD elicited a change in veterinary students' interest in and attitudes toward international animal-health issues. Volunteer veterinary students at seven universities (first-year students at three universities, second-year at one, third-year at one, and fourth-year at two) were given by random assignment either an International Animal Health (IAH) CD or a control CD, ParasitoLog (PL). Participants completed a pre-CD survey to establish baseline information on interest and attitudes toward both computers and international animal-health issues. Four weeks later, a post-CD questionnaire was distributed. On the initial survey, most students expressed an interest in working in the field of veterinary medicine in another country. Responses to the three pre-CD questions relating to attitudes toward the globalization of veterinary medicine, interest in foreign animal disease, and inclusion of a core course on international health issues in the veterinary curriculum were all positive, with average values above 3 (on a five-point scale where 5 represented strong agreement or interest). Almost all students considered it beneficial to learn about animal-health issues in other countries. After students reviewed the IAH CD, we found a decrease at four universities, an increase at one university, and no change at the remaining two universities in students' interest in working in some area of international veterinary medicine. However, none of the differences was statistically significant. © 2007 AAVMC.	Computer-based; Education; International; Veterinary medicine	adolescent; adult; article; attitude; attitude to computers; education; female; human; international cooperation; Internet; male; methodology; psychological aspect; questionnaire; student; teaching; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude; Attitude to Computers; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Education, Distance; Education, Veterinary; Female; Humans; International Cooperation; Internet; Male; Questionnaires; Students; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37649005638	Evaluation of adherence, hydrophobicity, aggregation, and biofilm development of Flavobacterium johnsoniae-like isolates	Basson A., Flemming L.A., Chenia H.Y.	2008	Microbial Ecology	55	1	10.1007/s00248-007-9245-y	Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Basson, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Flemming, L.A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Chenia, H.Y., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Flavobacterium spp. isolates have been identified in diverse biofilm structures, but the mechanism of adherence has not been elucidated. The absence of conventional biofilm-associated structures such as fimbriae, pili, and flagella suggest that surface hydrophobicity, and/or autoaggregation and coaggregation may play an important role in adherence and biofilm formation. The biofilm-forming capacity of 29 Flavobacterium johnsoniae-like isolates obtained from South African aquaculture systems was assessed using microtiter plate assays. The role of hydrophobicity [salting aggregation test (SAT) and bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons (BATH) assays], autoaggregation, and coaggregation on biofilm formation by Flavobacterium spp. was also investigated, while biofilm structure was examined using flow cells and microscopy. All isolates displayed a hydrophilic nature, but showed varying levels of adherence in microtiter assays. Significant negative correlations were observed between adherence and biofilm-forming capacity in nutrient-poor medium at 26°C and BATH hydrophobicity and motility, respectively. Isolates displayed strain-to-strain variation in their autoaggregation indices and their abilities to coaggregate with various Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. Microcolony and/or biofilm development were observed microscopically, and flavobacterial isolates displayed stronger biofilm structures and interaction with a Vibrio spp. isolate than with an Aeromonas hydrophila isolate. The role of extracellular polysaccharides and specific outer membrane proteins will have to be examined to reveal mechanisms of adherence and coaggregation employed by biofilm-forming F. johnsoniae-like strains. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	None	congo red; polystyrene derivative; animal; aquaculture; article; bacterium adherence; biofilm; carp; classification; eel; fish disease; Flavobacterium; growth, development and aging; hydrophobicity; isolation and purification; metabolism; microbiology; physiology; rainbow trout; South Africa; Animals; Aquaculture; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Carps; Congo Red; Eels; Fish Diseases; Flavobacterium; Hydrophobicity; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Polystyrenes; South Africa; Aeromonas hydrophila; Bacteria (microorganisms); Flavobacterium; Flavobacterium johnsoniae; Negibacteria; Posibacteria; Vibrio	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37749042809	Impact of home-based management of malaria on health outcomes in Africa: A systematic review of the evidence	Hopkins H., Talisuna A., Whitty C.J.M., Staedke S.G.	2007	Malaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2875-6-134	Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda	Hopkins, H., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Talisuna, A., Uganda Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Whitty, C.J.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Staedke, S.G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda	Background. Home-based management of malaria (HMM) is promoted as a major strategy to improve prompt delivery of effective malaria treatment in Africa. HMM involves presumptively treating febrile children with pre-packaged antimalarial drugs distributed by members of the community. HMM has been implemented in several African countries, and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) will likely be introduced into these programmes on a wide scale. Case presentations. The published literature was searched for studies that evaluated the health impact of community- and home-based treatment for malaria in Africa. Criteria for inclusion were: 1) the intervention consisted of antimalarial treatment administered presumptively for febrile illness; 2) the treatment was administered by local community members who had no formal education in health care; 3) measured outcomes included specific health indicators such as malaria morbidity (incidence, severity, parasite rates) and/or mortality; and 4) the study was conducted in Africa. Of 1,069 potentially relevant publications identified, only six studies, carried out over 18 years, were identified as meeting inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity of the evaluations, including variability in study design, precluded meta-analysis. Discussion and evaluation. All trials evaluated presumptive treatment with chloroquine and were conducted in rural areas, and most were done in settings with seasonal malaria transmission. Conclusions regarding the impact of HMM on morbidity and mortality endpoints were mixed. Two studies showed no health impact, while another showed a decrease in malaria prevalence and incidence, but no impact on mortality. One study in Burkina Faso suggested that HMM decreased the proportion of severe malaria cases, while another study from the same country showed a decrease in the risk of progression to severe malaria. Of the four studies with mortality endpoints only one from Ethiopia showed a positive impact, with a reduction in the under-5 mortality rate of 40.6% (95% CI 29.2 - 50.6). Conclusion. Currently the evidence base for HMM in Africa, particularly regarding use of ACTs, is narrow and priorities for further research are discussed. To optimize treatment and maximize health benefits, drug regimens and delivery strategies in HMM programmes may need to be tailored to local conditions. Additional research could help guide programme development, policy decision-making, and implementation. © 2007 Hopkins et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	artemisinin; chloroquine; maloprim; antimalarial agent; article; Burkina Faso; community care; Democratic Republic Congo; disease course; disease severity; disease transmission; Ethiopia; fever; Gambia; health care; health education; health status; home care; human; incidence; Kenya; literature; malaria; methodology; morbidity; mortality; outcome assessment; patient care; prevalence; publishing; rural area; treatment outcome; Africa; drug self administration; health auxiliary; home care; malaria; phase 3 clinical trial; psychological aspect; review; treatment outcome; Africa; Antimalarials; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Community Health Aides; Home Nursing; Humans; Malaria; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Self Administration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37849000474	Computer simulations and models for the performance characteristics of spectrally equivalent X-ray beams in medical diagnostic radiology	Okunade A.A.	2007	Journal of Medical Physics	32	4	None	Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, 220005, Ile-Ife Osun, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, 220005, Ile-Ife Osun, Nigeria	In order to achieve uniformity in radiological imaging, it is recommended that the concept of equivalence in shape (quality) and size (quantity) of clinical X-ray beams should be used for carrying out the comparative evaluation of image and patient dose. When used under the same irradiation geometry, X-ray beams that are strictly or relatively equivalent in terms of shape and size will produce identical or relatively identical image quality and patient dose. Simple mathematical models and software program EQSPECT.FOR were developed for the comparative evaluation of the performance characteristics in terms of contrast (C), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and figure-of-merit (FOM = CNR 2 /DOSE) for spectrally equivalent beams transmitted through filter materials referred to as conventional and k-edged. At the same value of operating potential (kVp), results show that spectrally equivalent beam transmitted through conventional filter with higher atomic number ( Z -value) in comparison with that transmitted through conventional filter with lower Z -value resulted in the same value of C and FOM. However, in comparison with the spectrally equivalent beam transmitted through filter of lower Z -value, the beam through filter of higher Z -value produced higher value of CNR and DOSE at equal tube loading (mAs) and kVp. Under the condition of equivalence of spectrum, at scaled (or reduced) tube loading and same kVp, filter materials of higher Z -values can produce the same values of C, CNR, DOSE and FOM as filter materials of lower Z -value. Unlike the case of comparison of spectrally equivalent beam transmitted through one conventional filter and that through another conventional filter, it is not possible to derive simple mathematical formulations for the relative performance of spectrally equivalent beam transmitted through a given conventional filter material and that through k-edge filter material.	Contrast; Elemental filters; Medical diagnostic radiology	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37849019619	Performance optimization of a membrane assisted passive sampler for monitoring of ionizable organic compounds in water	Chimuka L., Nemutandani T., Cukrowska E., Tutu H.	2008	Journal of Environmental Monitoring	10	1	10.1039/b713072d	School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa	Chimuka, L., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Nemutandani, T., School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa; Cukrowska, E., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Tutu, H., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa	A thin-walled silicone rubber hollow fibre membrane has been developed as a passive sampler. The inside of the tube is filled with an aqueous solution at an appropriate pH. The tube is sealed at both ends and then immersed in a water sample. In order for the ionizable permeating compounds to be trapped in the aqueous receiving phase, the pH is adjusted such that the compounds are ionized and trapped. The major advantages are its simplicity, low cost and high selectivity, since only ionizable organic compounds are trapped. Additionally, the sampler uses no organic solvent. By adjusting the pH of the acceptor phase, it is possible to control the extraction process and whether the sampler is used in the kinetic or equilibrium regime. Since it is very selective, no further clean-up of the extract is required. The membrane assisted passive sampler has been tested for extraction of chlorophenols under laboratory conditions. The extraction process was found to be linear over a 72 h sampling period. Selectivity of the passive sampler in river water was demonstrated and the extraction process was independent of sample concentration, even at lower concentration levels of analytes. However, the sample matrix in some river water samples led to incomplete trapping, thereby reducing the amount trapped in the acceptor phase. Detection limits (three times signal to noise ratio) were dependant on sample matrix and type of detection system and ranged from 0.05 μg L-1 to about 1 μg L-1 with a UV photodiode detector in water samples from one river and 1.0 μg L-1 to 20 μg L-1 in another but with an ordinary UV detector. The enrichment factors in river water were 28 for 2-chlorophenol and 44 for 2,4-dichlorophenol over a 72 h sampling period. 4-chlorophenol was poorly extracted and its enrichment factor was 3. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	2,4 dichlorophenol; 4 chlorophenol; organic compound; river water; aqueous solution; article; extraction; pH; pollution monitoring; priority journal; sampler; water contamination; water pollutant; water pollution; water sampling; Chlorophenols; Environmental Monitoring; Rivers; Silicone Elastomers; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049000848	Protein supplementary quality of tropical vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal in broiler starter diets: Bionutritional evaluation	Fasuyi A.O., Dairo F.A.S., Adeniji A.O.	2007	International Journal of Agricultural Research	2	12	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adeniji, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria	The fresh matured leaves of the Amaranthus cruentus plants were harvested and sun dried until a moisture content of between 12-13% was obtained. The sun dried leaves (Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal, ACLM) were milled and analysed for their proximate composition. Crude protein was 23.0±0.55; crude fat, 5.4±0.01; crude fibre, 8.8%±0.02; ash, 19.3%±0.01 and gross energy, 3.3±0.01 kcal g -1; metabolisable energy, 2.8±0.21 kcal g -1 all on dry matter basis. Methionine and to a lesser extent, lysine, arginine, leucine and aspartate were high. The ACLM was incorporated into five formulated broiler starter diets at varying inclusion levels. The control diet 1 had no ACLM inclusion. All the six diets including control diet 1 were formulated isocaloric and isonitrogenous and fed to the experimental chicks (n = 540). Birds kept on diet 2 (5% ACLM inclusion level) had the best average Weight Gain (WG) of 372.9±29.94 g chick -1 but this was statistically similar to values obtained for birds on diets 1, 3 and 4. The Feed Efficiency (FE) value and the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) for birds on diet 2 were similar (p&gt;0.05) to values obtained for the reference diet. The Nitrogen Retention (NR) and Apparent Nitrogen Digestibility (AND) values obtained for diet 2 were highest at 1.48±0.24 gN chick -1 day -1 and 63.12%±10.28, respectively. Except for dressed weight and the back of chicken all the organs weights taken were similar (p&gt;0.05). Haematological results were similar (p&gt;0.05). Results generally indicated that ACLM could be a useful dietary protein source for broiler starter chicks at 5% inclusion level. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal; Antinutrients; Nitrogen utilization	Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049022479	Evaluation of the application of a thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine by community volunteers in the North West Province of South Africa	McCrindle C.M.E., Bisschop S.P.R., Modise K.	2007	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	78	3	None	Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	McCrindle, C.M.E., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bisschop, S.P.R., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Modise, K., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Participatory research on vaccination of village poultry against Newcastle disease (ND) was carried out in the village of Disaneng, in the North West Province of South Africa. Three application methods for ND Inkukhu® vaccine were shown to induce sufficient levels of immunity in back-yard poultry when correctly administered. These are eye-droplet administration to individual fowls, in-feed and in-water administration to small flocks. After a community meeting and group discussion to select methods of vaccination, only 2 of the 3 methods were chosen; the individual administration of droplets into the eyes was considered to be too impractical because back-yard fowls are difficutt to catch. Visual and practical training material was prepared and presented to volunteer vaccinators (n = 23). Vaccinators were then required to register all the poultry owners in their ward who wished to have poultry vaccinated. Once an indication of the number of chickens to be vaccinated had been made available, ND Nobilis Inkukhu® vaccine was supplied to vaccinators free of charge. Community vaccinators were responsible for the organisation of the vaccination campaign, including storage and preparation of vaccine for application. All 9 wards in the village were initially involved with a total of 482 households, owning 6141 chickens, participating. This represented slightly in excess of 60% of the fowls in the area. Involvement in a 2nd round of vaccinations, 1 month later, was far poorer with only 211 households owning a total of 1636 chickens participating. Serum samples were collected from vaccinated fowls using systematic random sampling and tested for circulating antibodies. The levels of protection varied, with no significant difference found between in-feed and in-water vaccine administration. Volunteer vaccinators were found to be unreliable, easily demotivated, did not keep good records and left the project when offered permanent employment. Contacting them to make arrangements for delivering vaccine was difficult and time consuming. Structured interviews indicated that deaths in poultry and the attitude of the owners probably contributed to the demotivation of the volunteers used as community vaccinators. It was concluded that volunteers are not the ideal choice for vaccination of village poultry against Newcastle disease.	Backyard poultry; Community vaccinators; Newcastle disease; Participatory research; Thermostable vaccine; Volunteers	antibody; inkukhu; Newcastle disease vaccine; unclassified drug; adult; animal health; antibody screening; article; attitude; bird disease; blood sampling; controlled study; drug storage; drug synthesis; female; human; human experiment; immune response; immunomodulation; male; nonhuman; poultry; reliability; South Africa; structured interview; thermostability; vaccination; Animals; Antibody Formation; Chickens; Drug Administration Routes; Humans; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; South Africa; Temperature; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Voluntary Workers; Galliformes; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049063040	Monitoring effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in lower-income countries	Stringer E.M., Chi B.H., Chintu N., Creek T.L., Ekouevi D.K., Coetzee D., Tih P., Boulle A., Dabis F., Shaffer N., Wilfert C.M., Stringer J.S.A.	2008	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	86	1	10.2471/BLT.07.043117	Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; PAC-CI Programme, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board, Nso, Northwest Province, Cameroon; Institut de Sante Publique d'Epidemiologie et de Developpment (ISPED), Universite Victor Segalen, Boudeaux, France; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Stringer, E.M., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Chi, B.H., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Chintu, N., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Creek, T.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; Ekouevi, D.K., PAC-CI Programme, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Coetzee, D., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Tih, P., Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board, Nso, Northwest Province, Cameroon; Boulle, A., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dabis, F., Institut de Sante Publique d'Epidemiologie et de Developpment (ISPED), Universite Victor Segalen, Boudeaux, France; Shaffer, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; Wilfert, C.M., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Stringer, J.S.A., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia	Ambitious goals for paediatric AIDS control have been set by various international bodies, including a 50% reduction in new paediatric infections by 2010. While these goals are clearly appropriate in their scope, the lack of clarity and consensus around how to monitor the effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) makes it difficult for policy-makers to mount a coordinated response. In this paper, we develop the case for using population HIV-free child survival as a gold standard metric to measure the effectiveness of PMTCT programmes, and go on to consider multiple study designs and source populations. Finally, we propose a novel community survey-based approach that could be implemented widely throughout the developing world with minor modifications to ongoing Demographic and Health Surveys.	None	antiretrovirus agent; nevirapine; zidovudine; demography; developing world; disease control; disease transmission; health survey; human immunodeficiency virus; low income population; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; developing country; female; gold standard; health program; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infection prevention; lowest income group; single drug dose; survival; vertical transmission; Developing Countries; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Organizational Objectives; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Program Evaluation; Survival Rate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049072176	Irrigation suitability evaluation of Asu River Basin soils, south eastern Nigeria	Fasina A.S.	2008	International Journal of Soil Science	3	1	None	Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Fasina, A.S., Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	A detailed soil survey of about 120.89 ha of land in Asu River Basin was carried out to evaluate the suitability of the soils for irrigation agriculture. The study revealed four (4) major soil types (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2, Ameta 1 and Ameta 2). The soils are deep (&gt;100 cm) and contain low tolerable levels of calcium carbonate (EC-0.01 mmho cm-1 -0.22 mmho cm-1). Soil textures consist of loam (Ihuibe 1), sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 2), clay loam (Ametal 1) and loamy Sand (Ameta 2) on the surface to sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 1), clay loam (Ihuibe 2), sandy clay loam (Ameta 1) and clay (Ametal 2) subsoil. Three of the soils are imperfectly drained (Ihuibe 1, Ihuibe 2 and Ameta 2) while Ameta 1 is moderately well drained. The soils were classified into irrigation suitability classes for surface/gravity irrigation (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ameta 1 was classified as highly suitable (S1) and Ameta 2 as currently not suitable. For drip/localized irrigation, Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 1 were classified as highly suitable (S1). The study is recommending that for sustainable use of the area for irrigation agriculture, drip/localized type of irrigation should be used to irrigate the soils of the area. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Asu River Basin; Irrigation; Nigeria; Suitability evaluation	calcium carbonate; irrigation; soil survey; soil water; Africa; Asu Basin; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049080630	Growth performance, organ characteristics and carcass quality of weaner rabbits fed different levels of wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl A. Gray) leaf-blood meal mixture	Olabanji R.O., Farinu G.O., Akinlade J.A., Ojebiyi O.O.	2007	International Journal of Agricultural Research	2	12	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria	Olabanji, R.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria; Farinu, G.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria; Akinlade, J.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria; Ojebiyi, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria	Thirty-two crossed-bred rabbits of mixed sexes were used to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of Wild Sunflower Leaf-blood Meal (WSFLBM) mixture on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics of weaned rabbits in a completely randomized experimental design. Four diets were formulated to contain 0% (control), 5, 10 and 20% WSFLBM. The trial lasted for 56 days. Results showed that rabbits on 5, 10 and 20% inclusion levels had daily feed intake, average daily weight gain and feed to gain ratio that were comparable (p>0.05) to those on control diet. The feed cost per kg diet was significantly (p<0.05) reduced as the level of inclusion of WSFLBM mixture increased. The feed cost per kg weight gain was however not affected (p>0.05). Relative weights of heart, lung, kidney, spleen, stomach pancreas and large intestine of rabbits on WSFLBM diets compared favourably with those rabbit on the control diet (p>0.05). It was concluded that wild sunflower leaf-blood meal mixture (WSFLBM) could be efficiently utilized and tolerated by weaner rabbits up to 20% inclusion level without any deleterious effect. However, further investigation into the long - term effect on internal organs and reproductive performance is suggested. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Cross-bred rabbits; Feed cost; Feed intake; Organ weights; WSFLBM	Helianthus; Helianthus annuus; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Tithonia diversifolia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049110257	Properties and performance of the c-chart for attributes data	Chakraborti S., Human S.W.	2008	Journal of Applied Statistics	35	1	10.1080/02664760701683643	Department of Information Systems, Statistics and Management Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Chakraborti, S., Department of Information Systems, Statistics and Management Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States; Human, S.W., Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The effects of parameter estimation are examined for the well-known c-chart for attributes data. The exact run length distribution is obtained for Phase II applications, when the true average number of non-conformities, c, is unknown, by conditioning on the observed number of non-conformities in a set of reference data (from Phase I). Expressions for various chart performance characteristics, such as the average run length (ARL), the standard deviation of the run length (SDRL) and the median run length (MDRL) are also obtained. Examples show that the actual performance of the chart, both in terms of the false alarm rate (FAR) and the in-control ARL, can be substantially different from what might be expected when c is known, in that an exceedingly large number of false alarms are observed, unless the number of inspection units (the size of the reference dataset) used to estimate c is very large, much larger than is commonly used or recommended in practice. In addition, the actual FAR and the in-control ARL values can be very different from the nominally expected values such as 0.0027 (or ARL0=370), particularly when c is small, even with large amounts of reference data. A summary and conclusions are offered.	Average run length; Defects; In-control; Non-conformities; Out-of-control; Parameter estimation; Percentiles; Phase I; Phase II; Poisson distribution; Run length; Shewhart; Statistical process control	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049138840	Short-term clinical evaluation of four desensitizing agents	Olusile A.O., Bamise C.T., Oginni A.O., Dosumu O.O.	2008	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	9	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olusile, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Bamise, C.T., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oginni, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of four topical desensitizing agents in providing short-term relief of dentin hypersensitivity. Methods and Materials: One hundred sixteen hypersensitive teeth with a positive response to intraoral testing for dentin hypersensitivity were included in this study. The four desensitizing agents tested were Duraphat™, 2% fluoride iontophoresis, copal varnish (CV), and Gluma™ Comfort Bond Plus Desensitizer. Following a specific regimen randomly determined desensitizing agents were applied in an alternating order when patients presented in a clinical setting with a complaint of hypersensitive teeth. A visual analogue scale was used to determine the degrees of hypersensitivity at three points in time. The first being just before the treatment to establish a baseline, then at 24 hours post-treatment, and the last at seven days post-treatment. Differences in the mean pain scores (MPS) between the baseline and post-treatment evaluation periods were used to determine the reduction in dentin hypersensitivity. Results: At baseline the MPS for teeth treated with CV was 5.34 (SD: 2.39), Duraphat™ was 4.66 (SD: 1.82), Gluma™ was 6.03 (SD: 2.37), and iontophoresis was 5.76 (SD: 1.37). At 24 hours post-treatment the MPS for CV was 2.1 (SD: 0.95), Duraphat™ was 1.38 (SD;1.86), Gluma™ was 0.79 (SD;1.45), and iontophoresis was 1.62 (SD1.97). The reduction in dentin hypersensitivity at 24 hours (difference between baseline MPS and 24 hour MPS) was 5.28 for Gluma™, 4.14 for iontophoresis, 3.28 for Duraphat™, and 3.24 for CV which were all statistically significant (p<0.05). At seven days, the MPS for CV was 1.55 (SD: 1.44), Duraphat™ was 1.0 (SD;1.89), Gluma™ was 0.10 (SD;0.44), and iontophoresis was 0.3 (SD;0.98). Reduction of hypersensitivity between 24 hours and one week was 1.32 for iontophoresis, 0.69 for Gluma™, 0.55 for CV, and 0.38 for Duraphat™. Only the reductions for iontophoresis and Gluma™ were statistically significant at seven days (p<0.05). Conclusions: All agents caused a statistically significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity within 24 hours of treatment. Gluma™ performed best at 24 hours while iontophoresis appeared to have an edge at seven days. Long-term studies are needed to determine why this difference exists. Dentin hypersensitivity presents as an emergency condition requiring an effective means of providing immediate relief in the clinician's treatment armamentarium.	Copal varnish; CV; Desensitizing agents; Duraphat™; Gluma™; Hypersensitive teeth; Iontophoresis	anticaries agent; biomedical and dental materials; fluoride; adolescent; adult; article; chemistry; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dentin sensitivity; desensitization; female; human; iontophoresis; male; methodology; middle aged; pain assessment; randomized controlled trial; time; Adolescent; Adult; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Materials; Dentin Sensitivity; Desensitization, Immunologic; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Iontophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049184766	Evaluation of Alvarado score as an admission criterion in patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis	Tade A.O.	2007	West African Journal of Medicine	26	3	None	Department of Surgery, Olabisi Onabanjo, University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; P.O. Box 1303, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Tade, A.O., Department of Surgery, Olabisi Onabanjo, University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, P.O. Box 1303, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Background: Patients with right iliac fossa pain present a diagnostic challenge to emergency room doctors when equivocal signs are present. Objective: To evaluate Alvarado score as an admission criterion in patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methods: This was a prospective study of 100 consecutive patients who presented to the an emergency department with right iliac fossa pain and suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis between January 2004 and December 2004. They were assessed using Alvarado score. Main outcome measures in relation to these scores were, patient's admission, patient's discharge, and whether patient had appendicitis or not. Results: The range of scores was 1-10. Seventy-four patients were admitted while 26 were discharged. Thirty-four patients with confirmed diagnosis of acute appendicitis had scores ranging from 5-10. No patient with score less than 5 had appendicitis. The sensitivity and negative predictive value reached 100% at scores below five, while specificity and positive predictive value reached 100% at the score of 10. Conclusion: The Alvarado score can be used as an objective criterion in selecting for admission patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Patients with scores of 4and below do not require admission since they turn out not to have acute appendicitis.	Admission criterion; Alvarado score; Appendicitis; Diagnosis	abdominal pain; acute appendicitis; adult; Alvarado score; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; emergency ward; female; hospital admission; hospital discharge; human; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; practice guideline; prediction; prospective study; scoring system; sensitivity and specificity; symptom; validation study; Abdomen, Acute; Adult; Appendicitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Male; Pelvic Pain; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149031631	Early effects of antiretroviral therapy on work performance: Preliminary results from a cohort study of Kenyan agricultural workers	Larson B.A., Fox M.P., Rosen S., Bii M., Sigei C., Shaffer D., Sawe F., Wasunna M., Simon J.L.	2008	AIDS	22	3	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f3cc0c	Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States	Larson, B.A., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Fox, M.P., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Rosen, S., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Bii, M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Sigei, C., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Shaffer, D., United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Sawe, F., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Wasunna, M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Simon, J.L., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States	OBJECTIVE: This paper estimates the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on days harvesting tea per month for tea-estate workers in Kenya. Such information is needed to assess the potential economic benefits of providing treatment to working adults. METHODS: Data for this analysis come from company payroll records for 59 HIV-infected workers and a comparison group of all workers assigned to the same work teams (reference group, n = 1992) for a period covering 2 years before and 1 year after initiating ART. Mean difference tests were used to obtain overall trends in days harvesting tea by month. A difference in difference approach was used to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on days working in the pre-ART period. Information on likely trends in the absence of the therapy was used to estimate the positive impacts on days harvesting tea over the initial 12 months on ART. RESULTS: No significant difference existed in days plucking tea each month until the ninth month before initiating ART, when workers worked -2.79 fewer days than references (15% less). This difference grew to 5.09 fewer days (27% less) in the final month before initiating ART. After 12 months on ART, we conservatively estimate that workers worked at least twice as many days in the month than they would have in the absence of ART. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment had a large, positive impact on the ability of workers to undertake their primary work activity, harvesting tea, in the first year on ART. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	AIDS; Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Kenya; Work performance	antiretrovirus agent; absenteeism; adult; agricultural worker; article; controlled study; female; harvesting; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; job performance; Kenya; major clinical study; male; priority journal; tea; Absenteeism; Adult; Agriculture; Anti-HIV Agents; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Tea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149033691	The performance of unpaved road material using soil stabilisers	Veelen M., Visser A.T.	2007	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	49	4	None	Department of Civil and Biosystems Engineering, University of Pretoria; Department of Civil and Biosystems Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 1109, Sunninghill, 2157 Johannesburg, South Africa	Veelen, M., Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 1109, Sunninghill, 2157 Johannesburg, South Africa; Visser, A.T., Department of Civil and Biosystems Engineering, University of Pretoria, Department of Civil and Biosystems Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	There are over 500 000 km of unsealed roads in South Africa. Unacceptable levels of dust, poor riding quality and impassability in wet weather are experienced on much of this road network. A potential solution to this ever-increasing problem is the use of soil stabilisers (additives), yet the level of research done on these additives consists mostly of small ad hoc studies. The aim of this paper is to report on the performance of selected soil stabilisers used on South African unpaved roads with respect to their effect on material strength. The behaviour of the soil stabilisers were tested by determining the effectiveness of the stabilisers in improving the strength of unpaved roads as a function of gravel with different properties for a range of soil stabilisers under wet and dry conditions. The effectiveness was tested over a period of nine months. Four different stabilisers were used on four different wearing-course materials. The conclusion reached was that there are certain stabilisers that do improve the strength behaviour of pavement material under certain conditions. It was found that the enzyme and sulphonated oil-treated materials had an increase in strength over the test period, and it was concluded that these stabilisers need a curing time of a few dry months to reach their maximum strength. The materials treated with the two polymers gained their maximum strength within two months after construction. It was found that the enzyme-treated material showed an increase in strength when applied to a sandy material with a low Pl and the sulphonated oil-treated material performed well when applied to a clayey material containing a reactive clay mineral. The polymers showed no material-specific properties. Most of the stabilised panels showed an increase in dry strength eight months after construction and this was attributed to the fact that the panels had enough time to dry out and reach their maximum strength over the dry winter months. The final conclusion was that there are some soil stabilisers available that do improve the strength behaviour of pavement materials. It is, however, important to choose the correct stabiliser for the intended purpose.	Engineering properties; Gravel roads; Non-traditional stabilisers	Engineering properties; Non-traditional stabilisers; Clay; Enzymes; Gravel roads; Pavements; Soil mechanics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149074690	Evaluation of body surface area as a determinant of cholecystodynamics due to orally administered standardized skimmed milk	Ugwu A.C.	2008	Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography	24	1	10.1177/8756479307311912	Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Federal Medical Centre, F.M.B. 102, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Ugwu, A.C., Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Nigeria, Federal Medical Centre, F.M.B. 102, Abakaliki, Nigeria	The author studied the relationship between body surface area and both the gallbladder contraction index and gallbladder emptying rate. Using the ellipsoid formula, gallbladder volumes were sonographically measured in the preprandial state and 20 minutes after a standardized fatty meal in 62 subjects. Gallbladder contraction indices and emptying rates were calculated. The body surface area of 61 subjects who followed the study design was computed from their height and weight measurements. Parametric tests also were carried out, revealing that there were no significant correlations between body surface area and gallbladder contraction index and gallbladder emptying rate. Dosing in cholecystodynamic studies may be limited by lack of correlation between gallbladder emptying rate and body surface area.	Body surface area; Cholecystodynamics; Milk; Sonography	adult; article; body surface; cholecystography; controlled study; echography; female; gallbladder contraction; gallbladder emptying; human; human experiment; male; milk; normal human; priority journal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149117099	Development, evaluation, and selection of rapid tooling process chains for sand casting of functional prototypes	Dimitrov D., Van Wijck W., De Beer N., Dietrich J.	2007	Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture	221	9	10.1243/09544054JEM728	Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Manufacturing Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany; Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, c/o Banhoek and Joubert Street, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape Province 7600, South Africa	Dimitrov, D., Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, c/o Banhoek and Joubert Street, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape Province 7600, South Africa; Van Wijck, W., Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa; De Beer, N., Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa; Dietrich, J., Department of Manufacturing Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany	This paper discusses the results obtained from studies on different rapid tooling process chains for improved design and manufacture of foundry equipment for sand casting of prototypes in final material for functional and pre-production tests of vehicles, using the three-dimensional printing process as core technology. Subsequently, while considering aspects such as time, cost, quality (accuracy and surface roughness), and tool life, a framework for evaluation and selection of the most suitable process chain in accordance to specific requirements is presented. Apart from only using these process chains for prototype manufacturing, initial results from a study to apply one of these process chains in automated sand casting full production is also presented. This research builds on an in-depth characterization of the accuracy and repeatability of a three-dimensional printing process. © IMechE 2007.	Casting; Rapid tooling (RT); Three-dimensional printing	Automation; Process engineering; Requirements engineering; Surface roughness; Three dimensional; Rapid tooling (RT); Sand castings; Three-dimensional printing; Machine tools	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149139296	Thermal tolerance in a south-east African population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera, Glossinidae): Implications for forecasting climate change impacts	Terblanche J.S., Clusella-Trullas S., Deere J.A., Chown S.L.	2008	Journal of Insect Physiology	54	1	10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.007	Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Terblanche, J.S., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Clusella-Trullas, S., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Deere, J.A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Chown, S.L., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	For tsetse (Glossina spp.), the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases, the physiological mechanisms linking variation in population dynamics with changing weather conditions have not been well established. Here, we investigate high- and low-temperature tolerance in terms of activity limits and survival in a natural population of adult Glossina pallidipes from eastern Zambia. Due to increased interest in chilling flies for handling and aerial dispersal in sterile insect technique control and eradication programmes, we also provide further detailed investigation of low-temperature responses. In wild-caught G. pallidipes, the probability of survival for 50% of the population at low-temperatures was at 3.7, 8.9 and 9.6 °C (95% CIs: ±1.5 °C) for 1, 2 and 3 h treatments, respectively. At high temperatures, it was estimated that treatments at 37.9, 36.2 and 35.6 °C (95% CIs: ±0.5 °C) would yield 50% population survival for 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. Significant effects of time and temperature were detected at both temperature extremes (GLZ, p<0.05 in all cases) although a time-temperature interaction was only detected at high temperatures (p<0.0001). We synthesized data from four other Kenyan populations and found that upper critical thermal limits showed little variation among populations and laboratory treatments (range: 43.9-45.0 °C; 0.25 °C/min heating rate), although reduction to more ecologically relevant heating rates (0.06 °C/min) reduce these values significantly from ∼44.4 to 40.6 °C, thereby providing a causal explanation for why tsetse distribution may be high-temperature limited. By contrast, low-temperature limits showed substantial variation among populations and acclimation treatments (range: 4.5-13.8 °C; 0.25 °C/min), indicating high levels of inter-population variability. Ecologically relevant cooling rates (0.06 °C/min) suggest tsetses are likely to experience chill coma temperatures under natural conditions (∼20-21 °C). The results from acute hardening experiments in the Zambian population demonstrate limited ability to improve low-temperature tolerance over short (hourly) timescales after non-lethal pre-treatments. In flies which survived chilling, recovery times were non-linear with plateaus between 2-6 and 8-12 °C. Survival times ranged between 4 and 36 h and did not vary between flies which had undergone chill coma by comparison with flies which had not, even after factoring body condition into the analyses (p>0.5 in all cases). However, flies with low chill coma values had the highest body water and fat content, indicating that when energy reserves are depleted, low-temperature tolerance may be compromised. Overall, these results suggest that physiological mechanisms may provide insight into tsetse population dynamics, hence distribution and abundance, and support a general prediction for reduced geographic distribution under future climate warming scenarios. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Climate change; Cold tolerance; Fitness costs; Geographic distribution; Insect vector; Phenotypic plasticity; Seasonal variation; Trade-offs	climate change; fly; geographical distribution; phenotypic plasticity; population dynamics; population structure; seasonal variation; acclimatization; analysis of variance; animal; article; climate; comparative study; geography; greenhouse effect; Kenya; motor activity; physiology; population dynamics; survival; temperature; tsetse fly; Zambia; Acclimatization; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Climate; Geography; Greenhouse Effect; Kenya; Motor Activity; Population Dynamics; Survival Analysis; Temperature; Tsetse Flies; Zambia; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zambia; Animalia; Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina pallidipes; Glossinidae; Hexapoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349006751	The impact of the open access movement on medical based scholarly publishing in Nigeria	Dennis A.D.	2007	First Monday	12	10	None	University of Port Harcourt, Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt in Rivers State, Nigeria	Dennis, A.D., University of Port Harcourt, Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt in Rivers State, Nigeria	The open access movement and its initiatives -which advocate a shift from predominant print-based publication to electronic and Internet sources -is expected to improve the global distribution of scholarly research and impact positively on the current state of scholarly publications in the developing world. This review examines the current state of medical journals in Nigeria and assesses the impact of the open access movement and its initiatives on medical scholarly publishing in Nigeria. The resulting appraisal shows that open access initiatives have impacted positively on medical scholarly publishing in Nigeria, with the African Journals Online and the African Index Medicus projects being the most significant influences. There are enormous prospects for further developing medical scholarly publishing in Nigeria using open access initiatives; these opportunities should be exploited and developed.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349107054	Can GM sorghum impact Africa?	Botha G.M., Viljoen C.D.	2008	Trends in Biotechnology	26	2	10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.10.008	GMO Testing Facility, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Botha, G.M., GMO Testing Facility, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Viljoen, C.D., GMO Testing Facility, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	It is said that genetic modification (GM) of grain sorghum has the potential to alleviate hunger in Africa. To this end, millions of dollars have been committed to developing GM sorghum. Current developments in the genetic engineering of sorghum are similar to efforts to improve cassava and other traditional African crops, as well as rice in Asia. On closer analysis, GM sorghum is faced with the same limitations as 'Golden Rice' (GM rice) in the context of combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) efficiently and sustainably. Thus, it is questionable whether the cost of developing GM sorghum can be justified when compared to the cost of investing in sustainable agricultural practice in Africa. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Costs; Food products; Genetic engineering; Sustainable development; Africa; Genetic modification; Grain sorghum; Sustainable agricultural practice; Crops; vitamin; Africa; agriculture; article; DNA modification; genetic engineering; grain; priority journal; rice; sorghum; Africa; Food, Genetically Modified; Genetic Enhancement; Plants, Genetically Modified; Sorghum; Manihot esculenta; Sorghum bicolor bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349113448	Enhancing Nigerian business students' interests and performance in office management through the cooperative learning approach	Koko M.N.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	19	1	None	Business Education Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Koko, M.N., Business Education Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This study examined the effect of Cooperative Learning Approach (CLA) as an enhancement tool for Business students' interests and performance in Office Management in Nigeria. The sample consisted of 98 final-year students who offered BED 431 in the (2004/2005 academic session) selected through the simple random sampling technique and divided into control and experimental group using balloting. The OMIS and OMAT were the instruments used for data collection. The quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was adopted in the study. The results revealed that the experimental group, exposed to the Cooperative Learning Approach, exhibited higher interest and performance in Office Management than the Control group taught through the traditional method. It was therefore concluded that Cooperative Learning Approach enhances students' interest and performance and should therefore be adopted by educationists at all levels of education in Nigeria. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2007.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349113846	Technical and economic evaluation of the utilization of solar energy at South Africa's SANAE IV base in Antarctica	Olivier J.R., Harms T.M., Esterhuyse D.J.	2008	Renewable Energy	33	5	10.1016/j.renene.2007.05.044	Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; South African Weather Service, Private Bag X097, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Olivier, J.R., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Harms, T.M., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Esterhuyse, D.J., South African Weather Service, Private Bag X097, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	The technical and economic feasibility of utilizing solar energy at South Africa's SANAE IV station in Antarctica was evaluated in order to estimate potential financial and external savings, and to alleviate the programme's dependence on the special blend of diesel shipped annually from Cape Town. The average global horizontal and tilted insolation rates at the base were studied, energy consumption data of the station was investigated, technical performance characteristics of devices for harnessing solar energy were assessed and an economic analysis was completed. It was shown that at SANAE IV flat-plate solar thermal collectors could potentially be used in conjunction with the snow smelter (a device that meets the station's fresh water demand) and that photovoltaic modules could feasibly be used to reduce the station's electrical demand. Flat-plate solar thermal collectors could collect solar energy at an average of 3.13 R/kWh (viz. 0.49 US$/kWh) from a suggested 143 m2 array, while comparatively a 40 kWp photovoltaic system would be less economically sound and only able to pay back costs at the end of the system's expected 25-year lifetime, generating electricity at an estimated 3.20 R/kWh (annual electrical consumption at SANAE IV amounts to more than 1062 MWh). The total diesel savings of the solar thermal and photovoltaic systems were estimated at approximately 12 245 and 9958 l, respectively, which represent savings in externalities of R67 338 and R55 879 each. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antarctica; Economic analysis; Feasibility study; SANAE IV; Solar energy; Technical analysis	Economic analysis; Energy utilization; Photovoltaic cells; Antarctica; Feasibility study; Technical analysis; Solar energy; Economic analysis; Energy utilization; Photovoltaic cells; Solar energy; economic analysis; energy use; feasibility study; performance assessment; photovoltaic system; solar power; technical efficiency; Africa; Antarctica; Cape Town; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349118080	Performance, emission and economic assessment of clove stem oil-diesel blended fuels as alternative fuels for diesel engines	Mbarawa M.	2008	Renewable Energy	33	5	10.1016/j.renene.2007.06.009	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Mbarawa, M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	In this study the performance, emission and economic evaluation of using the clove stem oil (CSO)-diesel blended fuels as alternative fuels for diesel engine have been carried out. Experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of the CSO-diesel blended fuels on the engine performance and emissions. The societal life cycle cost (LCC) was chosen as an important indicator for comparing alternative fuel operating modes. The LCC using the pure diesel fuel, 25% CSO and 50% CSO-diesel blended fuels in diesel engine are analysed. These costs include the vehicle first cost, fuel cost and exhaust emissions cost. A complete macroeconomic assessment of the effect of introducing the CSO-diesel blended fuels to the diesel engine is not included in the study. Engine tests show that performance parameters of the CSO-diesel blended fuels do not differ greatly from those of the pure diesel fuel. Slight power losses, combined with an increase in fuel consumption, were experienced with the CSO-diesel blended fuels. This is due to the low heating value of the CSO-diesel blended fuels. Emissions of CO and HC are low for the CSO-diesel blended fuels. NOx emissions were increased remarkably when the engine was fuelled with the 50% CSO-diesel blended fuel operation mode. A remarkable reduction in the exhaust smoke emissions can be achieved when operating on the CSO-diesel blended fuels. Based on the LCC analysis, the CSO-diesel blended fuels would not be competitive with the pure diesel fuel, even though the environmental impact of emission is valued monetarily. This is due to the high price of the CSO. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Clove stem oil; Economic assessment; Emissions; Exhaust emission costs	Diesel fuels; Economic analysis; Emission control; Fuel consumption; Life cycle; Clove stem oil; Economic assessment; Exhaust emission costs; Diesel engines; Diesel engines; Diesel fuels; Economic analysis; Emission control; Fuel consumption; Life cycle; alternative fuel; cost-benefit analysis; diesel engine; exhaust emission; experimental study; fuel consumption; performance assessment; vegetable oil; Syzygium aromaticum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349166629	Rigid spine syndrome: A noninvasive cardiac evaluation	Stübgen J.-P.	2008	Pediatric Cardiology	29	1	10.1007/s00246-007-9056-4	Department of Neurology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States	Stübgen, J.-P., Department of Neurology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States	Rigid spine syndrome (RSS) is a group of childhood-onset muscle disorders characterized by marked limitation of flexion of the spine. Various cardiac changes have been documented in case reports. This study reports on a cardiac evaluation of nine patients with the "vacuolar variant" of RSS. Noninvasive cardiac evaluation entailed creatine kinase levels, full-inspiration chest roentgenograms, standard 12-lead ECG, and 24-h ambulatory ECG recording, as well as M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler study. Heart auscultation was abnormal in five patients. Creatine kinase MB fraction was normal in all patients. Chest roentgenogram showed scoliosis (five of nine), kyphosis (one of nine), severe anterior-posterior flattening of the chest cavity (two of nine), elevated hemidiaphragm (one of nine), caved-in appearance of upper lobes (two of nine), and symmetry of lung volumes (one of nine). Twelve-lead ECG abnormalities indicated right-sided heart disease (three of nine). Echocardiogram showed mitral valve prolapse (five of nine) with regurgitation (three of five) and evidence of pulmonary hypertension (three of nine). Ambulatory ECG recorded paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias in hypoxic or hypercapnic patients (three of nine). There was no correlation between any cardiac abnormalities and patient weakness. Mitral prolapse/regurgitation may have a developmental association with this congenital myopathy. Findings of cor pulmonale were due to the restrictive chest wall defect and respiratory muscle weakness. Paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias were due to hypoxia or hypercapnia. There was no evidence of a primary cardiomyopathy. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Cardiac evaluation; Rigid spine syndrome	creatine kinase; adolescent; adult; article; back muscle; cardiomyopathy; child; clinical article; clinical feature; creatine kinase blood level; disease course; disease duration; Doppler echocardiography; electrocardiogram; female; heart auscultation; heart function; human; kyphosis; M mode echocardiography; male; mitral valve prolapse; mitral valve regurgitation; onset age; patient assessment; pulmonary hypertension; rigid spine syndrome; scoliosis; spine disease; spine mobility; thorax radiography; two dimensional echocardiography; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Creatine Kinase; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Male; Mitral Valve Prolapse; Muscular Diseases; Pulmonary Heart Disease; Spinal Diseases; Syndrome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349191053	Comparative evaluation of the microbial community in biological processes treating industrial and domestic wastewaters	Degenaar A.P., Ismail A., Bux F.	2008	Journal of Applied Microbiology	104	2	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03563.x	Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Degenaar, A.P., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Ismail, A., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Bux, F., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Aims: Comparison of the microbial composition and process performance between laboratory scale processes treating domestic and vegetable oil wastewaters. Methods and Results: Two laboratory scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger processes were operated under similar operating conditions. One process was fed domestic wastewater and the other an industrial wastewater, vegetable oil effluent. Nitrogen removal capacities of the processes were similar. The industrial process exhibited a lower COD removal capacity and oxygen utilization rate, although a greater mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration was observed in the industrial process. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a revealed that 81% and 72% of total cells stained with 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the domestic and industrial processes respectively bound to EUBmix. This indicated a slightly lower Eubacterial population within the industrial process. The alpha-proteobacteria was the dominant community in the industrial process (31% of EUBmix), while the beta-proteobacteria dominated the domestic process (33% of EUBmix). Conclusions: The findings served to establish a difference in the microbial population between the processes. Therefore, the class alpha-proteobacteria could play a primary role in the degradation of vegetable oil effluent. Significance and Impact of the Study: This research will aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating vegetable oil effluent. © 2007 The Authors.	Alpha-proteobacteria; Beta-proteobacteria; FISH; Vegetable oil effluent treatment	4',6 diamidino 2 phenylindole; nitrogen; vegetable oil; biodegradation; chemical oxygen demand; comparative study; domestic waste; hybridization; industrial waste; microbial community; vegetable oil; waste treatment; wastewater; Alphaproteobacteria; article; Betaproteobacteria; bioprocess; chemical oxygen demand; comparative study; domestic waste; effluent; fluorescence in situ hybridization; immunocytochemistry; industrial waste; liquid; microbial community; microbial population dynamics; nonhuman; oxygen consumption; waste water management; Alphaproteobacteria; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Betaproteobacteria; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Industrial Waste; Plant Oils; Proteobacteria; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Alphaproteobacteria; Bacteria (microorganisms); Betaproteobacteria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38449086761	Monitoring impairment in leprosy: Choosing the appropriate tool	Ebenso J., Ebenso B.E.	2007	Leprosy Review	78	3	None	Leprosy Mission, PMB 179, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Leprosy Mission Africa, c/o PMB 179, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Ebenso, J., Leprosy Mission, PMB 179, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, Leprosy Mission Africa, c/o PMB 179, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Ebenso, B.E., Leprosy Mission, PMB 179, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Objective: To assess to what extent the Maximum WHO Impairment Grade, the EHF Score and Impairment Summary Form (ISF) reflect changes in impairment, both in number(s) and severity. Design: The impairment data at registration and at release from treatment of 444 persons affected by leprosy registered for MDT from 1994-2003 in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria were analysed using three monitoring tools. Results: Of the 444 patients, 92 people had a change (10 deteriorated, 70 improved while 12 had improvement in some parts of their body and deterioration in other parts) in their impairment between Registration and Release from Treatment. Of the 10 people whose impairment status deteriorated, the WHO Grade missed 7 and the EHF score missed 4. The ISF missed none. Of the 70 whose impairment status improved, the WHO grade missed 27; the EHF score missed 20 and the ISF missed 9. The WHO Grade had a sensitivity of 50%, the EHF Score 61% and the ISF 90%. Negative predictive values were 88%, 91% and 98% respectively. Conclusions: The Maximum WHO Impairment Grade use should be limited to an indicator of late case detection. The EHF score is better used at programme level than individual patient level. The ISF is a sensitive tool for monitoring impairments at patient level to aid clinical decision making. © Lepra.	None	article; clinical decision making; clinical feature; controlled study; disease severity; health program; human; leprosy; major clinical study; registration; scoring system; sensitivity analysis; world health organization; cross-sectional study; decision support system; evaluation; hospital admission; hospital discharge; hospitalization; medical record; methodology; Nigeria; outcome assessment; pathology; pathophysiology; prediction and forecasting; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity; Sickness Impact Profile; Cross-Sectional Studies; Decision Support Techniques; Humans; Leprosy; Medical Records; Nigeria; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Patient Admission; Patient Discharge; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Sickness Impact Profile	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549090080	Rapid phosphorus(III) ligand evaluation utilising potassium selenocyanate	Muller A., Otto S., Roodt A.	2008	Dalton Transactions	None	5	10.1039/b712782k	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa	Muller, A., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Otto, S., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa, Sasol Technology Research and Development, P.O. Box 1, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa; Roodt, A., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Oxidative addition of SeCN- to tertiary phosphine ligands has been investigated in methanol at 298 K by use of UV-Vis stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. In most cases kobsvs. [SeCN -] plots were linear with zero intercepts corresponding to a rate expression of kobs = k1[SeCN-]. Reactions rates are dependent on the electron density of the phosphorus centre with k 1 varying by five orders of magnitude from 1.34 ± 0.02 × 10-3 to 51 ± 3 mol-1 dm3 s-1 for P(2-OMe-C6H4)3 to PCy3 respectively. Activation parameters range from 27 ± 1 to 49.0 ± 1.3 kJ mol-1 for ΔH‡ and -112 ± 9 to -140 ± 3 J K-1 mol-1 for ΔS ‡ supporting a SN2 mechanism in which the initial nucleophilic attack of P on Se is rate determining. Reaction rates are promoted by more polar solvents supporting the mechanistic assignment. Reasonable linear correlations were observed between log k1vs. pKa, 1JP-Se and χd values of the phosphines. The reaction rates are remarkably sensitive to the steric bulk of the substituents, and substitution of phenyl rings in the 2 position resulted in a decrease in the reaction rate. The crystal structures of SePPh2Cy and SePPhCy2 have been determined displaying Se-P bond distances of 2.111(2) and 2.1260(8) respectively. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008.	None	Carrier concentration; Crystal structure; Methanol; Nucleophiles; Organic solvents; Phosphorus; Potassium compounds; Rate constants; Spectrophotometry; Bond distances; Phenyl rings; Polar solvents; Reactions rates; Ligands	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549103532	Evaluation of a locally produced rapid urease test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection	Levin D.A., Watermeyer G., Mohamed N., Epstein D.P., Hlatshwayo S.J., Metz D.C.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	12 I	None	Gastrointestinal Clinic, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenferology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, PA, United States	Levin, D.A., Gastrointestinal Clinic, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Watermeyer, G., Gastrointestinal Clinic, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Mohamed, N., Gastrointestinal Clinic, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Epstein, D.P., Gastrointestinal Clinic, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Hlatshwayo, S.J., Gastrointestinal Clinic, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Metz, D.C., Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenferology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, PA, United States	Background. The rapid urease test (RUT) is used at Groote Schuur Hospital flor diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection. This is an in-house method, which has not been validated. Objective. To validate our practice of reading the RUT immediately after endoscopy (RUT0), by comparing this with a reading at 24 hours (RUT24) and with histological analysis. Design. Ninety consecutive patients undergoing upper endoscopy over a 6-week period from October 2005 to November 2005, and in whom rapid urease testing was indicated, were included in the study. Patients with recent exposure (within 2 weeks of endoscopy) to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and antibiotics (confounders) were noted and included in the cohort. Two antral and two body biopsies were taken for histological examination and a third antral biopsy was placed in the RUT bottle. Both haematoxylin and eosin and modified Giemsa staining methods were used to identify H. pylori. The RUT was read immediately (within 5 minutes of upper endoscopy) (RUT0), as per our current practice, and each specimen was re-read at 24 hours (RUT24). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and the impact of confounders were calculated. Results. Of the 90 patients undergoing rapid urease testing, 39% were male and 61% were female, with a mean age of 55 years (range 22 - 79 years). Histological examination revealed H. pylori in 67.8% (N=61) of the biopsy specimens. In the 65 patients without confounders, the sensitivity and specificity of the RUT0 were 65.9% and 100% respectively, and 90.9% and 100% for RUT24. After including the 25 patients with confounders, the sensitivity and specificity were 68.8% and 100% for RUT0, and 90.1% and 100% for RUT24 respectively. Thirteen RUT0 specimens (30.9%) that were initially negative became positive at the RUT24 reading. There were 6 (9.8%) RUT0- and RUT24-negative but histology-positive specimens. Four of these 6 false-negative RUT24 results could be accounted for by a low H. pylori density on histological analysis (2 patients were taking PPIs). Confounders did not alter the sensitivity and specificity outcomes or impact on the number of false-negative RUTs. Conclusions. Our locally prepared RUT is a specific test for the detection of H. pylori infection. The sensitivity is greatly enhanced by reading the test at 24 hours. The use of PPIs, H2RAs and antibiotics preceding endoscopy did not impact significantly on the results.	None	antibiotic agent; eosin; hematoxylin; histamine H2 receptor antagonist; proton pump inhibitor; urease; adult; aged; article; cohort analysis; controlled study; endoscopy; false negative result; female; gastritis; Giemsa stain; Helicobacter infection; Helicobacter pylori; histopathology; human; human tissue; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; prediction; rapid urease test; sensitivity and specificity; stomach biopsy; validation process; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Pyloric Antrum; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Urease	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549113404	Growth performance and carcass characteristics of three Ethiopian goat breeds fed grainless diets varying in concentrate to roughage ratios	Sebsibe A., Casey N.H., Van Niekerk W.A., Tegegne A., Coertze R.J.	2007	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	37	4	None	Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box, 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Sebsibe, A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Casey, N.H., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Van Niekerk, W.A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Tegegne, A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box, 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Coertze, R.J., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Growth and carcass characteristics of three Ethiopian goat breeds, the Afar, Central Highland (CHG) and Long-eared Somali (LES) were evaluated using three grainless diets varying in concentrate:roughage ratios (diet 1 was 50:50, diet 2, 65:35 and diet 3, 80:20) under feedlot conditions. The roughage was native grass hay and the concentrate consisted of wheat bran and noug cake (Guizotia abyssinica). Seventy-two eight-month old intact male goats (24 per breed) were randomly allotted to the dietary treatments, fed for 126 days and slaughtered at an age of approximately 12 months. The LES had higher average daily gain (ADG), heavier slaughter, empty body (EBW) and carcass weights than Afar and CHG goats. Diet significantly affected ADG, but was similar on carcass traits except for dressing percentage (DP) on an EBW basis and some non-carcass components. The DP on an EBW basis was the highest on diet 1. Breed affected the DP, which ranged from 42.5 - 44.6% and 54.3 - 55.8% on slaughter weight and EBW basis, respectively. The LES had a greater buttock circumference and carcass compactness. The pH24 varied between 5.61 - 5.67 and chilling losses were between 2.5 and 3.1%. The physical carcass composition (8-10th rib-cut) ranged from 72 - 73, 6.9 - 10.9 and 17.1 - 20.2% for lean, fat and bone, respectively, and the fat content of the meat ranged from 10.3 - 14.0%. Breed affected the weights of internal fat depots. The findings indicate that breed affected the carcass characteristics of the three Ethiopian goat breeds. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Carcass composition; Carcass yield; Indigenous goats; Non-carcass components; Primal cuts	Capra hircus; Guizotia abyssinica; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549115074	Multi-dimensional evaluation for module improvement: A mathematics-based case study	Ellery K.	2006	Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education	31	1	10.1080/02602930500262445	School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Memorial Tower Building, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa	Ellery, K., School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Memorial Tower Building, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa	Due to a poor module evaluation, mediocre student grades and a difficult teaching experience in lectures, the Data Analysis section of a first year core module, Research Methods for Social Sciences (RMSS), offered at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, was completely revised. In order to review the effectiveness of these changes in terms of student learning, a wide range of formative and summative evaluation methods were implemented. These indicated that module revision had largely been successful, although a number of areas for further improvement were highlighted. An analysis of the nature of the feedback of each method emphasised the importance of using a multi-dimensional approach as a means of obtaining reliable, authentic and valid data. Based on the findings of the study a procedural framework for module evaluation that considers issues such as purpose, sources of information, timing, methods, resource availability, implementation, action and critical reflection, is proposed. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549118888	The impact of maternal HIV status on infant feeding patterns in Nakuru, Kenya	Kamau-Mbuthia E., Elmadfa I., Mwonya R.	2008	Journal of Human Lactation	24	1	10.1177/0890334407310585	Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya; PO Box 15442, Nakura, Kenya	Kamau-Mbuthia, E., Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya, PO Box 15442, Nakura, Kenya; Elmadfa, I., Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Mwonya, R., Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya	The aim of the study was to assess the impact of maternal HIV status on infant feeding patterns. Two hundred eighty mothers (205 HIV uninfected, 75 infected) and their infants were recruited from the Provincial General Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya, from delivery and were followed for 14 weeks. From the feeding patterns, HIV-infected mothers were more likely to exclusively breastfeed in week 1 than HIV-uninfected mothers (71.7% vs 56.3%, P = .001), but there were no differences by week 14 (9.8% vs 4.8% P = .212). Mixed feeding increased for both groups from weeks 1 to 14. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, maternal age (younger mothers, P < .05) was associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the 6th week and infant birth weight (< mean birth weight, P > .05) in the 10th week. The results indicate a need to reassess adherence to infant feeding recommendations irrespective of maternal HIV status and also the infant feeding counseling process in the hospital. © 2008 International Lactation Consultant Association.	Exclusive breastfeeding; HIV status; Mixed feeding; Sociodemographic characteristics	adult; article; birth weight; breast feeding; controlled study; delivery; feeding behavior; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infant feeding; Kenya; major clinical study; maternal age; maternal disease; mother child relation; multivariate logistic regression analysis; patient attitude; patient counseling; risk benefit analysis; virus transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Logistic Models; Male; Maternal Age; Multivariate Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549122916	The internal contradictions of global civil society - What impact on global democracy?	Fioramonti L.	2007	Development Dialogue	None	49	None	CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation, Johannesburg, South Africa	Fioramonti, L., CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation, Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	civil society; democracy; globalization; social movement	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549139714	Seedling performance as affected by bulk density and soil moisture on a typic tropaquept	Onweremadu E.U., Eshett E.T., Ofoh M.C., Nwufo M.I., Obiefuna J.C.	2008	Journal of Plant Sciences	3	1	None	Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal Uni	Onweremadu, E.U., Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Eshett, E.T., Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Ofoh, M.C.; Nwufo, M.I.; Obiefuna, J.C.	We investigated the effects of Bulk Density (BD) and moisture content θv on seedling performance on a Typic Topaquept at Iyienyi Ibeku, Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria in 2005/2006 study session. A transect technique aided field soil sampling at identified physiographic units of Crest, Midslope and Footslope. A 7x7 factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted to create a matrix of BD and θv which enabled better understanding of compaction effects on seedling growth of Citrus sinensis Var Etinan. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS computer software. Results showed that BD and soil strength decreased with mean root length density. Again, BD had significant (p&lt;0.0001) negative correlations with root performance. Moisture content had a significant positive correlation with root performance (R = 0.72; p&lt;0.0001). Soil moisture and BD were good predictors of root length density (R2 = 0.79) with high degree of accuracy (RMSE = 0.07) and slight over-estimation (Bias = + 0.0001): Mean root length density increased downslope and this was the trend in shoot yield. Fairly high values of coefficient of alienation, suggest the inclusion of other relevant variables in future modelling. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Critical moisture limit; Inceptisols; Modelling; Soil physical quality	Citrus sinensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549166141	Screening for diabetic retinopathy in primary care with a mobile fundal camera - Evaluation of a South African pilot project	Mash B., Powell D., du Plessis F., van Vuuren U., Michalowska M., Levitt N.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	12 I	None	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Eye Care Services, Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Mash, B., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Powell, D., Eye Care Services, Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; du Plessis, F., Eye Care Services, Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; van Vuuren, U., Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Michalowska, M., Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Levitt, N., Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background and aims. In South Africa diabetes makes a significant contribution to the burden of disease. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of adult blindness, and screening can reduce the incidence. This project aimed to implement and evaluate a new service for retinal screening that uses a non-mydriatic mobile fundal camera in primary care. This is the first time such a service has been evaluated in an African primary care context. Methods. The service was implemented as an operational research study at three community health centres and data were collected to evaluate the operational issues, screening, reporting and referral of patients. Results. Out of 400 patients screened 84% had a significantly reduced visual acuity, 63% had retinopathy (22% severe non-proliferative, 6% proliferative and 15% maculopathy), 2% of eyes could not be screened and 14% of patients required dilatation. Referral was necessary in 27% of cases for cataracts, in 7% for laser treatment and in 4% for other specialist services. Repeat photography was needed in 8% and urgent follow-up in 12%. A SWOT analysis of the pilot project was completed and recommendations were made on how to integrate it into the district health system. Conclusion. Screening with a fundal camera improved the quality of care for diabetic patients and is feasible in the South African public sector, primary care setting. A single technician should be able to photograph almost 10 000 patients a year.	None	adult; article; cataract; controlled study; diabetic retinopathy; disease severity; feasibility study; female; follow up; health care quality; health center; human; low level laser therapy; major clinical study; male; medical specialist; mobile fundal camera; ophthalmoscopy; patient referral; pilot study; primary medical care; retina maculopathy; screening test; South Africa; visual acuity; Adult; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Equipment Design; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Photography; Pilot Projects; Primary Health Care; Reproducibility of Results; Retina; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549166662	Construction and evaluation of a gfp-tagged Salmonella Typhimurium strain for environmental applications	Burke L.M., Brözel V.S., Venter S.N.	2008	Water SA	34	1	None	Division of Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Burke, L.M., Division of Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Brözel, V.S., Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Venter, S.N., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium was isolated from freshwater sediments and chromosomally labelled with a stable variant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The pUT mini-Tn5 Km transposon was used to introduce the gfp gene onto the chromosome of the S. Typhimurium strain by tri-parental mating. Southern Blot hybridisation confirmed that the gene had integrated into the chromosome. The gfp gene was stably maintained and the labelled strain was not growth-rate impaired. The incorporation of the gfp gene did not convey any significant loss of phenotype which would affect the survival and behaviour of the tagged strains. The tagged S. Typhimurium strain was used to spike an established drinking water biofilm and was able to colonise and persist within the biofilm. The tagged strain was also successfully used to study the survival of S. Typhimurium in natural sediments under different temperatures. These tagged strains can therefore be used to study the fate and survival of different Salmonella strains in water environments.	Biofilm; Green fluorescent protein; Salmonella Typhimurium; Survival	Biofilms; Chromosomes; Potable water; Proteins; Sediments; Green fluorescent protein; Salmonella strains; Salmonella Typhimurium; Bacteria; Bacteria; Biofilms; Chromosomes; Potable water; Proteins; Sediments; bacterium; biofilm; chromosome; drinking water; environmental factor; freshwater sediment; gene; phenotype; survivorship; tagging; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella typhimurium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549181029	Expression of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 STEVOR proteins for evaluation of antibody responses following malaria infections in naïve infants	Schreiber N., Khattab A., Petter M., Marks F., Adjei S., Kobbe R., May J., Klinkert M.-Q.	2008	Parasitology	135	2	10.1017/S0031182007003794	Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, KNUST University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana; International Vaccine Institute, Kwanak, PO Box 14, Seoul 151-600, South Korea; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany	Schreiber, N., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Khattab, A., Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Petter, M., Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Marks, F., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany, International Vaccine Institute, Kwanak, PO Box 14, Seoul 151-600, South Korea; Adjei, S., Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, KNUST University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana; Kobbe, R., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; May, J., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Klinkert, M.-Q., Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany	Clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria develops after repeated exposure to the parasite. At least 2 P. falciparum variant antigens encoded by multicopy gene families (var and rif) are targets of this adaptive antibody-mediated immunity. A third multigene family of variant antigens comprises the stevor genes. Here, 4 different stevor sequences were selected for cloning and expression in Escherichia coli and His6-tagged fusion proteins were used for assessing the development of immunity. In a cross-sectional analysis of clinically immune adults living in a malaria endemic area in Ghana, high levels of anti-STEVOR IgG antibody titres were determined in ELISA. A cross-sectional study of 90 nine-month-old Ghanaian infants using 1 recombinant STEVOR showed that the antibody responses correlated positively with the number of parasitaemia episodes. In a longitudinal investigation of 17 immunologically naïve 9-month-old infants, 3 different patterns of anti-STEVOR antibody responses could be distinguished (high, transient and low). Children with high anti-STEVOR-antibody levels exhibited an elevated risk for developing parasitaemia episodes. Overall, a protective effect could not be attributed to antibodies against the STEVOR proteins chosen for the study presented here. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	Immune responses; Infants; Plasmodium falciparum; Recombinant STEVOR	hybrid protein; immunoglobulin G antibody; parasite antibody; protozoal protein; STEVOR protein; unclassified drug; antibody response; article; controlled study; endemic disease; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Escherichia coli; gene expression; gene sequence; Ghana; high risk infant; human; infant; infection risk; malaria falciparum; molecular cloning; nonhuman; parasite immunity; Plasmodium falciparum; priority journal; Adult; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Antigens, Protozoan; Cross-Sectional Studies; Escherichia coli; Ghana; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Plasmodium falciparum; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Time Factors; Escherichia coli; Plasmodium falciparum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38649114066	Psychiatric evaluation of intellectually disabled offenders referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex, 1993-2003	Calitz F.J.W., van Rensburg P.H.J.J., de Jager P.P., Olander M.L., Thomas L., Venter R., Wessels G.A., Joubert G.	2007	South African Journal of Psychiatry	13	4	None	Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Calitz, F.J.W., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van Rensburg, P.H.J.J., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; de Jager, P.P., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Olander, M.L., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Thomas, L., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Venter, R., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Wessels, G.A., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, G., Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background. Increased crime is a problem in South Africa and complications arise when the accused is intellectually disabled. The accountability and fitness to stand trial of such individuals is an important facet that needs to be managed by the judicial and health systems. Objective. To analyse the accountability and triability of intellectually disabled people awaiting trial referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex (FSPC) from 1993 to 2003 according to Sections 77 ond 78 of the Criminal Procedures Act (Act 51 of 1977). Method. A retrospective study was conducted. The study population consisted of 80 intellectually disabled people awaiting trial in the Free State, referred to the FSPC. The reason for referral was the possibility that they were not triable or accountable. A data form was compiled to transfer the relevant information from the patients' clinical files. Results. The study found that the majority of subjects were male (96.3%), unmarried (76.3%) and unemployed (63.8%). The median age was 27 years. A relatively high percentage (49%) had received some schooling and 16% had attended a special school. Most (32%) were referred from the Bloemfontein area and 68% were referred from the remainder of the Free State and other areas. The majority were referred according to Sections 77 and 78. The highest number of the offences were of a sexual nature (78%). Of the subjects, 62 (62.5%) were diagnosed as having mild mental retardation, while 16% were diagnosed as having moderate mental retardation. A total of 71 (71.25%) were found to be untriable and unaccountable. Conclusion. Triability and accountability are not only reflected by IQ score, but also involve the accused's understanding of his/her environment, his/her speech and language proficiency, level of education, reasoning ability and the manner in which the crime was committed. It is important to note that having an IQ of 70 or less does not automatically mean that the accused is unfit to stand trial or is not accountable. It is possible for an intellectually disabled person to be triable, accountable or diminished accoountable.	None	adult; age distribution; article; criminal behavior; criminal justice; female; human; intellectual impairment; intelligence quotient; major clinical study; male; mental deficiency; offender; patient referral; population research; psychologic test; retrospective study; risk factor; sex difference; sexual crime; single man; single woman; special education; unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38649129788	Land area eligible for afforestation and reforestation within the clean development mechanism: A global analysis of the impact of forest definition	Zomer R.J., Trabucco A., Verchot L.V., Muys B.	2008	Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change	13	3	10.1007/s11027-007-9087-4	International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; c/o IWMI, P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Zomer, R.J., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka, c/o IWMI, P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Trabucco, A., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Verchot, L.V., World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Muys, B., Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium	Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol, countries have significant latitude to define a forest. The most important parameter affecting area designated as forest is the minimum crown cover which can be set between 10 and 30%. The choice will have implications for the amount of land available in a country for afforestation and reforestation activities within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM-AR). In this paper, we present an analysis of the regional differences in land availability for CDM-AR projects. We then examine how the choice of a high or low threshold value for crown cover will affect the area available for CDM activities and how the limitations imposed by this element of the definition compares to other factors that are likely to limit CDM activities. Results represent a global analysis that included all countries not included in Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol, and examined the effect on land availability of a range of crown cover thresholds ranging from 10-30%. Of the 140 Non-Annex One countries, 107 countries were found to have a potential for CDM-AR projects. Asia had the largest amount of combined area suitable for CDM-AR at the 10% crown cover threshold level. However, at 30%, South America had the greatest amount of land available, and a large change in available land area, which increased by almost five times compared to what was available at the 10% threshold. The area available in Africa increased by a factor of 5.5. Central America showed the largest increase, to almost 10 times more at the 30% threshold. By contrast, within Asia, the area increase was comparatively less, but still the area nearly doubled. Globally, a low threshold of 10% crown cover excluded almost 2/3 of the land identified that was eligible at 30%, over 5 million km2. The spatial analyses showed not only the effects of the choice of the crown cover criterion, but also where the land was available for CDM activities within each country at different thresholds. Protected areas account for 10-20% of the CDM-AR eligible area in most countries. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.	Afforestation/Reforestation; Carbon sequestration; CDM-AR; Clean development mechanism; Climate change mitigation; Forest definition; Global spatial analysis; Land suitability modeling; Land use land cover and forestry (LULUCF)	afforestation; clean development mechanism; comparative study; environmental impact assessment; forest cover; reforestation; spatial analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38749084212	Impact of food and nutrition interventions on poverty in an informal settlement in the Vaal Region of South Africa	Oldewage-Theron W.H., Slabbert T.J.C.	2008	Proceedings of the Nutrition Society	67	1	10.1017/S002966510800606X	Vaal University of Technology, Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; North-West University, Vaal Campus, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	Oldewage-Theron, W.H., Vaal University of Technology, Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; Slabbert, T.J.C., North-West University, Vaal Campus, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	UNICEF has stated that urban poverty is primarily found in squatter settlements. At present 13.5% of all South African households live in informal settlements. The major research question is to what extent does poverty influence the food, nutrition and health of informal-settlement dwellers. The purpose of the present study was to determine the depth of poverty in this community and to measure the possible effect that planned food and nutrition interventions may have on eliminating poverty in this area. Pre-tested questionnaires were administered to 340 randomly-selected caregivers. A validated quantified FFQ was administered by trained enumerators as the test measurement for dietary intake and food consumption patterns and 24 h recall was used as the reference measurement, and the data were analysed. A poverty model was used to measure the impact of extra income on the poverty levels of 190 households. Of the respondents 89% lived in Zn shacks and the average household size was 4.9 individuals. The unemployment rate was 94.2% for respondents and 64.9% for their partners. The majority of households (68.8%) had an income of <R 500 (£35) per month and 58.3% spent <R 100 (£6.90) per week on food. The average poverty gap was R 1342.21 (£93) and the poverty gap ratio was 56%. The poverty model showed that an increase of R 500 (£35) in monthly household income results in a poverty gap ratio of 35%. The poverty model confirmed that the impact of food and nutrition interventions on poverty can be measured and that when planning these interventions the model could be used to measure their feasibility. The results indicate that this community is poverty-stricken and has chronic food insecurity, and they will be used to facilitate planning and implementation of sustainable income-generating community-based interventions to promote urban food security and alleviate poverty in this community. © 2008 The Authors.	Household food insecurity; Informal settlements; Malnutrition; Poverty; Socio-demographics	article; caregiver; community care; dietary intake; food intake; health care policy; health care system; health status; health survey; household; human; income; intervention study; malnutrition; nutritional status; poverty; public health problem; quantitative analysis; South Africa; structured questionnaire; unemployment; urban area; Community Health Services; Food Supply; Health Status; Housing; Humans; Malnutrition; Nutrition Physiology; Nutrition Surveys; Poverty; Program Development; Questionnaires; South Africa; Unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38749131266	Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in the lower Offin basin, Ghana	Kortatsi B.K., Tay C.K., Anornu G., Hayford E., Dartey G.A.	2008	Environmental Geology	53	8	10.1007/s00254-007-0772-0	CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana; Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Geology Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Kortatsi, B.K., CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana; Tay, C.K., CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana; Anornu, G., Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Hayford, E., Geology Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Dartey, G.A., CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana	Alumino-silicate mineral dissolution, cation exchange, reductive dissolution of hematite and goethite, oxidation of pyrite and arsenopyrite are processes that influence groundwater quality in the Offin Basin. The main aim of this study was to characterise groundwater and delineate relevant water-rock interactions that control the evolution of water quality in Offin Basin, a major gold mining area in Ghana. Boreholes, dug wells, springs and mine drainage samples were analysed for major ions, minor and trace elements. Major ion study results show that the groundwater is, principally, Ca-Mg-HCO 3 or Na-Mg-Ca-HCO 3 in character, mildly acidic and low in conductivity. Groundwater acidification is principally due to natural biogeochemical processes. Though acidic, the groundwater has positive acid neutralising potential provided by the dissolution of alumino-silicates and mafic rocks. Trace elements' loading (except arsenic and iron) of groundwater is generally low. Reductive dissolution of iron minerals in the presence of organic matter is responsible for high-iron concentration in areas underlain by granitoids. Elsewhere pyrite and arsenopyrite oxidation is the plausible process for iron and arsenic mobilisation. Approximately 19 and 46% of the boreholes have arsenic and iron concentrations exceeding the WHO's (Guidelines for drinking water quality. Final task group meeting. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004) maximum acceptable limits of 10 μg l -1 and 0.3 mg l -1, for drinking water. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	Cation exchange; Ghana; Offin basin; Oxidation; Pyrite and arsenopyrite; Silicate weathering	Biogeochemistry; Catchments; Hydraulic conductivity; Oxidation; Silicate minerals; Arsenopyrite; Cation exchange; Ghana; Groundwater acidification; Hydrogeochemical evaluation; Offin basin; Groundwater; acidification; aluminosilicate; concentration (composition); dissolution; gold mine; groundwater; hydrogeochemistry; ion exchange; iron; oxidation; water quality; Africa; Ghana; Offin Basin; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38749152404	Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Ocimum sanctum and Emblica officinaux in rats	Gupta D.K., Tripathi A.K., Rajora V.S., Gupta G.C., Shukla S.K.	2007	Indian Journal of Animal Sciences	77	7	None	Govind Bhallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India; GADVASU, Ludhiana 141 004, India; Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia	Gupta, D.K., Govind Bhallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India, GADVASU, Ludhiana 141 004, India; Tripathi, A.K., Govind Bhallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India, Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Rajora, V.S., Govind Bhallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India, Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Gupta, G.C., Govind Bhallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Shukla, S.K., Govind Bhallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India, GADVASU, Ludhiana 141 004, India	The antioxidative potential of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and Emblica officinalis (amla) was assessed in normal and immune-compromised rats. The extracts were given @ 100 mg/kg b.wt. daily po for 21 days and cyclophosphamide was administered intraperitonially @ 50 mg/kg once at the start of expeiriment. The lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assessed. On the basis of results, it was concluded that Ocimum sanctum and Emblica officinalis both are not only useful in controlling the lipid peroxide levels but are also helpful in further strengthening the antioxidant potential, however, Emblica officinalis was superior to Ocimum sanctum.	Antioxidant activity; Cyclophosphamide; Emblica officinalis; Hydro-alcoholic extracts; Ocimum sanctum	Emblica; Ocimum; Ocimum tenuiflorum; Phyllanthus emblica; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849087310	Impact of fertilizer plant effluent on water quality	Obire O., Ogan A., Okigbo R.N.	2008	International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology	5	1	None	Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Applied and Environmental Biol	Obire, O., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ogan, A., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Okigbo, R.N., Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria, Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	The impact of National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria outfall effluent on the physicochemistry and bacteriology of Okrika creek was investigated during the sampling period from May to December, 1998. The National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria outfall effluent, the Okrika creek water and the Ikpukulubie creek (control) water samples were collected. The physico-chemical parameters analyzed for all the samples included temperature, pH, total chloride, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, free ammonia, total phosphate, urea, zinc and iron, while the bacteriological determinations were total culturable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria count and identification of representative isolates. The Okrika creek recorded higher concentrations for all the physico-chemical parameters and bacteria load than the control creek. The higher values of pH, Free NH3, urea, TDS and the conductivity of the National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria outfall effluent above the FEPA standards reflect the poor effluent quality generated by National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria. The bacteria species isolated from the samples include Aerococcus viridans, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. In general, the investigation revealed that there was an extremely adverse impact on the physico-chemical and bacteriological water quality characteristics of the Okrika creek as a result of the discharge of poor quality effluent from National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria operations. © IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.	Bacteriological parameters; Fertilizer; Outfall effluent; Physiochemical	Bacteria; Concentration (process); Effluents; pH effects; Water quality; bacterium; effluent; fertilizer; physicochemical property; water pollution; water quality; Africa; Ikpukulubie Creek; Nigeria; Okrika Creek; Rivers; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Aerococcus viridans; Alcaligenes faecalis; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Citrobacter freundii; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849104411	Effect of indigenous storage method on performance of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] under field conditions in a warm subtropical area	Modi A.T.	2007	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	24	4	None	Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Modi, A.T., Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Successful crop stand establishment, a critical prerequisite for efficient crop production, is primarily determined by propagule quality. Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] corms of different sizes (80-100 g corm-1, 40-60 g corm-1 and 20-30 g corm-1) that had been stored in soil pits at different depths (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) were compared for stand establishment, leaf area and yield during two seasons, under rainfed (upland) conditions. Propagule size and pre-planting storage depth increased both the number of plants reaching the third leaf stage and leaf area per plant one month after planting. The large propagules improved stand establishment and yield significantly (P&lt;0.01) better than the smaller propagules. For all propagule sizes, the optimum storage depth to enhance taro propagule performance for crop production was ∼ 40 cm. When the large propagules were compared with the smaller propagules at the optimum pre-planting storage depth, there was 10% to 30%, no difference and 5% to 35% improvement in leaf area, stand establishment and yield, respectively. This study confirmed the potential role of local knowledge in traditional agriculture, and the findings can be used to extend the planting season for dryland taro production in South Africa.	Propagules; Storage; Taro; Upland production	agricultural practice; crop plant; crop production; crop yield; farmers knowledge; leaf area; performance assessment; storage; subtropical region; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Colocasia esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849114280	Legume-maize rotation and nitrogen effects on weed performance in the humid and subhumid tropics of West Africa	Chikoye D., Ekeleme F., Lum A.F., Schulz S.	2008	Crop Protection	27	05-Mar	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.09.007	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; German Agro Action, 18th Street Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia	Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ekeleme, F., Department of Crop Protection, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Lum, A.F., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Schulz, S., German Agro Action, 18th Street Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia	A long-term trial was established in 1998. The objectives among others were to assess the impact of nitrogen, natural bush fallow, and legume-maize rotations on weed growth and species composition in the forest/savanna transition zone (Ibadan) and northern Guinea savanna (Zaria) in Nigeria. At both locations, the experiment was arranged as a split-plot design. The main plots were green manure legumes (Pueraria phaseoloides [Roxb.] Benth in Ibadan and Aeschynomene histrix Poir. in Zaria), a forage legume (Stylosanthes guianensis [Aubl.] Sw.), grain legumes (cowpea [Vigna unguiculata {L.} Walp 'IT-90K-284-2' or soybean [Glycine max {L.} Merr 'TGx 1864 and TGx 1485-1 D'), natural bush fallow, and continuous cropping with maize [Zea mays L.]/cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz] '82/00058' at Ibadan and maize at Zaria. Grain legumes were either double-cropped in one season by growing short-duration soybean with cowpea varieties sequentially, or by growing long-duration cultivars within one growing season. Nitrogen levels (0 and 30 kg N ha-1) were the subplot treatments. Weed data were collected in 2000 and 2003 after 2 years of continuous cropping or rotation with natural fallow or legumes. Weed density was significantly higher at Zaria (177 plants m-2) than at Ibadan (149 plants m-2). Weed dry matter was higher at Ibadan than at Zaria. Weed density and dry matter were lower in the green manure and forage legume treatments in both years at Ibadan. At Zaria, the forage legume treatment had the lowest weed density and dry matter in 2003 only. In 2003 at Ibadan, per capita weed population growth rate (WPGR) decreased in the green manure and forage legume treatments. There was an increase in WPGR in continuous cropping, double-cropping with cowpea and soybean, and natural bush fallow treatments. At Zaria, WPGR was not affected by fallow type or nitrogen (P&gt;0.05). Redundancy analysis showed significant differences in species composition among the various treatments. Nitrogen level did not affect density, dry matter, or the composition of weeds. © 2007.	Bush fallow; Continuous cropping; Species composition; Weed density	community composition; continuous cropping; crop rotation; dry matter; experimental study; growing season; growth rate; humid environment; legume; maize; nitrogen; population density; transition zone; tropical environment; weed; Africa; Ibadan; Kaduna [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Zaria; Aeschynomene histrix; Glycine max; Manihot esculenta; Pueraria; Pueraria phaseoloides; Stylosanthes guianensis; Vigna unguiculata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849146320	Evaluation of maize varieties for resistance to northern leaf blight under field conditions in Ethiopia	Abebe D., Singburaudom N., Sangchote S., Sarobol E.	2008	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	42	1	None	Gambella Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 62, Gambella, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Abebe, D., Gambella Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 62, Gambella, Ethiopia; Singburaudom, N., Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Sangchote, S., Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Sarobol, E., Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	A study of reaction of thirteen maize varieties to northern leaf blight mainly caused by Exserhilum turcicum (Pass) Leonard and Suggs, were conducted at three locations Gambella, Abobo and Bako during 2003 and 2004 crop seasons. Variation among maize varieties was observed for several disease variables; the number of lesion, size, incidence, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and severity rating scale. In general, significant differences among genotypes were observed for data based on lesion number, size, AUDPC and severity rating scale at all locations. Susceptible varieties Gussau, Aboboko and Local- M had high AUDPC, large lesion size, fast onset of disease and many lesions in numbers. The host entries used in this study indicated that Kuleni was the most resistant to northern leaf blight across three locations, with low rating score. There was different response among varieties depending on disease intensity at each location. At Abobo, the final severity increased from 0.00 to 96.66% in 2003 and the results observed from 10.00 to 96.66% at Bako. However, at Gambella the incidence was as low as from 0.00 to 83.33%. Disease assessment methods were generally correlated with one another. Several varieties showed similaly significant reaction to disease in all locations. This meant that there was no virulent difference existing in the pathogen populations from location to location.	Area under disease progress curve; Exserhilum turcicum; Northern leaf blight; Resistance	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849151065	Does the spillage of petroleum products in Anopheles breeding sites have an impact on the pyrethroid resistance?	Djouaka R.F., Bakare A.A., Bankole H.S., Doannio J.M.C., Coulibaly O.N., Kossou H., Tamo M., Basene H.I., Popoola O.K., Akogbeto M.C.	2007	Malaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2875-6-159	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08BP0932, Benin; Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; National Institute of Public Health, BPV47 Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Ministry of Health, 05BP	Djouaka, R.F., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08BP0932, Benin, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Benin; Bakare, A.A., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Bankole, H.S., Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Doannio, J.M.C., National Institute of Public Health, BPV47 Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Coulibaly, O.N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08BP0932, Benin; Kossou, H., Ministry of Health, 05BP2099 Cotonou, Benin; Tamo, M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08BP0932, Benin; Basene, H.I., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Popoola, O.K., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Akogbeto, M.C., Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Benin	Background. The emergence of Anopheles populations capable of withstanding lethal doses of insecticides has weakened the efficacy of most insecticide based strategies of vector control and, has highlighted the need for further studies on the mechanisms of insecticide resistance and the various factors selecting resistant populations of mosquitoes. This research targeted the analysis of breeding sites and the oviposition behaviour of susceptible and resistant populations of Anopheles in localities of spilled petroleum products. The aim was to establish the possible contribution of oil spillage in the selection of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors. Methods. Anopheles breeding sites were identified and the insecticide susceptibility of the Anopheles gambiae populations mapped in 15 localities of South Western Nigeria. The presence of oil particles as well as the turbidity, the dissolved oxygen and the pH of each identified breeding site was recorded. Data were cross-analysed to correlate the habitat types and the insecticide susceptibility status of emerging mosquitoes. The second phase of this study was basically a laboratory model to provide more information on the implication of the spillage of petroleum on the selection of pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae. Results. Moderate levels of resistance following exposure to permethrin-impregnated papers were recorded with the majority of An. gambiae samples collected in the South Western Nigeria. Data from this study established a link between the constituency of the breeding sites and the resistance status of the emerging Anopheles. Conclusion. This study has revealed the segregational occupation of breeding habitats by pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains of An. gambiae in south-western Nigeria. Compiled results from field and laboratory research point out clear relationships between oil spillage and pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors. The identification of this factor of resistance could serve as strong information in the management of insecticide resistance in some West African settings. © 2007 Djouaka et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	dissolved oxygen; petroleum derivative; pyrethroid; petroleum; Anopheles; Anopheles gambiae; article; breeding; egg laying; insecticide resistance; malaria; pH; spillage; turbidity; vector control; animal; disease carrier; drug effect; ecosystem; mosquito; Nigeria; physiology; soil pollutant; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Breeding; Ecosystem; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Nigeria; Petroleum; Pyrethrins; Soil Pollutants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849159193	Monitoring the operational impact of insecticide usage for malaria control on Anopheles funestus from Mozambique	Casimiro S.L., Hemingway J., Sharp B.L., Coleman M.	2007	Malaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2875-6-142	National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Road, Durban, South Africa	Casimiro, S.L., National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique; Hemingway, J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Sharp, B.L., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Road, Durban, South Africa; Coleman, M., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Road, Durban, South Africa	Background. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has again become popular for malaria control in Africa. This combined with the affirmation by WHO that DDT is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, has resulted in an increase in IRS with DDT as a major malaria vector control intervention in Africa. DDT was re-introduced into Mozambique's IRS programme in 2005 and is increasingly becoming the main insecticide used for malaria vector control in Mozambique. The selection of DDT as the insecticide of choice in Mozambique is evidence-based, taking account of the susceptibility of Anopheles funestus to all available insecticide choices, as well as operational costs of spraying. Previously lambda cyhalothrin had replaced DDT in Mozambique in 1993. However, resistance appeared quickly to this insecticide and, in 2000, the pyrethroid was phased out and the carbamate bendiocarb introduced. Low level resistance was detected by biochemical assay to bendiocarb in 1999 in both An. funestus and Anopheles arabiensis, although this was not evident in WHO bioassays of the same population. Methods. Sentinel sites were established and monitored for insecticide resistance using WHO bioassays. These assays were conducted on 1-3 day old F1 offspring of field collected adult caught An. funestus females to determine levels of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector population. WHO biochemical assays were carried out to determine the frequency of insecticide resistance genes within the same population. Results. In surveys conducted between 2002 and 2006, low levels of bendiocarb resistance were detected in An. funestus, populations using WHO bioassays. This is probably due to significantly elevated levels of Acetylcholinesterase levels found in the same populations. Pyrethroid resistance was also detected in populations and linked to elevated levels of p450 monooxygenase activity. One site had shown reduction in pyrethroid resistance since the base line in 1999. © 2007 Casimiro et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	bendiocarb; chlorphenotane; insecticide; lambda cyhalothrin; pyrethroid; unclassified drug; insecticide; Anopheles; article; bioassay; biological monitoring; controlled study; disease predisposition; female; health program; health survey; human; malaria; malaria control; Mozambique; nonhuman; world health organization; animal; Anopheles; disease carrier; economics; housing; infection control; insecticide resistance; methodology; mosquito; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Female; Fumigation; Housing; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Mozambique	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849185338	Effect of watering and seedling density on field establishment and performance of pearl millet and sorghum	Mapfumo S., Chiduza C., Young E.M., Murungu F.S., Nyamudeza P.	2007	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	24	4	None	Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700 Eastern Cape, South Africa; Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; PricewaterhouseCoopers, Norfolk Road, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mapfumo, S., Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chiduza, C., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700 Eastern Cape, South Africa; Young, E.M., Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; Murungu, F.S., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700 Eastern Cape, South Africa; Nyamudeza, P., PricewaterhouseCoopers, Norfolk Road, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	The practice of transplanting seedlings from nurseries was used as a strategy to improve stand establishment in pearl millet and sorghum in a semi and area of Zimbabwe. A nursery experiment evaluated three watering regimes namely, watering after depletion to 75%, 50% and 25% of available water capacity. The watering factor was combined with seedling density at three levels viz. 500, 750 and 1 000 plants m-2. Seedlings from the nine treatments were subsequently planted out into the field and their performance evaluated. In sorghum, moisture depletion was the only factor which significantly (P&lt;0.01) affected yield. Soil moisture depletion to 50% gave the highest yields irrespective of seedling density in nurseries. In pearl millet, no differences in performance could be observed in any of the treatments. It was concluded that the transplanting of seedlings requires 20 to 60 I of water per square metre of nursery area. This is a useful technique to reduce the duration of cropping and presenting a better fit into short growing seasons prevalent in semi-arid areas. A 115-day sorghum cultivar (Macia) required only 67 days in the field while an 85-day pearl millet cultivar (PMV3) matured 57 days after transplanting.	Nursery; Pearl millet; Sorghum; Transplanting	crop performance; crop production; crop yield; cultivar; millet; seedling establishment; sorghum; transplantation; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe; Pennisetum glaucum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849188454	Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of a hazardous leachate	Schoeman J.J.	2008	Desalination	224	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.090	Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The chloride concentration of a hazardous leachate of approximately 22,000 mg/l is too high for the direct discharge requirement of less than 1000 mg/l into the municipal sewerage system. Electrodialysis (ED) was selected amongst various other alternative technologies for the desalination/concentration of the leachate. Lime pretreatment of the leachate was superior to caustic soda treatment for the removal of scale-forming chemicals (Ca, Ba, Sr, Fe, Mn). Membrane fouling took place during ED treatment. However, membrane fouling should be restored with polarity reversal and mechanical cleaning of the membranes. Batch ED tests have shown that ED performance remained more or less constant during eight desalination/concentration runs. The electrical energy consumption for ion transport and brine volume varied between 9.6 and 11.4 kWh/m3 feed and 17 and 35% of the treated feed, respectively. A very good quality water could be produced with ED treatment of the leachate. The electrical conductivity of the leachate could be reduced from 5,490 to 139 mS/m (97.5% removal). Chloride was reduced from 21,957 to 345 mg/l (98.4% removal). Arsenic was reduced from 8.8 to 1.37 mg/l. The capital cost for a 100 kl/d ED plant is estimated at US$ 0.600 million. Operational costs (ion transport) are estimated at US$ 0.38/m3 leachate. © 2008.	Costs; Electrodialysis; Leachate treatment; Membrane fouling	Cleaning; Desalination; Electrodialysis; Energy utilization; Fouling; Membranes; Removal; Membrane fouling; Municipal sewerage system; Leachate treatment; Cleaning; Desalination; Electrodialysis; Energy utilization; Fouling; Leachate treatment; Membranes; Removal; chloride; concentration (composition); cost; desalination; fouling; leachate; membrane; separation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849188684	Growth performance of rats fed raw and extruded African breadfruit-based complementary diets: A response surface analysis	Nwabueze T.U.	2008	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	88	3	10.1002/jsfa.3116	Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Nwabueze, T.U., Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: African breadfruit, from which diverse food forms are produced, is popular in most West African tropical regions. The present study is part of a larger research project aimed at developing appealing, processed, nutritious products from blends of breadfruit, corn and defatted soybean by utilising extrusion cooking using response surface analysis. The study describes the ability or otherwise of raw and extruded African breadfruit-based diets, similar to weaning diets simulated with rats, to support growth of children and infants. RESULTS: Maximum protein efficiency and net protein ratios of 2.22 and 3.69, respectively, were obtained with rats fed diets made from 40 g 100 g -1 African breadfruit + 5 g 100 g-1 corn + 55 g 100 g -1 soybean extradates at 18 mL 100 mL-1 feed moisture and 140 rpm screw speed. It compared favourably with a casein standard and was 54-69% and 42-55% higher than those fed raw diets. CONCLUSION: Extrusion cooking significantly improved the nutritional quality of African bread-fruit-corn- defatted soybean as reflected in their protein efficiency and net protein values. The superiority in protein quality of diet 1 (containing 40 g 100 g -1 breadfruit, 5 g 100 g-1 corn and 55 g 100 g -1 defatted soybean) over the other experimental diets has serious nutritional implication in dietary diversification to address protein-energy malnutrition prevalent in Nigeria and other West African countries especially where African breadfruit is known to be highly cultivated as a food resource. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.	African breadfruit; Central composite design; Complementary diets; Extrusion cooking; Net protein ratio; Nutritional study; Protein efficiency ratio; Response surface analysis; Single-screw extruder; Soybean; Treculia africana	Artocarpus altilis; Glycine max; Rattus; Treculia africana; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849190723	Solitary pulmonary nodule evaluation with 99mTc-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile in a tuberculosis-endemic area	Schuurmans M.M., Ellmann A., Bouma H., Diacon A.H., Dyckmans K., Bolliger C.T.	2007	European Respiratory Journal	30	6	10.1183/09031936.00046107	Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Dept. of Internal Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Francie van Zijl Drive, 7505 Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Schuurmans, M.M., Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Francie van Zijl Drive, 7505 Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Ellmann, A., Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Bouma, H., Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Diacon, A.H., Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Dyckmans, K., Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Bolliger, C.T., Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	High prevalence of tuberculosis increases the odds for nonmalignant solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). Positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose is the method of choice for the identification of malignant SPNs requiring curative surgery. However, PET is not widely available. Technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) is inexpensive, widely available and shows increased uptake in malignant SPNs. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic value of MIBI single photon emission computed tomography to distinguish between benign and malignant SPNs in a tuberculosis-endemic area. In total, 49 patients with radiologically indeterminate SPNs (single lesion ≤6 cm in diameter) were prospectively evaluated with MIBI. The final diagnosis was established with bronchoscopy, fine-needle aspiration, surgical resection or clinical follow-up for ≥2 yrs. A total of 12 (92%) out of 13 malignant lesions showed increased uptake of MIBI, while no uptake was observed in 33 (92%) out of 36 benign lesions. MIBI uptake indicated malignancy with a sensitivity and specificity of 92% and a negative predictive value of 97%. In this tuberculosis-endemic area, technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile single photon emission computed tomography evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules had a high negative predictive value. Therefore, it has the potential to prevent unnecessary surgical resections of benign nodules and serve as a low-cost alternative when positron emission tomography is not available. Copyright©ERS Journals Ltd 2007.	Diagnosis; Lung cancer; Solitary pulmonary nodule; Technetium-99m-labelled methoxy isobutyl isonitrile; Tuberculosis	fluorodeoxyglucose f 18; methoxy isobutyl isonitrile technetium tc 99m; article; bronchoscopy; clinical article; computer assisted tomography; controlled study; diagnostic procedure; drug uptake; follow up; health care planning; health care system; human; lung nodule; outcome assessment; patient assessment; photon emission tomography; positron emission tomography; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; single photon emission computer tomography; thorax radiography; tuberculosis; Coin Lesion, Pulmonary; Endemic Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography, Thoracic; South Africa; Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849199261	Predicting global change impacts on plant species' distributions: Future challenges	Thuiller W., Albert C., Araújo M.B., Berry P.M., Cabeza M., Guisan A., Hickler T., Midgley G.F., Paterson J., Schurr F.M., Sykes M.T., Zimmermann N.E.	2008	Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics	9	42433	10.1016/j.ppees.2007.09.004	Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/ Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain; Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Finland; Laboratoire de Biologie de la Conservation, Département d'Ecologie et d'Evolution, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany; Land-use Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland	Thuiller, W., Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Albert, C., Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Araújo, M.B., Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/ Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain; Berry, P.M., Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Cabeza, M., Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Finland; Guisan, A., Laboratoire de Biologie de la Conservation, Département d'Ecologie et d'Evolution, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Hickler, T., Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Midgley, G.F., Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Paterson, J., Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Schurr, F.M., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany; Sykes, M.T., Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Zimmermann, N.E., Land-use Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland	Given the rate of projected environmental change for the 21st century, urgent adaptation and mitigation measures are required to slow down the on-going erosion of biodiversity. Even though increasing evidence shows that recent human-induced environmental changes have already triggered species' range shifts, changes in phenology and species' extinctions, accurate projections of species' responses to future environmental changes are more difficult to ascertain. This is problematic, since there is a growing awareness of the need to adopt proactive conservation planning measures using forecasts of species' responses to future environmental changes. There is a substantial body of literature describing and assessing the impacts of various scenarios of climate and land-use change on species' distributions. Model predictions include a wide range of assumptions and limitations that are widely acknowledged but compromise their use for developing reliable adaptation and mitigation strategies for biodiversity. Indeed, amongst the most used models, few, if any, explicitly deal with migration processes, the dynamics of population at the "trailing edge" of shifting populations, species' interactions and the interaction between the effects of climate and land-use. In this review, we propose two main avenues to progress the understanding and prediction of the different processes occurring on the leading and trailing edge of the species' distribution in response to any global change phenomena. Deliberately focusing on plant species, we first explore the different ways to incorporate species' migration in the existing modelling approaches, given data and knowledge limitations and the dual effects of climate and land-use factors. Secondly, we explore the mechanisms and processes happening at the trailing edge of a shifting species' distribution and how to implement them into a modelling approach. We finally conclude this review with clear guidelines on how such modelling improvements will benefit conservation strategies in a changing world. © 2007 Rübel Foundation, ETH Zürich.	Conservation planning; Global change; Habitat models; Process-based models; Species distribution modeling	anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; bioerosion; conservation planning; ecological modeling; environmental change; extinction; global change; land use; migration; phenology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849206881	Impact of multiple storage in wastewater minimization for multicontaminant batch plants: Toward zero effluent	Gouws J.F., Majozi T.	2008	Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research	47	2	10.1021/ie070790m	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Computer Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém H-8200, Hungary	Gouws, J.F., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Majozi, T., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Computer Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém H-8200, Hungary	The mathematical technique presented in this paper deals with wastewater minimization within a multiple contaminant environment, where there are multiple storage vessels available for the storage of wastewater. In the multiple storage vessel situation, it is possible to dedicate certain storage vessels to me storage of wastewater with specific contaminants. The mathematical technique is extended to include operations where wastewater produced in one batch is reusable as feed for subsequent batches of the same product. This type of operation enables a plant to operate in an almost zero-effluent fashion. Product integrity is ensured by not allowing different types of wastewater to mix and storing each type of wastewater in a dedicated storage vessel. In both cases, the mathematical model determines the minimum wastewater target and the corresponding production schedule. © 2008 American Chemical Society.	None	Effluent treatment; Impurities; Optimization; Plants (botany); Contaminant environment; Multicontaminant batch plants; Multiple storage; Wastewater treatment; Effluent treatment; Impurities; Optimization; Plants (botany); Wastewater treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949117009	Overview on urban and peri-urban agriculture: Definition, impact on human health, constraints and policy issues	Kang'ethe E.K., Grace D., Randolph T.F.	2007	East African Medical Journal	84	11 SUPPL.	None	College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Kang'ethe, E.K., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Grace, D., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Randolph, T.F., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Objectives: To collate and synthesize current knowledge of components of urban agriculture (UA) with a thematic emphasis on human health impact and a geographic emphasis on East Africa. Data sources: Data management followed a structured approach in which key issues were first identified and then studies selected through literature search and personal communication. Data extraction: Evidence-based principles. Data synthesis: Urban agriculture is an important source of food security for urban dwellers in East Africa. Descriptors of UA are location, areas, activities, scale, products, destinations, stakeholders and motivation. Many zoonotic and food-borne diseases have been associated with UA but evidence on human health impact and management is lacking. Major constraints to UA are illegality and lack of access to input and market; policy options have been developed for overcoming these. Conclusion: Urban agriculture is an important activity and likely to remain so. Both positive and negative human health impacts are potentially important but more research is needed to understand these and set appropriate policy and support levels.	None	agriculture; article; catering service; evidence based medicine; geography; health care policy; health status; human; knowledge; urban population; Agriculture; Evidence-Based Medicine; Food Supply; Geography; Health Policy; Health Status; Humans; Knowledge; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949120505	Performance of early maize cultivars derived from recurrent selection for grain yield and Striga resistance	Badu-Apraku B., Fontem Lum A., Fakorede M.A.B., Menkir A., Chabi Y., The C., Abdulai M., Jacob S., Agbaje S.	2008	Crop Science	48	1	10.2135/cropsci2007.01.0060	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-lfe, Nigeria; INRAB/CRAN-INA, Benin; IRAD, Yaounde, Cameroon; SARI, Tamale, Ghana; INERA, Bobo-Dioulosso, Burkina Faso	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-lfe, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Chabi, Y., INRAB/CRAN-INA, Benin; The, C., IRAD, Yaounde, Cameroon; Abdulai, M., SARI, Tamale, Ghana; Jacob, S., INERA, Bobo-Dioulosso, Burkina Faso; Agbaje, S., Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-lfe, Nigeria	Maize (Zea mays L.) production in west and central Africa (WCA) is constrained by the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth and recurrent drought. Two early maize populations, TZE-W Pop DT STR C0 (white) and TZE-Y Pop DT STR C0 (yellow), developed from diverse genetic backgrounds, were subjected to three cycles of S1 recurrent selection under artificial Striga infestation. Inbreds and synthetic cultivars were developed from the different cycles of selection. The populations (C 0), derived cultivars, and check cultivars were evaluated in 2002 and 2003 under Striga-infested and Striga-free environments in WCA. The objective was to assess the performance of the derived cultivars from the different cycles of selection. Under Striga infestation, ACR 94 TZE Comp5-Y and ACR 94 TZE Comp5-W, which were not from the selection program, were the highest-yielding group (2158 and 2124 kg ha-1, respectively). The second group comprised six products of the selection program, with grain yield ranging from 1806 to 1954 kg ha-1. The third group, with grain yield of 1498 to 1759 kg ha-1 contained mostly Striga-susceptible cultivars and the C0 of the selection program. Under Striga-free conditions, the performance of several cultivars from the selection program was equal to or better than ACR 94 TZE Comp5-Y and ACR 94 TZE Comp5-W. The genotype plus genotype x environment interaction biplot analysis demonstrated that EV DT-Y 2000 STR C1 and TZE-W Pop DT STR C3 from the selection program, along with ACR 94 TZE Comp5-W, had stable grain yield under Striga-infested and noninfested conditions. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Striga; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949129387	Seed performance of maize in response to phosphorus application and growth temperature is related to phytate-phosphorus occurrence	Modi A.T., Asanzi N.M.	2008	Crop Science	48	1	10.2135/cropsci2007.06.0367	Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	Modi, A.T., Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Asanzi, N.M., Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	Phytate is associated with antinutrient character in seeds; however, it has potential to contribute significantly to seed performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of P (10, 26, and 70 mg kg-1) and growth temperature (22/16, 27/21, and 33/27°C [day/night]) on seed performance in normal and quality protein maize (Zea mays L.). Seeds of normal and quality protein maize were harvested at three stages (15, 25, and 65 days after silking) of development. At each stage, germination capacity and vigor, Phytate-P concentration, and myo-inositol were determined. Normal maize displayed a significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001) phytate-P and inorganic P concentrations compared with quality protein maize, which was associated with significantly better (P &lt; 0.01) seed performance. Myo-inositol was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in quality protein maize compared with normal maize. Phosphorus nutrition enhanced (P &lt; 0.01) seed performance of both genotypes. Increasing growth temperature caused greater accumulation of inorganic P, but it decreased myo-inositol. Seed germination and vigor increased when growth temperature was increased from 22/16 to 27/21°C, but they decreased in response to high temperatures (33/27°C). The results of this study indicate that P fertilizer enhances maize seed germination and vigor. High myo-inositol concentrations may be used to indicate poor phytate synthesis associated with poor seed performance. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949133447	Soil properties that impact yeast and actinomycete numbers in sandy low nutrient soils	Vreulink J.-M., Esterhuyse A., Jacobs K., Botha A.	2007	Canadian Journal of Microbiology	53	12	10.1139/W07-092	Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Vreulink, J.-M., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Esterhuyse, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Jacobs, K., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Botha, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa	To explore the beneficial qualities or detrimental consequences of cultureable soil yeasts, it is important to understand which physicochemical soil properties most impact populations of these unicellular fungi in their natural habitat. The goal of this study was to determine which soil properties dictate yeast numbers in pristine sandy, low nutrient soils within a semi-arid region. A correlation matrix of the data obtained for 19 different environmental variables indicated a negative correlation between soil pH and yeast numbers. Using general regression models, it was demonstrated that soil pH and copper concentration were the 2 variables that correlated best with soil yeast counts in these soils. However, soil moisture content was found to be the environmental factor with the most impact on cultureable actinomycetes and heterotrophic microbes. The study also demonstrated that divalent cation availability might impact the size of both yeast and prokaryote populations in these soils. © 2007 NRC.	Bacteria; Ecology; Soil; Soil chemistry; Yeasts	Bacteria; Biodiversity; Microbiology; Nutrients; pH effects; Yeast; Environmental variables; Semi-arid region; Soil chemistry; Soil yeasts; Soils; concentration (composition); environmental factor; nutrient availability; pH; physicochemical property; semiarid region; soil chemistry; soil microorganism; soil property; yeast; Actinobacteria; article; cation transport; correlation analysis; environmental factor; microbial community; moisture; nonhuman; nutrient availability; pH measurement; physical chemistry; priority journal; regression analysis; sandy soil; soil property; yeast; Actinobacteria; Cations, Divalent; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Regression Analysis; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Yeasts; Actinobacteria (class); Prokaryota; Protofungi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949142238	Global environmental change and health: Impacts, inequalities, and the health sector	McMichael A.J., Friel S., Nyong A., Corvalan C.	2008	BMJ	336	7637	None	National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, Nigeria; Public Health and	McMichael, A.J., National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Friel, S., National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Nyong, A., Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, Nigeria; Corvalan, C., Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	[No abstract available]	None	drinking water; Africa; air pollution; article; capital; child death; climate change; environmental change; environmental health; health care cost; health hazard; health practitioner; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection; malnutrition; maternal mortality; physician; policy; poverty; preventive medicine; priority journal; professional knowledge; prostitution; refugee; risk reduction; soil fertility; United Nations; water contamination; water supply; world health organization; Environmental Health; Goals; Greenhouse Effect; Health Planning; Health Policy; Health Status; Humans; Professional Role; Risk Management; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949152696	Comparison of three staining methods for the morphological evaluation of human spermatozoa	Henkel R., Schreiber G., Sturmhoefel A., Hipler U.-C., Zermann D.H., Menkveld R.	2008	Fertility and Sterility	89	2	10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.027	Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Department of Urology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa	Henkel, R., Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Schreiber, G., Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Sturmhoefel, A., Department of Urology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Hipler, U.-C., Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Zermann, D.H., Department of Urology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Menkveld, R., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa	Objective: To compare different staining methods to evaluate human sperm morphology. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Patients at the Departments of Dermatology and Urology, University of Jena, Germany. Patient(s): A total of 94 randomly collected patients attending the andrological outpatient clinics of the Departments of Dermatology and Urology, University of Jena, Germany. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Statistical comparison of resultant standard morphological parameters (mean percentages) after staining according to Papanicolaou and Shorr methods and with Testsimplets® prestained slides. Result(s): All morphological parameters investigated (percent normal morphology, percent head, midpiece, and flagellar abnormalities) correlated statistically significantly positively, however with markedly lower correlation coefficients for the Testsimplets®results. As compared with the mean Papanicolaou (4.78% ± 2.54%) and Shorr staining (4.75% ± 2.64%) results, a statistically significantly lower percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was determined after using the Testsimplets® slides (3.89% ± 2.53%). In general, the mean values of all parameters differed for all comparisons with the Testsimplets® slides and especially for the percentage of flagellar defects but not between the Papanicolaou and the Shorr staining results. Conclusion(s): The results show an extensive agreement between the Papanicolaou- and Shorr-stained smears, whereas Testsimplets® staining exhibited statistically significant deviations. Because the correct evaluation of sperm morphology is of essence within the scope of assisted reproduction and in andrological diagnostics, the use of rapid staining methods cannot be recommended. © 2008 American Society for Reproductive Medicine.	Human sperm; morphology; Papanicolaou; rapid staining methods; Shorr	article; cell structure; controlled study; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; priority journal; spermatozoon; spermatozoon count; staining; structure analysis; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Staining and Labeling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949167735	Performance of vernonia as an alternative industrial oil crop in Limpopo Province of South Africa	Shimelis H., Mashela P.W., Hugo A.	2008	Crop Science	48	1	10.2135/cropsci2007.06.0331	Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Dep. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Univ. of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Shimelis, H., Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Mashela, P.W., Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Hugo, A., Dep. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Univ. of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis) is an industrial oil seed crop with potential as a source of natural epoxy fatty acids. Diverse accessions of V. galamensis var. ethiopica were studied at the Limpopo Province in South Africa to determine agronomic performance and to identify suitable germplasm with quantity and quality seed oil content. Thirty-six accessions were subjected to field evaluations using a partially balanced lattice design in 2005 and 2006. Significant differences were observed for days to flowering (88-143 d), plant height (131.6-167.85 cm), number of productive primary head (23-72 head plant-1), number of productive secondary head (12-35 head plant -1), thousand seed weight (1.68-3.63 g), and seed yield (1594.89-3126.09 kg ha-1) between different accessions. Results from oil analysis show significant differences in the contents of seed oil (20.36-35.86%), vernolic acid (70.15-77.92%), linoleic acid (12.05-14.73%), oleic acid (3.72-5.52%), palmitic acid (2.49-3.24%), and stearic acid (1.73-3.28%). Of the five accessions identified as potentially useful, three (Vge-17, Vge-18, and Vge-19) had better seed yield and agronomic performances and two (Vge-4 and Vge-31) increased contents of seed oil and vemolic acid. Accessions Vge-4 and Vge-18 also displayed relatively high oil yield, 966.58 and 801.28 kg ha-1, respectively. The accessions will be used in the strategic improvement of vernonia to maximize seed yield and oil content as an alternative crop in the province and similar environments. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Vernonia; Vernonia galamensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949170739	Evaluation of indigenous Botswana sorghum cultivars with respect to their diastatic power, α-amylase, β-amylase, and limit dextrinase potentials for malting	Letsididi R., Bulawayo B., Kebakile M., Ezeogu L.I.	2008	Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists	66	1	10.1094/ASBCJ-2007-1214-01	Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana; Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; National Food Technology Research Centre, P/B 008, Kanye, Botswana	Letsididi, R., Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana; Bulawayo, B., Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana; Kebakile, M., Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana, Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Ezeogu, L.I., Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, National Food Technology Research Centre, P/B 008, Kanye, Botswana	The malting quality of 11 Botswana sorghum cultivars was assessed using their diastatic power (DP), α-amylase, β-amylase, and limit dextrinase (LD) potentials as parameters. Malt DP and LD were assayed using soluble starch and Limit-Dextrizyme methods, respectively. Malt α- and β-amylase activities were assayed specifically with Ceralpha and Betamyl, respectively, then nonspecifically with a diamylase method in which β-amylase activity is denatured by heating (70°C, 15 min). All malt quality parameters varied significantly (P &lt; 0.001) by grain cultivar. Malt DP, α-amylase, and β-amy-lase fell within ranges previously reported for industrial sorghum malts. β-Amylase was the principal amylase component of DP in BSH1, Lekgeberwa, SNK, Kanye Standard, Marupantshi, and Mafia at 55, 68, 71, 72, 75, and 88%, respectively. Malt LD was high at 101 (Mafia) to 231 U (Sefofu). For α- and β-amylase, values obtained using both specific assay methods correlated strongly (R2 = 0.94, P &lt; 0.001 for α-amylase; R2 = 0.95, P &lt; 0.001 for β-amylase) with results from the diamylase protocol. The results highlight the need to screen more cultivars for brewing properties. Segao, Lekgeberwa, Sefofu, Town, and Kanye Standard displayed desirable amylolytic properties, suggesting their potential use in the production of lager beer-quality sorghum malts. © 2008 American Society of Brewing Chemists, Inc.	α-Amylase; β-Amylase; Diastatic power; Limit dextrinase; Malting; Sorghum	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949191215	Flower structure and nectar availability in Aloe greatheadii var. davyana: An evaluation of a winter nectar source for honeybees	Human H., Nicolson S.W.	2008	International Journal of Plant Sciences	169	2	10.1086/524113	Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Human, H., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Nicolson, S.W., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The winter-flowering Aloe greatheadii var. davyana is a major indigenous bee plant in South Africa, widely distributed across the northern summer rainfall areas. Migratory beekeepers take advantage of its highly nutritious pollen for colony increase and strong nectar flow for honey production. We looked at variation on different levels in assessing this nectar resource for bees. There were no significant differences in nectar volume and concentration between the basal swelling (bulb) and the floral tube, only between flower stages. Nectar was continuously available, with volume and concentration remaining relatively constant throughout the day despite pronounced diurnal temperature changes and very low afternoon humidities. Bee foraging reduced mean nectar volumes in unscreened flowers by 50%, from 30.7 to 14.7 μL; bees are unable to access nectar in the bulb. Nectar volume was lowest and nectar concentration highest late in the flowering season, while the highest sugar content (3.54 mg per flower) was recorded in the middle of the flowering season. Aloe greatheadii var. davyana nectar, although dilute from a bee perspective (ca. 20% w/w), is more concentrated than that of many bird-pollinated Aloe species and is an ideal source of energy and water for honeybees during dry winter months. © 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.	Dilute nectar; Honeybees; Indigenous bee plant; Pollination; Sugar content	angiosperm; entomophily; flower; honeybee; nectar; pollination; Aloe; Apis mellifera; Apoidea; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949194182	Monitoring field variability using confidence interval for coefficient of variation	Taye G., Njuho P.	2008	Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods	37	6	10.1080/03610920701762804	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermartizburg, South Africa; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Taye, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Njuho, P., School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermartizburg, South Africa, School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The construction of an exact confidence interval (CI) for a single coefficient of variation (CV) is computationally cumbersome, but a number of approximation methods exist. The existing methods of CI construction are not appropriate for the agricultural experiments involving a single crop grown over several locations. There is a need to assess and identify an appropriate approximate method from the existing methods, and provide a new approach for multiple experiments. Simulation and real data were used in the evaluation process. The Vangel (1996) approximation method was computationally easier and produced an approximate length of CI close to that obtained by the exact method. For multiple experiments, the bootstrapping method performed better than other methods in the construction of CIs. Expected lower and upper confidence limits for coefficient of variation for various crop types were established using data from 513 trials conducted in Ethiopia. These CIs are used to monitor variability of new trials conducted on same locations.	Approximation method; Bootstrapping; Coefficient of variation; Exact method; Simulation	Approximation theory; Computer simulation; Numerical methods; Variational techniques; Bootstrapping; Coefficient of variation; Exact method; Computational methods	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39049091339	Estimating the impact of vaccination using age-time-dependent incidence rates of hepatitis B	Hens N., Aerts M., Shkedy Z., Kung'u Kimani P., Kojouhorova M., Van Damme P., Beutels Ph.	2008	Epidemiology and Infection	136	3	10.1017/S0950268807008692	Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Kenya Institute of Medical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; National Center of Infectious and Parasitic diseases, Department of Epidemiology, Sofia, Bulgaria; Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	Hens, N., Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Aerts, M., Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Shkedy, Z., Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Kung'u Kimani, P., Kenya Institute of Medical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Kojouhorova, M., National Center of Infectious and Parasitic diseases, Department of Epidemiology, Sofia, Bulgaria; Van Damme, P., Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Beutels, Ph., Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	The objective of this study was to model the age-time-dependent incidence of hepatitis B while estimating the impact of vaccination. While stochastic models/time-series have been used before to model hepatitis B cases in the absence of knowledge on the number of susceptibles, this paper proposed using a method that fits into the generalized additive model framework. Generalized additive models with penalized regression splines are used to exploit the underlying continuity of both age and time in a flexible non-parametric way. Based on a unique case notification dataset, we have shown that the implemented immunization programme in Bulgaria resulted in a significant decrease in incidence for infants in their first year of life with 82% (79-84%). Moreover, we have shown that conditional on an assumed baseline susceptibility percentage, a smooth force-of-infection profile can be obtained from which two local maxima were observed at ages 9 and 24 years. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	None	hepatitis B vaccine; age; article; Bulgaria; conceptual framework; health program; hepatitis B; human; immunization; incidence; infant; infection sensitivity; mathematical model; nonparametric test; regression analysis; risk reduction; sensitivity analysis; stochastic model; time series analysis; vaccination; Bulgaria; Communicable Disease Control; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Incidence; Models, Statistical; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39049097211	Monitoring lymphatic filariasis interventions: Adult mosquito sampling, and improved PCR - Based pool screening method for Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Anopheles mosquitoes	Boakye D.A., Baidoo H.A., Glah E., Brown C., Appawu M., Wilson M.D.	2007	Filaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2883-6-13	Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Boakye, D.A., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Baidoo, H.A., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Glah, E., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Brown, C., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Appawu, M., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Wilson, M.D., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: Monitoring and evaluation are essential to the successful implementation of mass drug administration programmes for LF elimination. Monitoring transmission when it is low requires both large numbers of mosquito vectors and sensitive methods for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti infections in them. PCR-based methods are preferred over classical dissections but the best protocol so far achieved detection of one L3 Wuchereria bancrofti larva in a pool of 35-50 Anopheles mosquitoes. It also lacks consistency and remains still a costly tool. Hence we decided to improve upon this to achieve detection in a pool of 100 or more by enhancing the quality of the template DNA. Prior to this we also evaluated three vector sampling methods in the context of numbers for monitoring. Methods: Human landing, pyrethrium spray and light traps catches were conducted concurrently at sites in an LF endemic district in Ghana and the numbers obtained compared. Two DNA extraction methods; Bender buffer and phenol/chloroform purification, and DNA easy Tissue kit (Quaigen Inc) were used on pools of 25, 50, 75 100 and 150 mosquitoes each seeded with one L3 or its quivalent amount of DNA. Then another set of extracted DNA by the two methods was subjected to Dynal bead purification method (using capture oligonucleotide primers). These were used as template DNA in PCR to amplify W. bancrofti sequences. The best PCR result was then evaluated in the field at five sites by comparing its results (infections per 1000 mosquitoes) with that of dissection of roughly equal samples sizes. Results: The largest numbers of mosquitoes were obtained with the human landing catches at all the sites sampled. Although PCR detection of one L3 in pools of 25, 50 and 75 mosquitoes was consistent irrespective of the extraction method, that of one L3 in 100 was only achieved with the kit-extracted DNA/Dynal bead purification method. Infections were found at only two sites by both dissection and pool-screening being 14.3 and 19 versus 13.4 and 20.1 per 1000 Anopheles mosquitoes respectively, which were not statistically significant. Discussion and conclusion: HLC still remains the best option for sampling for the large numbers of mosquitoes required for monitoring transmission during MDA programmes, when vector population densities are high and classical indices of transmission are required. One - in - 100 detection is an improvement on previous PCR pool-screening methods, which in our opinion was a result of the introduction of the extra step of parasite DNA capture using Dynal/beads. As pool sizes increase the insects DNA will swamp parasite DNA making the latter less available for an efficient PCR, therefore we propose either additional steps of parasite DNA capture or real-time PCR to improve further the pool screening method. The study also attests also to the applicability of Katholi et al's algorithm developed for determining onchocerciasis prevalence in LF studies. © 2007 Boakye et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	chloroform; oligonucleotide; phenol; pyrethroid; Anopheles; article; biological monitoring; clinical article; clinical assessment tool; controlled study; DNA determination; DNA extraction; DNA purification; DNA sequence; DNA template; endemic disease; female; filariasis; gene amplification; Ghana; human; infection risk; male; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite transmission; parasite vector; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; sample size; Wuchereria bancrofti	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39049147612	Effect of cooking and soaking on physical, nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of indigenous and foreign rice varieties in Nigeria	Ebuehi O.A.T., Oyewole A.C.	2008	Nutrition and Food Science	38	1	10.1108/00346650810847972	Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ebuehi, O.A.T., Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Oyewole, A.C., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Purpose - The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of cooking and soaking on the physical characteristics, nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of an indigenous "ofada" rice and a foreign "aroso" rice varieties in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - The two rice varieties were freshly purchased in the raw state, soaked in water and cooked. The physical characteristics, such as length, width, weight, colour, purity, breakage, cooking time, dispersability and swelling capacity of the raw rice varieties were determined according to official methods. The raw, soaked and cooked rice varieties were oven-dried at 60°C for 4 h and milled to obtain a uniform surface area. The proximate composition and some minerals of the raw, soaked and cooked rice varieties and the sensory evaluation of the cooked rice were determined. Findings - The physical characteristics showed that "ofada" and "aroso" rice varieties were brown and creamy in colour, respectively. There were significant (p<0.01) differences in the purity, breakage, cooking time, swelling capacity and weight of the whole grain, but no difference in the length and width. The raw, cooked and soaked "ofada" rice contain more protein, fat, and fibre, than in "aroso" rice, but with no change in carbohydrate content. There were no significant (p>0.01) differences in the levels of minerals, Ca, Fe, Mg and P, in raw, cooked and soaked "ofada" and "aroso" rice. Sensory evaluation showed that cooked aroso rice was generally preferred, in terms of colour, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability. Originality/value - The methods employed in this study are very simple and the two rice varieties are readily available, acceptable to local tastes and widely consumed in Nigeria. The local or indigenous "ofada" rice is compared favourably with a foreign and imported parboiled "aroso" rice. It is therefore possible for small scale and cottage industries to embark on commercial production and fortification of the local rice varieties in Nigeria.	Cooking; Food testing; Nigeria; Nutrition; Rice	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39149094651	Modelling leachate generation and mobility from copper sulphide tailings - An integrated approach to impact assessment	Hansen Y., Broadhurst J.L., Petrie J.G.	2008	Minerals Engineering	21	4	10.1016/j.mineng.2007.10.006	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia	Hansen, Y., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Broadhurst, J.L., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Petrie, J.G., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia	The long-term management of the large volumes of solid wastes produced during mining and minerals processing represents a significant challenge to these resource-based industries. While ensuring geotechnical stability is imperative, it is the continued generation and mobility of contaminated leachate that is potentially the most serious and pervasive environmental issue faced. Yet, wastes from these industries remain poorly characterised and the mechanisms of leachate generation and the eventual fate of contaminants poorly understood. An integrated approach to solid waste impact assessment has been developed and is partly demonstrated here for porphyry-type copper sulphide tailings. Particular attention is given to leachate generation modelling informed by detailed waste characterisation, which together with fate and transport modelling forms the basis of the approach. The strength of this methodology is that it begins to quantify the complex interrelations between the process generating the waste, the waste deposit and its management, and the resulting environmental impact. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Acid rock drainage; Environment; Leaching; Modelling; Tailings	Environmental impact assessments; Geotechnical engineering; Impurities; Leaching; Solid wastes; Tailings; Waste disposal; Acid rock drainage; Geotechnical stability; Leachate generation; Copper compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39149100985	Impacts of landmines on the environment and biodiversity	Eniang E.A., Haile A., Yihdego T.	2007	Environmental Policy and Law	37	6	None	Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Dept. of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray Region, Ethiopia	Eniang, E.A., Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria, Dept. of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray Region, Ethiopia; Haile, A., Dept. of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray Region, Ethiopia; Yihdego, T., Dept. of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray Region, Ethiopia	[No abstract available]	None	biodiversity; environmental impact; environmental planning; landmine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39149106107	'I believe that the staff have reduced their closeness to patients': An exploratory study on the impact of HIV/AIDS on staff in four rural hospitals in Uganda	Dieleman M., Bwete V., Maniple E., Bakker M., Namaganda G., Odaga J., Van Der Wilt G.J.	2007	BMC Health Services Research	7	None	10.1186/1472-6963-7-205	KIT Development Policy and Practice, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda; KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Health Partners Uganda Health Cooperation, Kampala, Uganda; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Dieleman, M., KIT Development Policy and Practice, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bwete, V., Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda; Maniple, E., Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda; Bakker, M., KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Namaganda, G., Health Partners Uganda Health Cooperation, Kampala, Uganda; Odaga, J., Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda; Van Der Wilt, G.J., Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Background. Staff shortages could harm the provision and quality of health care in Uganda, so staff retention and motivation are crucial. Understanding the impact of HIV/AIDS on staff contributes to designing appropriate retention and motivation strategies. This research aimed 'to identify the influence of HIV/AIDS on staff working in general hospitals at district level in rural areas and to explore support required and offered to deal with HIV/AIDS in the workplace'. Its results were to inform strategies to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on hospital staff. Methods. A cross-sectional study with qualitative and quantitative components was implemented during two weeks in September 2005. Data were collected in two government and two faith-based private not-for-profit hospitals purposively selected in rural districts in Uganda's Central Region. Researchers interviewed 237 people using a structured questionnaire and held four focus group discussions and 44 in-depth interviews. Results. HIV/AIDS places both physical and, to some extent, emotional demands on health workers. Eighty-six per cent of respondents reported an increased workload, with 48 per cent regularly working overtime, while 83 per cent feared infection at work, and 36 per cent reported suffering an injury in the previous year. HIV-positive staff remained in hiding, and most staff did not want to get tested as they feared stigmatization. Organizational responses were implemented haphazardly and were limited to providing protective materials and the HIV/AIDS-related services offered to patients. Although most staff felt motivated to work, not being motivated was associated with a lack of daily supervision, a lack of awareness on the availability of HIV/AIDS counselling, using antiretrovirals and working overtime. The specific hospital context influenced staff perceptions and experiences. Conclusion. HIV/AIDS is a crucially important contextual factor, impacting on working conditions in various ways. Therefore, organizational responses should be integrated into responses to other problematic working conditions and adapted to the local context. Opportunities already exist, such as better use of supervision, educational sessions and staff meetings. However, exchanges on interventions to improve staff motivation and address HIV/AIDS in the health sector are urgently required, including information on results and details of the context and implementation process. © 2007 Dieleman et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; controlled study; counseling; cross-sectional study; exploratory research; female; general hospital; health care personnel; health service; hospital personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; infection; interview; major clinical study; male; medical staff; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; rural area; structured questionnaire; Uganda; workload; workplace; administrative personnel; epidemiology; fear; health personnel attitude; hospital; job satisfaction; motivation; organization and management; psychological aspect; questionnaire; social psychology; Administrative Personnel; Attitude of Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fear; Health Care Surveys; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Rural; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Motivation; Professional-Patient Relations; Questionnaires; Stereotyping; Uganda; Workload; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39449103633	Household burden of malaria in South Africa and Mozambique: Is there a catastrophic impact?	Castillo-Riquelme M., McIntyre D., Barnes K.	2008	Tropical Medicine and International Health	13	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01979.x	Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Castillo-Riquelme, M., Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; McIntyre, D., Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Barnes, K., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objectives: To evaluate treatment-seeking behaviour, financial impact and time lost due to malaria events, in southern Mozambique and eastern South Africa. Methods: In-depth household surveys (828 in Mozambique and 827 in South Africa) were analysed. An asset index was calculated using principal component analysis to allow comparison across socio-economic groups. Direct costs of seeking care and the time lost due to malaria were determined. The extent of catastrophic payments was assessed using as thresholds the traditional 10% of household income and 40% of non-food income, as recently recommended by WHO. Results: Poverty was highly prevalent: 70% of the South African and 95% of Mozambican households studied lived on less than $1 per capita per day. Around 97% of those with recent malaria sought healthcare, mainly in public facilities. Out-of-pocket household expenditure per malaria episode averaged $2.30 in South Africa and $6.50 in Mozambique. Analysis at the individual household level found that 32-34% of households in Mozambique, compared with 9-13% of households in South Africa, incurred catastrophic payments for malaria episodes. Results based on mean values underestimated the prevalence of catastrophic payments. Days off work/school were higher in Mozambique. Conclusions: The high rate of health seeking in public health facilities seems unusual in the African context, which bodes well for high coverage with artemisinin-based combinations, even if only deployed within the public sector. However, despite no or modest charges for public sector primary healthcare, households frequently incur catastrophic expenditure on a single malaria episode. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Catastrophic payments; Health-seeking behaviour; Malaria; Sub-Saharan Africa	comparative study; health care; health expenditure; household expenditure; household income; household survey; malaria; poverty; article; child; disease surveillance; health care cost; health care facility; help seeking behavior; human; income; malaria; Mozambique; poverty; principal component analysis; socioeconomics; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Antimalarials; Catastrophic Illness; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost of Illness; Episode of Care; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Expenditures; Humans; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Mozambique; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Poverty; Public Sector; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Africa; Mozambique; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549086993	Innovation in the economic performance of a power station through monetised carbon dioxide credits	Asamoah J.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	4	None	EnerWise Africa, Accra, Ghana	Asamoah, J., EnerWise Africa, Accra, Ghana	It is proposed to generate part of the future base load power requirements of South Africa using natural gas as a substitute for coal By this substitution, combined-cycle gas turbine power stations will be built instead of pulverised fuel coal-fired power stations to generate base load power. This substitution will lead to abatement in the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. In this paper, an innovative mode of amortizing capex is applied to reduce the payback time of a bank loan through the combined use of proceeds from the sale of electricity and monetised carbon dioxide credits. This innovation stems from the reduction in emission of carbon dioxide due to the proposal to generate part of the future base load power requirements using natural gas as a substitute for coal. The carbon credits emanate from undertaking projects resulting in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. This is possible because South Africa is regarded as a developing country. This additional revenue results in reducing the loan payments by 2.1 years, saving 19% in interest payments. Furthermore, this innovation would allow scarce finance available for project funding to be extended to other projects to the advantage of national economic development.	Carbon dioxide credits; Combined-cycle gas turbine power stations; Te-Con's techno-economic simulator model	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549087881	Impact of mycotoxins on human health in developing countries	Shephard G.S.	2008	Food Additives and Contaminants	25	2	10.1080/02652030701567442	PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Shephard, G.S., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Adverse human health effects from the consumption of mycotoxins have occurred for many centuries. Although mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products still occurs in the developed world, the application of modern agricultural practices and the presence of a legislatively regulated food processing and marketing system have greatly reduced mycotoxin exposure in these populations. At the mycotoxin contamination levels generally found in food products traded in these market economies, adverse human health effects have largely been overcome. However, in the developing world, where climatic and crop storage conditions are frequently conducive to fungal growth and mycotoxin production, much of the population relies on subsistence farming or on unregulated local markets. The extent to which mycotoxins affect human health is difficult to investigate in countries whose health systems lack capacity and in which resources are limited. Aflatoxin B1, the toxin on which major resources have been expended, has long been linked to liver cancer, yet its other effects, such as immune suppression and growth faltering previously observed in veterinary studies, are only now being investigated and characterized in human populations. The extent to which factors such as immune suppression contribute to the overall burden of infectious disease is difficult to quantify, but is undoubtedly significant. Thus, food safety remains an important opportunity for addressing current health problems in developing countries.	Aflatoxicosis; Aflatoxin; Africa; Cancer; Developing countries; Fumonisin; Health; Mycotoxin; Risk assessment	aflatoxin B1; carcinogen; fumonisin; immunoglobulin A; mycotoxin; aflatoxicosis; article; cancer incidence; cancer risk; climate change; developing country; esophagus cancer; food contamination; food intake; food processing; food safety; food storage; gastrointestinal symptom; growth retardation; gynecomastia; human; infection risk; kidney disease; liver cancer; malnutrition; morbidity; mortality; mycotoxicosis; neural tube defect; population exposure; poverty; precocious puberty; priority journal; public health; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; risk factor; underweight; Adult; Animals; Cereals; Child; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Ergot Alkaloids; Food Contamination; Humans; Infant; Mycotoxicosis; Mycotoxins; Public Health; Risk Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549104681	Performance evaluation of a biogas stove for cooking in Nigeria	Ltodo I.N., Agyo G.E., Yusuf P.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	4	None	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria	Ltodo, I.N., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Agyo, G.E., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria; Yusuf, P., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A biogas stove was designed, constructed and its performance evaluated using a 3 m 3 continuousflow Indian type biogas plant at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. The biogas plant was operated with cattle dung as feedstock in the ratio of 1 part of dung to 2 parts of water at a retention time of 30 days and daily loading rate of 100 kg of slurry. The performance of the stove was evaluated by boiling water, cooking rice and beans and the time taken to perform specific tasks determined from a stop watch. The amount of biogas used in boiling and cooking was determined from the operating pressure of the plant measured from a manometer that was placed between the stove and the plant. The results obtained showed that 0.14 I of water was boiled in 1 minute while 5.13 g of rice and 2.55 g of beans cooked in a minute. The biogas consumption for boiling water, cooking rice and beans was 0.69m 3/min, 2.81m 3/min and 4.87m 3/min respectively. The efficiency of the stove in boiling water, cooking rice and beans was 20%, 56% and 53% respectively.	Biogas stove; Cooking; Nigeria; Performance evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549114625	Evaluation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) live mulch at different spacings for weed suppression and yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) in southwestern Nigeria	Aladesanwa R.D., Adigun A.W.	2008	Crop Protection	27	6	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.11.019	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Aladesanwa, R.D., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adigun, A.W., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	The use of living plants for ground cover management in food crops is very recent in spite of the fact that food crop production in chemically killed sod has been practiced for years. A randomized complete block field experiment was conducted over 2 years to evaluate the influence of sweet potato live mulch at different intra row spacings (60 cm×25 cm, 60 cm×50 cm and 60 cm×75 cm) on weed suppression and yield response of maize in southwestern Nigeria. Hoe-weeding once at 3 and 7 weeks after planting was included in the experimental set-up as the standard cultural weed control practice. Results indicated that all the spacing regimes tested significantly (P<0.05) suppressed weed growth and increased grain yield over the unweeded sole maize. Regressing weed growth parameters (Y) against decreasing intra row spacing expressed as increasing plant population density of the sweet potato intercrop (X) showed highly significant (P≤0.001) negative relationships. Of the treatments tested, maize plus sweet potato at 60 cm×25 cm and weeding once at 3 and 7 weeks after planting (WAP) produced the highest yields, but bearing in mind the economics of labour input, weed control and yield, maize plus sweet potato at 60 cm×50 cm would appear to be the most promising of all the treatments. The results of this study further confirm the potential of sweet potato as a suitable crop for use as live mulch that can be effectively exploited for weed suppression and improved growth and yield responses in maize. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Arable crop; Live mulch; Tropics; Weed control	crop production; ground cover; intercropping; maize; mulch; population density; potato; regression analysis; weed control; yield response; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Ipomoea batatas; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549120675	Smallholder farmer management impacts on particulate and labile carbon fractions of granitic sandy soils in Zimbabwe	Mtambanengwe F., Mapfumo P.	2008	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	81	1	10.1007/s10705-007-9136-0	Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Soil Fertility Consortium for Southern Africa (SOFECSA), CIMMYT Southern Africa, Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mtambanengwe, F., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mapfumo, P., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Soil Fertility Consortium for Southern Africa (SOFECSA), CIMMYT Southern Africa, Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Crop production in maize-based smallholder farming systems of Southern Africa is hampered by lack of options for efficiently managing limited and different quality organic nutrient resources. This study examined impacts of farmers' short- and long-term organic resource allocation patterns on sizes and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions. Farmers' most- (rich) and least- (poor) productive fields were studied for two seasons under low (450-650 mm yr-1) to high (&gt;750 mm yr-1) rainfall areas in Zimbabwe, on Lixisols with ∼6% clay and 88% sand. Rich fields received 0.5-14 Mg C ha-1 compared with &lt;4 Mg C ha-1 for poor fields, and the differences were reflected in soil particulate organic matter (POM) fractions. Organic inputs were consistent with resource endowments, with well-endowed farmers applying at least five times the amounts used by resource-constrained farmers. Rich fields had 100% more macro-POM (250-2,000 μm diameter) and three times more meso-POM (53-250 μm) than poor fields. Application of high quality (&gt;25 mg N kg-1) materials increased labile C (KMnO4 oxidizable) in top 60 cm of soil profile, with 1.6 Mg C ha-1 of Crotalaria juncea yielding labile C amounts similar to 6 Mg C ha-1 of manure. Labile C was significantly related to mineralizable N in POM fractions, and apparently to maize yields (P &lt; 0.01). Farmers' preferential allocation of nutrient resources to already productive fields helps to maintain critical levels of labile SOM necessary to sustain high maize yields. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Maize yields; Organic matter management; Oxidizable carbon; Resource endowment; Smallholder farmers	agricultural management; crop production; crop yield; farming system; maize; resource allocation; sandy soil; smallholder; soil carbon; soil organic matter; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe; Crotalaria; Crotalaria juncea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39649095373	Evaluation of the implementation of the vitamin A supplementation programme in the Boland/Overberg region of the Western Cape Province	du Plessis L.M., Najaar B., Koornhof H.E., Labadarios D., Petersen L., Hendricks M., Kidd M.	2007	South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition	20	4	None	Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, West Cape, South Africa; School of Child and Adolescent Health, Universitv of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	du Plessis, L.M., Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, West Cape, South Africa; Najaar, B., Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, West Cape, South Africa; Koornhof, H.E., Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, West Cape, South Africa; Labadarios, D., Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, West Cape, South Africa; Petersen, L., Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, West Cape, South Africa; Hendricks, M., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Universitv of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kidd, M., Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Objective. To assess the implementation of the vitamin A supplementation programme in primary health care (PHC) clinics in a rural area of the Western Cape Province. Material and methods. A study was conducted at 14 randomly selected PHC clinics. All children aged 6 - 60 months attending on the day of surveying with their mothers/caregivers were selected by purposive sampling, after they had been seen by a PHC nurse in the clinic. A structured exit interview was conducted with the mother/caregiver of each child. The information from 56 such interviews could be utilised for data analysis. The manager of each clinic was also interviewed. Results. Seventy-seven per cent of the study population (N=40) was eligible for high-dose vitamin A supplementation on the day of the study, based on the criteria of the vitamin A supplementation protocol. However, 25% of these children (N=10) did not receive vitamin A, even though there was an indication to administer it. Only 39% of mothers (N=22) reported that they were aware of the supplementation programme. All the health facility managers of the clinics had received training in the programme. Staffing problems and stock shortages appeared to play a role in inadequate implementation of the programme at some clinics. In addition, health facility managers reported that many children failed to receive their vitamin A dose because parents did not bring them regularly to clinics. Conclusions. The vitamin A supplementation programme appears to be reasonably successfully implemented in the Boland/Overberg region. Informing mothers about the importance of vitamin A supplementation and regular clinic attendance, as well as improving the availability of human and material resources and logistic support at PHC facilities, may further enhance the implementation and success of the programme.	None	retinol; article; caregiver; child nutrition; clinical protocol; clinical trial; data analysis; demography; drug megadose; female; health care planning; health program; health survey; human; infant; interview; major clinical study; male; mother; nutritional health; population research; preschool child; primary health care; questionnaire; rural area; sampling; vitamin supplementation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39649119639	Hakea sericea: Development of a model of the impacts of biological control on population dynamics and rates of spread of an invasive species	Le Maitre D.C., Krug R.M., Hoffmann J.H., Gordon A.J., Mgidi T.N.	2008	Ecological Modelling	212	42433	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.11.011	Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa	Le Maitre, D.C., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Krug, R.M., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Hoffmann, J.H., Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Gordon, A.J., Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Mgidi, T.N., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa	This paper reports on the development and testing of a simulation model to assess the impacts of two seed-feeding biological control agents on the dispersal of an invasive perennial tree, Hakea sericea (Proteaceae), which was introduced into South Africa from Australia during the 1850s. The agents are known to reduce seed banks at the individual plant level but the population-level effects are not well understood. The aim of the study was to estimate the extent to which the biological control has reduced the population growth and rate of spread of this species. H. sericea is a serotinous species which releases its wind-dispersed seeds en masse when the parent plants are killed, usually by fire. Field data were used to develop functions describing the fecundity of the plants and the impacts of the biological control agents as well as seedling recruitment rates and density dependent mortality. A group of 'experts' provided estimates of the cumulative proportion of seeds that would disperse over distances from 50 to 1000 m following a fire. The estimates were used to fit various long-range dispersal functions. The Weibull distribution gave the overall best fit and was used to generate parameter sets from each expert's estimates of dispersal. Simulations were then run using a reasonable range of fire intervals and dispersal parameters for the two experts whose estimates represented the minimum and maximum dispersal distances. Biological control agents have reduced the seed loads on H. sericea plants by more than 95%. This, in turn, reduced population growth rates, maximum seed dispersal distances and the formation of new invasion foci. Population growth rates and spread rates were positively correlated because greater dispersal distances resulted in lower densities and, thus, lower levels of density dependent mortality. Numerous previous studies have found that biological control can limit population growth rates of invasive plants, but this is one of the few to have estimated the impacts on the invasion rates and to use an individual-based modelling approach to estimate population-level effects. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Biological control; Fire frequency; Hakea sericea; Population dynamics; Seed banks; Seed dispersal; South Africa; Weibull distribution	Biocontrol; Biodiversity; Plants (botany); Seed; Weibull distribution; Fire frequency; Hakea sericea; Seed banks; Seed dispersal; Population dynamics; angiosperm; biological control; density dependence; fire; individual-based model; invasive species; mortality; population dynamics; population estimation; population growth; recruitment (population dynamics); seed bank; seed dispersal; shrub; Weibull theory; Africa; Australasia; Australia; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Hakea sericea; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39649119854	Impact of cotrimoxazole on non-susceptibility to antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates among HIV-infected mineworkers in South Africa	Pemba L., Charalambous S., von Gottberg A., Magadla B., Moloi V., Seabi O., Wasas A., Klugman K.P., Chaisson R.E., Fielding K., Churchyard G.J., Grant A.D.	2008	Journal of Infection	56	3	10.1016/j.jinf.2007.12.003	Aurum Institute for Health Research, P. O. Box 61587, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Medical Research Council, De Korte Street, Braamfontein, 2001, South Africa; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Johns Hopkins University, 1840E Monument Street, Room 401, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E7HT, United Kingdom	Pemba, L., Aurum Institute for Health Research, P. O. Box 61587, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; Charalambous, S., Aurum Institute for Health Research, P. O. Box 61587, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; von Gottberg, A., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Medical Research Council, De Korte Street, Braamfontein, 2001, South Africa; Magadla, B., Aurum Institute for Health Research, P. O. Box 61587, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; Moloi, V., Aurum Institute for Health Research, P. O. Box 61587, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; Seabi, O., Aurum Institute for Health Research, P. O. Box 61587, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; Wasas, A., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Medical Research Council, De Korte Street, Braamfontein, 2001, South Africa; Klugman, K.P., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Medical Research Council, De Korte Street, Braamfontein, 2001, South Africa, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Chaisson, R.E., Johns Hopkins University, 1840E Monument Street, Room 401, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Fielding, K., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E7HT, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G.J., Aurum Institute for Health Research, P. O. Box 61587, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E7HT, United Kingdom	Objectives: To investigate risk factors for pneumococcal carriage and non-susceptibility among HIV-infected mineworkers in South Africa. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, HIV clinic attendees were questioned about risk factors for pneumococcal carriage and antimicrobial non-susceptibility. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs were taken for pneumococcal culture, serotyping and susceptibility testing. Results: Among 856 participants (854 male, median age 41.5 years, median CD4 290 cells/mm3), 294 (34.3%) were receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Overall, 75/856 (8.8%) carried S. pneumoniae; among those taking vs. not taking cotrimoxazole, 8.2% vs. 9.1% were carriers. Risk factors for pneumococcal carriage were living with a child (adjusted OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.06-4.62) and recent hospitalisation (adjusted OR 1.80; 95% CI 0.98-3.30). Among participants not taking cotrimoxazole, the prevalence of carriage was higher in individuals with lower CD4 counts. Comparing participants taking cotrimoxazole vs. not, 60.9% vs. 22.4% (p = 0.001) isolates were non-susceptible to cotrimoxazole and 30.4% vs. 8.2% were non-susceptible to penicillin (p = 0.014). Thirty three/72 (45.8%) isolates were paediatric serotypes/groups. Nasopharyngeal compared with oropharyngeal swabs had higher sensitivity in detecting carriage (53/75, 70.7% vs. 31/75, 41.3%), and adding oropharyngeal sampling increased detection from 6.2% to 8.8%. Conclusions: Non-susceptibility to cotrimoxazole and penicillin was more common among isolates from participants taking cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility is important where prophylaxis is used. Treatment for pneumococcal disease should take into account a higher risk of non-susceptibility to antibiotics amongst individuals taking cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. © 2007 The British Infection Society.	Antimicrobial resistance; HIV infection; Pneumococcal carriage; Sub-Saharan Africa	antibiotic agent; antiretrovirus agent; beta lactam antibiotic; cotrimoxazole; isoniazid; penicillin G; adult; aged; antibiotic prophylaxis; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterium carrier; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; bacterium isolate; CD4+ T lymphocyte; controlled study; female; hospitalization; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; miner; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; nose smear; risk factor; sensitivity and specificity; serotyping; South Africa; Streptococcus infection; Streptococcus pneumoniae; throat culture; tuberculosis; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Pharynx; Pneumococcal Infections; Risk Factors; Serotyping; South Africa; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749093855	Assessing the potential impact of selected technologies on the banana industry in Uganda	Kalyebara R., Wood S., Abodi P.N.	2007	Research Report of the International Food Policy Research Institute	None	155	None	NARO; IFPRI; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical in Cali, Cali, Colombia; IFPRI, Kampala, Uganda	Kalyebara, R., NARO; Wood, S., IFPRI, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical in Cali, Cali, Colombia; Abodi, P.N., IFPRI, Kampala, Uganda	The potential economic benefits of a range of technology options that are available to R&D policymakers and managers in Uganda have been assessed. The assessment involved six banana production systems, determined according to productivity potential and the commercial orientation of growers and 14 technology scenarios that span current best practices for managing bananas, genetic transformation and conventional breeding. It was shown through simulations that current recommended scenarios could generate the highest levels of gross benefits, assuming relatively high rates of adoption. The productivity of the banana needs more refining according to the assessment, given its importance in the diet of Ugandans and the large amount of agricultural land currently allocated to relatively unproductive banana systems.	None	agricultural land; agricultural production; agroindustry; economic impact; policy making; productivity; research and development; simulation; technology adoption; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749093887	Evaluation on potential of wild hosts as trap plants for managing gramineous stemborers in maize based-agroecosystem	Yewhalaw D., Getu E., Seyoum E.	2008	Journal of Economic Entomology	101	1	10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[50:EOPOWH]2.0.CO;2	Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Yewhalaw, D., Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Getu, E., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Seyoum, E., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	As part of habitat management system to control cereal stemborers, various wild hosts used as trap plants were studied during the dry season from November 2003 to March 2004 at Melkassa, central Ethiopia. Five wild hosts of the family Poaceae [Pennisetum purpurum (Schumach), Sorghum vulgare variety sudanense (Pers.), Panicum coloratura L., Sorghum arundi-naceum Stapf, and Hyperrhania rufa (Nees)] were evaluated as trap plants in maize, Zea mays L.,-based agroecosystem. The results of the study showed that maize plots surrounded by all tested wild hosts had significantly lower mean percentage of foliage damage and stemborer density than maize monocrop plots 15 m away from the treatment blocks. Interestingly, mean foliar damage and stemborer density between maize plots surrounded by wild hosts and maize monocrop plots within the treatment blocks was not significant. Percentage of tunneled stalks was significantly greater in maize monocrop plots 15 m away from the treatment blocks than in maize plots surrounded by all tested wild host plant species. Moreover, the highest mean percentage of parasitism (62%) of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) was recorded in maize plots surrounded by P. purpureum. Therefore, the findings revealed that these wild hosts have considerable merit to be used as trap plants in the development of strategies for managing cereal stemborers in maize crops. © 2008 Entomological Society of America.	Cotesia flavipes; Maize; Stemborer; Trap plants; Wild hosts	animal; article; biological pest control; crop; ecosystem; Ethiopia; evaluation; growth, development and aging; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; maize; parasitology; physiology; Poaceae; population density; population dynamics; randomization; season; Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Ethiopia; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; Pest Control, Biological; Poaceae; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Random Allocation; Seasons; Zea mays; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Panicum; Pennisetum; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Poaceae; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749097394	Uptake and performance of farm-based measures for reducing crop raiding by elephants Loxodonta africana among smallholder farms in Laikipia District, Kenya	Graham M.D., Ochieng T.	2008	ORYX	42	1	10.1017/S0030605308000677	Laikipia Elephant Project, Centre for Training and Research in ASAL Development, P.O. Box 144, Nanyuki, Kenya; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom	Graham, M.D., Laikipia Elephant Project, Centre for Training and Research in ASAL Development, P.O. Box 144, Nanyuki, Kenya, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Ochieng, T., Laikipia Elephant Project, Centre for Training and Research in ASAL Development, P.O. Box 144, Nanyuki, Kenya	Human-elephant conflict, in particular the damage caused by elephants to smallholder crops, is a major challenge to the conservation of African elephant Loxodonta africana. Conventional tools used to address this problem are capital intensive and require high levels of expertise. In recent years simple, affordable farm-based elephant deterrents, using locally available materials, have been encouraged by a number of human-elephant conflict researchers. There are very few published studies demonstrating the performance of these deterrents, however, and little is known about levels of uptake among smallholder farmers. We trialled a number of such farm-based elephant deterrents with local farmers in three sites within Laikipia District, Kenya. Levels of crop raiding declined after the introduction of treatments but not significantly when compared with control farms. Variable levels of uptake among the participating farmers made it difficult to draw clear conclusions from the trials. However, participating farmers were positive about the deterrent effect of the tools introduced, corroborated by their willingness to make financial commitments towards sustaining future trials. Availability of household labour, local politics, and insecurity were identified as important barriers to uptake of some of the deterrents introduced. Household labour availability should be a key consideration in future endeavours to trial farm-based elephant deterrents. © 2008 Fauna and Flora International.	African elephant; Community-based; Human-elephant conflict; Kenya; Laikipia; Loxodonta africana; Uptake	conflict management; damage; elephant; smallholder; species conservation; willingness to pay; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Laikipia; Rift Valley; Sub-Saharan Africa; Elephantidae; Loxodonta; Loxodonta africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749099970	Integrated management of childhood illness in Nigeria: Does short-term training of health workers improve their performance?	Uzochukwu B.S.C., Onwujekwe O.E., Ezeilo E.A., Nwobi E., Ndu A.C., Onoka C.	2008	Public Health	122	4	10.1016/j.puhe.2007.07.001	Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, P.O. Box 3295, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Health Policy Research Group, Coll	Uzochukwu, B.S.C., Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, P.O. Box 3295, Enugu, Nigeria, Health Policy Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Onwujekwe, O.E., Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria, Health Policy Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Ezeilo, E.A., Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwobi, E., Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, P.O. Box 3295, Enugu, Nigeria, Health Policy Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Ndu, A.C., Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, P.O. Box 3295, Enugu, Nigeria; Onoka, C., Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, P.O. Box 3295, Enugu, Nigeria, Health Policy Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	antibiotic agent; antimalarial agent; child health; health services; health worker; integrated approach; performance assessment; training; article; caregiver; case management; child health care; childhood disease; clinical practice; diarrhea; female; health care personnel; health center; human; in service training; job performance; major clinical study; malaria; male; Nigeria; oral rehydration therapy; patient assessment; pneumonia; preschool child; prescription; quality of life; skill; statistical significance; upper respiratory tract infection; Child, Preschool; Clinical Competence; Community Health Aides; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nigeria; Public Health Administration; Quality of Health Care; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749102765	Growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle fed different levels of macadamia oil cake	Acheampong-Boateng O., Mikasi M.S., Benyi K., Amey A.K.A.	2008	Tropical Animal Health and Production	40	3	10.1007/s11250-007-9076-3	Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Department of Statistics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Acheampong-Boateng, O., Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Mikasi, M.S., Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Benyi, K., Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Amey, A.K.A., Department of Statistics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Eighteen cattle (six Bonsmara males, seven Simmanteler x Beefmaster males and five Simmanteler x Beefmaster females) were assigned to three diets containing 0% (Control), 10% and 20% Macadamia oil cake to evaluate the effects of different levels of Macadamia oilcake (MOC) on feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. Differences in average feed intake were not significant (P>0.05). Average daily gains on the 0% and 20% MOC diets were not significantly different (P<0.05) but were significantly higher than the average gain on 10% MOC (P<0.05). The inclusion of 20% MOC increased feed conversion ratio significantly (P<0.05) compared with the other two treatments. The control group had significantly heavier warm carcasses than the 10% and 20% MOC groups and the 20% MOC group had significantly heavier carcasses than the 10% MOC group. The inclusion of MOC did not significantly affect the dressing percentage and conformation scores of the animals (P>0.05). There were no condemned livers, suggesting that either there were no toxic factors in the feed or, even if present, were probably inactive in the liver. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Carcass characteristics; Cattle; Growth performance; Macadamia oil cake	vegetable oil; animal; animal food; article; body composition; cattle; chemistry; dose response; drug effect; female; growth, development and aging; Macadamia; male; physiology; randomization; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Body Composition; Cattle; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Macadamia; Male; Plant Oils; Random Allocation; Weight Gain; Animalia; Bos; Macadamia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749110190	The influence of temperament style on a student's choice of and performance in a computer programming course	Blignaut P., Naude A.	2008	Computers in Human Behavior	24	3	10.1016/j.chb.2007.03.005	Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, South Africa	Blignaut, P., Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, South Africa; Naude, A., Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, South Africa	This study is an attempt to determine whether it is necessary to include temperament style when compiling an instrument to predict a student's chances of success in a computer programming course. Temperament style is seen as the combination of qualities which constitute the natural disposition of an individual and which affect actions, thinking and emotions. The DISC model, as adapted by Boyd [Boyd, C. F. (1994). Different children, different needs: the art of adjustable parenting. Oregon: Questar Publishers Inc.], views people as behaving along two orthogonal dimensions: the speed at which a person moves through life, and his/her general focus when doing things, i.e. on people or on tasks. This study proved that both of these dimensions have an influence on the performance of students in a computer programming course while one of them also has an influence on a student's choice to pursue a programming course. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Human factors; Psychology; Training	Curricula; Mathematical models; Personnel training; Psychology computing; Students; Human factors; Natural disposition; Temperament style; Computer programming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749126215	Saving newborn lives in Asia and Africa: Cost and impact of phased scale-up of interventions within the continuum of care	Darmstadt G.L., Walker N., Lawn J.E., Bhutta Z.A., Haws R.A., Cousens S.	2008	Health Policy and Planning	23	2	10.1093/heapol/czn001	Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; International Center for Advancing Neonatal Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children-US; Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of International Health, E8153, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	Darmstadt, G.L., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, International Center for Advancing Neonatal Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of International Health, E8153, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Walker, N., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Lawn, J.E., Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children-US, Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Bhutta, Z.A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Haws, R.A., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cousens, S., Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Policy makers and programme managers require more detailed information on the cost and impact of packages of evidenced-based interventions to save newborn lives, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the world's 4 million newborn deaths occur. Methods: We estimated the newborn deaths that could be averted by scaling up 16 interventions in 60 countries. We bundled the interventions in a variety of existing maternal and child health packages according to time period of delivery and service delivery mode, and calculated the additional running costs of implementing these interventions at scale (90% coverage) in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The phased introduction and expansion of interventions was modelled to represent incremental strategies for scaling up neonatal care in developing country health systems. Results: Increasing coverage of 16 interventions to 90% could save 0.59-1.08 million lives in South Asia annually at an additional cost of US$0.90-1.76 billion. In sub-Saharan Africa, 0.45-0.80 million lives saved would cost US$0.68-1.32 billion. Additional costs for increased antenatal interventions are low, but given relatively high baseline coverage and lower impact, fewer additional newborn lives can be saved through this package (5-10%). Intrapartum care has higher impact (19-34% of deaths averted) but is costly (US$1.66-3.25 billion). Postnatal family-community care, with potential for high impact at low cost (10-27%, US$0.38-0.75 billion), has been neglected. A first phase of scaling up care in 36 high (NMR 30-45) and 15 very high (NMR >45) mortality countries would cost approximately US$0.56-1.10 and US$0.09-0.17 billion annually, respectively, and would avert 15-32% and 13-29% of neonatal deaths, respectively, in these countries. Full coverage with all interventions in the 51 high and very high mortality countries would cost US$2.23-4.37 billion, and avert 38-68% of neonatal deaths (1.13-2.05 million), at an extra cost per death averted of US$1100-3900. Conclusions: Low-cost, effective newborn health interventions can save millions of lives, primarily in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Modelling costs and impact of intervention packages scaled up incrementally as health systems capacity increases can assist programme planning and help policy makers and donors identify stepwise targets for investments in newborn health. © The Author 2008; all rights reserved.	Developing countries; Evidence-based interventions; Health systems; MDG-4; Neonatal mortality; Neonatal survival; Scaling up; Service delivery	Africa; analytic method; article; Asia; controlled study; developing country; health care cost; health care delivery; health care system; human; major clinical study; mortality; newborn; newborn care; newborn death; Africa; Asia; Continuity of Patient Care; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Perinatal Care; Program Evaluation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749160280	Effect of polyethylene glycol 4000 supplementation on the performance of indigenous Pedi goats fed different levels of Acacia nilotica leaf meal and ad libitum Buffalo grass hay	Motubatse M.R., Ng'ambi J.W., Norris D., Malatje M.M.	2008	Tropical Animal Health and Production	40	3	10.1007/s11250-007-9086-1	Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	Motubatse, M.R., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Ng'ambi, J.W., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Norris, D., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Malatje, M.M., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	In a first of two experiments, twenty yearling male Pedi goats weighing 21.3±0.5 kg live weight were used in a 37-day study in a 2 (levels of PEG 4000) × 2 (levels of Acacia) Factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomised Design to determine the effect of the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g polyethylene glycol 4000 on diet intake and digestibility, and growth rate of Pedi goats fed ad libitum Buffalo grass hay. Acacia nilotica leaf meal contained high amounts of total phenolics (2.04 % DM) and low amounts of condensed tannins; both extracted (0.37 % DM) and unextracted (1.83 % DM). Supplementation with PEG 4000 increased (P<0.05) crude protein intake as the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal increased from 80 to 120 g. Similarly, treatment with PEG 4000 improved (P<0.05) DM, OM and CP digestibilities when compared to 80 g Acacia nilotica leaf meal. Supplementation with PEG 4000 resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in blood urea concentrations. Polyethylene glycol 4000 has the potential to improve the feeding value of A. nilotica leaf meal and can, therefore, be used in the feeding systems for ruminant animals. The second experiment determined the effect of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation on in vitro digestibility of the diets similar to the actual ratios of the first experiment. Level of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation improved (P<0.05) in vitro DM, OM and CP digestibilities where 120 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. Similarly, 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation also improved (P<0.05) in vitro CP digestibility where 80 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. In vivo DM and OM digestibilities were best predicted from in vitro DM and OM digestibilities while in vivo CP was explained by in vitro OM and CP digestibilities. It is, therefore, concluded that in vitro DM and OM digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo DM and OM digestibilities while OM and CP digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo CP digestibility. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Acacia nilotica; Goats; Polyethylene glycol; Tannins	macrogol derivative; tannin derivative; Acacia; animal; animal food; article; crossover procedure; diet supplementation; digestion; dose response; duodenum; goat; growth, development and aging; male; metabolism; nutritional value; physiology; plant leaf; Poaceae; randomization; ruminant stomach; weight gain; Acacia; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Duodenum; Goats; Male; Nutritive Value; Plant Leaves; Poaceae; Polyethylene Glycols; Random Allocation; Rumen; Tannins; Weight Gain; Acacia; Acacia nilotica; Animalia; Bovidae; Capra hircus; Urochloa mutica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749194120	Is the Western Cape at risk of an outbreak of preventable childhood diseases? Lessons from an evaluation of routine immunisation coverage	Corrigall J., Coetzee D., Cameron N.	2008	South African Medical Journal	98	1	None	School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Discipline of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Corrigall, J., School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Coetzee, D., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cameron, N., Discipline of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Objective. To determine the routine immunisation coverage rates in children aged 12-23 months in the Western Cape. Design. Cross-sectional Household Survey using an adaptation of the '30 by 7' cluster survey technique. Setting. Households across the Western Cape. Subjects. A total of 3 705 caregivers of children aged 12-23 months who had been living in the Western Cape for at least 6 months. Outcome measures. Vaccination status (1 = fully vaccinated; 0 = partially vaccinated) as recorded on a Road-to-Health card or by history. Reasons for not vaccinating were established from a questionnaire. Results. The immunisation coverage was 76.8% for vaccines due by 9 months and 53.2% for those due by 18 months. The reasons given for not being immunised were clinic-related factors (47%), lack of information (27%), caregiver being unable to attend the clinic (23%), and lack of motivation (14%). Of the clinic factors cited, the two commonest ones were missed opportunities (34%) and being told by clinic staff to return another time (20%). Conclusion. While the coverage indicates that a great deal of good work is being done, the coverage is insufficient to prevent outbreaks of measles and other common childhood conditions, including polio. The coverage is too low to consider not running periodic mass campaigns for measles and polio. It will need to be sustainably improved before introducing rubella vaccine as part of the Expanded Programme on Immunisations (EPI) schedule. The reasons given by caregivers for their children not being immunised are valuable pointers as to where interventions should be focused.	None	BCG vaccine; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; rubella vaccine; adult; article; caregiver; childhood disease; epidemic; female; health program; health survey; household; human; major clinical study; male; measles; medical information; medical record; motivation; poliomyelitis; preschool child; prevalence; preventive health service; questionnaire; risk assessment; rubella; South Africa; tuberculosis; vaccination; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Infant; Infection Control; Male; Population Surveillance; South Africa; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39849098279	Hydropower-induced land use change in Fincha'a watershed, western Ethiopia: Analysis and impacts	Tefera B., Sterk G.	2008	Mountain Research and Development	28	1	10.1659/mrd.0811	Oromiya Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, PO Box 21118, 1000 Addis Abebe, Ethiopia; Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands	Tefera, B., Oromiya Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, PO Box 21118, 1000 Addis Abebe, Ethiopia; Sterk, G., Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands	The present article analyzes the land use dynamics caused by hydropower dam construction in 1973 in the Fincha'a watershed (1318 km2), a tributary of the Blue Nile, Aerial photos (1957 and 1980) and an ASTER satellite image of 2001 were used to make 3 land use maps of the watershed using ageographic information system (GIS). The 239-km2 water reservoir inundated 100 km2 of grazing land, 120 km2 of swamp, 18 km2 of cropland, and 1.2 km2 of forestland. In 2001, cropland covered 77% of the land potentially available for community use, indicating that there is hardly any free land available for expansion to accommodate new farmers. Relocated communities operate on relatively small parcels of land situated either on steep slopes or in flood-prone areas. Consequently, they exhaustively utilize the trees available on their holdings and convert grassland and bushland to cropland, without applying sufficient soil conservation measures. Farmers resettled at or near bodies of water and swamps, however, are affected by seasonal fluctuations of water levels that very often inundate croplands, grazing land, and homes. The demand for cropland and grazing land is increasing as reservoir and swamp areas expand and new families are created. Soil erosion in steep areas can no longer be reduced in the traditional farming system. These enforced land use changes, combined with a lack of appropriate land management practices, may increase erosion and reservoir sedimentation. This could affect food,security and electrio power production in the near future.	Ethiopia; GIS; Land use change; Remote sensing; Water reservoir	aerial photograph; ASTER; dam construction; farming system; GIS; land management; land use change; remote sensing; satellite imagery; watershed; Africa; Blue Nile [Nile River]; East Africa; Ethiopia; Nile River; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39849103457	Farmers' agronomic and social evaluation of productivity, yield and N 2-fixation in different cowpea varieties and their subsequent residual N effects on a succeeding maize crop	Adjei-Nsiah S., Kuyper T.W., Leeuwis C., Abekoe M.K., Cobbinah J., Sakyi-Dawson O., Giller K.E.	2008	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	80	3	10.1007/s10705-007-9133-3	Agricultural Research Centre-Kade, Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands; P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands; Communication and Innovation Studies Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana; Department of Agricultural Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands	Adjei-Nsiah, S., Agricultural Research Centre-Kade, Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Kuyper, T.W., Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands; Leeuwis, C., Communication and Innovation Studies Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Abekoe, M.K., Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Cobbinah, J., Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana; Sakyi-Dawson, O., Department of Agricultural Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Giller, K.E., Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands	Cowpea-maize rotations form an important component of the farming systems of smallholder farmers in the forest/savannah transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana. We evaluated five cowpea varieties for grain yield, N 2-fixation, biomass production, and contribution to productivity of subsequent maize grown in rotation. We further analyzed the interrelationship between these technical dimensions and the social acceptability of these cowpea varieties for farmers. Cowpea grain yield ranged between 1.1 and 1.4 t ha -1 with no significant yield differences among the different varieties. Using the 15N natural abundance technique, the average proportion of N2 fixed ranged between 61% for Ayiyi and 77% for Legon prolific. This resulted in average amounts of N2 fixed in above-ground biomass ranging between 32 and 67 kg N ha-1, respectively. Variation in estimates due to differences in δ15N among reference plants were larger than differences between cowpea varieties. The amount of soil-derived N ranged from 15 to 20 kg N ha-1. The above-ground net N contribution of the cowpea varieties to the soil (after adjusting for N export in grains) was highest for Legon Prolific (31 kg N ha-1) due to high N2-fixation and high leaf biomass production. Maize grain yield after cowpea without application of mineral N fertilizer ranged between 0.4 t ha-1 with maize after maize to 1.5 t ha-1 with Legon Prolific. The N fertilizer equivalence values for the cowpea varieties ranged between 18 and 60 kg N ha-1. IT810D-1010 was ranked by the farmers as the most preferred cowpea variety due to its white seed type, short-duration, ease of harvesting and good market value. Despite the high leaf biomass production and high amount of N2 fixed by Legon Prolific, it was generally the least preferred variety due to lower market price, late maturity, least potential cash income (due to the red mottled seed type) and difficulty in harvesting. Although farmers recognized the contribution of cowpea to soil fertility and yields of subsequent maize, they did not consider this as an important criterion for varietal selection. Soil fertility improvement must be considered as an additional benefit rather than a direct selection criterion when designing more sustainable smallholder farming systems. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	15N natural abundance; Crop rotations; Forage cowpea; Marketability	aboveground biomass; agricultural management; agroecology; crop production; crop rotation; crop yield; farmers knowledge; farming system; legume; maize; nitrogen fixation; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40149101709	Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of glycosides and alkaloids extracts of Picralima nitida stapf (Apocynaceae) seed	Okonta J.M., Aguwa C.N.	2007	International Journal of Pharmacology	3	6	None	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Okonta, J.M., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Aguwa, C.N., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The blood glucose lowering effect of the seed extract of Picralima nitida has been suggested to be due to its rich indole alkaloids; this study, therefore, is aimed at evaluating the hypoglycemic activity of the alkaloids and glycosides extracts of the Picralima nitida seed. The alkaloids extract of Picralima nitida seed (Apocynaceae) given i.p. caused increase in mean fasting blood glucose levels while the glycosides extract reduced the blood glucose levels in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats. Glycosides extract caused significant (p&lt;0.05) percentage maximal reduction of 38.6% (250 mg kg-1) and 22.9% (500 mg kg-1) of the mean fasting blood glucose levels in normoglycemic and 64.4% (250 mg kg-1) and 39.0% (500 mg kg-1) in the hyperglycemic rats. The glycosides extract maintained low mean fasting blood glucose levels throughout the 24 h duration of study in hyperglycemic rats. On subchronic treatment of hyperglycemic rats, glycosides extract (250 mg kg-1) caused 82.99% while glyburide (5 mg kg-1) caused 60.81% reduction of mean blood glucose levels. Thus the hypoglycemic activity of seed extract of Picralima nitida may be resident in the glycosides of the seed extract. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Alkaloids; Glycosides; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Picralima nitida	alkaloid derivative; alloxan; glibenclamide; glucose; glycoside; Picralima nitida extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; alloxan diabetes mellitus; animal experiment; animal model; Apocynaceae; article; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; diet restriction; drug isolation; female; glucose blood level; glycemic control; hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia; LD 50; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; picralima nitida; plant seed; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40149106819	Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A pre-post intervention evaluation	Peltzer K., Nqeketo A., Petros G., Kanta X.	2008	BMC Public Health	8	None	10.1186/1471-2458-8-64	Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Impilo Ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Nqeketo, A., Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Petros, G., Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Kanta, X., Impilo Ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	Background. Circumcisions undertaken in non-clinical settings can have significant risks of serious adverse events, including death. The aim of this study was to test an intervention for safe traditional circumcision in the context of initiation into manhood among the Xhosa, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Methods. Traditional surgeons and nurses registered with the health department were trained over five days on ten modules including safe circumcision, infection control, anatomy, post-operative care, detection and early management of complications and sexual health education. Initiates from initiation schools of the trained surgeons and nurses were examined and interviewed on 2 nd, 4th, 7th and 14th day after circumcision. Results. From 192 initiates physically examined at the 14th day after circumcision by a trained clinical nurse high rates of complications were found: 40 (20.8%) had mild delayed wound healing, 31 (16.2%) had a mild wound infection, 22 (10.5%) mild pain and 20 (10.4%) had insufficient skin removed. Most traditional surgeons and nurses wore gloves during operation and care but did not use the recommended circumcision instrument. Only 12% of the initiates were circumcised before their sexual debut and they reported a great deal of sexual risk behaviour. Conclusion. Findings show weak support for scaling up traditional male circumcision. © 2008 Peltzer et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; adult; article; circumcision; controlled study; demography; health behavior; health program; health service; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection control; infection risk; male; patient assessment; patient care; postoperative care; postoperative complication; postoperative hemorrhage; postoperative infection; postoperative period; risk assessment; sexual behavior; sexual education; South Africa; surgeon; surgical technique; African medicine; circumcision; community health nursing; cultural anthropology; education; ethnology; evaluation; instrumentation; postoperative complication; safety; South Africa; surgery; Adolescent; Circumcision, Male; Culture; Humans; Infection Control; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Postoperative Complications; Public Health Nursing; Safety; South Africa; Surgery	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40149111538	Milk production and reproductive performance of Sahiwal cattle in semi-arid Kenya	Ilatsia E.D., Muasya T.K., Muhuyi W.B., Kahi A.K.	2007	Tropical Science	47	3	10.1002/ts.205	Animal Genetic Resources Group, National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Naivasha, Kenya; National Beef Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nakuru, Kenya; Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya	Ilatsia, E.D., Animal Genetic Resources Group, National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Naivasha, Kenya; Muasya, T.K., Animal Genetic Resources Group, National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Naivasha, Kenya; Muhuyi, W.B., National Beef Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nakuru, Kenya; Kahi, A.K., Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya	The aim of this study was to evaluate milk production and reproductive performance of Sahiwal cattle in semi-arid Kenya. Milk production traits considered were lactation milk yield, lactation length and test-day milk yield, while reproductive traits included age at first calving, calving interval and number of services per conception. Various fixed effects affected performance of milk production and reproductive traits to varying significance levels. The mean estimates for milk production traits were 1368 kg, 282 days and 4.9 kg for lactation milk yield, lactation length and test-day milk yield, respectively. For reproductive traits, mean estimates were 468 days, 2.2 and 1345 days for calving interval, number of services per conception and age at first calving, respectively. There was a decline in lactation milk yield and lactation length, and an increase in calving interval and age at first calving over the years. Satisfactory management and appropriate genetic improvement strategies would result in improved performance. Implications of the results for genetic improvement of the breed in Kenya are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Kenya; Milk production; Reproduction; Sahiwal cattle	Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40349095162	The impact of social transformation on the non-government welfare sector and the social work profession	Lombard A.	2008	International Journal of Social Welfare	17	2	10.1111/j.1468-2397.2007.00550.x	Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Lombard, A., Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	This article examines changes to non-government social welfare, their impact on service delivery and on the social work profession. To redress the legacy of the past and the consequent inequalities in social welfare, in the first decade of democracy the government allocated the bulk of its welfare resources to transforming the social security system at the expense of social service delivery. As a result, South Africa has a costly social security budget with social services on the brink of collapse, leaving social workers and other social service professionals with low morale in the face of the huge challenge of providing welfare services with scarce resources, especially in the non-government sector. Nevertheless, social work remains an important role player in social development. From its marginalised position in the first decade of democracy, in the second decade it is repositioning itself as a recognised contributor to reconstruction and development in South Africa. © Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.	Non-government social welfare; Social service delivery; Social work; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40349096731	Using radar charts with qualitative evaluation: Techniques to assess change in blended learning	Kaczynski D., Wood L., Harding A.	2008	Active Learning in Higher Education	9	1	10.1177/1469787407086743	University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	Kaczynski, D., University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Wood, L., Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Harding, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	When university academics implement changes in learning, such as introducing blended learning, it is conventional practice to examine and evaluate the impact of the resulting curriculum reform. Judging the worth and impact of an educational development is a complex task involving subtle differences in learning. Qualitative methods to explore these deep processes in learning include using interviews, observations and open-ended questionnaires targeting all stakeholders in the process, such as students, teachers, administration and technical staff. These evaluation tasks generate a mass of raw data that many faculty members in higher education are unaccustomed to analyzing. This article provides a framework using radar charts adapted from the field of organizational development. A modified six-zone radar chart was used to assess the extent of blended learning in order to compare changes in the learning environment. Data collection included interviews, classroom observations and electronic records generated during educational delivery over a 1-year period of time. A purposeful sample of online course data was collected by three participating universities in South Africa, Australia, and the United States. © 2008 SAGE Publications.	Blended learning; Curriculum development; Evaluation; Instructional assessment; International education; Qualitative research; Radar chart	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40449118030	Evaluation of the ultrasensitive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen assay performed on dried blood spots for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants	Patton J.C., Coovadia A.H., Meyers T.M., Sherman G.G.	2008	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	15	2	10.1128/CVI.00265-07	Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Pediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa	Patton, J.C., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Coovadia, A.H., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Meyers, T.M., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sherman, G.G., Wits Pediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa	The diagnostic accuracy of the modified p24 antigen assay performed on pediatric dried blood spots was evaluated. Samples analyzed within 6 weeks of collection yielded no false-positive results (specificity, 100%) and few false-negative results (sensitivity, 96.5% to 98.3%). Laboratory services with limited resources should assess this option for routine infant diagnosis. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	antigen p24; Gag protein; p24 protein, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1; unclassified drug; article; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic procedure; evaluation; false negative result; false positive result; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; laboratory test; major clinical study; newborn; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; blood; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; immunology; isolation and purification; laboratory diagnosis; methodology; virology; Blood; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoassay; Infant; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549084326	Baseline evaluation of routine HIV testing among tuberculosis patients in Botswana	Gammino V.M., Mboya J.J., Samandari T., Sheth A., Almquist J., Nkubito G., Jimbo W., Obita G., Roels T.H., Wells C.D., Kilmarx P.H., Nelson L.J.	2008	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	12	3 SUPPL. 1	None	Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana; BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana; Ministry of Local Government, Gaborone, Botswana; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Gammino, V.M., Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Mboya, J.J., Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana; Samandari, T., Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States, Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana; Sheth, A., Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana; Almquist, J., Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana; Nkubito, G., Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana; Jimbo, W., BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana; Obita, G., Ministry of Local Government, Gaborone, Botswana; Roels, T.H., Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana, BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana; Wells, C.D., Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; Kilmarx, P.H., Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana, BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana; Nelson, L.J., Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States	In January 2004, the government of Botswana introduced a policy of routine, non-compulsory human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing to increase testing and access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) for individuals presenting for medical treatment. Before a systematic implementation of the policy, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of tuberculosis (TB) record data from 46 clinics in 10 districts to assess baseline HIV testing rates among TB patients. Recorded HIV results from the facility TB register and TB treatment card were reviewed. Of the 1242 TB patients entered in the register, 47% had a recorded HIV result and 84% of these were co-infected with HIV. TB treatment cards were available for 862 (69%) registered patients. Among the 411 (47%) with test results recorded on the treatment card, 341 (83%) were HIV-infected; of these, 12% were reported to be receiving ART. © 2008 The Union.	Botswana; Routine HIV testing; TB-HIV surveillance; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; analytic method; article; Botswana; controlled study; health care policy; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; medical record; priority journal; screening test; tuberculosis; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Botswana; Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Policy; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Mass Screening; Registries; Tuberculosis; Voluntary Programs	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549098988	Evaluation of the performance of HIV1 & 2 one-step self-test kit for detection of HIV infection in whole human blood, serum or plasma samples	Ya'aba Y., Mohammed S.B., Oladepo D.K., Odama L.E., Ibrahim K., Izebe K.S., Abdulrahim M.E., Isu N.R., Onoja A.J., Matur M.B., Balogun O.O., Usoroh M., Inyang U.S.	2007	Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics	12	None	None	Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; African Health Project, Abuja, Niger	Ya'aba, Y., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Mohammed, S.B., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Oladepo, D.K., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Odama, L.E., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Ibrahim, K., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Izebe, K.S., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Abdulrahim, M.E., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Isu, N.R., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Onoja, A.J., African Health Project, Abuja, Nigeria; Matur, M.B., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Balogun, O.O., HIV Vaccine Trial Unit, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; Usoroh, M., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Inyang, U.S., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is cause by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family of retroviruses responsible for destroying the human immune defence system. HIV antibody testing is critical for the diagnosis and counselling of HIV-infected persons, monitoring of trends in HIV prevalence, and evaluation of the effectiveness of HIV prevention programmes. Serological tests to detect antibodies to HIV became available in 1985, and since then more kits for this test are still being produced. A total of 500 positive and 500 negative samples were screened for HIV antibodies using Genie II HIV 1 & 2(BIO-RAD; 3, Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92430 MARNES LA COQUETTE- FRANCE) and SeroCard™ HIV 1 & 2 Rapid (Trinity Biotech PLC; IDA Business Park Bray Co. Wicklow Ireland.) and were further confirmed using New Lav Blot 1 western blot kit (BIO-RAD; 3, Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92430 MARNES LA COQUETTE- FRANCE). These samples were screened using the HIV1 & 2 one-step self-test kit (Bremancos Diagnostics Inc. BDI with lot Number 0141503) to evaluate its performance. Whole blood, serum or plasma was used for the evaluation. Sensitivity of 99.2% and specificity of 99.8% were observed from the three sets of tests conducted while positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.99 and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.99 each were calculated. The HIV 1 & 2 one-step-self test kit compared well with Genie II HIV1 & 2 kit and western blot kit for detecting HIV antibodies in patient's samples. Whole blood, plasma or serum can be used for the screening and easy for self test.	AIDS; Genie II HIV1 &2; HIV; HIV1 & 2 one-step-self test; New Lav blot 1; SeroCard™ HIV 1&2 rapid	Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; article; blood analysis; controlled study; counseling; diagnostic kit; diagnostic procedure; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nonhuman; plasma; self evaluation; sensitivity and specificity; serology; serum; Western blotting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549111622	Evaluation of the controlled release potential of Adansonia digitata mucilage: A super gel forming polymer	Builders P.F., Okeke U., Egieye A.S.	2007	Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics	12	None	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria	Builders, P.F., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Okeke, U., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Egieye, A.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria	The suitability of A. digitata mucilage (ADM) as an excipient in the formulation of matrix tablets, the mechanism and kinetics of drug delivery were studied. Aminophyline was the prototype drug while these properties were compared to those of HPMC and Cp. ADM was used at concentration levels of 10, 15 and 30% of the tablet weight while HPMC and Cp were used at 30% concentration. The tablet friability, attrition and dissolution characteristics were evaluated. All the tablets formulated showed good physical properties. The ADM matrix tablets showed similar drug release and attrition pattern to those of Cp in both SIF and SGF. Generally the drug release retardation efficiency of the ADM tablets at equal polymer concentration was higher than those of Cp but less than that of HPMC in both SGF and SIF. The mechanism of release of aminophyline from ADM as in Cp and HPMC was by diffusion.	Adansonia digitata mucilage; Carbopol; Hydroxymethylpropylcellulose; Matrix tablets	Adansonia digitata extract; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; polymer; Adansonia; article; concentration (parameters); controlled release formulation; dissolution; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug release; gel; nonhuman; tablet	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549137447	Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Sida acuta Burm.F. (Malvaceae)	Oboh I.E., Onwukaeme D.N.	2007	Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics	12	None	None	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Oboh, I.E., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Onwukaeme, D.N., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Sida acuta Burm F. (Malvaceae) is an erect, branched small perennial herb or small shrub growing abundantly in Nigeria. In the Southern part ofNigeria, the plant is used to hasten delivery. In Nicaragua, the decoction of the entire plant is taken orally for asthma, fever, aches and pains, ulcers and for venereal diseases. The Pharmacognostic profiles such as phytochemical, macroscopical, microscopical, chemomicroscopical, and quantitative evaluations were carried out on the powdered leaves and anatomical sections of the fresh plant. The phytochemical analysis of Sida acuta powdered leaves revealed the presence of cardiac and saponin glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids. The leaves are simple and alternate in arrangement, green in colour, and pubescent. Each leaf is shortly petiolate possessing a lanceolate lamina with a serrated margin and an acute apex. The powdered drug was subjected to microscopical examination. The stomata are anisocytic, epidermal cells are wavy, numerous unicellular non-glandular trichomes are present, and there are prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, fragments of lignified fibres and simple starch grains. Chemomicroscopical tests on the powder showed the presence of lignin, starch, calcium oxalate and mucilage. This investigation also reports the palisade ratio (10.00-11.80-15.0 ± 0.49), the stomata number (9.00-1120-31.00 ± 2.14) for the lower epidermis and 3.00-7.10-12.00 ± 0.94) for the upper epidermis, the stomata index (18.37-31.00-32.00 ± 2.88 for the lower epidermis and 8.00-15.80-23.01 ± 1.90 for the upper epidermis), the vein islet number (36.00-38.10-42.00 ± 1.10 ), the vein termination number (14.00-19.10)-24.00 ± 1.03 ), the total ash values (8.63 ± 0.07 % w/w ), the acid insoluble ash values (0.65 ± 0.06 % w/w ),the moisture content (9.47 ± 0.18 % w/w),the water soluble extractive values (2.93 ± 0.46 % w/w) and the alcohol soluble extractive value (1.35 ± 0.08 % w/w ) for the leaves of Sida acuta. This study thus provides a monograph on the plant for its proper identification and detection of adulteration/ substitution.	Pharmacognostic profile; Sida acuta leaves	alkaloid; calcium oxalate; flavonoid; glycoside; lignin; saponin; Sida acuta extract; starch; unclassified drug; angiosperm; article; controlled study; drug mechanism; drug structure; epidermis cell; microscopy; mucilage; nonhuman; plant; plant cell; plant leaf; plant stoma; powder; Sida acuta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549140122	Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal properties of methanolic Root extract of Piliostigma reticulatum in rats	Salawu O.A., Tijani A.Y., Obidike I.C., Chindo B.A.	2007	Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics	12	None	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria	Salawu, O.A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria; Tijani, A.Y., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria; Obidike, I.C., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria; Chindo, B.A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria	Piliostigma reticulatum (DC) Hoechst (Leguminosae) is an evergreen shrub reputed to possess a number of medicinal properties. The methanolic extract of Piliostigma reticulatum root (Leguminosae) was evaluated for anti-diarrhoeal activity in rats using castor oil-induced diarrhoea and fluid accumulation and activated charcoal test models. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, glycosides, saponins, sterols, alkaloid and balsam. The extract (at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg) and atropine (3 mg/kg) significantly inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhoea (53.5 72.1%) and fluid accumulation (35.17 71.03%) and small intestinal transit (9.38 21.74%) in the rats. The results obtained in this study revealed that the extract has remarkable anti-diarrhoeal effect, which may be due to the presence of the tannins, alkaloids and saponins constituents and can thus be used in the treatment of non-specific diarrhoea.	Anti-diarrhoeal activity; Gastrointestinal tract; Piliostigma reticulatum; Rat	alkaloid; antidiarrheal agent; atropine; balsam; castor oil; glycoside; methanol; Piliostigma reticulatum extract; plant extract; saponin; sterol; tannin derivative; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; diarrhea; drug mechanism; drug screening; drug structure; female; gastrointestinal transit; male; nonhuman; Piliostigma reticulatum; plant; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549146585	Impact of Redbilled Quelea control operations on wetlands in South Africa	Lötter L.	2008	International Pest Control	50	1	None	Agricultural Research Council, ARC, Plant Protection Research Institute, PPRI, Private bag X 134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa	Lötter, L., Agricultural Research Council, ARC, Plant Protection Research Institute, PPRI, Private bag X 134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	bird; crop damage; migratory species; pest control; wetland; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Quelea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40649106302	Evaluation competencies of professional and non-professional teachers in Nigeria	Ololube N.P.	2008	Studies in Educational Evaluation	34	1	10.1016/j.stueduc.2008.01.004	Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, NOVENA University, Nigeria	Ololube, N.P., Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, NOVENA University, Nigeria	Teachers' job responsibility has changed significantly in recent years, and now, more than ever, there are pressing needs for high quality teachers to meet the goals of education for sustainable development, especially in developing countries. This timely study examined the relationship between professional and non-professional teachers' evaluation competencies and its impact on testing complexities and student academic achievement in Nigeria. A simple questionnaire incorporating multiple statistical procedures was fashioned containing a range of questions that elicited information from 300 respondents on their perception of teachers' evaluation competencies. From the findings, it was revealed that professional teachers apply various evaluation techniques more effectively than non-professional teachers. Further, suggestions regarding measures that could help improve the employability of teachers were succinctly discussed. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40749116957	The genus Hyalomma koch, 1844: V. re-evaluation of the taxonomic rank of taxa comprising the H. (Euhyalomma) marginatum koch complex of species (Acari: Ixodidae) with redescription of all parasitic stages and notes on biology	Apanaskevich D.A., Horak I.G.	2008	International Journal of Acarology	34	1	None	United States National Tick Collection, Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056, United States; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Apanaskevich, D.A., United States National Tick Collection, Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056, United States; Horak, I.G., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	The systematic morphology of species within the Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) marginatum Koch complex of ticks is illustrated and their relationships within this assemblage are discussed. Traditionally this group comprises the extremely polymorphic species Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) marginatum Koch, 1844 subdivided into four subspecies, namely H. (E.) marginatum marginatum Koch, 1844; H. (E.) marginatum rufipes Koch, 1844; H. (E.) marginatum isaaci Sharif, 1928 and H. (E.) marginatum turanicum Pomerantzev, 1946. A fifth member of the association, namely H. (E.) glabrum Delpy, 1949, has recently been re-instated as a full species. The taxonomic rank of the first mentioned four ticks is herein raised to species level. Details on the repositories of type specimens, synonyms, descriptions, variability, hosts, geographic distribution, and disease relationships of these four ticks are provided, and all their developmental stages are illustrated.	Acari; Female; Geographic distribution; H (E.) isaaci sharif; H (E.) turanicum pomerantzev; H. (E.) marginatum koch; H. (E.) rufipes koch; Hyalomma (euhyalomma) marginatum koch complex; Ixodidae; Larva; Male; Nymph; Systematics	Acari; Hyalomma; Hyalomma marginatum; Hyalomma marginatum marginatum; Hyalomma marginatum rufipes; Hyalomma rufipes; Ixodida; Ixodidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40749131569	Evaluation of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) forage as a substitute for concentrate in diets of sheep	Assefa G., Kijora C., Kehaliew A., Bediye S., Peters K.J.	2008	Livestock Science	114	42403	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.017	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany	Assefa, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Kijora, C., Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Kehaliew, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bediye, S., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Peters, K.J., Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany	A feeding trial was carried out for 90 days to asses the supplementing effect of tagasaste forage as a substitute for a concentrate supplement (wheat bran-noug seed cake (Gizotia abyssinica) mixture in 3:1 proportion) using 24 Menz male sheep (initial weight of 18.3 ± 1.6 kg). The sheep were fed on natural pasture hay as basal diet. The treatments were iso-nitrogenous supplements of 100% concentrate offered at 200 g DM/sheep/day (T1), 67% concentrate + 33% tagasaste (T2), 33% concentrate + 67% tagasaste (T3) and 100% tagasaste (T4). Digestibility tests of treatment diets were done for 10 days following the feeding trial using the same experimental animals. At the end of the experiment, carcass parameters were also evaluated. In situ degradability of feeds was determined using three rumen fistulated crossbred steers. Tagasaste forage contains more CP (215 g/kg), ADF (221 g/kg), ADL (69 g/kg); and less NDF (351 g/kg) compared to the concentrate. The concentrate had a high immediately soluble fraction (a), and a low insoluble but potential degradable matter (b), while tagasaste had a low a and higher b values and the overall potential degradability was 755, 702, and 586 g/kg, for tagasaste, concentrate and natural pasture hay respectively. Tagasaste forage had also shown higher rates of degradation (c) compared to the concentrate which might increase the total effective degradability. In the feeding trial the supplements made 26.8, 27.0, 28.3 and 29% of the total dry matter (DM) intake for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Increasing the inclusion of tagasaste forage significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the daily total DM intake of the basal diet and total metabolizable energy (ME), and increased the CP intake. The average weight gain of sheep did not show significant difference (P > 0.05), but had a decreasing trend, with 44.4, 41.4, 38.9 and 38.1 g/sheep for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The in vivo digestibility of DM and nutrients generally followed the order of T1 > T2 > T3 > T4. The dressing percentage of the carcass was 40.4% and all other parameters measured did not show significant variation due to treatment diets (P > 0.05). However, weight of liver, kidney and spleen was higher for sheep fed with higher tagasaste forage diet. The result of this study revealed that tagasaste can substitute wheat bran-noug seed cake concentrate mixture as a protein supplement. Options to increase the low ME and minimize the effect of the anti nutritional factors will improve nutrient digestibility in tagasaste forage and will enhance the overall efficiency of feed utilization. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Carcass; Digestibility; In situ degradability; Intake; Sheep weight gain; Tagasaste	Animalia; Chamaecystis palmensis; Chamaecytisus palmensis; Equus asinus; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40849123775	Synthesis and evaluation of phosphine-N ligands in transition metal-catalysed C{single bond}C bond forming reactions	Williams D.B.G., Pretorius M.	2008	Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical	284	42371	10.1016/j.molcata.2008.01.007	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Williams, D.B.G., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Pretorius, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	A series of phosphino-imine and the corresponding phosphino-amine P,NR ligands (R = alkyl, aryl) was synthesised from the commercially available starting material 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde, including P,N bi-, tri- and tetradentate imine ligands, their secondary amine analogues, and also the methylated tertiary amine equivalents. As an extension, some P,NPPh2 and P,NPCy2 derivatives were also prepared from the same starting material. All of these ligands were successfully applied in catalytic reactions (Heck, cross-coupling and hydroformylation), and benchmarked against traditional ligands with satisfying results. While providing catalyst systems that were stable and generally acceptably active in comparison with the benchmarks, the Pd-ligand catalyst systems of this study were found to be especially active in Stille reactions. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Catalysis; Ligands; Palladium; Rhodium	Catalysis; Crosslinking; Ligands; Reaction rates; Synthesis (chemical); Catalyst systems; Catalytic reactions; Secondary amines; Tetradentate imine ligands; Transition metal compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40849127058	The impact of agricultural runoff on the quality of two streams in vegetable farm areas in Ghana	Ntow W.J., Drechsel P., Botwe B.O., Kelderman P., Gijzen H.J.	2008	Journal of Environmental Quality	37	2	10.2134/jeq2007.0136	CSIR Water Research Inst., P.O.Box AH 38, Achimota, Ghana; West Africa Office, International Water Management Inst., Accra, Ghana; Univ. of Ghana, Chemistry Dep., Legon, Ghana; UNESCO-IHE Inst. for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; UNESCO Jakarta Office, Regional Bureau for Science for Asia and Pacific, JI. Galuh II, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia	Ntow, W.J., CSIR Water Research Inst., P.O.Box AH 38, Achimota, Ghana; Drechsel, P., West Africa Office, International Water Management Inst., Accra, Ghana; Botwe, B.O., Univ. of Ghana, Chemistry Dep., Legon, Ghana; Kelderman, P., UNESCO-IHE Inst. for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; Gijzen, H.J., UNESCO Jakarta Office, Regional Bureau for Science for Asia and Pacific, JI. Galuh II, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia	A study of two small streams at Akumadan and Tono, Ghana, was undertaken during the rain and dry season periods between February 2005 and January 2006 to investigate the impact of vegetable field runoff on their quality. In each stream we compared the concentration of current-use pesticides in one site immediately upstream of a vegetable field with a second site immediately downstream. Only trace concentrations of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were detected at both sites in both streams in the dry season. In the wet season, rain-induced runoff transported pesticides into downstream stretches of the streams. Average peak levels in the streams themselves were 0.07 μg L -1 endosulfan, 0-02 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos (the Akumadan stream); 0.04 μg L-1 endosulfan, 0.02 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos (the Tono stream). Respective average pesticide levels associated with streambed sediment were 1.34 and 0.32 μg kg-1 (the Akumadan stream), and 0.92 and 0.84 μg kg-1 (the Tono stream). Further investigations are needed to establish the potential endosulfan and chlorpyrifos effects on aquatic invertebrate and fish in these streams. Meanwhile measures should be undertaken to reduce the input of these chemicals via runoff. Copyright © 2008 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	Animals; Pesticides; Stream flow; Water quality; Chlorpyrifos; Endosulfan; Streambed sediments; Vegetable field runoff; Agricultural runoff; chlorpyrifos; endosulfan; environmental chemical; pesticide; agricultural land; aquatic environment; article; chemical environment; concentration (parameters); crop production; environmental impact; fish; Ghana; invertebrate; nonhuman; rural area; seasonal variation; sediment; stream (river); vegetable; water contamination; water pollution; water quality; Agriculture; Chlorpyrifos; Endosulfan; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Ghana; Insecticides; Rivers; Seasons; Vegetables; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949099573	Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) strip for diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis in Hassoba school children, Afar, Ethiopia	Ayele B., Erko B., Legesse M., Hailu A., Medhin G.	2008	Parasite	15	1	None	Carter Center-Ethiopia, P.O. Box 13373, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ayele, B., Carter Center-Ethiopia, P.O. Box 13373, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Erko, B., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hailu, A., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Medhin, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A total of 206 urine samples collected from Hassoba Elementary schoolchildren, Afar, Ethiopia, a low Schistosoma haematobium endemic setting, was diagnosed to evaluate the performance of CCA strip using double references, urine filtration technique and urinalysis dipstick (Combur 10 Test®] that detect schistosome eggs and blood in urine, respectively. The former was used as a gold standard reference method. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the CCA were 52 %, 63.8 %, 56.7 % and 59 % respectively, with reference to urine filtration technique whereas these parameters were 50.4 %, 62.4 %, 55.6 % and 57.5 % respectively, with reference to Combur 10 Test®. 47 S. haematobium egg-positive children were found negative by CCA strip while 38 egg-negative children were found positive by CCA strip. Moreover, among the pre-tests done in duplicate, inconsistent results were also recorded. Assays were also compared with regard to the cost of equipment and reagents, speed and simplicity of use. Though CCA strip was found to be rapid and could be performed with minimal training, it was found to be expensive (US $ 4.95 per test) to use it for large-scale field use even if its diagnostic value would have been satisfactory. Further development and standardization of the CCA strip are required for its applicability for field use. It is also recommended that its cost per strip should be substantially cut down if it is to be used in poor schistosomiasis endemic countries.	Circulating cathodic antigen strip; Diagnosis; Ethiopia; Urinary schistosomiasis	CCA protein, Schistosoma mansoni; glycoprotein; helminth protein; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; animal; article; child; cost; economics; Ethiopia; female; filtration; human; isolation and purification; male; parasite identification; prediction and forecasting; preschool child; Schistosoma hematobium; sensitivity and specificity; test strip; urine; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Costs and Cost Analysis; Ethiopia; Female; Filtration; Glycoproteins; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Strips; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Schistosoma; Schistosoma haematobium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949133494	Heavy metals in mosquito larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya, and their impact	Mireji P.O., Keating J., Hassanali A., Mbogo C.M., Nyambaka H., Kahindi S., Beier J.C.	2008	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	70	1	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.03.012	Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of International Health and Development, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33177, United States	Mireji, P.O., Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Keating, J., Department of International Health and Development, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Hassanali, A., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbogo, C.M., Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Nyambaka, H., Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Kahindi, S., Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Beier, J.C., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33177, United States	Concentrations and distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in mosquito larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya and their effect on the presence of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles funestus larvae were investigated. Manganese and iron were the most prevalent heavy metals in water of larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, respectively. Iron was the most prevalent heavy metal in bottom sediments in larval habitats in both cities. The highest concentrations of all heavy metals, except cadmium and iron, were recorded in the poorly planned-well drained stratum in the two cities. All heavy metals were more concentrated in human-made than in natural larval habitats. Copper was positively associated with the presence of Ae. aegypti, and lead was associated with the presence of An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti in urban Kisumu. Absence of significant correlation between the other metals and mosquito species in both cities, despite relatively high concentrations, suggest that the local larval populations, including key malaria vectors have adapted to the detected levels of these metals. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Heavy metals; Human-made habitats; Larval habitats; Mosquitoes; Natural habitats; Strata; Tolerance	cadmium; chromium; copper; heavy metal; iron; lead; manganese; zinc; adaptation; concentration (composition); habitat quality; heavy metal; larva; mosquito; pollution effect; pollution tolerance; spatial distribution; urban area; adaptation; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; concentration (parameters); Culex quinquefasciatus; disease carrier; habitat; Kenya; larva; malaria; mosquito; nonhuman; sediment; species composition; urban area; water pollution; Animals; Cities; Culicidae; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Kenya; Larva; Metals, Heavy; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Africa; Coast Province; East Africa; Kenya; Kilifi; Kisumu; Malindi; Nyanza; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949137714	Impact of postnatal depression on infants' growth in Nigeria	Adewuya A.O., Ola B.O., Aloba O.O., Mapayi B.M., Okeniyi J.A.O.	2008	Journal of Affective Disorders	108	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jad.2007.09.013	Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Nigeria; Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences. O	Adewuya, A.O., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Nigeria; Ola, B.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Aloba, O.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Mapayi, B.M., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Okeniyi, J.A.O., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences. Obafemi Awolowo University. Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background: The contribution of maternal postnatal depression to infant growth and under-nutrition in Africa has not been well studied. This study aims to examine the impact of postnatal depression (PND) on infants' physical growth in the first 9 months of life in Nigeria. Methods: A longitudinal case controlled study in which 242 women (consisting of 120 depressed and 122 matched non-depressed postpartum women) had their infants' weight and length measured at the 6th week, 3rd month, 6th month and 9th month after delivery. Discontinuation with breastfeeding and illnesses like diarrhoea, persistent vomiting, fever and cough were also recorded at these periods. Results: Infants of depressed mothers had statistically significant poorer growth than infants of non-depressed mothers at the 3rd month (weight OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.30-8.52; length OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.03-10.47) and the 6th month postpartum (weight OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.36-13.20; length OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.18-9.52). Depressed mothers were more likely to stop breastfeeding earlier and their infants more likely to have episodes of diarrhoea and other infectious illnesses. Limitations: Psychiatric interview was conducted only once (at 6 weeks postpartum), our sample size was moderate and we did not account for mothers who had been depressed in pregnancy. Conclusion: Prevention of postnatal depression and close monitoring of the growth of infants of depressed mothers should be integrated into maternal and child health policies in this region. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Breastfeeding; Cross-cultural; Infants' growth; Postnatal depression	article; body weight; breast feeding education; child growth; coughing; diarrhea; disease association; female; fever; human; interview; major clinical study; Nigeria; patient monitoring; priority journal; psychologic test; puerperal depression; vomiting; Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Depression, Postpartum; Developing Countries; Diarrhea, Infantile; Failure to Thrive; Female; Health Surveys; History, Ancient; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nigeria; Risk Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949147067	The importance of theory in shaping social impact monitoring: Lessons from the Berg River Dam, South Africa	Rossouw N., Malan S.	2007	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	25	4	10.3152/146155107X246305	TCTA (Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority), 3 Reservoir Street-East, Franschhoek 7690, South Africa	Rossouw, N., TCTA (Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority), 3 Reservoir Street-East, Franschhoek 7690, South Africa; Malan, S., TCTA (Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority), 3 Reservoir Street-East, Franschhoek 7690, South Africa	The outputs and outcome of a social-monitoring programme is a direct result of the theoretical framework used by the practitioner. One approach is to adopt social impact monitoring frameworks that identify impacts through a deductive process of objective rationality. This often results in checklist reporting and a myopic focus on predetermined themes (such as employment, housing, education, health). This approach blinds the practitioner to issues that fall outside their frame of analysis. This paper is a narrative reflection by the authors on the changing theoretical frameworks evident at the different stages of social monitoring on the Berg River Dam. Lessons learnt are that: the purpose of social monitoring is to promote social sustainability; explicit theoretical models at each stage of the environmental assessment and management process (that is, at the social impact assessment, environmental management plan (EMP) design and EMP implementation stage) are imperative to guide the monitoring programme; and for social monitoring to become dynamic it needs to develop in a reflexive and inductive manner. © IAIA 2007.	Berg River Dam; Enviromental management plans; Social impact monitoring; Social science theory; Social sustainability model; South Africa	environmental assessment; environmental management; environmental monitoring; environmental planning; social impact; sustainability; Africa; Berg River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949156798	Superiority in competition for light: A crucial attribute defining the impact of the invasive alien tree Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) in South African savanna	Iponga D.M., Milton S.J., Richardson D.M.	2008	Journal of Arid Environments	72	5	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.10.001	Centre for Invasion Biology, Conservation Ecology Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Iponga, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Conservation Ecology Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Milton, S.J., Centre for Invasion Biology, Conservation Ecology Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Invasion of ecosystems by woody alien plant species is a widespread phenomenon. Interspecific competition has often been suggested as a mechanism for replacement of one species by another, but this is rarely tested. We investigated the potential of an invasive alien tree to transform vegetation by quantifying the relative abilities of the alien tree Schinus molle and dominant native trees Acacia tortilis and Rhus lancea to compete for light when growing in association within a South African semi-arid savanna. Due to dispersal of its fruits by birds, seedlings of S. molle establish under tree canopies. Using canopy symmetry as an index of ability to compete for light, we found that the alien S. molle consistently out-competes the dominant native tree species. The results also show that pod production of A. tortilis was higher when it grew alone compared to when it grew with S. molle or R. lancea. The percentage of dead branches was higher on A. tortilis trees growing in association with the S. molle. The outcome is that the alien tree will gradually increase in abundance, changing woodland structure and ecosystem processes. Our findings provide evidence for the role of competition in the process of alien plant invasions. We suggest that S. molle, previously considered a benign naturalized species in South Africa, should be declared a noxious weed in some parts of that country. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biological invasions; Coefficient of tree symmetry (TS); Shade; Symmetry technique; Woodland structure	abundance; angiosperm; biological invasion; dominance; ecosystem structure; interspecific competition; invasive species; light availability; native species; savanna; semiarid region; Africa; Acacia; Acacia tortilis; Anacardiaceae; Aves; Hedera; Lancea; Schinus molle; Searsia lancea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41049094176	Assessment of the impact of irrigation with low-quality mine water on virgin and rehabilitated soils in the upper olifants basin	Idowu O.A., Lorentz S.A., Annandale J.G., McCartney M.P., Jovanovic N.Z.	2008	Mine Water and the Environment	27	1	10.1007/s10230-007-0010-8	Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Bioresources, Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 002, South Africa; International Water Management Institute Sub-Regional Office, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Idowu, O.A., Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Lorentz, S.A., School of Bioresources, Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Annandale, J.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 002, South Africa; McCartney, M.P., International Water Management Institute Sub-Regional Office, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jovanovic, N.Z., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Low-quality mine water from collieries may be used in large quantities to irrigate agricultural crops on virgin (unmined) and rehabilitated soils in South Africa. Such a use could enhance crop production and allow environmentally sustainable mine water disposal. In this study, the volume and qualities of the runoff from two centre pivots irrigated with moderately saline mine water, as well as their soil water salinities, were monitored and used to determine water and salt balances, using the modified ACRU agrohydrological model, ACRU2000, and its salinity module, ACRUSalinity. At both sites, much of the water evaporated, while a significant part of the salt input either precipitated or remained with the water in the soil horizons. A higher percentage of drainage water (and salinity) were retained as ground water storage and a lower percentage of runoff occurred in the rehabilitated sandy loam soil, while a higher percentage of salts accompanied runoff in the virgin clayey soils. Simulated salt saturation values indicate that many crops could be successfully irrigated at 100% yield potential at either site. Electrical resistivity surveys were carried out at both sites. A general decrease in resistivities with depth in both the virgin and rehabilitated soils reflected the decreasing influence of the mine water used for irrigation with depth and the precipitation of salts in the soils close to the ground surface. The occurrence of a thicker, low-resistivity, near-surface layer near the exit of each pivot area indicates that the water and salt content of the subsurface increased in the direction that the surface and near-surface irrigation water flowed. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41049111949	Herder perceptions on impacts of range enclosures, crop farming, fire ban and bush encroachment on the rangelands of Borana, Southern Ethiopia	Angassa A., Oba G.	2008	Human Ecology	36	2	10.1007/s10745-007-9156-z	Noragric, Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, Ås N-1432, Norway; College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Awassa, Ethiopia	Angassa, A., Noragric, Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, Ås N-1432, Norway, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Awassa, Ethiopia; Oba, G., Noragric, Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, Ås N-1432, Norway	This study focuses on community-based knowledge to analyze the impacts of range enclosures, crop farming, fire suppression and bush encroachment on the communal rangelands of Borana, southern Ethiopia. The knowledge of local herders is the basis for decision making in the utilization and management of grazing lands. We used Borana oral history associated with the period of the gada system to reconstruct environmental change that spans a period of 48 years. Our results show that the use of communities' perceptions as a basis for evaluating the impacts of land use change on the environment makes an important methodological contribution. Communities' responses to changing land use resulted in the development of range enclosures, the expansion of crop farming and the fragmentation of the communal rangelands, while the suppression of fire contributed to the expansion of bush encroachment. The overall impact was forage scarcity and greater vulnerability of stock during drought years. We conclude that policymakers could use communities' knowledge of environmental change to improve the use of the rangelands. We propose that sustainable use of the southern rangelands in the future will require a greater focus on regulating the expansion of enclosures, crop farming and ranching, as well as reintroducing fire where necessary, to control the expansion of bush cover. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.	Bush encroachment; Community perception; Environmental history; Fire ban; Land use Policy; Rangeland development	crop production; decision making; environmental change; environmental history; farmers knowledge; fire; grazing management; land use change; perception; rangeland; Africa; Borana; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41149107338	Evaluation of spectrophotometric methods for screening of green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and green honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) extracts for high levels of bio-active compounds	Joubert E., Manley M., Botha M.	2008	Phytochemical Analysis	19	2	10.1002/pca.1033	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Joubert, E., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Manley, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Botha, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	The potential of UV spectrophotometry and an aluminium chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method to determine the dihydrochalcone (DHC) and mangiferin contents of green rooibos and honeybush (C. genistoides) extracts, respectively, was investigated. The DHC content of rooibos water extracts, determined using UV spectroscopy, correlated with the sum of the aspalathin and nothofagin contents as quantified using HPLC (r = 0.98). A correlation coefficient of 0.91 was obtained when correlating the mangiferin content of C. genistodies methanol extracts, determined by the AlCl3 colorimetric method, with the results obtained by HPLC. Using the linear equations from the correlations it was possible to predict the DHC and mangiferin contents of extracts from the respective spectrophotometric measurements to a reasonable accuracy as an alternative to HPLC. The total polyphenol (TP) content of rooibos water extracts can also be determined using UV spectrophotometry and aspalathin as a standard (r = 0.99) as an alternative to the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The TP content of rooibos extracts correlated (r = 0.99) with its total antioxidant activity (TAA) as determined with the ABTS radical cation scavenging assay, but the TP content of C. genistoides water extracts is not a good indication of their TAA (r = 0.27). The aspalathin content of rooibos extracts correlated with their TAA (r = 0.96), but the mangiferin content of honeybush water extracts only gave a moderate correlation with their TAA (r = 0.75). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	Aspalathin; Aspalathus linearis; Cyclopia genistoides; Dihydrochalcone; Honeybush; Mangiferin; Rooibos; Screening methods	aluminum chloride; antioxidant; aspalathin; Aspalathus linearis extract; chalcone derivative; Cyclopia genistoides extract; dihydrochalcone; mangiferin; methanol; natural product; nothofagin; plant extract; polyphenol; unclassified drug; accuracy; antioxidant activity; article; Aspalathus; Aspalathus linearis; colorimetry; correlation analysis; correlation coefficient; Cyclopia genistoides; drug screening; drug structure; high performance liquid chromatography; linear system; prediction; quantitative analysis; scavenging system; ultraviolet spectrophotometry; Aluminum Compounds; Aspalathus; Chalcones; Chlorides; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colorimetry; Cyclopia Plant; Molecular Structure; Plant Extracts; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Water; Xanthones; Aspalathus linearis; Cyclopia genistoides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41149109021	The impact of water shortage on forest resources - The case of Uganda	Kafeero F.	2007	Unasylva	58	229	None	Environmental Alert, Kampala, Uganda	Kafeero, F., Environmental Alert, Kampala, Uganda	The scarcity of water resources in Uganda due to climate change has weakened the country's hydropower generation. To meet the demand for power, the country resorted to using expensive thermal power, which increased electricity tariffs per unit of domestic consumption. The people turned to woodfuels for energy, increasing their dependence on tree and forest products, which then resulted to an increased deforestation in unsustainably managed forests, as suppliers seek to meet the increased demand and take advantage of the skyrocketing fuel price. As the country experienced high rains, electricity generation levels have not recovered. The heavy rains wash away bare soils, increasing the problem of siltation. If extreme dry condition set in, this cycle will be further exacerbated, posing a threat to human life today and the years to come.	None	climate change; deforestation; forest management; forest product; forest resource; fuelwood; power generation; resource scarcity; water resource; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41149112321	Impact of dredging on water quality and rotifers of the Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria	Ogbeibu A.E., Anozia C.A.	2007	International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences	33	4	None	Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Ogbeibu, A.E., Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Anozia, C.A., Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	The effect of dredging on the water quality and rotifers of the Ikpoba River was investigated at four stations-including an upstream control station (station 1). Air and water temperature, and water level were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the stations. However, transparency, turbidity, flow rate, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and total solids differed significantly among the stations. The a posteriori Duncan Multiple Range test revealed that transparency was significantly higher (P < 0.001) at station 1 than at the other stations which were not significantly different (P > 0.05), while turbidity was significantly lower at station 1 than the other stations. The total solids (suspended and dissolved) were also significantly lower (P < 0.01) at station 1 than at the other stations which never differed significantly. Among the chemical parameters, only pH, conductivity and iron were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the stations; pH and iron were lower in station 1 than in the other stations while conductivity was significantly higher in station 1 than in the other stations. All the parameters in stations 2, 3 and 4 were not significantly different from one another. With the exception of transparency, flow rate and conductivity, all significant parameters were higher at the dredged stations than at the control station. A total of 12 taxa of rotifers representing 8 families were recorded at station 1, but not a single individual of rotifers was recorded in the dredged stations. Dredging caused many potentially adverse environmental impacts such as change in underwater topography, increase in turbidity and suspended solids concentration, depletion of oxygen content, removal of plants and rotifers. These factors ultimately affected the biological interactions between species at different tropic levels, which was reflected in the rotifer distribution and abundance. © National Institute of Ecology.	Dredging; River; Rotifers; Tropics; Water quality	concentration (composition); dredging; ecological impact; river water; suspended load; trophic conditions; turbidity; water quality; Africa; Edo; Ikpoba River; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Rotifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41149119106	The design of advanced performance high strength low-carbon martensitic armour steels. Microstructural considerations	Maweja K., Stumpf W.	2008	Materials Science and Engineering A	480	42371	10.1016/j.msea.2007.07.078	Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Maweja, K., Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Stumpf, W., Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Neither a higher hardness nor higher mechanical properties (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, impact energy, and %elongation) appear to be exclusive or even reliable criteria for predicting the ballistic performance of martensitic armour steels, as shown in our previous work [K. Maweja, W.E. Stumpf, Mater. Sci. Eng. A (February), submitted for publication]. An alternative design methodology for tempered martensitic armour steels is, therefore, proposed which is based on the effect of retained austenite on the ratio of the yield to ultimate tensile strength (YS/UTS), the microstructure of the tempered martensite and its martensite start temperature Ms. This approach was developed using 6 mm thick armour plates and later was successfully applied to the design of eight experimental armour steels with plate thicknesses ranging from 4.7 to 5.2 mm and tested by the standard R4 (5.56 mm rounds) ballistic test. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ballistic performance; Design; Martensitic armour steels; Microstructure; YS/UTS	Ballistics; Martensite; Mechanical testing; Metallographic microstructure; Plate metal; Tensile strength; Ballistic performance; Ballistic test; Martensitic armour steels; Ultimate tensile strength; Carbon steel; Ballistics; Carbon steel; Martensite; Mechanical testing; Metallographic microstructure; Plate metal; Tensile strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41149139281	Evaluation of some weed control treatments for long season weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) under zero and minimum tillage at Samaru, in Nigeria	Ishaya D.B., Tunku P., Kuchinda N.C.	2008	Crop Protection	27	7	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.11.020	Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zarioa, Nigeria; College of Agriculture, Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria	Ishaya, D.B., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zarioa, Nigeria; Tunku, P., College of Agriculture, Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Kuchinda, N.C., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zarioa, Nigeria	The effect of weed control treatments for long season control of weeds in maize under zero and minimum tillage was evaluated at Samara in northern Nigeria. Among the weed control treatments evaluated, soil ridging plus application of either 2,4-D or atrazine at 1.5 kg a.i/ha performed well as they effectively controlled weeds and resulted in better growth and a grain yield that was comparable to the hand weed control. Maize production under minimum tillage was better than under zero tillage. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Herbicides; Maize; Season; Tillage; Weed	atrazine; growth response; herbicide; maize; tillage; weed control; zero tillage; Africa; Kaduna [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Samaru; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41249087968	Economic performance of the 'push-pull' technology for stemborer and Striga control in smallholder farming systems in western Kenya	Khan Z.R., Midega C.A.O., Njuguna E.M., Amudavi D.M., Wanyama J.M., Pickett J.A.	2008	Crop Protection	27	7	10.1016/j.cropro.2008.01.005	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 25093, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya; Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20107, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kitale, P.O. Box 450, Kitale 30200, Kenya; Biological Chemistry Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom	Khan, Z.R., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Midega, C.A.O., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Njuguna, E.M., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 25093, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya; Amudavi, D.M., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20107, Kenya; Wanyama, J.M., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kitale, P.O. Box 450, Kitale 30200, Kenya; Pickett, J.A., Biological Chemistry Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom	The 'push-pull' technology (PPT), developed in Africa, offers effective control of cereal stemborers and Striga weed in maize-based cropping systems. It involves intercropping maize with desmodium, Desmodium uncinatum, with Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, planted as border around this intercrop. Desmodium repels the stemborer moths (push) that are subsequently attracted to the Napier grass (pull). Desmodium also suppresses and eliminates Striga. We assessed economic performance of this technology compared to the conventional maize mono- and maize-bean intercropping systems in six districts in western Kenya over 4-7 years. Ten farmers were randomly recruited in each district and each planted three plots representing the three cropping systems. The cost-benefit analyses were carried out, together with the systems' net returns to land and labour and their discounted net present values (NPV). Maize grain yields and associated gross margins from the PPT system were significantly higher than those in the other two systems. Although the production costs were significantly higher in the PPT than in the two cropping systems in the first cropping year, these reduced to either the same level or significantly lower than in the maize-bean intercrop from the second year onwards in most of the districts. Similarly, the net returns to land and labour with the PPT were significantly higher than with the other two systems. The PPT consistently produced positive NPV when the incremental flows of its benefits compared to those of the two conventional systems were discounted at 10-30%, indicating that PPT is more profitable than the other two systems under realistic production assumptions. PPT is thus a viable option for enhancing productivity and diversification for smallholder farmers who largely depend on limited land resource. Hence, enhancing farmers' access to less costly planting materials and promoting quality education and training in the use of this knowledge-intensive technology could stimulate its successful adoption. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Gross margins; Kenya; Push-pull; Stemborer; Striga	agricultural worker; comparative study; cost-benefit analysis; crop production; crop yield; dicotyledon; grass; intercropping; parasitic plant; pest control; recruitment (population dynamics); stem borer; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Desmodium; Desmodium uncinatum; Lepidoptera; Nucleopolyhedrovirus; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Striga; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41249088459	Fabrication and performance testing of gas sensors based on organic thin films	Katana G., Musyoki A.	2007	Journal of Polymer Materials	24	4	None	Department of Physics, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Physics, Catholic University of East Africa, P.O. Box 62157, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya	Katana, G., Department of Physics, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Musyoki, A., Department of Physics, Catholic University of East Africa, P.O. Box 62157, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya	Electrical properties of organic thin films have been studied, to determine the suitability of these materials in the fabrication of gas sensors. Thin sandwich film devices ofpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) were prepared using aluminium (Al) as electrode material. The current - voltage (I - V) characteristics of the devices were measured. The devices Al / PMMA /Al and Al / PS/Al exhibited memory switching. The transition voltage during switching was 1V in pure Al / PS/Al and 3V in Al / PMMA /Al devices. The effects of doping, irradiating and annealing on the memory in Al / PMMA /Al and Al / PS/Al devices have been investigated. Irradiated pure polymer devices showed both threshold and memory switching. The threshold voltage (Vth) increased proportionally to irradiation time. Iodine doped PS devices showed a decrease in the Vth with irradiation time and in contrast to the pure polymer devices, memory was erased after 2-4 minutes of irradiation. Threshold switching completely disappeared after irradiating the doped PS devices for 88 minutes. In the doped Al / PS /Al devices that were not irradiated, the recovery time after switching decreased with iodine concentration whereas the threshold voltage Vth increased with the concentration. In the PMMA devices, Vth increased with irradiation time in both pure and doped films. Memory was erased after 8-10 minutes of irradiation. The recovery times of the doped devices indicate potentiality in using PS and PMMA thin films for gas sensing. © MD Publications Pvt. Ltd.	Organic thin films devices; Switching	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41249100615	Evaluation of a Novel Slow-Release Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent With a Bioabsorbable Polymeric Surface Coating	Jabara R., Chronos N., Conway D., Molema W., Robinson K.	2008	JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions	1	1	10.1016/j.jcin.2007.11.009	Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States; DISA Vascular Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa	Jabara, R., Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States; Chronos, N., Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States; Conway, D., DISA Vascular Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa; Molema, W., DISA Vascular Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa; Robinson, K., Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States	Objectives: We sought to evaluate a new second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES), comprising a slow-release biodegradable polylactide coglycolide (PLGA) polymer and low-dose paclitaxel on a thin-strut cobalt chromium stent platform, in a clinically relevant animal model. Background: Our previous work demonstrated subacute vascular toxicity and necrosis triggering late excess neointima in pig coronaries, with a moderate paclitaxel dose eluted from an erodible polymer. The use of slower-releasing absorbable polymers with lower doses of paclitaxel is expected to minimize such adverse outcomes. Methods: Three types of stents were implanted in pig coronary arteries using quantitative coronary angiography to optimize stent apposition: bare-metal stents (BMS); absorbable, slow-release polymer-coated-only stents (POLY); and absorbable polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents (PACL). The dose density of paclitaxel was 0.15 μg/mm2 with in vitro studies demonstrating a gradual elution over the course of 12 to 16 weeks. Animals underwent angiographic restudy and were terminated at 1 and 3 months for complete histopathologic and histomorphometric analyses. Results: At 1 month, intimal thickness varied significantly according to stent type, with the lowest level for the PACL group compared with the BMS and POLY groups (0.06 ± 0.02 mm vs. 0.17 ± 0.07 mm, 0.17 ± 0.08 mm, respectively, p &lt; 0.001); histological percent area stenosis was 18 ± 4% for PACL compared with 27 ± 7% for BMS and 30 ± 12% for POLY, respectively (p = 0.001). At 3 months, PACL showed similar neointimal thickness as BMS and POLY (0.09 ± 0.05 mm vs. 0.13 ± 0.10 mm and 0.11 ± 0.03 mm respectively, p = 0.582). Histological percent area stenosis was 23 ± 8% for PACL versus 23 ± 11% for BMS and 23 ± 2% for POLY, respectively (p = 1.000). Conclusions: This study shows favorable vascular compatibility and efficacy for a novel DES that elutes paclitaxel in porcine coronary arteries. These results support the notion that slowing the release rate and lowering the dose of paclitaxel favorably influences the vascular biological response to DES implant, decreasing early toxicity and promoting stable healing while still suppressing neointima formation. © 2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation.	None	acetylsalicylic acid; chromium; clopidogrel; cobalt; heparin; metal; paclitaxel; polyglactin; polymer; acute toxicity; angiocardiography; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; artery intima proliferation; article; biocompatibility; biodegradability; biological activity; bleeding; blood vessel compliance; controlled drug release; controlled study; coronary artery; drug efficacy; drug eluting stent; elution; heart catheterization; heparinization; histopathology; in vitro study; low drug dose; material coating; morphometrics; nonhuman; preoperative care; priority journal; quantitative analysis; stenosis; vascular necrosis; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Coronary Disease; Coronary Vessels; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Carriers; Drug-Eluting Stents; Lactic Acid; Paclitaxel; Polyglycolic Acid; Prosthesis Design; Swine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41349106751	Diclofenac sodium delivery to the eye: In vitro evaluation of novel solid lipid nanoparticle formulation using human cornea construct	Attama A.A., Reichl S., Müller-Goymann C.C.	2008	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	355	02-Jan	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.007	Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria	Attama, A.A., Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Reichl, S., Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Müller-Goymann, C.C., Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany	Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared with a combination of homolipid from goat (goat fat) and phospholipid, and evaluated for diclofenac sodium (DNa) delivery to the eye using bio-engineered human cornea, produced from immortalized human corneal endothelial cells (HENC), stromal fibroblasts and epithelial cells CEPI 17 CL 4. Encapsulation efficiency was high and sustained release of DNa and high permeation through the bio-engineered cornea were achieved. Results obtained in this work showed that permeation of DNa through the cornea construct was improved by formulation as SLN modified with phospholipid. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diclofenac sodium; Drug permeation; Human cornea construct; Ocular drug delivery; Solid lipid nanoparticles; Surface modification	diclofenac; phosphatidylcholine; solid lipid nanoparticle; article; cornea; differential scanning calorimetry; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug instillation; drug penetration; drug release; encapsulation; eye; human; in vitro study; particle size; priority journal; X ray diffraction; zeta potential; Algorithms; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biological Transport, Active; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cornea; Diclofenac; Drug Compounding; Eye; Humans; Lipids; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Permeability; Solubility; Tissue Engineering; X-Ray Diffraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41449088732	Performance, carcass characteristics and economy of production of broilers fed maize-grit and brewers dried grain replacing maize	Anyanwu G.A., Iheukwumere F.C., Emerole C.O.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics and	Anyanwu, G.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Emerole, C.O., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial involving ninety-six (96) four weeks old broiler chicks was conducted to investigate the effect of total replacement of maize with different combination ratios of maize grit and Brewers Dried Grain (BDG) on the performance, carcass characteristics and economy of finisher broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated by substituting maize with maize grit and BDG in the ratio of T1 (0%); T2 (3:1-45 + 15); T 3 (1:1-30 + 30) and T4 (1:3-15 + 45) respectively. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatment diets. Each experimental unit of 24 birds was replicated twice giving 12 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. Body weight and weight gain per feed intake through higher at high cost with the control diet improved in cheaper diets formulated with maize grit and BDG. There was no consistency in the carcass characteristics of the groups particularly among the internal organs showing that dietary maize grit ad BDG could not pose any discernible nutritional problems that might manifest in the carcass of the broilers. Cheaper feed formulated with maize grit and BDG gave the higher gross margins especially diet 4. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broilers; Carcass; Economy of production; Maize; Maize grit-brewers dried grain; Performance	Aves; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41449093134	Photometric application of the MTT- and NRR-assays as biomarkers for the evaluation of cytotoxicity ex vivo in Eisenia andrei	Maleri R.A., Fourie F., Reinecke A.J., Reinecke S.A.	2008	Soil Biology and Biochemistry	40	5	10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.11.024	Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	Maleri, R.A., Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Fourie, F., Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Reinecke, A.J., Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Reinecke, S.A., Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	In soils, the toxicity of noxious substances such as metals is determined by a number of different factors of chemical, physical, biological, and environmental origin. Addressing these factors as a sum of different parameters, we studied these effects in soil-dwelling indicator species by using 'sub-cellular' biomarkers, to see if they can provide an early stage response to environmental disturbances. 'Sub-cellular' biomarkers such as the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and the Neutral Red Retention (NRR) assays are well established for the assessment of cytotoxicity of toxicants on cell cultures. Both assays can be carried out in 96-well microplates and evaluated photometrically. To be able to assess the risk potential of contaminated soils using these assays, without changing the soils chemically or physically to accommodate cell cultures, the assays were adapted for ex vivo use. The assays were performed on coelomic liquid extracted from exposed earthworms. Eisenia andrei was exposed in a standardized laboratory soil substrate (OECD soil) spiked with cadmium at a range of concentrations known to be cytotoxic to earthworms. Earthworms were also exposed to ultramafic soils as field-relevant soil substrates, containing high concentrations of a mixture of metals of natural origin such as chromium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel. A significant response was measured with both assays in the coelomocytes of the earthworms exposed to the Cd-spiked OECD soil as well as to the ultramafic soils. It was shown that as biomarkers for the assessment of 'sub-cellular' toxicity, the photometrical application of the MTT and the NRR assay promised to be rapid, objective, and easily conductible tools. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biomarker; Cadmium; Cytotoxicity; Earthworms; MTT; Neutral Red Retention; Ultramafic soil	Bioassay; Biomarkers; Cadmium; Cytotoxicity; Photometry; Earthworms; Neutral Red Retention; Ultramafic soil; Soils; bioassay; biomarker; cadmium; concentration (composition); earthworm; environmental disturbance; photometer; soil pollution; toxicity test; Eisenia andrei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549090575	Evaluation of growth traits and short-term laying performance of three different strains of chicken in the derived savannah zone of Nigeria	Ojedapo L.O., Akinokun O., Adedeji T.A., Olayeni T.B., Ameen S.A., Ige A.O., Amao S.R.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Ojedapo, L.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Akinokun, O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adedeji, T.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Olayeni, T.B., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ameen, S.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ige, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Amao, S.R., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Growth evaluation and short-term egg laying performance of 360 commercial layers of three different strains, Brown shaver (BRS), Nera black (NB) and Black shaver (BLS) were studied at day old, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. Parameters measured were bodyweight, body length, breast girth and keel length. Body weight and other body dimensions were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by strain of chickens. Nera black layers consistently had the highest body parameters at all ages. Generally, body parameters increased with increasing age of the birds. The correlation coefficients amongst the body parameters revealed positively high and significant (P<0.05) relationship. Traits considered for egg laying performance were egg number and egg weight. Strains significantly (P<0.05) affected mean egg number and egg weight at weeks 4, 7 and 8; and 12, 13 and 15 respectively. BRS laid more eggs per bird than other genotypes, followed by NB and BLS, the least. Egg weight was highest in BRS, NB and BLS in that order. Estimates of correlation coefficient showed that the traits being considered are mostly positive but with low correlation of egg number to egg weight for BRS and BLS. Phenotypic correlations of egg traits were found to be negative between egg number and egg weights in NB. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Derived savannah; Nera; Shaver; Short-term; Strains	Aves; Bovine respiratory syncytial virus; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549092364	Effect of three sources of fibre and period of feeding on the performance, carcase measures, organs relative weight and meat quality in broilers	Iyayi E.A., Ogunsola O., Ijaya R.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	9	10.3923/ijps.2005.695.700	Institut für Enährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Strasse 26, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Institut für Enährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Strasse 26, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunsola, O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ijaya, R., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	One hundred and fifty male broilers were used in a 3 × 3 factorial design to evaluate the effect of 3 periods (4, 8 and 12 weeks) and 3 fibre sources namely; brewer's dried grain (BDG), palm kernel meal (PKM) and corn bran (CB) in place of maize on the performance, carcase measures and meat quality in the birds. A sensory evaluation to determine the overall acceptability of the meat was also carried out. Four diets were formulated consisting of a basal diet containing none of the test fibre ingredients. In the remaining 3 diets, either of BDG, CB or PKM was used to replace 40% of the maize. A separate balance study was also carried out to determine the digestibility of nutrients in the birds. BDG, CB and PKM significantly (p<0.01) reduced the weight and feed conversion in the birds but period of feeding resulted in increased body weights of the birds. BDG, CB and PKM significantly (p<0.01) reduced the eviscerated weights and the weights of carcase parts but period significantly (p<0.01) increased them. Dietary treatment, period and their interaction significantly (p<0.01) reduced the abdominal fat in the birds and caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in the lengths of the duodenum, ileum, caecum and colon as well as the weight of the intestines. Digestibility of nutrients was significantly (p<0.1) reduced in birds on the fibre diets. The shear force values in carcase parts were significantly increased in the BDG, CB and PKM diets while the cooking loss was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in these diets. Period and interaction with dietary treatment also caused a significant (p<0.01) reduction in cooking loss. Tenderness, flavour and juiciness were significantly (p<0.01) influenced by period and not treatment but overall acceptability of the meat was significantly (p<0.05) increased by both factors. Results of the study suggest 1) 40% BDG, CB and PKM replacement of maize has a negative effect on the weight gain and feed conversion of broilers, 2) 40 % level of BDG, CB and PKM caused an increase in the weights and lengths of the visceral organs and reduced carcase weight in broilers, 3) production of broilers up 10-12 weeks on 40% BDG, CB or PKM diet resulted in creased flavour, juiciness, higher shear force, reduced tenderness, reduced cooking loss but increased general acceptability of broiler meat. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Broilers; Carcass; Fibre sources; Performance; Period	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549099714	Rumen degradation characteristics of sweet potato foliage and performance by local and crossbred calves fed milk and foliage from three cultivars	Etela I., Larbi A., Bamikole M.A., Ikhatua U.J., Oji U.I.	2008	Livestock Science	115	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.004	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Animal Scien	Etela, I., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Larbi, A., International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Bamikole, M.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Ikhatua, U.J., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Oji, U.I., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	The study investigated rumen dry matter (DM) degradability characteristics in a completely randomized design and the effects of milk, sweet potato foliage (SPF) from three cultivars (A = TIS-87/0087; B = TIS-8164; C = TIS-2532.OP.1.13), dried brewers' grains (DBG) and cottonseed meal (CSM) as supplements to Panicum maximum (Panicum) for pre-weaned calves in randomized complete block designs. Diet 1 = milk + SPF-A foliage + Panicum, Diet 2 = milk + SPF-B foliage + Panicum, Diet 3 = milk + SPF-C foliage + Panicum, and Diet 4 = milk + DBG &amp; CSM + Panicum (as control). Dry matter (130 ± 0.4 to 864 ± 3.9 g kg- 1), ash (54 ± 4.2 to 173 ± 2.8 g kg- 1 DM), OM (827 ± 4.2 to 946 ± 5.7 g kg- 1 DM), N (7.4 ± 0.6 to 38.6 ± 1.4 g kg- 1 DM), and NDF (439 ± 1.4 to 774 ± 8.5 g kg- 1 DM) contents were highly significant (P &lt; 0.01). In Trial I, 16 pre-weaned calves were used over 70 d with milk intake (34.8 ± 4.4 ml kg W- 0.75 d- 1), Panicum DMI (22.3 ± 2.77 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1), total DMI (35.7 ± 2.83 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1), and LWG (198 ± 44.6 g d- 1) not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05). Supplement DMI varied (P &lt; 0.05) from 11.6 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1 in Diet 3 to 16.6 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1 in Diet 4. In Trial II, 16 pre-weaned local and crossbred calves were involved over 77 d with initial age of calves, Panicum intake, metabolic DMI, and LWG similar (P &gt; 0.05) among crosses. Birthweight varied (P &lt; 0.05) from 17.3 kg for N'Dama × Jersey crosses to 21.2 kg for White Fulani × Brown Swiss crosses. Supplement and total DMI ranged (P &lt; 0.05) from 172 to 483 g d- 1 for N'Dama × Jersey crosses to 233 and 674 g d- 1 for non-inseminate or purebred calves, respectively. The LWG in the White Fulani × Brown Swiss and the N'Dama × Jersey calves were respectively 30% and 24% better, though not significantly, than purebred calves. In Trial III, rumen DM degradability characteristics of feeds in three N'Dama steers showed no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in slowly degradable fraction (b) and rate of degradation of b (c). Soluble fraction (a), 48-h degradation, potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) varied significantly (P &lt; 0.05) and were lowest in Panicum, but similar for foliage among the three sweet potato cultivars. Panicum fodder showed improvements in degradation characteristics with supplementation. © 2007.	Cultivars; Milk intake; Pre-weaned calves; Rumen degradation characteristics; Sweet potato foliage	Animalia; Dama; Ipomoea batatas; Micropus; Panicum; Panicum maximum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549121471	Evaluation of core and surface body temperatures, prevalence, onset, duration and severity of hot flashes in men after bilateral orchidectomy for prostate cancer	Aziz N.A., Heyns C.F.	2008	International Braz J Urol	34	1	None	Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Aziz, N.A., Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Heyns, C.F., Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Objective: To assess the prevalence, onset, duration and severity of hot flashes in men after bilateral orchidectomy (BO) for prostate cancer, to evaluate body temperature changes during hot flashes and to determine whether an elevated temperature within a few days after BO can be caused by deprivation of androgen. Materials and Methods: Patients (n = 101) were questioned about the characteristics of their hot flashes after BO for prostate cancer. A subgroup of these men (n = 17) were instructed to record their oral and forehead temperatures during and at fixed intervals between hot flashes daily for 4 weeks. Results: The mean age was 71.6 years, mean follow-up after BO was 33.2 months. Hot flashes were reported by 87 men (86%) with previous spontaneous remission in 9 (10%). The median time between BO and the onset of hot flashes was 21 days (range 1-730), median number of hot flashes 3 per day (range 1-20), and median duration was 120 seconds (range 5 to 1800). There was no significant difference between median oral (36.4°C) and forehead (36.0°C) temperature in the normal state, but during hot flashes the median forehead temperature (37.0°C) was higher than the oral temperature (36.5°C) (p = 0.0004). Both median oral and forehead temperatures were higher during hot flashes (36.5°C and 37.0°C) than in the normal state (36.4°C and 36.0°C, respectively) (p < 0.0001). During hot flashes, the oral temperature was 38°C to 40°C in only 3.2% of 593 readings in 17 patients. Conclusions: The median oral and forehead temperatures are higher during hot flashes than in normal periods. Oral temperature elevation > 38°C within days after a BO is unlikely to be the result of androgen deprivation alone.	Androgen; Hot flashes; Orchidectomy; Prostate cancer	antiandrogen; aged; article; body temperature; chemically induced disorder; follow up; hospitalization; hot flush; human; male; middle aged; nonparametric test; orchiectomy; prostate tumor; quality of life; time; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgen Antagonists; Body Temperature; Follow-Up Studies; Hot Flashes; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orchiectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Severity of Illness Index; Statistics, Nonparametric; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549130056	The role of the firm and owner characteristics on the performance of agritourism farms	Barbieri C., Mshenga P.M.	2008	Sociologia Ruralis	48	2	10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00450.x	Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Missouri 105 Anheuser-Busch Natural Res. Bldg., Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Department of Agriculture Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, Box 536, Njoro 20107, Kenya	Barbieri, C., Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Missouri 105 Anheuser-Busch Natural Res. Bldg., Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Mshenga, P.M., Department of Agriculture Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, Box 536, Njoro 20107, Kenya	This article investigates the role of firm and owner characteristics on the gross income of farms engaged in agritourism. The findings indicate that the length of time in business, the number of employees and the farm acreage have a positive impact on performance in terms of annual gross sales of agritourism farms. Owners of farms with greater annual gross sales than the rest are male or white or their main occupation is farming. The age of the farmer has an inverse relationship on gross sales. Other characteristics including location, if it is a working farm, whether the operator had business and marketing plans, sources of start-up capital and the entrepreneur's education level did not have a significant relationship on the performance of these farms. © Journal Compilation © 2008 European Society for Rural Sociology.	None	age; agricultural performance; agricultural worker; farm; firm ownership; occupation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549132635	Innovative design approaches for tooling performance improvement in the packaging industry	Dimitrov D., Bester A.	2007	International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology	30	3	10.1504/IJCAT.2007.015717	Laboratory for Rapid Product Development, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; Laboratory for Rapid Product Development	Dimitrov, D., Laboratory for Rapid Product Development, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; Bester, A., Laboratory for Rapid Product Development, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, Laboratory for Rapid Product Development	During the various plastic conversion processes a large amount of heat must be extracted from the plastic in the mould. The rate at which this heat is removed has a large impact on the cycle time. The temperature distribution in the mould influences the heat extraction, causing some parts of the product to cool slower than others, which in turn has an influence on the dimensional and geometric accuracy of the final product. Modern simulation software has a large role to play in creating virtual representations of the heat distribution and conduction in moulds. These tools can help the designer to develop moulds and products, which are optimised both for aesthetic purposes and production. This paper discusses some experiences gained in a comparative case study of conventional cooling vs. conformal cooling in production moulds. Some pitfalls are also pointed out related to the virtual model as well as to the manufacturing process of the experimental mould using layer manufacturing techniques. Copyright © 2007 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Computational fluid dynamics; Conformal cooling; Layer manufacturing; Parasolid simulation	Computational fluid dynamics; Computer aided software engineering; Computer simulation; Computer software; Optimization; Conformal cooling; Layer manufacturing; Parasolid simulation; Computer aided design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41749084182	Groundwater quality evaluation for productive uses - The afram plains area, Ghana	Yidana S.M., Ophori D., Banoeng-Yakubo B.	2008	Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering	134	2	10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:2(222)	Dept. of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State Univ., Montclair, NJ 07043, United States; Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Yidana, S.M., Dept. of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State Univ., Montclair, NJ 07043, United States; Ophori, D., Dept. of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State Univ., Montclair, NJ 07043, United States; Banoeng-Yakubo, B., Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Groundwater is the most widely used water resource in the Afram Plains area, Ghana. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of fluoride, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and salinity (EC) in groundwater from the different aquifers in the Afram Plains area. The distribution of these parameters would enable a determination of the quality of groundwater from the different aquifer units for use in households and irrigation purposes. The inverse distance weighting, interpolator with a power of 2 was applied to 143 data points of each parameter to generate prediction maps for fluoride, SAR, and EC in the area. The distribution maps from this study show that the shale aquifers that underlie the southwestern sections of the area have the highest levels of fluoride, SAR, and EC. A narrow strip of the shale aquifer in the southwestern region produces groundwater whose fluoride level (2.2 mg/L) is higher than the World Health Organization minimum allowable fluoride concentration of 1.5 mg/L in drinking water. The feldsparthic sandstone, arkose, siltstone, and mudstone aquifers in the northeastern sections of the area produce groundwater with fluoride concentration in the range of 0.0-0.3 mg/L, which fall outside the minimum range of 0.7-1.2 mg/L required in drinking water for normal bone and dental health. The highest SAR and EC are also associated with the shale aquifers to the southwestern section of the area. Using the World Food and Agriculture Organization's guidelines for irrigation water quality, it was determined that groundwater from the Afram Plains area will generally have a mild to moderate effect on the hydraulic properties of soils when used as irrigation water. © 2008 ASCE.	Adsorption; Developing Countries; Electrical conductivity; Fluoridation; Ghana; Potable water; Sodium	Adsorption; Aquifers; Electric conductivity; Fluorine compounds; Irrigation; Potable water; Salinity measurement; Sodium; Groundwater quality; Sodium adsoprtion ratio; Water quality; Adsorption; Aquifers; Electric conductivity; Fluorine compounds; Irrigation; Potable water; Salinity measurement; Sodium; Water quality; adsorption; aquifer; developing world; drinking water; electrical conductivity; fluoride; groundwater resource; irrigation; salinity; sodium; water quality; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41749112216	Performance of a quasi-synchronous four-dimensional super-orthogonal WCDMA modulator for next generation wireless applications	Linde L.P., Staphorst L., Vlok J.D.	2007	South African Journal of Science	103	42686	None	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Linde, L.P., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Staphorst, L., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Vlok, J.D., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	This paper presents the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of an up3 wards-expandable spectral and power efficient quasi-synchronous multi-layer-modulated (MLM) four-dimensional super-orthogonal wideband code-division multiple access (QS-4D-SO-WCDMA) modem, suitable for application in next generation WLAN and wireless cellular systems. The unique combination of the 4D-WCDMA modem configuration and super-orthogonal families of root-of-unity filtered (RUF) constant-envelope generalized-chirp-like complex spreading sequences (SO-CE-GCL-CSS), renders a spectrally and power efficient output signal with data throughput rates equivalent to that of a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulated (16-QAM) WCDMA modulation scheme, but with the BER performance equivalent to that of BPSK/QPSK in both AWGN and fading multipath channel scenarios.	None	amplitude; error analysis; four-dimensional modeling; signal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41849118075	Evaluation of surge flow furrow irrigation for onion production in a semiarid region of Ethiopia	Kifle M., Tilahun K., Yazew E.	2008	Irrigation Science	26	4	10.1007/s00271-007-0096-6	Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, P. O. Box 45, Haramaya, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Kifle, M., Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Tilahun, K., Haramaya University, P. O. Box 45, Haramaya, Ethiopia; Yazew, E., Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia	The study was conducted to evaluate surge irrigation against continuous irrigation in terms of irrigation and water use efficiencies to produce onion. It was carried out at Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia on 70 m long and 0.6 m center-center spacing furrows of 0.26% average slope on a clay soil. The treatments consisted of factorial combination of two discharges (Q 1 = 1 l/s and Q 2 = 2 l/s) and three-cycle ratios (CR 1 = 1/3, CR2 = 1/2, and C = 1 for continuous irrigation). Surge flow treatments advanced faster than the respective continuous flow treatments with surge flow treatment SF21 being the fastest. The best value of application efficiency (60%) was achieved for SF11 and the least (46%) for CF2. The maximum (87%) and minimum (68%) values of distribution uniformity were obtained for cycle ratios CR1 and C, respectively. Storage efficiency was highest (89%) for CF2 and lowest (78%) for SF12. Onion yield was significantly affected (p &lt; 0.05) by the interaction effect, the highest (14,400 kg/ha) and the lowest (13,363 kg/ha) yields were obtained for SF11 and SF21, respectively. The maximum irrigation water use efficiency (2.27 kg/m 3) was observed for SF11 and the minimum (1.68 kg/m 3) for CF2. Surge irrigation was found to be a promising irrigation practice for onion production in the study area as it saves water, reduces irrigation period, and increases the crop yield. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	None	Arid regions; Crops; Discharge (fluid mechanics); Surge flow; Water use efficiencies; Irrigation; Arid regions; Crops; Discharge (fluid mechanics); Irrigation; clay soil; crop production; crop yield; food storage; furrow irrigation; root vegetable; semiarid region; water use efficiency; yield response; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Allium cepa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949083807	Outcome of emergency caesarean sections in Calabar, Nigeria: Impact of the seniority of the medical team	Ekanem A.D., Udoma E.J., Etuk S.J., Eshiet A.I.	2008	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	28	2	10.1080/01443610801912329	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Department of Anaethesia, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Departmen	Ekanem, A.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P. M. Box 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Udoma, E.J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Etuk, S.J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Eshiet, A.I., Department of Anaethesia, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria	We set out to assess the maternal outcome of emergency caesarean sections in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) in relationship to the seniority and experience of medical personnel involved in the operation. This was a review of 349 cases of emergency caesarean sections in UCTH over a 2-year period (January 2000-December 2001). The sociodemographic data, antenatal booking status and clinical condition of the patients as well as the seniority of the medical staff who participated in the operations were extracted from the case notes of the patients. A total of 280 (80.0%) booked patients and 69 (20.0%) unbooked mothers were delivered by emergency caesarean sections. The consultants performed only 16.4% of the emergency caesarean sections, while the residents performed 83.6%. Similarly consultant anaesthetists administered anaesthesia in 12.9% of the cases. A total of 12 maternal deaths occurred from emergency caesarean sections in which six (1.7%) were due to sepsis, three (0.8%) due to severe haemorrhage and three (0.8%) due to anaesthetic complications. None of the deaths occurred in operations in which consultant obstetricians and anaesthetists were involved. The intraoperative blood loss was more in operations performed by the residents than in those performed by the consultants. Similarly, morbidity was higher in patients operated upon by residents. The maternal morbidity and mortality associated with emergency caesarean sections in UCTH would be reduced significantly if consultant obstetricians and anaesthetists were more involved in these operative procedures. © 2008 Informa UK Ltd.	Emergency caesarean section; Medial team; Outcome	anesthesia; article; bleeding; cesarean section; controlled study; emergency care; female; health care personnel; human; major clinical study; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; medical practice; Nigeria; outcome assessment; priority journal; resident; sepsis; Age Factors; Cesarean Section; Clinical Competence; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Medical Staff, Hospital; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949088407	Nutritive evaluation of some trees and browse species from Scotland	Odeyinka S.M.	2007	Indian Journal of Animal Sciences	77	12	None	Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Odeyinka, S.M., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The nutritive value of Scottish plants (trees, legumes and grasses): Pinus sylvestris L., Lolium perenne L., Calluna vulgaris L., Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr; Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., Luzula sylvatica, Pseudotsuga menziesii F. Mirb., Fagus sylvatica L., Vaccinum myrtillus L., Brassica oleracea, Acer pseudoplatanus L., Juncus and effusus L. were determined using in vitro gas production, in sacco DM degradability and in vivo digestibility. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used in the gas production to determine presence of phenolic related antinutritive factor. Species had significant effect on in vitro gas production. B. oleracea produced significantly highest volume of gas while V. myrtillus produced the lowest volume of gas though not significantly different from P. sitchensis. There was significant increase in gas production with the addition of PEG except in L. perenne and A. pseudoplatanus where the increase was not significant. Species had significant effect on DM degradability. B. oleracea had the highest% DM degradability and F. sylvatica the least. There were no significant differences in DM degradability of C. angustifolium; L. perenne and B. oleracea at the 96h. F. sylvatica and C. vulgaris were the least degraded. Species had significant effect on dry matter (DM) digestibility in vivo. As with in sacco digestibility, B. oleracea had the highest in vivo digestibility while P. sitchensis and F. sylvatica were the least digested. The results suggest that B. oleracea, C. angustifolium, L. perenne, P. menziesii, J. effusus, L. sylvatica and A. pseudoplatanus from Scotland are more than 70% degradable and are useful as animal feeds.	In sacco degradability; In vitro gas production; In vivo digestibility; Scottish plants	Acer; Acer pseudoplatanus; Animalia; Brassica oleracea; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Calluna; Calluna vulgaris; Chamerion angustifolium angustifolium; Fagus; Fagus sylvatica; Juncus; Juncus effusus; Lolium perenne; Luzula sylvatica; Myrtillus; Picea sitchensis; Pinus sylvestris; Poaceae; Pseudotsuga; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Vaccinium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949092932	High performance Pd-based catalysts for oxidation of formic acid	Wang R., Liao S., Ji S.	2008	Journal of Power Sources	180	1	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.027	College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, South Africa	Wang, R., College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Liao, S., College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Ji, S., South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, South Africa	Two novel catalysts for anode oxidation of formic acid, Pd2Co/C and Pd4Co2Ir/C, were prepared by an organic colloid method with sodium citrate as a complexing agent. These two catalysts showed better performance towards the anodic oxidation of formic acid than Pd/C catalyst and commercial Pt/C catalyst. Compared with Pd/C catalyst, potentials of the anodic peak of formic acid at the Pd2Co/C and Pd4Co2Ir/C catalyst electrodes shifted towards negative value by 140 and 50 mV, respectively, meanwhile showed higher current densities. At potential of 0.05 V (vs. SCE), the current density for Pd4Co2Ir/C catalyst is as high as up to 13.7 mA cm-2, which is twice of that for Pd/C catalyst, and six times of that for commercial Pt/C catalyst. The alloy catalysts were nanostructured with a diameter of ca. 3-5 nm and well dispersed on carbon according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The composition of alloy catalysts was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Pd4Co2Ir/C catalyst showed the highest activity and best stability making it the best potential candidate for application in a direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC). © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrocatalysts; Formic acid oxidation; Fuel cell; Pd-based catalysts	Current density; Electrocatalysts; Energy dispersive X ray analysis; Formic acid fuel cells (FAFC); Oxidation; Complexing agents; Organic colloid method; Sodium citrate; Formic acid	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949093182	The effects of dietary graded Leucaena leucocephala seeds on performance and blood parameters in broiler chicks	Abdelati K.A., Ahmed M.E., Mohamed H.H.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	2	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 71, 13314 Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences, Alneelain University, P.O. Box 12702, Sudan; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Health, Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Abdelati, K.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 71, 13314 Khartoum, Sudan; Ahmed, M.E., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Sciences, Alneelain University, P.O. Box 12702, Sudan; Mohamed, H.H., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Health, Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	The core objective of this study was to assess the effects of different dietary Leucaena leucocephala seed on the performance and some blood parameters in broiler, chick. Seeds were included at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% in the diet of one hundred twenty one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks. The results showed that, feed intake, body weight gain and PER were significantly (p≤0.01) depressed with the inclusion of 6, 9 and 12% leucaena seeds in the diet. Feed intake, body weight gain and PER were negatively correlated (p≤0.05) with levels of inclusion of leucaena seeds. However, overall FCR, haematological parameters, plasma albumin, glucose and mortality rate were not influenced (p≤0.05) by dietary treatments. Inclusion of dietary leucaena significantly decreased plasma Ca, Na, total protein and cholesterol. While plasma Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase GOT, alkaline phosphatase ALP and uric acid were increased with the increase in levels of leucaena in the broiler diets. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Amino acids and cholesterol; Broiler; Leucaena leucocephala	albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; calcium; cholesterol; glucose; protein; sodium; uric acid; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; calcium blood level; chick; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diet; food intake; glucose blood level; hematological parameters; legume; leucaena leucocephala; mortality; nonhuman; nutritional value; plant seed; protein blood level; sodium blood level; uric acid blood level; weight gain; Leucaena; Leucaena leucocephala	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949096960	Style and organizational performance of Nigerian companies: An empirical analysis	Okafor C.	2008	Journal of Applied Sciences	8	2	None	Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Okafor, C., Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	In this study, an attempt is made to demonstrate the relationship between style and organizational performance. With data from randomly selected companies quoted on the 1st tier market of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE), this study empirically established, using the ordinary least square, a relationship between style and organizational performance. The practical implication of this finding is that the employees of Nigerian quoted companies are sensitive to the leadership behaviour of their chief executives. Consequently, the research calls for employee centred leadership behaviour. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Employee centred; Labour management; Leadership behaviour; Organizational performance; Team formation; Worker empowerment	Empirical analysis; Leadership behaviour; Nigerians; Ordinary least squares; Organizational performance; Stock exchange; Team formation; Worker empowerment; Industry; Human resource management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949106268	Biochemical evaluation of millet offal as feeds for broiler chickens	Ezieshi E.V., Olomu J.M.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	3	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Ezieshi, E.V., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Olomu, J.M., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Studies were conducted to chemically characterize and biologically evaluate millet offal as a replacement for maize in the diets of broiler chickens. Two types of millet offal were chemically characterized: the one obtained as a by-product of brewing industry and the other a by-product of pap manufacture. Studies were further carried out to further determine the effects of varying levels of millet offal obtained from the brewing industry on the performance of broiler chickens. The results of the studies indicated that millet offal from the brewery contained 14.60% CP, 4.57% CF, 2.25% EE, 2.90% Ash and 2148.Okcal/kg ME while the one from pap manufacture contained 20.65% CP, 3.12% CF, 3.01 % EE, 3.36% Ash and 2506.Okcal/kg ME. The results further indicated final body weight values of 602.02, 605.85, 605.83 and 561.72g/bird for starter chicks (5 weeks old) and 2283.7, 2192.2, 2145.9 and 1904.5g/bird for finisher chickens (9 weeks old). Generally, there was an increase in feed intake as dietary millet offal increased. Feed cost per bird generally decreased when millet offal replaced maize in the diets. Therefore, millet offal can be classified as medium energy and protein sources in poultry diets. Moreover, millet offal can replace up to 50% maize in the diet without any adverse performance of broiler chickens and at reduced cost of feed production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Feef for broiler; Maize; Millet offal	animal experiment; animal food; article; biochemistry; body weight; brewing; chicken; controlled study; cost control; energy metabolism; energy resource; feeding behavior; food analysis; food composition; food intake; maize; millet; nonhuman; physical performance; protein content; Aves; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949114832	China & India as Africa's new donors: The impact of aid on development	McCormick D.	2008	Review of African Political Economy	35	1	10.1080/03056240802011501	Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	McCormick, D., Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Using a two-analytical framework and drawing on a wide range of secondary data, this article attempts to assess the likely impact of aid from China and India on the development of Africa. The framework treats aid as one of four main channels through which China and India influence the shape and performance of particular sectors and, through them, development outcomes. The first stage of analysis examines the varying patterns of Chinese and Indian aid and the multiple impacts such aid has on one key sector: manufacturing. The main findings from this level of analysis have to do with the differing patterns of Indian and Chinese aid, differences between Chinese and Indian aid, and aid from western countries, and the interconnections between the impact channels. India and China have different patterns of aid. India concentrates on non-monetary aid mainly in the form of technical assistance and scholarships, while China offers a wider range of monetary and non-monetary aid packages, which include grants and loans for infrastructure, plant and equipment, as well as scholarships, training opportunities, and technical assistance. Chinese monetary aid is tied to the use of Chinese goods and services, and requires adherence to the 'One China' policy, but does not carry the 'good governance' conditionalities that currently characterise western donors. The impact channels of trade, FDI, aid, and migration overlap to some degree, especially in the case of China. The line between FDI and aid is often blurred, as is the line between aid and trade. The second stage of the analysis looks at the implications of Chinese and Indian aid to manufacturing for development outcomes such as growth, distribution, governance, and environment. The analysis shows clearly that the potential impact of Chinese and Indian aid on Africa is significant, but that the actual effects of these emerging donors on particular countries depends to a large extent on the institutional and structural conditions of the recipients.	None	aid dependency; aid flow; analytical framework; conditionality; development aid; international aid; manufacturing; aid policy; Africa; Asia; China; Eurasia; Far East; India; South Asia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949115259	Diversity performance of a wavelet-packet-based multicarrier multicode CDMA communication system	Akho-Zahieh M.M., Ugweje O.C.	2008	IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology	57	2	10.1109/TVT.2007.906360	Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Applied Science University, Amman 11931, Jordan; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3904, United States; Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja, Nigeria	Akho-Zahieh, M.M., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Applied Science University, Amman 11931, Jordan; Ugweje, O.C., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3904, United States, Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja, Nigeria	In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel multicarrier (MC) multicode (MCD) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system employing wavelet packets (WPs) for modulation. This system can achieve robust performance against multipath fading due to the localization of WPs in the time and frequency domains. The analytical framework is presented, and the system performance with diversity is evaluated by means of bit error rates and the outage probability out. Since WPs have lower sidelobes compared to sinusoidal carriers, our system is very effective in reducing the problem of intercarrier interference. The effects of system parameters (e.g., order of diversity, fading parameters, and WP type) were investigated. The major contribution is to compare the performance of the system to that of the MC/MCD-CDMA system that is based on sinusoidal carriers. The results reveal a considerable performance improvement of our proposed system over the MC/MCD-CDMA system. © 2008 IEEE.	BER; Bit error rate (BER); Diversity; Multicarrier; Multicarrier (MC); Multicode; Multicode (MCD); Outage probability; Wavelet packets; Wavelet packets (WPs)	Bit error rate; Diversity reception; Multicarrier modulation; Multipath fading; Packet switching; Probability; Wave interference; Wavelet analysis; Intercarrier interference; Multicarrier; Multicode; Outage probability; Wavelet packets; Code division multiple access	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949132380	Granulometric evaluation of continental bentonites and kaolin for ceramic applications	Ekosse G.-I.E., Mulaba-Bafibiandi A.	2008	Journal of Applied Sciences	8	6	None	Geology Mining and Minerals Programs, University of Limpopo, P/B X1106, Sovenga, Limpopo Province 0727, South Africa; Minerals Processing and Technology Research Group, Department of Extraction Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa	Ekosse, G.-I.E., Geology Mining and Minerals Programs, University of Limpopo, P/B X1106, Sovenga, Limpopo Province 0727, South Africa; Mulaba-Bafibiandi, A., Minerals Processing and Technology Research Group, Department of Extraction Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa	Increasing demand for bentonite and kaolin usage in the ceramic industry engineered this study, which focused on understanding the granulometry of some selected continental clayey materials from Botswana, Mozambique, Pakistan, Senegal, South Africa and the United States of America. The Particle Size (PS), Particle Size Distribution (PSD), modal diameter and Specific Surface Area (SSA) of the clayey materials were determined. The results depicted that all samples had particles with Euhedral Spherical Diameter (ESD) which were ≤50 μm and also contained between 11.2 and 42.5 wt. % of ≤2 μm fraction of clayey material. The modal diameters ranged from 1 to 13 μm and the SSAs were between 4 and 19 m2 g-1. These values are in conformity with those obtained by other researchers and based on their granulometric characteristics; the clayey materials were found to be suitable for use in the ceramic industry. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Clay; Composite clay body; Modal diameter; Particle size; Particle size distribution; Sand; Silt; Specific surface area	Ceramic industries; Clayey materials; Composite clays; Granulometries; Modal diameter; South Africa; Specific surface area (SSA); United States of America; Ceramic materials; Clay; Kaolin; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Sand; Silt; Specific surface area; Bentonite	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949140269	Thermal performance in building without shading devices	Kadiri K.O., Okosun J.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	6	None	Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Kadiri, K.O., Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Okosun, J., Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Most of the buildings in Ile-Ife were not designed with shading devices to shield the building interior from direct solar radiation. In order to see how effective is shading device an investigation was carried out on buildings with one side shaded and the other exposed to solar radiation between the times of 12.00-3.00 pm. Seventy percent of the occupants felt hot and uncomfortable due to solar heat gain from the window without shading devices. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Building; Heat gain; Shading devices; Solar radiation; Thermal comfort	Building interiors; Direct solar radiation; Exposed to; Heat gains; In-buildings; Shading devices; Solar heat gains; Thermal Performance; Solar radiation; Sun; Thermal comfort; Buildings	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149087700	Effects of dietary phytase on performance and nutrient metabolism in chickens	Pirgozliev V., Oduguwa O., Acamovic T., Bedford M.R.	2008	British Poultry Science	49	2	10.1080/00071660801961447	ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; ASRC, SAC, Auchincruive Estate, Ayr, KA6 5HW, United Kingdom; University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; AB Vista Feed	Pirgozliev, V., ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, ASRC, SAC, Auchincruive Estate, Ayr, KA6 5HW, United Kingdom; Oduguwa, O., ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Acamovic, T., Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Bedford, M.R., Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Rd., Marlborough Bus. Pk., Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom	A broiler growth study was conducted to compare the effect of different concentrations of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase on performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen (N), amino acid and mineral metabolisability, sialic acid excretion and villus morphology when fed to broiler chickens. 2.Female Ross 308 broilers (480) were reared in floor pens from 0 to 28 d of age. All birds were fed on nutritionally complete starter (0 to 21 d of age) and grower diets (21 to 28 d of age) with the exception that they were low in P (28 and 23 g/kg available P, respectively). These maize-soy diets were supplemented with 0, 250, 500 or 2500 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed. 3.Between 21 and 28 d of age, two birds from each floor pen were selected, and each pair placed in one of 32 metabolism cages (two birds per cage). Feed intake was recorded and excreta collected for the last 2 d of the feeding period, and AME, N, amino acid and mineral metabolisability coefficients and endogenous losses were determined following a total collection procedure. 4.Feed intake and weight gain increased in a linear manner in response to phytase dose, with an average increase of approximately 117 and 135%, respectively, compared with chickens fed on the low-P diet. Birds given diets with 2500 FTU weighed 66% more and had a 24% higher feed conversion efficiency (FCE) than those fed on diets containing 500 FTU. 5.Enzyme supplementation increased the intake of AME and metabolisable N by 103 and 39%, respectively, principally through increases in feed intake. Birds given enzyme-supplemented diets also improved their intake of metabolisable amino acids and P by approximately 14 and 124%, respectively, compared with birds fed on the control diet. Enzyme supplementation did not affect ileal villus morphometry of the birds.	None	amino acid; mineral; phytase; animal; animal food; article; chemistry; chicken; comparative study; diet; eating; enzymology; Escherichia coli; feces; female; growth, development and aging; metabolism; weight gain; 6-Phytase; Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Eating; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Minerals; Weight Gain; Aves; Escherichia coli; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149088980	The design of advanced performance high strength low-carbon martensitic armour steels. Part 1. Mechanical property considerations	Maweja K., Stumpf W.	2008	Materials Science and Engineering A	485	42371	10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.048	Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Maweja, K., Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Stumpf, W., Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	In a series of experimentally tempered martensitic steel alloys it was observed that for a given chemical composition, the heat treatment parameters for advanced ballistic performance are different from those required for higher mechanical properties, rendering the often specified relationship between mechanical properties and ballistic performance questionable. Systematic analysis of the microstructures and the fracture surfaces of 13 laboratory melted tempered martensitic armour plate steels was carried out to understand the improved ballistic performance of these steels of which the mechanical properties were actually lower than currently specified for military and security applications. It was, furthermore, observed that the detrimental effect of inclusions on ballistic performance depends on the tempering temperature and on the strain rate. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Armour steel; Ballistic performance; Inclusions; Martensite; Mechanical properties; Strain rate	Armor; Ballistics; Chemical analysis; Fracture; Heat treatment; Inclusions; Martensite; Metallographic microstructure; Plate metal; Strain rate; Chemical composition; Detrimental effect; Carbon steel; Armor; Ballistics; Carbon steel; Chemical analysis; Fracture; Heat treatment; Inclusions; Martensite; Metallographic microstructure; Plate metal; Strain rate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149097776	Integrating genetics and natural resource management for technology targeting and greater impact of agricultural research in the semi-arid tropics	Twomlow S., Shiferaw B., Cooper P., Keatinge J.D.H.	2008	Experimental Agriculture	44	2	10.1017/S0014479708006340	ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India; ICRISAT-Zimbabwe, PO Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Twomlow, S., ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India, ICRISAT-Zimbabwe, PO Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Shiferaw, B., ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India; Cooper, P., ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India; Keatinge, J.D.H., ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India	Good management of natural resources is the key to good agriculture. This is true everywhere - and particularly in the semi-arid tropics, where over-exploitation of fragile or inherently vulnerable agro-ecosystems is leading to land and soil degradation, productivity decline, and increasing hunger and poverty. Modern crop varieties offer high yields, but the larger share of this potential yield can only be realized with good crop management. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), working over a vast and diverse mandate area, has learned one key lesson: that technologies and interventions must be matched not only to the crop or livestock enterprise and the biophysical environment, but also with the market and investment environment, including input supply systems and policy. Various Natural Resource Management (NRM) technologies have been developed over the years, but widespread adoption has been limited for various reasons: technical, socio-economic and institutional. To change this, ICRISAT hypothesizes that 'A research approach, founded on the need to integrate a broad consideration of technical, socio-economic and institutional issues into the generation of agricultural innovations will result in a higher level of adoption and more sustainable and diverse impacts in the rainfed systems of the semi-arid tropics.' Traditionally, crop improvement and NRM were seen as distinct but complementary disciplines. ICRISAT is deliberately blurring these boundaries to create the new paradigm of IGNRM or Integrated Genetic and Natural Resource Management. Improved varieties and improved resource management are two sides of the same coin. Most farming problems require integrated solutions, with genetic, management-related and socio-economic components. In essence, plant breeders and NRM scientists must integrate their work with that of private and public sector change agents to develop flexible cropping systems that can respond to rapid changes in market opportunities and climatic conditions. The systems approach looks at various components of the rural economy - traditional food grains, new potential cash crops, livestock and fodder production, as well as socio-economic factors such as alternative sources of employment and income. Crucially the IGNRM approach is participatory, with farmers closely involved in technology development, testing and dissemination. ICRISAT has begun to use the IGNRM approach to catalyse technology uptake and substantially improve food security and incomes in smallholder farm communities at several locations in India, Mali, Niger, Vietnam, China, Thailand and Zimbabwe. © 2008 Cambridge University Press.	None	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149113409	Evaluation of human urine as a source of nutrients for selected vegetables and maize under tunnel house conditions in the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Mnkeni P.N.S., Kutu F.R., Muchaonyerwa P., Austin L.M.	2008	Waste Management and Research	26	2	10.1177/0734242X07079179	Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; CSIR Built Environment Unit., Pretoria, South Africa	Mnkeni, P.N.S., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Kutu, F.R., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Muchaonyerwa, P., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Austin, L.M., CSIR Built Environment Unit., Pretoria, South Africa	The introduction of ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in South Africa has created opportunities for safer sanitation and recycling of human excreta, as fertilizers, in rural and peri-urban areas. A study was carried out to evaluate the fertilizer value of human urine (0 to 400 kg N ha-1) for maize and tomato, compared to urea, in a tunnel house. Dry matter yield of both maize and tomato, harvested at 9 and 10 weeks after planting, respectively, increased with increasing N rate (both as urine or urea) up to 200 kg N ha-1. Urea reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) whereas urine increased it. Leaf tissue Na, in both crops, also increased with urine application. A follow-up study was carried out with two crops with contrasting sensitivity to salinity and using a wider range of N application (0 to 800 kg N ha-1). The results indicated increased root and leaf dry-matter yield of beetroot (tolerant to salinity) with increased urine rates up to the highest rate of 800 kg N ha-1, whereas the leaf and root dry-matter yield of carrot, which is sensitive to salinity, peaked at the low urine application rate of 50 kg N ha-1. Soil EC increased with urine application up to 4.64 and 13.35 mS cm-1, under beetroot and carrot, respectively. Generally the results showed that human urine compared well with urea as a source of N for crops but optimum rates depend on the sensitivity of the crops to soil salinity, which should be monitored where human urine is regularly used for fertilizing crops. © ISWA 2008.	Ecological sanitation; Human excreta; Maize; Nutrients; Salinity; Urine; Vegetables; Wmr 1064-6	Crops; Fertilizers; Nutrients; Recycling; Sanitation; Ecological sanitation; Human excreta; Wastes; organic fertilizer; urea; Crops; Fertilizers; Nutrients; Recycling; Sanitation; Wastes; anthropogenic source; dry matter; electrical conductivity; fertilizer; maize; nutrient; recycling; salinity; sanitation; soil property; urine; vegetable; article; beetroot; biomass production; carrot; controlled study; crop production; ecological procedures; electric conductivity; environmental sanitation; fertilizer application; human; maize; male; nutrient availability; nutrient supply; plant leaf; plant root; priority journal; salinity; soil fertilization; soil property; South Africa; tomato; urine; Biomass; Electric Conductivity; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nitrogen; Plant Roots; Plant Shoots; Sodium; South Africa; Urine; Vegetables; Zea mays; Africa; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Daucus carota; Lycopersicon esculentum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149132303	Terrain conductivity evaluation of road base integrity in a basement complex environment	Oladapo M.I., Adeoye O.O., Mogaji K.A., Adeoye S.	2008	Journal of Applied Sciences	8	8	None	Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Nigeria	Oladapo, M.I., Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adeoye, O.O., Department of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Nigeria; Mogaji, K.A., Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adeoye, S., Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A shallow electromagnetic evaluation of Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria main road base integrity has been undertaken in this stiidy with the aim of identifying probable zones of untimely failure. Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Method (CSEM) was adopted for the study. The road segment investigated is underlain by four different lithologic units, which are the migmatite gneiss, quartzites, charnockite and granites along the west-east direction of the campus. Quadrature phase (conductivity) and in-phase (magnetic susceptibility) were measured in both vertical and horizontal dipoles. While the vertical dipole mode has a probing depth of 6 m, the horizontal dipole mode probes at a depth of 3 m. The range of quadrature and in-phase values obtained for horizontal dipole mode is from 6 to 50 mS m-1 and 0.808 to 20.47 ppt respectively. For vertical dipole mode, the range of quadrature and in-phase values are -21.00-71.00 mS m-1 and 20.07 to 20.47 ppt. The ratio of vertical conductivity value (Cv) to horizontal conductivity value (CH) i.e., CV/CH was utilized in assessing road-base performance. Road stability was observed where this ratio is greater than 1 (CV/CH&gt;1) while signs of distress characterized where the ratio is less than or equal to 1 (CV/CH = 1) in vertical dipole. Likewise, relatively high magnetic susceptibility values in vertical dipole mode characterized zones of early distress. This technique is presumed useful in fast and cheap roadwork performance evaluation. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Conductivity and distress; Lithologic; Magnetic susceptibility; Road-base	Basement complex; Controlled source; Electromagnetic methods; Horizontal dipoles; Lithologic; Road-base; Terrain conductivity; Vertical and horizontal dipoles; Electromagnetism; Granite; Magnetic susceptibility; Roads and streets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149174847	Impact of orphanhood on underweight prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa	Rivers J., Mason J., Silvestre E., Gillespie S., Mahy M., Monasch R.	2008	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	29	1	None	Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; UNICEF, Zimbabwe; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; Division of Policy and Planning, UNICEF, New York, NY, United States; 17B Sur 3517, Colonia Reforma Agua Azul, Puebla 72430, Mexico	Rivers, J., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States, 17B Sur 3517, Colonia Reforma Agua Azul, Puebla 72430, Mexico; Mason, J., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Silvestre, E., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Gillespie, S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; Mahy, M., Division of Policy and Planning, UNICEF, New York, NY, United States; Monasch, R., UNICEF, Zimbabwe	Background. In Africa, approximately 25 million people live with HIV/ AIDS and 12 million children are orphaned. Although evidence indicates that orphans risk losing opportunities for adequate education, health care, and future employment, the immediate effects of orphanhood on child nutritional status remain poorly understood. Objective. This paper assesses the nutritional impact of orphanhood, with particular emphasis on taking account of various factors potentially confounding or masking these impacts. Methods. Child anthropometry and orphan status were examined in 23 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys throughout sub-Saharan Africa, which were subsequently merged into larger, region-specific datasets (East, West, and Southern Africa). To compare orphans and nonorphans, linear regression and probit models were developed, taking account of orphan status and type, presence of a surviving parent in the household, household structure, child age and sex, urban versus rural residence, and current wealth status. Results. Few differences emerged between orphans and nonorphans in controlled and uncontrolled comparisons, regardless of orphan type, presence of surviving parent, or household structure. Age differentials did confound nutritional comparisons, although in the counterintuitive direction, with orphans (who were 8 months older on average) becoming less malnourished when age differences were taken into account. Wealth did appear to be associated with orphanhood status, although it did not significantly confound nutritional comparisons. Conclusions. Orphans were not consistently more malnourished than nonorphans, even when potential confounding variables were examined. Since household wealth status is likely to change after becoming affected by HIV, ruling out wealth as a potential confounder would require more detailed, prospective studies. © 2008, The United Nations University.	Child anthropometry; Fostering; HIV/AIDS; Orphanhood; Sub-Saharan Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; disease prevalence; health care; health status; human immunodeficiency virus; malnutrition; nutritional status; orphan; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa south of the Sahara; age; anthropometry; article; body weight; cluster analysis; cross-sectional study; family size; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; male; mortality; multivariate analysis; newborn; nutritional status; orphan; physiology; poverty; preschool child; prevalence; socioeconomics; statistical model; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Africa South of the Sahara; Age Factors; Anthropometry; Body Weight; Child, Orphaned; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Poverty; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors; Thinness; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42249093313	Intersexual conflict and group size in Alouatta palliata: A 23-year evaluation	Ryan S.J., Starks P.T., Milton K., Getz W.M.	2008	International Journal of Primatology	29	2	10.1007/s10764-007-9172-2	Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Anthropology, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T7, Canada; Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Ryan, S.J., Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, Department of Anthropology, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T7, Canada; Starks, P.T., Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Milton, K., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Getz, W.M., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Models of optimal primate group size suggest that group formation and growth arise to benefit individual fitness, but that size is limited by costs. The ecological constraints hypothesis posits that group formation and growth is driven by protection from predation or the advantages of group foraging, while an upper limit on group size is constrained by travel costs and intragroup competition for food or other critical resources. Socioecological models also predict that individual reproductive success, hypothesized to decrease with increasing group size, also places an upper limit on the number of individuals in a group. Our analysis of 23 yr of group composition data on mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) from a single Panamanian study site on Barro Colorado Island not only corroborates the socioecological model but also shows that female reproductive success increased, whereas that of males decreased, with the less female-biased sex ratios in larger groups. We suggest that the conflict of interest between the sexes over adult sex ratio, particularly the male proportion in a group, in combination with ecological factors, is an important determinant of group size and composition. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Alouatta palliata; Barro Colorado Island; Group size; Reproductive success; Sex ratio	fitness; group size; intersexual interaction; primate; reproductive success; sex ratio; sexual conflict; Barro Colorado Island; Central America; Gatun Lake; Panama [Central America]; Alouatta; Alouatta palliata; Primates	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42449088085	Performance of the panleucogating protocol for CD4+ T cell enumeration in an HIV dedicated laboratory facility in Barbados	Sippy-Chatrani N., Marshall S., Branch S., Carmichael-Simmons K., Landis R.C., Abayomi A.	2008	Cytometry Part B - Clinical Cytometry	74	SUPPL. 1	10.1002/cyto.b.20406	Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ministry of Health, Barbados; Edmund Cohen Laboratory for Vascular Research, University of the West Indies, Cavehill Campus, Barbados; School of Clinical Medicine and Research, University of the West Indies, Cavehill Campus, Barbados; Tygerberg Academic Hospital and Medical School, University of Stellenbosch, Capetown, South Africa; Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ladymeade Gardens, Jemmott's Lane, St. Michael, Barbados	Sippy-Chatrani, N., Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ministry of Health, Barbados, Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ladymeade Gardens, Jemmott's Lane, St. Michael, Barbados; Marshall, S., Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ministry of Health, Barbados; Branch, S., Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ministry of Health, Barbados; Carmichael-Simmons, K., Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ministry of Health, Barbados; Landis, R.C., Edmund Cohen Laboratory for Vascular Research, University of the West Indies, Cavehill Campus, Barbados; Abayomi, A., Ladymeade Reference Unit, Ministry of Health, Barbados, School of Clinical Medicine and Research, University of the West Indies, Cavehill Campus, Barbados, Tygerberg Academic Hospital and Medical School, University of Stellenbosch, Capetown, South Africa	Objective: To compare the Panleucogating (PLG) protocol with the routinely used four-color protocol for CD4+ T cell count enumeration. Design and Methods: One hundred fifty-three blood samples were randomly selected from samples received at the National HIV Laboratory for routine immunological monitoring. Samples were prepared using Coulter CYTO-STAT® tetraCHROME monoclonal antibodies and FlowCARE™ PLG CD4 reagent for four-color and PLG, respectively, and analyzed on the Beckman Coulter EPICS XL flow cytometer. The PLG protocol used a sequential gating strategy where CD4+ T cells were identified using side scatter properties of cells and CD45 staining. The four-color protocol used CD45 and CD3 to identify CD4+ T cells. Results: Absolute CD4+ T cell counts and percentages ranged from 4 to 1,285 cells/μL and 0.9 to 46.7%, respectively. Linear regression analyses revealed good correlation of PLG with the four-color protocol (absolute counts, R2 = 0.95; percentages, R2 = 0.98) over the entire range including the clinically relevant range. Bland Altman statistics revealed no bias for CD4 counts &lt;500 cells/μL and a slight underestimation by PLG for counts &gt;500 cells/μL (Bias = -32.7 cells/μL; 95% agreement limits = -151.3- +86.0). CD4+ T cell percentages were the similar over the entire range (Bias = 0.6%; 95% agreement limits = -1.97 ± 3.18). Conclusions: PLG is an accurate method for enumerating CD4+ T cells and has resulted in major cost savings to the Government of Barbados. This has implications for the sustainability of the National HIV containment program in Barbados and the other resource limited Caribbean countries. The PLG technique is now being routinely used in Barbados. © 2008 Clinical Cytometry Society.	CD4 T cell enumeration; Flow cytometry; Four-color gating; Panleucogating	monoclonal antibody; article; blood sampling; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; data analysis; flow cytometry; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunological monitoring; leukocyte; linear regression analysis; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; priority journal; T lymphocyte; Barbados; cost; economics; immunology; laboratory; methodology; pathology; regression analysis; standard; Barbados; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Costs and Cost Analysis; HIV Infections; Humans; Laboratories; Regression Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42449099581	Development of a performance measurement system for manufacturing systems	Oke S.A., Oyedokun I.O., Akanbi O.G., Oyawale F.A.	2008	International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering	3	4	10.1504/IJISE.2008.017556	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Lagos, Mezzanine Complex, Akoka-Yaba, Nigeria; Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, University of Ibadan, Engineering Annex Building, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oke, S.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Lagos, Mezzanine Complex, Akoka-Yaba, Nigeria; Oyedokun, I.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Lagos, Mezzanine Complex, Akoka-Yaba, Nigeria; Akanbi, O.G., Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, University of Ibadan, Engineering Annex Building, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oyawale, F.A., Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, University of Ibadan, Engineering Annex Building, Ibadan, Nigeria	Taylor and Davis total productivity model has significant advantage over the traditional and more commonly used productivity models its holistic nature. The model incorporates elements of net sales, inventory changes, wages and salary, investor's contribution, working and fixed capital. This paper presents a unique approach in the determination of the total factor productivity for a manufacturing organisation. This study is motivated by the dearth of models comprehensive enough to cover the major aspects of business apart from the usual input-output approach of productivity analysis which is limited to the output items and material/ non-material resources. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the feasibility of applying Lagrange multiplier in optimising the variables and parameters of the model. The research has implications for decision making in several dimensions primarily it aids the utilisation of optimal solutions in arriving at decisions. This would avoid suboptimal decision making and promotes implementation of optimal decisions. This study is new, in that, it presents an enhanced version of a model that has been available to researchers several years back. © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.	Inputs; Lagrange multiplier; Manufacturing system; Output; Performance; Performance Measurement; PM; Productivity; Profitability; Taylor and Davis model	Decision making; Lagrange multipliers; Mathematical models; Optimization; Productivity; Profitability; Taylor series; Performance measurement; Productivity analysis; Manufacture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42449110670	The impact of scientific information on ecosystem management: Making sense of the contextual gap between information providers and decision makers	Van Wyk E., Roux D.J., Drackner M., McCool S.F.	2008	Environmental Management	41	5	10.1007/s00267-008-9084-8	Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Society and Conservation, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-0576, United States	Van Wyk, E., Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Roux, D.J., Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Drackner, M., Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; McCool, S.F., Department of Society and Conservation, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-0576, United States	Scientific information is not always effectively incorporated into decision-making processes. This phenomenon seems to hold even when the information is aligned with an articulated need, is generated according to sound scientific procedures, and is packaged with end-user preferences in mind. We propose that contextual or cultural differences contribute significantly to the misalignment in communication between those who generate information and those who seek information for improved management of natural resources. The solution is to cultivate shared understanding, which in turn relies on acknowledgment and sharing of diverse values and attitudes. This constitutes a difficult challenge in a culturally diverse environment. Whereas cultural diversity represents wealth in experiences, knowledge and perspectives it can constrain the potential to develop the shared understandings necessary for effective integration of new information. This article illustrates how a lack of shared understanding among participants engaged in a resource-management process can produce and perpetuate divergent views of the world, to the extent that information and knowledge flows are ineffective and scientific information, even when requested, cannot be used effectively. Four themes were distilled from interviews with management and scientific staff of a natural resource-management agency in South Africa. The themes are used to illustrate how divergent views embedded in different cultures can discourage alignment of effort toward a common purpose. The article then presents a sense-making framework to illustrate the potential for developing shared understandings in a culturally diverse world. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Culture; Ecosystem management; Learning; Scientific information; Shared understanding	Cultural diversity; Ecosystem management; Decision making; Environmental management; Information use; Natural resources; Ecosystems; decision making; ecosystem management; learning; natural resource; participatory approach; perception; public attitude; resource management; traditional knowledge; article; cultural anthropology; decision making; environmental management; South Africa; Comprehension; Conservation of Natural Resources; Cultural Diversity; Decision Making; Ecosystem; Humans; Information Management; Knowledge; Science; South Africa; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549097736	Creating an African Riviera: Revisiting the Impact of the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront Development in Cape Town	Ferreira S., Visser G.	2007	Urban Forum	18	3	10.1007/s12132-007-9008-3	Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Geography, University of Free States, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Ferreira, S., Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Visser, G., Department of Geography, University of Free States, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	The use of leisure and tourism to re-image and redevelop cities has been interpreted as a mechanism for attracting capital and people. In a period of intense inter-place competition and urban entrepreneurialism, whole built environments become centerpieces of urban spectacle and display. Waterfront developments have become emblematic in this regard. Over the past two decades the redevelopment of the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (V&AW) in Cape Town has been transformed from 'port' to 'playground' and is internationally acknowledged as one of the most successful of these developments. This redevelopment has, as has been the case with numerous other waterfront developments, not been uncontroversial. New tensions and conflicts have arisen over the use, meaning, and ownership of this space. The acquisition of the waterfront by a consortium of London- and Dubai-based property developers in 2006 has renewed concerns about the 'plasticization' of the waterfront and signals the symbolic start of a new phase in this waterfront's development trajectory. The paper tracks the development of the V&AW since its inception in the late 1980s and argues that general critiques of waterfront developments sit uneasily in the Cape Town context. It is also suggested that these developments can fulfil a very significant and positive role for developing world cities. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Cape Town; South Africa; Urban regeneration; Urban renewal; V&A Waterfront	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549123613	Performance of starter broilers fed anaerobically fermented and lyle treated Delonix regia seed meal	Egena S.S.A., Usman A., Shiawoya E.I., Yahaya S.K., Ogunlowo H.O.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	3	10.3923/pjn.2008.489.492	Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Egena, S.S.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Usman, A., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Shiawoya, E.I., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Yahaya, S.K., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Ogunlowo, H.O., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	One hundred and twenty day-old Hubbard broiler birds were used to study the effects of anaerobic fermentation and lyle treatment of Delonix seed meal on the performance of starter broilers. The experimental period, spanned 5 weeks. The birds were divided into four treatment groups of three replicates each using complete randomized design. The anaerobically fermented and lyle treated Delonix seed meal (AFLTDSM) was used to replace groundnut cake (GNC) at 0%, 5% and 7.5% level. Untreated raw Delonix seed meal (URDSM) was also used at 5% level in order to evaluate its effects on starter broiler performance. The four treatments were designated as T 1, T 2, T 3 and T 4 respectively. Parameters evaluated were mean body weight, daily body weight gain, mean feed intake, mean feed conversion ratio as well as apparent nutrient digestibility. The results showed that mean body weight, daily body weight gain, mean feed intake and mean feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected (p&gt;0.05) by the substitution of GNC with AFLTDSM in the diets. However, apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE) and Nitrogen free extract (NFE) were significantly affected (p&lt;0.05) by the treatment diets. Crude fibre (CF) digestibility was however not affected (p&gt;0.05) by the inclusion of Delonix seed meal in the diets. It was concluded that AFLTDSM could be used as a substitute for GNC in starter broilers diet without any significant effect on the performance of the birds. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Anaerobic fermentation; Delonix and lyle treated; Performance; Starter broilers	cyanide; ether; nitrogen; phytic acid; protein; tannin; trypsin inhibitor; anaerobic fermentation; animal experiment; animal food; article; ash; body weight; chicken; controlled study; dietary fiber; dietary intake; food composition; nonhuman; nutrient uptake; peanut; plant seed; randomization; weight gain; Aves; Delonix; Delonix regia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549125220	Simulation of airflow in nozzle-ring spinning using computational fluid dynamics: Study on reduction in yarn hairiness and the role of air drag forces and angle of impact of air current	Rengasamy R.S., Patanaik A., Anandjiwala R.D.	2008	Textile Research Journal	78	5	10.1177/0040517507089754	Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; CSIR Material Science and Manufacturing and Fibers and Textiles Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Rengasamy, R.S., Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; Patanaik, A., CSIR Material Science and Manufacturing and Fibers and Textiles Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Anandjiwala, R.D., Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	In this paper we report on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of airflow inside the nozzles used in Nozzle-Ring spinning. Using the CFD, air velocities at different locations of the nozzle were obtained and then drag forces acting on hair and yarn were computed. Z-twisted carded cotton yarns were produced at ring spinning machine with and without placing nozzle. Three nozzles were used, each having air inlets at different axial angle. Using the results of simulation, the role of air drag forces and angle of impact of air current on reduction in yarn hairiness could be explained. Nozzle-Ring yarns had a lower number of S3-hairs than the regular ring yarn. The drag forces played a dominant role in reducing the hairs. The angle of air inlets controlled the impact angle of air on the hair. At very high impact angle, curving of protruding hair was bound to occur during its folding, signifying the difficulty in wrapping the hair over the yarn and, hence, a lower reduction in hairiness. © 2008 Sage Publications.	Airflow; Drag forces; Hairiness; Nozzle-ring; Simulation	Computational fluid dynamics; Drag; Flow of gases; Flow simulation; Nozzles; Spinning (fibers); Drag forces; Hairiness; Nozzle-ring spinning; Yarn; airflow; computational fluid dynamics; computer simulation; cotton yarn; hairiness; nozzle; ring spinning; spinning machine; velocity; z-twist	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549129231	Long-term field performance of a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in rural Uganda	Kilian A., Byamukama W., Pigeon O., Atieli F., Duchon S., Phan C.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-49	Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, EC2A 4JX, London, United Kingdom; Department Health, Education, Social Security, German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany; District Health Services Kabarole District, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department Phytopharmacie, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Laboratoire de Lutte Contre Les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Institut de Recherche Pour Le Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Vestergaard-Frandsen Quality Control Laboratories, Hanoi, Viet Nam	Kilian, A., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, EC2A 4JX, London, United Kingdom, Department Health, Education, Social Security, German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany; Byamukama, W., District Health Services Kabarole District, Fort Portal, Uganda; Pigeon, O., Department Phytopharmacie, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium; Atieli, F., Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Duchon, S., Laboratoire de Lutte Contre Les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Institut de Recherche Pour Le Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Phan, C., Vestergaard-Frandsen Quality Control Laboratories, Hanoi, Viet Nam	Background. In order to evaluate whether criteria for LLIN field performance (phase III) set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme are met, first and second generations of one of these products, PermaNet®, a polyester net using the coating technology were tested. Methods. A randomized, double blinded study design was used comparing LLIN to conventionally treated nets and following LLIN for three years under regular household use in rural conditions. Primary outcome measures were deltamethrin residue and bioassay performance (60 minute knock-down and 24 hour mortality after a three minute exposure) using a strain of Anopheles gambiae s.s. sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides. Results. Baseline concentration of deltamethrin was within targets for all net types but was rapidly lost in conventionally treated nets and first generation PermaNet® with median of 0.7 and 2.5 mg/m2 after six months respectively. In contrast, second generation PermaNet® retained insecticide well and had 41.5% of baseline dose after 36 months (28.7 mg/m 2). Similarly, vector mortality and knockdown dropped to 18% and 70% respectively for first generation LLIN after six months but remained high (88.5% and 97.8% respectively) for second generation PermaNet® after 36 months of follow up at which time 90.0% of nets had either a knockdown rate ≥ 95% or mortality rate ≥ 80%. Conclusion. Second generation PermaNet® showed excellent results after three years of field use and fulfilled the WHOPES criteria for LLIN. Loss of insecticide on LLIN using coating technology under field conditions was far more influenced by factors associated with handling rather than washing. © 2008 Kilian et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	deltamethrin; polyester; pyrethroid; insecticide; nitrile; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; bioassay; comparative study; controlled study; follow up; household; mortality; nonhuman; rural area; Uganda; animal; bed; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; disease carrier; double blind procedure; family size; health; human; malaria falciparum; mosquito; phase 3 clinical trial; randomized controlled trial; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Bedding and Linens; Biological Assay; Double-Blind Method; Family Characteristics; Humans; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Malaria, Falciparum; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Polyesters; Pyrethrins; Rural Health; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549157498	Effects of night-reading on daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and academic performance of undergraduate pharmacy students in Nigeria	Adeosun S.O., Asa S.O., Babalola O.O., Akanmu M.A.	2008	Sleep and Biological Rhythms	6	2	10.1111/j.1479-8425.2008.00338.x	Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; D	Adeosun, S.O., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Asa, S.O., Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Babalola, O.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Akanmu, M.A., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria	We evaluated the impact of night reading on daytime sleepiness, quality of sleep and performance of student. Pharmacy students (N = 253, 71.5% response rate) completed a sleep and study lifestyle questionnaire, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the Epworth sleepiness scale questionnaires, and their grade indices (were obtained. The results showed that the prevalence of night reading was 76.7% and there was a significant (P < 0.05) association between night reading and sleep quality, and also between sleep quality and academic performance. Thus, habitual night reading may affect academic performance, possibly due to the reduced sleep and poor sleep quality of habitual night readers. © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Japanese Society of Sleep Research.	Academic performance; Daytime sleepiness; PSQI; Sleep education; Sleep quality	academic achievement; adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; daytime somnolence; Epworth sleepiness scale; female; human; human experiment; lifestyle; male; Nigeria; night; normal human; pharmacy student; prevalence; priority journal; questionnaire; reading; scoring system; sex difference; sleep; sleep time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42649098883	Lost opportunities and constraints in producing rigorous evaluations of USAID Health Projects, 2004-7	Teller C.H.	2008	IDS Bulletin	39	1	None	Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC, United States; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Teller, C.H., Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC, United States, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Impact evaluation is offen seen as a central building block of results-based management. But in USAID rigorous impact evaluations have been crowded out by the drive to outcome-monitoring in the name of the results agenda. Other constraints on adopting quantitatively well-designed impact evaluation designs have included a lack of the required technical skills amongst those charged with conducting evaluations, the lack of incentives to produce quality studies - including the desire to avoid uncovering weak performance - and hence a lack of political will to expand the impact evaluation programme. The article proposes a new evaluation agenda to address these deficiencies. © Institute of Development Studies.	None	development aid; project assessment; project design; North America; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42649102073	Statistical evaluation of aerosol data from Ben Macdhui mountain, South Africa	Kowalkowski T., Piketh S.J., Cukrowska E.M.	2008	Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering	43	7	10.1080/10934520801959856	School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Torun, Poland; Climatology Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torún, Poland	Kowalkowski, T., School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Torun, Poland, Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torún, Poland; Piketh, S.J., Climatology Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cukrowska, E.M., School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	The aim of this study is re-evaluation of the data collected during Ben Macdhui High Altitude Trace Gas and Aerosols Transport Experiment (BHATTEX) to identify the dominant species of aerosols and their interactions in the atmosphere. Particularly, investigations of seasonal variations, the origin of sulphates and the formation of the ammonia sulphate were essential topics of this study. Such analyses were done by application of unique combination of supervised and unsupervised learning classification methods. Namely discriminant function analysis (DFA) for simple identification of parameters and principal component analysis (PCA) for the further investigations on hidden structure of data has been applied. The analysis shows that sulphate concentration and C,N isotopic ratios can classify winter and summer patterns of data. Differences between sulphate concentrations in summer and winter samples indicated by second PCA component were probably related to meteorological conditions over that region. The relations between anthropogenic compounds and ammonia or sulphate were much more stronger in summer samples than in winter ones, that is related with seasonal transport of that particles from industry to the investigated regions. The hypothesis of competitive reaction between sulphates, nitrates and ammonia ions has been also proven by application of simple regression analysis. Moreover the analysis of correlations coefficients shows that those relations are independent on seasons. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Air pollution; Ammonia; Classification; Modelling; Sulphate	Air pollution; Ammonia; Discriminant analysis; Principal component analysis; Unsupervised learning; Ammonia sulphate; Discriminant function analysis (DFA); Seasonal variations; Sulphates; Aerosols; ammonia; nitrate; sulfate; aerosol; article; atmosphere; chemical reaction; concentration (parameters); correlation coefficient; discriminant analysis; meteorology; principal component analysis; regression analysis; seasonal variation; South Africa; statistical analysis; structure analysis; summer; winter; Aerosols; Air Pollutants; Altitude; Environmental Monitoring; Geography; Models, Statistical; Seasons; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42649122991	Estimating vertically acquired HIV infections and the impact of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission program in Zimbabwe: Insights from decision analysis models	Dube S., Boily M.-C., Mugurungi O., Mahomva A., Chikhata F., Gregson S.	2008	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	48	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31816bcdbb	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom	Dube, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Boily, M.-C., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Mugurungi, O., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mahomva, A., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chikhata, F., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gregson, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe	BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends a single-dose nevirapine (NVP) regimen for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in settings without the capacity to deliver more complex regimens, but the population-level impact of this intervention has rarely been assessed. METHODS: A decision analysis model was developed, parameterized, and applied using local epidemiologic and demographic data to estimate vertical transmission of HIV and the impact of the PMTCT program in Zimbabwe up to 2005. RESULTS: Between 1980 and 2005, of approximately 10 million children born in Zimbabwe, a cumulative 504,000 (range: 362,000 to 665,000) were vertically infected with HIV; 59% of these infections occurred in nonurban areas. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV decreased from 8.2% (range: 6.0% to 10.7%) in 2000 to 6.2% (range: 4.9% to 8.9%) in 2005, predominantly attributable to declining maternal HIV prevalence rather than to the PMTCT program. Between 2002 and 2005, the single-dose NVP PMTCT program may have averted 4600 (range: 3900 to 7800) infections. In 2005, 32% (range: 26% to 44%) and 4.0% (range: 2.7% to 6.2%) of infections were attributable to breast-feeding and maternal seroconversion, respectively, and the PMTCT program reduced infant infections by 8.8% (range: 5.5% to 12.1%). Twice as many infections could have been averted had a more efficacious but logistically more complex NVP + zidovudine regimen been implemented with similar coverage (50%) and acceptance (42%). DISCUSSION: The decline in MTCT from 2000 to 2005 is attributable more to the concurrent decrease in HIV prevalence in pregnant women than to PMTCT at the current level of rollout. To improve the impact of PMTCT, program coverage and acceptance must be increased, especially in rural areas, and local infrastructure must then be strengthened so that single-dose NVP can be replaced with a more efficacious regimen. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Decision analysis models; HIV; Mother-to-child transmission; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Vertical transmission	lamivudine plus nevirapine plus zidovudine; lamivudine plus zidovudine; nevirapine; zidovudine; adult; article; controlled study; decision making; disease transmission; drug effect; female; health program; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; major clinical study; maternal care; monotherapy; preschool child; prevalence; priority journal; single drug dose; world health organization; Zimbabwe; Decision Support Techniques; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nevirapine; Pregnancy; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42949127664	Impacted radio-opaque glass in the oesophagus of a child	Ibekwe T.S., Fasunla J.A., Akinola M.D., Nwaorgu O.G.B.	2008	New Zealand Medical Journal	121	1272	None	Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Division of ENT, Department of Surgery, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, PMB 08, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria	Ibekwe, T.S., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, Division of ENT, Department of Surgery, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, PMB 08, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria; Fasunla, J.A., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinola, M.D., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Nwaorgu, O.G.B., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Most ingested foreign bodies in the aero-digestive tracts in both children and adults. are not radio-opaque, and as a result, a preoperative plain radiograph may not be helpful. However, incorporating radio-opaque markers into such potential foreign bodies like toys, beads, and dentures during manufacture (as illustrated in this case of a 6-year old boy who ingested a piece of glass mirror which was easily seen on X-ray) would obviate this problem. While this may constitute some financial burden on manufacturers, the cost effectiveness on health management is non-negotiable. We suggest that appropriate authorities and regulatory bodies should enforce this through legislation. © NZMA.	None	contrast medium; glass; article; case report; cervical spine radiography; esophagoscopy; esophagus foreign body; human; hypersalivation; ingestion; law; male; outcome assessment; physical examination; play; preoperative evaluation; preschool child; radiography; thorax radiography; child; esophagus; foreign body; Child; Esophagoscopy; Esophagus; Foreign Bodies; Glass; Humans; Male	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049094353	Can crops be irrigated with sodium bicarbonate rich CBM deep aquifer water? Theoretical and field evaluation	Beletse Y.G., Annandale J.G., Steyn J.M., Hall I., Aken M.E.	2008	Ecological Engineering	33	1	10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.12.011	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Anglo Coal Project Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa; Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa	Beletse, Y.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Annandale, J.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Steyn, J.M., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Hall, I., Anglo Coal Project Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa; Aken, M.E., Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa	A simulation modelling exercise, followed by field trials was carried out to assess the suitability of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) rich water obtained from dewatering for extraction of methane gas from coal beds in the Limpopo Province, Republic of South Africa. This water has a very high EC of 750 mS m-1, which according to FAO water quality guidelines would suit only salt tolerant crops. Modelled crop growth at a leaching fraction (LF) of 23% using the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model gave root zone salinity (ECe) between 857 and 981 mS m-1, and a 90% potential crop yield. In the field trials, barley, Italian ryegrass and Bermuda grass were successfully grown in a loamy sand soil without leaf burn and toxicity problems, but cotton foliage was scorched when sprinkler irrigated. Drip emitter discharge rate decreased from 3.99 ± 0.15 to 3.5 ± 0.19 l h-1, suggesting that clogging will be problematic with micro irrigation. SWB gave a good estimation of the suitability of this NaHCO3 rich water in the theoretical assessment, which was similar to the experimental findings. SWB, therefore, is a useful tool for assessing the suitability of NaHCO3 deep aquifer water for irrigation of agricultural crops. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Irrigation; Long term; Mine water; Modelling; NaHCO3; Salt tolerance; SWB model	Extraction; Irrigation; Mathematical models; Methane; Mine water; Salt tolerance; SWB model; Sodium compounds; Extraction; Irrigation; Mathematical models; Methane; Sodium compounds; aquifer; barley; bicarbonate; coal seam; crop yield; growth; irrigation; methane; mine; salinity tolerance; sodium; toxicity; water quality; Africa; Limpopo; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Cynodon dactylon; Gossypium hirsutum; Hordeum; Lolium multiflorum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049100345	Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: The impact of speed on survival	Walensky R.P., Wood R., Weinstein M.C., Martinson N.A., Losina E., Fofana M.O., Goldie S.J., Divi N., Yazdanpanah Y., Wang B., Paltiel A.D., Freedberg K.A.	2008	Journal of Infectious Diseases	197	9	10.1086/587184	Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Desmond Tutu Research Center, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa; Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses et du Voyageur, Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, EA 2694, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire de Recherches Économiques et Sociales, CNRS URA 362, Lille, France; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States	Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu Research Center, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Weinstein, M.C., Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Martinson, N.A., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa; Losina, E., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Fofana, M.O., Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Goldie, S.J., Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Divi, N., Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Yazdanpanah, Y., Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses et du Voyageur, Lille, France, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, EA 2694, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Lille, France, Laboratoire de Recherches Économiques et Sociales, CNRS URA 362, Lille, France; Wang, B., Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Paltiel, A.D., Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background. Only 33% of eligible human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in South Africa receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). We sought to estimate the impact of alternative ART scale-up scenarios on patient outcomes from 2007-2012. Methods. Using a simulation model of HIV infection with South African data, we projected HIV-associated mortality with and without effective ART for an adult cohort in need of therapy (2007) and for adults who became eligible for treatment (2008-2012). We compared 5 scale-up scenarios: (1) zero growth, with a total of 100,000 new treatment slots; (2) constant growth, with 600,000; (3) moderate growth, with 2.1 million; (4) rapid growth, with 2.4 million); and (5) full capacity, with 3.2 million. Results. Our projections showed that by 2011, the rapid growth scenario fully met the South African need for ART; by 2012, the moderate scenario met 97% of the need, but the zero and constant growth scenarios met only 28% and 52% of the need, respectively. The latter scenarios resulted in 364,000 and 831,000 people alive and on ART in 2012. From 2007 to 2012, cumulative deaths in South Africa ranged from 2.5 million under the zero growth scenario to 1.2 million under the rapid growth scenario. Conclusions. Alternative ART scale-up scenarios in South Africa will lead to differences in the death rate that amount to more than 1.2 million deaths by 2012. More rapid scale-up remains critically important. © 2008 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	cotrimoxazole; proteinase inhibitor; ritonavir; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; article; highly active antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mortality; priority journal; simulation; South Africa; survival rate; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cohort Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Models, Biological; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049100760	The use of a cluster analysis in across herd genetic evaluation for beef cattle	Neser F.W.C., Erasmus G.J., Scholtz M.M.	2008	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	38	1	None	Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Neser, F.W.C., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Erasmus, G.J., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Scholtz, M.M., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	To investigate the possibility of a genotype x environment interaction in Bonsmara cattle, a cluster analysis was performed on weaning weight records of 72 811 Bonsmara calves, the progeny of 1 434 sires and 24 186 dams in 35 herds. The following environmental factors were used to classify herds into clusters: solution for herd effects corrected for year-season, sex, age of dam and age at weaning (indicative of the management level in a herd), herd size and average temperature and rainfall. Two different genetic analyses were performed. Breeding values obtained in a univariate analysis were used as basis for comparison to breeding values obtained from a multivariate analysis where weaning weight in each cluster was considered as a separate trait. Direct additive, maternal additive, permanent maternal environment and Herd-Year-Season x Sire (HYSxS) interaction were included as random effects in both analyses. The direct genetic correlations between the clusters varied between 0.51 and 1.00. The low correlation estimates between some of the clusters indicate a possible genotype x environment interaction. Substantial reranking of sires between clusters did occur. However, further research is needed to identify and prioritize variables that can describe the genetics, management and climate of each herd more accurately. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Bonsmara cattle; Genotype by environment interaction; Weaning weight	Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049132214	Impacts of prime-age adult mortality on labour supply: Evidence from adolescents and women in South Africa	Yamauchi F., Buthelezi T., Velia M.	2008	Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics	70	3	10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00504.x	International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Social Development, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Yamauchi, F., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States; Buthelezi, T., Department of Social Development, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Pretoria, South Africa, School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Velia, M., School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of prime-age adult mortality on the transition made by adolescents from school to the labour market and on female adult labour force participation decisions in South Africa. We find, first, that deaths of prime-age adults significantly increase both male and female adolescents' labour force participation as they stop their schooling. Secondly, the death of prime-age adults in general also decreases school enrolment ex ante. Thirdly, female adults tend to join the labour force following the death of prime-age adult males. These findings imply that prime-age adult mortality increases labour supply and disrupts human capital formation. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 2008.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049133208	The effect of pH and anoxia on the performance of Phoslock®, a phosphorus binding clay	Ross G., Haghseresht F., Cloete T.E.	2008	Harmful Algae	7	4	10.1016/j.hal.2007.12.007	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; ARC Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia	Ross, G., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Haghseresht, F., ARC Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Cloete, T.E., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	This study examined the adsorption of phosphate by Phoslock, a lanthanum modified clay, by investigating the effect of solution pH and presence of algal mass on its kinetic behavior. In addition, the effect of anoxic conditions on its ability to retain the adsorbed phosphate was studied. It was found that Phoslok® was most effective at pH values between 5 and 7, and the adsorption capacity decreased above pH 9. The adsorption capacity was lower in algae-containing lake water than in prepared reverse osmosis water solutions. The phosphorus was not released from the Phoslock® under anoxic conditions. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Adsorption capacity; Anoxia; Kinetics; pH; Phoslock®	algae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049138745	Impacts of large herbivorous mammals on bird diversity and abundance in an African savanna	Ogada D.L., Gadd M.E., Ostfeld R.S., Young T.P., Keesing F.	2008	Oecologia	156	2	10.1007/s00442-008-0994-1	Ornithology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of International Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ARLSQ 730, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, United States; Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, United States; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Bard College, Box 5000, Annandale, NY 12504, United States	Ogada, D.L., Ornithology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Gadd, M.E., Division of International Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ARLSQ 730, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, United States; Ostfeld, R.S., Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, United States; Young, T.P., Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Keesing, F., Bard College, Box 5000, Annandale, NY 12504, United States	Large native mammals are declining dramatically in abundance across Africa, with strong impacts on both plant and animal community dynamics. However, the net effects of this large-scale loss in megafauna are poorly understood because responses by several ecologically important groups have not been assessed. We used a large-scale, replicated exclusion experiment in Kenya to investigate the impacts of different guilds of native and domestic large herbivores on the diversity and abundance of birds over a 2-year period. The exclusion of large herbivorous native mammals, including zebras (Equus burchelli), giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), elephants (Loxodonta africana), and buffalos (Syncerus caffer), increased the diversity of birds by 30%. Most of this effect was attributable to the absence of elephants and giraffes; these megaherbivores reduced both the canopy area of subdominant woody vegetation and the biomass of ground-dwelling arthropods, and both of these factors were good predictors of the diversity of birds. The canopy area of subdominant trees was positively correlated with the diversity of granivorous birds. The biomass of ground-dwelling arthropods was positively correlated with the diversity of insectivorous birds. Our results suggest that most native large herbivores are compatible with an abundant and diverse bird fauna, as are cattle if they are at a relatively low stocking rate. Future research should focus on determining the spatial arrangements and densities of megaherbivores that will optimize both megaherbivore abundance and bird diversity. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Bird diversity; Cattle; Indirect effects; Kenya; Livestock; Megaherbivore	abundance; arthropod; bird; canopy; cattle; community dynamics; herbivore; livestock; mammal; plant community; savanna; species diversity; analysis of variance; animal; article; biodiversity; bird; ecosystem; feeding behavior; food chain; Kenya; mammal; physiology; population density; regression analysis; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biodiversity; Birds; Ecosystem; Feeding Behavior; Food Chain; Kenya; Mammals; Population Density; Regression Analysis; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia; Arthropoda; Aves; Bos; Bubalus; Elephantidae; Equidae; Equus burchellii; Giraffa camelopardalis; Giraffidae; Loxodonta africana; Mammalia; Syncerus caffer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049159089	Evaluation of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for the diagnosis and screening of lumpy skin disease using Bayesian method	Gari G., Biteau-Coroller F., LeGoff C., Caufour P., Roger F.	2008	Veterinary Microbiology	129	42433	10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.005	Sebeta National Animal Health Research Center, PO Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CIRAD, Emerging and Exotic Animal Disease Control Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	Gari, G., Sebeta National Animal Health Research Center, PO Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia, CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Biteau-Coroller, F., CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; LeGoff, C., CIRAD, Emerging and Exotic Animal Disease Control Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Caufour, P., CIRAD, Emerging and Exotic Animal Disease Control Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Roger, F., CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	The performance of indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for serological diagnosis and screening of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was evaluated using methods without gold standard. Virus neutralization test (VNT) was used as the second test and the study sites were selected from two different geographical places in Ethiopia to get different disease prevalence. The analysis of conditional dependent Bayesian model for the accuracy of IFAT showed that sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of the population Pi1 and the population Pi2 were 0.92 (0.89-0.95), 0.88 (0.85-0.91), 0.28 (0.25-0.32) and 0.06 (0.048-0.075), respectively. The posterior inferences obtained for VNT sensitivity, specificity and conditional correlation between the tests for sensitivity (rhoD) and specificity (rhoDc) were 0.78 (0.74-0.83), 0.97 (0.95-0.99), 0.052 (-0.03-0.15) and 0.019 (-0.01-0.06), respectively. The interval estimation of conditional correlation for both sensitivity and specificity clusters around zero and thus conditional dependence between the two tests was not significant. Although accuracy measure would not be the only basis for test selection, the result of our study demonstrated that IFAT has a reasonable high accuracy to be used for the diagnosis and sero-surveillance analysis of LSD in the target population. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bayesian model; Cattle; Ethiopia; IFAT; Lumpy skin disease; Sensitivity; Specificity	article; Bayes theorem; cattle disease; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic procedure; Ethiopia; fluorescent antibody technique; nonhuman; Poxvirus; screening; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; statistical analysis; virus neutralization; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bayes Theorem; Cattle; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Likelihood Functions; Lumpy Skin Disease; Lumpy skin disease virus; Male; Mass Screening; Neutralization Tests; Prevalence; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149088716	Performance evaluation of high rate space-time trellis-coded modulation using Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature technique	Sokoya O., Xu H.J., Takawira F.	2008	IET Communications	2	5	10.1049/iet-com:20060116	School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Sokoya, O., School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Xu, H.J., School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Takawira, F., School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	The performance analysis of high rate space-time trellis-coded modulation (HR-STTCM) using the Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature technique is presented. HR-STTCM is an example of space-time codes that combine the idea used in trellis coded modulation (TCM) design that is signal set expansion and set partitioning into its construction. HR-STTCM construction is based on the concatenation of an outer TCM encoder and inner space-time block code. This paper evaluates the exact pairwise error probability of HR-STTCM based on the Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature formula. Comparison of numerical and simulation results shows that the proposed method is accurate. The method used is shown to be computationally simpler than those in the literature. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2008.	None	Block codes; Computational complexity; Computer simulation; Modulation; Signal receivers; Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature formula; Trellis coded modulation (TCM); Space time adaptive processing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149092147	Impact of a conventional introductory laboratory course on the understanding of measurement	Volkwyn T.S., Allie S., Buffler A., Lubben F.	2008	Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research	4	1	10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.4.010108	Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Educational Studies, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Volkwyn, T.S., Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Allie, S., Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Buffler, A., Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Lubben, F., Department of Educational Studies, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Conventional physics laboratory courses generally include an emphasis on increasing students' ability to carry out data analysis according to scientific practice, in particular, those aspects that relate to measurement uncertainty. This study evaluates the efficacy of the conventional approach by analyzing the understanding of measurement of freshmen following the physics major sequence, i.e., top achievers, with regard to data collection, data processing, and data comparison, through pre- and postinstruction tests by using an established instrument. The findings show that the laboratory course improved the performance of the majority of students insofar as the more mechanical aspects of data collection and data processing were concerned. However, only about 20% of the cohort of physics majors exhibited a deeper understanding of measurement uncertainty required for data comparison. © 2008 The American Physical Society.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149094238	Evaluation of gellan gum as a granulating agent for chloroquine phosphate tablets	Franklin-Ude P.I., Emeje M.O., Ofoefule S.I.	2008	Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology	3	2	10.3923/jpt.2008.53.63	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ab	Franklin-Ude, P.I., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Emeje, M.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Ofoefule, S.I., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Gellan gum was evaluated as a granulating agent in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations at varying concentrations of 2.5 to 7.5% w/w. Granules were prepared using the wet granulation method. Maize starch and gelatin were employed as reference granulating agents. Prepared granules were evaluated for their micromeritic properties, while the compressed tablets were evaluated for mechanical, disintegration and dissolution properties. The effect of varying concentrations of calcium ion on the mechanical properties of the compressed tablets was also investigated. Results obtained showed that gellan gum exhibited higher binding capacity than maize starch or gelatin. The presence of calcium ions reduced the mechanical properties of the chloroquine phosphate tablets. At 0.4% w/w calcium chloride concentration, tablets with marked reduction in disintegration time and fast dissolution rate without appreciable reduction in mechanical properties were obtained. This concentration was considered to be the optimum for use of calcium chloride as an additive in chloroqinue phosphate tablets containing gellan gum. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Calcium chloride; Chloroqiune phosphate; Gellan gum; Granulating agent	calcium chloride; calcium ion; chloroquine; gellan; starch; article; chemical binding; compressive strength; concentration (parameters); controlled study; drug granulation; drug granule; drug screening; drug solubility; maize; tablet compression; tablet disintegration; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149102054	Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: White Rhino impacts on a south African savanna	Waldram M.S., Bond W.J., Stock W.D.	2008	Ecosystems	11	1	10.1007/s10021-007-9109-9	Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia	Waldram, M.S., Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Bond, W.J., Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Stock, W.D., Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa, Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia	Herbivory can change the structure and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. We ask whether all species of grazers in a savanna ecosystem can have this effect or whether megaherbivores (>1000 kg) have a 'special' role that cannot be replicated by other species of grazers. We performed a replicated landscape scale experiment that examined the effects of White Rhino on the grass sward, on other species of grazing mammals and on the movement of fire through the landscape. White Rhino maintained short grass ('lawn') patches in mesic areas (∼750 mm pa) with increases in grass sward height when they were removed. Other species of grazers were unable to maintain short grass communities when White Rhino were removed. In semi-arid areas (∼600 mm pa) other, smaller grazers were able to maintain short grass communities in the absence of White Rhino and sward height did not increase. White Rhino removals affected fire by increasing fuel loads and fuel continuity. This resulted in larger, less patchy fires. We propose that the White Rhino acts as an influential ecosystem engineer, creating and maintaining short grass swards, which alter habitat for other grazers and change the fire regime. These results indicate the existence of context-dependent facilitation between White Rhino and other grazers in mesic, but not in semi-arid, savannas. Such top down effects on the ecosystem may have been much more widespread before the extinction of large grazers in the Pleistocene. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Ecosystem engineers; Facilitation; Fire; Grazing; Keystone species; Megaherbivores; Pleistocene extinctions; Savanna; White Rhino	ecosystem engineering; experimental study; extinction; grass; grazing; herbivory; keystone species; Pleistocene; savanna; ungulate; wildfire; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Mammalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149114219	Impacts of land-use/cover changes on the hydrology of the transboundary Mara River, Kenya/Tanzania	Mati B.M., Mutie S., Gadain H., Home P., Mtalo F.	2008	Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management	13	2	10.1111/j.1440-1770.2008.00367.x	Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	Mati, B.M., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Mutie, S., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Gadain, H., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Home, P., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Mtalo, F., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	The Mara River is the lifeline of the transboundary Mara basin across Kenya and Tanzania. The basin is considered one of the more serene subcatchments of the Lake Victoria Basin and ultimately the Nile Basin, and traverses the famous Maasai Mara and Serengeti National Parks. The basin also contains forests, large-scale farms, smallholder farms, pastoral grazing lands, as well as hunter gatherers and fishers. There is growing concern, however, regarding land degradation in the basin, particularly deforestation in the headwaters, that is affecting the natural resource base and the river flows. Accurate scientific data are required to advise policy, and to plan appropriate mitigation measures. This study utilizes remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) tools, and hydrological and ground-truth studies to determine the magnitude of the land-use/cover changes in the Mara River Basin, and the effects of these changes on the river flows over the last 30 years. The study results indicate that land-use/cover changes have occurred. In 1973, for example, rangelands (savannah, grasslands and shrublands) covered 10.989 km 2 (79%) of the total basin area. The rangelands had been reduced to 7245 km 2 (52%) by 2000, however, while the forest areas were reduced by 32% over the same period. These changes have been attributed to the encroachment of agriculture, which has more than doubled (203%) its land area over the same period. The hydrology of the Mara River also has changed, with sharp increases in flood peak flows by 7%, and an earlier occurrence of these peaks by 4 days between 1973 and 2000. There is evidence of increased soil erosion in the upper catchments, with silt build-up in the downstream floodplains. This has caused the Mara wetland to expand by 387%, adversely affecting riparian agriculture. There is need for urgent action to stem the land degradation of the Mara River Basin, including planning and implementing appropriate mitigation measures. © Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.	GIS; Hydrology; Kenya; Lake Victoria; Land use/cover; Marab asin; Tanzania	catchment; environmental impact; floodplain; GIS; hydrological response; land cover; land degradation; land use change; peak flow; river basin; river flow; soil erosion; Africa; East Africa; East African Lakes; Kenya; Lake Victoria; Masai Mara; Nile Basin; Rift Valley; Serengeti National Park; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149115382	Physiological response of rabbit bucks to dietary fumonisin: Performance, haematology and serum biochemistry	Ewuola E.O., Gbore F.A., Ogunlade J.T., Bandyopadhyay R., Niezen J., Egbunike G.N.	2008	Mycopathologia	165	2	10.1007/s11046-007-9083-y	Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Pathology Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ibadan, Nigeria	Ewuola, E.O., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gbore, F.A., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunlade, J.T., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Bandyopadhyay, R., Pathology Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; Niezen, J., Pathology Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ibadan, Nigeria; Egbunike, G.N., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Maize grains contaminated with fumonisin, a metabolite of Fusarium verticillioides was incorporated into matured male rabbits' diet to evaluate its effects on performance, haematology and serum biochemistry in rabbits. Thirty individually caged crossbred adult rabbit bucks averaging 1.36 ± 0.01 kg (about 22-24-week-old) were randomly allotted to three treatment diets comprising a control diet (containing 0.35 ± 0.02 mg fumonisin/kg) and two test diets containing 12.30 ± 0.16 and 24.56 ± 0.14 mg fumonisin/kg, constituting treatments 1 (low infection), 2 (medium infection) and 3 (high infection), respectively, in a five-week feeding trial. Results showed that the dry matter intake (DMI) (g/rabbit) at the end of the feeding trial was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced. The DMI declined with increasing dietary fumonisin by a significant 80% and 95% (P < 0.05) for high and medium levels of dietary fumonisin, respectively, relative to the mean weekly DMI of 609.93 ± 45.08 g by rabbits fed diet with low level of fumonisin. The weekly weight gain tended to decrease with increased dietary fumonisin levels, while the haematological and serum biochemical components examined, were not statistically influenced among the diets when fed to male rabbits for a period of 5 weeks. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Bucks; Fumonisin; Haematology; Physiological response; Serum biochemistry	fumonisin; plasma protein; animal; article; blood examination; body weight; dose response; drug effect; eating; male; metabolism; rabbit; randomization; weight gain; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Fumonisins; Hematologic Tests; Male; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Weight Gain; Fusarium; Gibberella moniliformis; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149116601	Integrated water and economic modelling of the impacts of water market instruments on the South African economy	van Heerden J.H., Blignaut J., Horridge M.	2008	Ecological Economics	66	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.011	Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	van Heerden, J.H., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Blignaut, J., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Horridge, M., Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	A static computable general equilibrium model of South Africa is adapted to compare new taxes on water demand by two industries, namely forestry, and irrigated field crops. Comparisons are made with respect to both the short and the long run, in terms of three target variables, namely (i) the environment; (ii) the economy; and (iii) equity. Since the taxes on the two industries do not raise the same amount of revenue, the target variables are calculated per unit of real government revenue raised by the new taxes (also referred to as the marginal excess burdens of the taxes). The model results are robust for moderate values of the water elasticity of demand in the two industries, in both the long and the short run. The tax on irrigated field crops performs better in terms of all three the target variables in the short run. In the long run the tax on irrigated filed crops is better in terms of water saving, but reduces real GDP and the consumption by poor households. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	C68; Computable general equilibrium modelling; Market-based instruments; Q25; Q43; Social Accounting Matrix; Water markets; Water tax	comparative study; crop production; forestry; Gross Domestic Product; irrigation system; numerical model; tax system; water demand; water economics; water management; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149126334	The impact of employment equity regulations on psychological contracts in South Africa	Wöcke A., Sutherland M.	2008	International Journal of Human Resource Management	19	4	10.1080/09585190801953525	Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Wöcke, A., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sutherland, M., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This article will show the impact of employment equity legislation on the psychological employment contracts of the three main employee groupings in South African society. This study is important in that it fills the gap in the literature that identifies labour market regulations as an important shaping influence on the psychological contract. More than 500 managers from across South African industry and from all ethnic groups were surveyed to identify differences in psychological contracts and attitudes towards the social transformation regulations. We found that the legislation has impacted differentially on the three groupings mainly in terms of their loyalty to stay with their organizations, the focus on their career development in terms of the external labour market and the degree to which they felt they had been affected by the legislation. Additionally we find that the perceived linkage between job satisfaction and labour turnover is significantly weakened by labour market legislation in the case of the beneficiaries of the legislation, but that this may not be the case for those negatively affected by the legislation. The findings have significant implications for the HRM practices of multinationals operating in societies with significant labour market regulatory interventions.	Diversity management; Employment equity; Psychological contract; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43249092090	Impact of HIV on novel therapies for tuberculosis control	Sánchez M.S., Lloyd-Smith J.O., Porco T.C., Williams B.G., Borgdorff M.W., Mansoer J., Salomon J.A., Getz W.M.	2008	AIDS	22	8	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f7cb4b	Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; National TB Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University Initiative for Global Health, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States	Sánchez, M.S., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Porco, T.C., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Williams, B.G., World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Borgdorff, M.W., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Mansoer, J., National TB Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Salomon, J.A., Department of International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Initiative for Global Health, Cambridge, MA, United States; Getz, W.M., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States	OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The increased risk for tuberculosis in HIV-infected people has fueled a worldwide resurgence of tuberculosis. A major hindrance to controlling tuberculosis is the long treatment duration, leading to default, jeopardizing cure, and generating drug resistance. We investigated how tuberculosis is impacted by reducing treatment duration alone or combined with enhanced case detection and/or cure under different HIV prevalence levels. METHODS: Our model includes HIV stages I-IV and was calibrated to long-term tuberculosis and HIV data from Kenya. Benefits were assessed in terms of absolute and relative reductions in new tuberculosis cases and deaths. RESULTS: Compared with present-day strategies, at 3-20% HIV prevalence we attain a 6-20% decrease in incidence and mortality in 25 years when reducing treatment duration alone; benefits exceed 300% when combined with increased detection and cure. Benefits vary substantially according to HIV status and prevalence. Challenges arise because in absolute terms the number of infected people and deaths increases dramatically with increasing HIV prevalence, and because the relative efficacy of tuberculosis control policies displays a nonlinear pattern whereby they become less effective on a per capita basis at HIV prevalence levels greater than 15%. Benefits of reducing treatment duration may even be reversed at extreme HIV prevalence levels. Benefits of increasing cure versus detection increase as HIV prevalence increases. CONCLUSION: Reducing tuberculosis treatment duration, alone or in combination with other control strategies, can provide enormous benefits at high HIV prevalence. Tuberculosis control policies need to account for HIV levels because the efficacy of different interventions varies substantially with HIV prevalence. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Case detection; Cure rate; Disease control; Epidemiology; HIV; Mathematical model; Tuberculosis	article; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mortality; prevalence; priority journal; simulation; treatment duration; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Models, Biological; Prevalence; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43249122313	Formulation and evaluation of dehydrated microbiological media from avocado pear (Peasea americana Cmill)	Famurewa O., David O.M.	2008	Research Journal of Microbiology	3	5	10.3923/jm.2008.326.330	Department of Microbiology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Famurewa, O., Department of Microbiology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; David, O.M., Department of Microbiology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Avocado pear (Peasea amaricana Cmill) has an excellent nutritional quality that can support the growth of microorganisms. Different media were formulated from both defatted and undefatted dehydrated avocado pear. The proximate analyses of the pear flour show that defatted samples were better in term of minerals contents than their corresponding undefatted samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in that order thrived very well in the composed media. The test bacteria grew better in media composed with defatted pear than their corresponding undefatted samples. Undefatted samples seem to support fungal growth than defatted samples. Trichoderma sp. grew better than Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum. Comparing with the performance of conventional bacteriological and mycological media, avocado pear is a good and cheap media material for the cultivation and isolation of both bacteria and fungi. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Avocado pear; Formulated media; Microbial growth; Mineral composition; Pathogens; Proximate composition	Aspergillus flavus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Escherichia coli; Fungi; Penicillium; Penicillium chrysogenum; Persea americana; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyrus; Staphylococcus aureus; Trichoderma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43249126007	Evaluation and heritability studies of local Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cultivars from south-west Nigeria	Akande S.R., Balogun M.O.	2007	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	7	1	None	Institute of Agricultural Research, Training Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akande, S.R., Institute of Agricultural Research, Training Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Balogun, M.O., Institute of Agricultural Research, Training Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Seven local Lima bean cultivars were evaluated at Ile-Ife in the humid rainforest environment of south western Nigeria for two years. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used each year. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Heritability estimates of 10 agronomic characters evaluated were also determined. Significant year and cultivar effects were observed for most of the characters. Seed yield ha-1 varied from 289.14 to 1358.74 kg. Only two cultivars had seed yield above 1000 kg ha-1, others yielded poorly. Seed yield had positive and significant correlation with branching height, number of seeds per pod, 100- seed weight and inter-nodal length. Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that pod weight per plant, 100-seed weight and pod length were the main seed yield components in Lima bean and together they accounted for 98% of the variability. One hundred seed weight also had the highest broad sense heritability estimate of 98%. Characters such as pod length, mid leaflet surface area, pod weight per plant and inter-nodal length were moderately heritable. The implications of these findings in lima bean improvement were discussed.	Correlation; Evaluation; Heritability estimates; Lima beans; Seed yield	Phaseolus lunatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43249129636	Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus	Apata D.F.	2008	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	88	7	10.1002/jsfa.3214	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Apata, D.F., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Probiotics are being developed for use in animal feed to enhance production performance and prevention of gastrointestinal infections. The ban on using antibiotics as growth promoters, antibiotic resistance and the inherent problems of developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternatives for in-feed antibiotics. The alternatives of choice have to be considered under the environmental conditions of the animal. Among the probiotics in use today, Lactobacillus has been shown to play a vital role in disease prevention, immune enhancement, improved growth and carcass yield in poultry. The present study investigates the effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB)-based probiotic on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broilers under tropical environmental conditions. RESULTS: Broilers fed LB diets consumed more feed (P &lt; 0.05) and had greater body weight gain than the control group. Feed/gain ratio improved significantly (P &lt; 0.05) with the 20, 40 and 60 mg kg-1 LB diets compared with the control or 80 mg kg-1 LB diet. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and fat increased with LB supplementation. However, there was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in fibre digestibility. White blood cell count increased significantly in broilers fed higher levels (&gt;40 mg kg -1) of LB compared with the control group. Antibody production measured as antibody titre against Newcastle disease vaccine showed a curvilinear response over the range of LB concentrations examined. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LB addition to broiler chick diets significantly improved growth performance, increased nutrient digestibility and stimulated humoral immune response. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.	Broiler chick; Immune response; Lactobacillus bulgaricus; Nutrient digestibility; Performance	Animalia; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43349158926	Relative impact of patient characteristics and radiographic variables on the difficulty of removing impacted mandibular third molars	Akadiri O.A., Obiechina A.E., Arotiba J.T., Fasola A.O.	2008	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	9	4	None	Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Akadiri, O.A., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Obiechina, A.E., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Arotiba, J.T., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Fasola, A.O., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the relative contributions of patient characteristics and radiographic variables to the difficulty of extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in a Nigerian population. Methods and Materials: Seventy-nine consecutive patients undergoing mandibular third molar extractions were recruited for this prospective cohort study. Specific patient characteristics and radiographic variables were recorded. All extractions were performed under local anesthesia by the same oral surgeon, and the surgical difficulty was assessed based on the duration of surgery. Results: Body weight (BW) (P=0.009) and body surface area (BSA) (P=0.004) were the significant patient characteristics while tooth impaction depth (P=0.002), number of roots (P=0.035), and tooth angulation (P=0.003) were the significant radiographic variables associated with surgical difficulty using a univariate analysis. A multiple linear regression model was constructed with these variables using surgical difficulty as the dependent variable. Radiographic factors were found to be the more important determinants of surgical difficulty with the depth of impaction (P=0.038) being the singular most important factor. Conclusion: Although the difficulty of surgical removal of impacted lower third molars is dependent on BW, BSA, impaction depth, tooth angulation, and the number of roots, radiographic variables were of greater importance with impaction depth being the most important single factor.	Extraction; Impacted mandibular third molars; Patient variables; Radiographic variables; Surgical difficulty	adult; article; body mass; body surface; body weight; cohort analysis; female; forecasting; human; male; mandible; methodology; molar tooth; Nigeria; physiology; plastic surgery; prospective study; radiography; time; tooth disease; tooth extraction; tooth root; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Mandible; Molar, Third; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Surgical Flaps; Time Factors; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Root; Tooth, Impacted	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43449104760	The profile analysis of attempted-suicide patients referred to Pelonomi Hospital for psychological evaluation and treatment from 1 May 2005 to 30 April 2006	du Toit E.H., Kruger J.M., Swiegers S.M., van der Merwe M., Calilz F.J.W., Philane L., Joubert G.	2008	South African Journal of Psychiatry	14	1	None	Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	du Toit, E.H., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Kruger, J.M., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Swiegers, S.M., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van der Merwe, M., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Calilz, F.J.W., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Philane, L., Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, G., Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background. Suicide is an increasing phenomenon worldwide. A suicide occurs every 40 seconds, and there is 1 attempt every 1 to 3 seconds. By 2020, these figures may have doubled. No accurate statistics regarding the occurrence of attempted suicide (or non-fatal suicidal behaviour) in South Africa exist, because there has been no systematic data collection. Aim. The aim of the study was to determine the profile of patients who had attempted suicide and were referred to Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein, for psychological evaluation and treatment during the period 1 May 2005 to 30 April 2006. Method. A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted. The study population comprised 258 attempted-suicide patients referred to Pelonomi Hospital for psychological evaluation and treatment. A data form was compiled to transfer the relevant information from patients' clinical files. Results. The majority of patients were female (68.9%). The median age was 22 years. The most common method used in suicide attempts was drug overdose (66%) - mostly antidepressants (19.7%)) and analgesics (8.2%). More females than males overdosed on drugs (p=0.0103). The main precipitating factors included problematic relationships (55.4%), financial problems (22.9%), psychiatric problems (22.1%), arguments (19.8%), abuse (emotional, sexual, physical - 18.2%), low self-esteem/ worthlessness/hopelessness/humiliation (16.7%), and recent life changes (13.2%). Conclusion. The aim of the study was to determine the profile of patients who had attempted suicide. Possible factors associated with suicide attempts in our sample were identified and summarised in the form of a screening checklist. The value of the checklist is that it can be used as a screening method to identify possible suicide risk in patients.	None	analgesic agent; antidepressant agent; adult; alcohol abuse; article; controlled study; demography; drug abuse; drug overdose; emotional disorder; female; fighting; high risk population; hopelessness; human; institutional care; life event; major clinical study; male; medical information; medical record; mental disease; mental health care; poverty; psychologic assessment; retrospective study; risk factor; sex difference; sexual abuse; social problem; socioeconomics; South Africa; suicide attempt; treatment duration; unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43649098407	Impact of self-reported visual impairment on quality of life in the Ibadan study of ageing	Bekibele C., Gureje O.	2008	British Journal of Ophthalmology	92	5	10.1136/bjo.2007.124859	Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Bekibele, C., Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Information is lacking on the impact of visual impairment on the quality of life of elderly Africans. This study aims to examine the impact of self-reported visual impairment on the quality life of an elderly Nigerian sample. Results: Four hundred and fifty-three (22.3%) of the respondents reported impairment for distant vision, 377 (18.4%) reported near vision, and 312 (15.2) reported impairment for both far and near. Impairment of near vision had a significant impact on all domains of quality of life. Distant vision had less impact, with a significant decrement only in the domain of environment. After adjusting for the possible effects of age, sex, and co-occurring chronic physical illness, near-vision impairment accounted for 3.92% decrement in the overall quality of life of elderly persons. Conclusion: Impairment of vision is associated with significant decrement in diverse areas of quality of life in this elderly sample. Problems with near vision were nevertheless more likely than those of distant vision to affect quality of life.	None	aged; aging; article; controlled study; elderly care; environmental factor; female; human; major clinical study; male; physical disease; priority journal; psychological aspect; quality of life; self report; social aspect; visual impairment; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Developing Countries; Educational Status; Female; Geriatric Assessment; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Presbyopia; Quality of Life; Self Disclosure; Visual Acuity; Visually Impaired Persons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43749092561	Nutritional evaluation of a dehydrated shredded meat product, (Danbunama)	Ogunsola O.O., Omojola A.B.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	4	10.3923/pjn.2008.554.556	Department of Animal Science, Meat Science Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ogunsola, O.O., Department of Animal Science, Meat Science Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Omojola, A.B., Department of Animal Science, Meat Science Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The qualitative effects of different oil types used in processing of danbunama, a dehydrated shredded meat product in relation to its palatability, physical, chemical and nutritional attributes are the focus of this study. The effect of different oil types on the sensory qualities of the product was carried out using semitendinosus part of beef. The three different oil types used, decolorized palm oleic oil (T1) local bleached palm oil (T2) and, pure groundnut-oil (T3)' were subjected to lipid oxidation analysis to determine the Thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) peroxide and acid values at 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th weeks of storage. Sensory evaluation showed that there were no significant differences amongst the oil types used on the parameters tested for. The proximate'analysis of danbunama determined showed its moisture range to be 4.22-4.50%, crude protein% range of 38.9-43.5%, T1 differed significantly from that of T2 and T3, the crude fat% differed significantly for all oil types. Lipid oxidation in T3 (0.70±0.01) was significantly higher at week 6 while T1(0.81±0.01) recorded a significantly higher value at week 9. Danbunama can be prepared from any of the oil types and with proper packaging, the nutritional status of the product at week 1 does not significantly differ from that at week 9. The product is a nutritive meal or snack, easy to carry requiring no sophisticated packaging and is quite stable at room temperature. Rancidity will not pose a treat if good quality raw materials are utilized during processing. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Danbunama; Nutrition and rancidity; Oil-types; Storage	acid; arachis oil; fat; palm oil; peroxide; protein; thiobarbituric acid; article; beef; controlled study; decolorization; food analysis; food packaging; food processing; food quality; food storage; lipid oxidation; meat; moisture; nutritional assessment; nutritional status; nutritional value; palatability; raw food; room temperature; sensory evaluation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43849091311	Impact of rangeland degradation on the pastoral production systems, livelihoods and perceptions of the Somali pastoralists in Eastern Ethiopia	Kassahun A., Snyman H.A., Smit G.N.	2008	Journal of Arid Environments	72	7	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.01.002	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 4406, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Kassahun, A., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 4406, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Snyman, H.A., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Smit, G.N., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Arid and semi-arid rangelands that serve as the resource basis for the livestock production system known as the pastoral production system in Ethiopia are under enormous threat. These rangelands cover about 62% of the national land area and employs approximately 27% of the population. A survey was conducted in two pastoral weredas (districts; Erer and Aysha) in the Shinile zone of the Somali region, with the aims of assessing the status and trends of rangeland degradation, and understanding the impact on livelihoods and perceptions of the pastoralists over a 60-year period (1944-1974 and 1974-2004). The year 1974 was taken as a reference due to the severe drought in the Horn of Africa. Three villages per wereda, 50 households per village and one elder pastoralist (70-75 years old) per household were randomly selected. The sample of elders consisted of 30% women and 70% men, who were interviewed using questionnaires and open discussions. The results revealed that drought, aridity and rangeland degradation have increased over time due to environmental degradation and mismanagement of rangeland resources. Changes in vegetation ecology have drastically (p<0.05) altered the livestock species composition in favour of camels and small ruminants rather than cattle. This has also influenced the planning and preference of pastoralists for different types of livestock. Poor and very poor households have emerged, and the below-medium wealth rank has disappeared, showing that poverty has increased over time. Traditional coping mechanisms are reported to be failing due to increasing environmental and rangeland degradation and lack of national policies to minimize or solve the problems. These findings offer a new perspective for communal rangeland management research, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Arid and semi-arid; Bush encroachment; Livestock production; Pastoralism; Poverty; Rangeland condition	arid region; cattle; drought; environmental degradation; livestock farming; pastoralism; perception; poverty; rangeland; semiarid region; Africa; Aysha; East Africa; Erer; Ethiopia; Shinile; Somalia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; Bovidae; Camelidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43949115556	Female consumers' evaluation of apparel quality: Exploring the importance of aesthetics	De Klerk H.M., Lubbe S.	2008	Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management	12	1	10.1108/13612020810857934	Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	De Klerk, H.M., Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Lubbe, S., Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of aesthetics in female consumers' evaluation of apparel quality during the decision-making process. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative research style was followed and unstructured interviews and focus group interviews were chosen as data-collection methods. A total of 45 unstructured interviews were held with 15 adult career women. The researchers used certain stimuli during the interviews, the aim of which was to give the participants something concrete to react to, and to put them in a specific decision-making situation. Findings - It was found that the sensory, emotional and cognitive dimensions of the aesthetic experience play a major role when female consumers evaluate the quality of apparel products during the decision-making stage. The product's design and materials bring about these aesthetic dimensions. Especially colour and texture play major roles in bringing about the necessary aesthetic experiences. Originality/value - Retailers and e-tailers should purposively draw their customers' attentions to the linkage between physical properties that influence important functional properties that may play a role in the satisfaction that consumers will experience when wearing the item. Findings have further implications for retailers' and e-tailers' fashion merchandising strategies related to buyers and visual merchandisers.	Clothing; Consumers; Decision making; Quality assessment; Women	apparel fabric; consumer research; decision making; esthetic property; quality; retailing; womenswear	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44049096188	Physician perceptions of managed care strategies, and impact of these on their clinical performance, in the South African private health sector	Pillay R.	2008	Health Services Management Research	21	1	10.1258/hsmr.2006.006036	Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Pillay, R., Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Managed care strategies have been introduced into the South African private health sector a decade ago to help reduce medical costs in this sector. A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among primary care physicians in this sector to access their perceptions of these strategies and to analyse impact of these on their clinical behaviour. The results indicate that although insurers were not using these strategies extensively, doctors generally perceived them negatively. It was, however, pleasing to note that the newer generation of doctors, appear to be more accepting of this new philosophy of health-care delivery. © 2008 Royal Society of Medicine Press.	None	article; health care cost; health care delivery; health insurance; human; managed care; perception; philosophy; physician; primary medical care; priority journal; questionnaire; self concept; South Africa; clinical practice; cross-sectional study; female; male; organization and management; psychological aspect; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Managed Care Programs; Physician's Practice Patterns; Physicians; Private Sector; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44049097413	Ergonomic evaluation and energy requirements of bread-baking operations in south western Nigeria	Jekayinfa S.O.	2008	Nutrition and Food Science	38	3	10.1108/00346650810871920	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Jekayinfa, S.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Purpose - In Nigeria, local fabricators of agro-processing equipment have designed and manufactured various improvised versions of imported bread-baking machines without due ergonomic considerations. Also, most of the processes of bread baking in Nigeria largely involve manual materials handling, which continues to represent a major loss source in the work place. The manual operations besides being uncomfortable are characterized by low output and unhygienic products. A study was therefore conducted in three southwestern states of Nigeria with the purpose of evaluating the energy requirements and man-machine relationships in bread-baking operations. Design/methodology/approach - The study, which lasted over one year, involved the use of three fuel sources namely, firewood, electricity and cooking gas during bread baking operations. Questionnaire and physical measurements were employed for data collection from 50 bakeries randomly selected within the study area. The data points include the environmental and body temperatures, anthropometrical data, bio data, injury data, metabolic and production measurements. Findings - The results of the study revealed that bread-baking with wood as energy source required the highest energy (6.15 kJ/min) compared with 3.37 kJ/min and 1.52 kJ/min obtained with gas and electricity as sources of energy, respectively. The cost of energy per kg of baked bread was 7.58 with cooking gas followed by 6.05 for electricity and 5.05 for wood in that order. The average baking rate (BR) using firewood, gas and electricity as energy sources were, respectively, 11.92, 17.97 and 20.58 kg/h. Analysis of metabolic data showed moderate (not to a lethal level) increase in the subjects' body temperatures, blood pressures and heart rates after bread-baking operations. Originality/value - The study suggests that bread-baking operations could be categorized as a light grade work and that the use of electricity as energy source is the most appropriate in terms of bread-BR and unit energy requirement.	Bakery products; Energy sources; Ergonomics; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44149086909	Assessment of sewage application in southeastern Nigeria Part 1: Impact on selected soil morphological and physical properties	Asadu C.L.A., Ucheonye-Oliobi C., Agada C.	2008	Outlook on Agriculture	37	1	None	Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Asadu, C.L.A., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ucheonye-Oliobi, C., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Agada, C., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	This work investigated the impact of long-term application of sewage sludge/effluent on morphological and physical properties of a sandy Ultisol (Arenic Kandiustult) in Nsukka, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the surface (0-20 cm) of a sewage-amended soil and from unamended control fields, after which two representative profile pits were also sited on the sewage-amended plot and two on the control fields. Soil samples were collected at specific intervals from these pits. Morphologically, both soils were deep and well drained, with no concretions or mottles. The colour variation ranged from dark reddish to brownish black for the first layer of the profile pits in the area amended with sewage sludge, to reddish brown and red in others. In unamended soils, the colour ranged from dark reddish brown in the top layer to reddish brown and red in others. Texture was generally sandy loam over sandy clay loam in amended soil, and sandy clay loam in unamended soil. The structure was generally weakly granular in the top layer, but moderately subangular in other subsurface layers. The entire area is on a gentle slope of <5%. Soil organic matter, bulk density, total porosity and aggregate stability were enhanced significantly (p <0.05) in the sewage-amended soil compared with the non-sewage-amended soil. Changes in the saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity and micro- and macro-porosities were not significant. The results indicate that application of sewage sludge and effluent has little impact on the morphology of these soils. However, it had a positive impact on the physical properties of the soils. But it should be used with caution because of its known negative effects on heavy metal accumulation in soils when used at high rates and for long periods.	Aggregate stability; Bulk density; Organic matter; Sewage; Soil morphology; Total porosity; Ultisol	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44149104614	Assessment of sewage application in southeastern Nigeria Part 2: Impact on soil chemical properties, trace and heavy metal accumulation in soil and underground water	Asadu C.L.A., Ukadike B., Agada C.	2008	Outlook on Agriculture	37	1	None	Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Asadu, C.L.A., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ukadike, B., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Agada, C., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	The impact of sewage sludge and effluent on soil and underground water after about 40 years of application was evaluated in this study, with a particular focus on selected soil chemical properties, some trace element (Zn, Cu) and heavy metal (Pb and Cd) accumulation, mobility in the soil profile and possible contamination of the underground water. The chemical properties of the soil studied included pH, exchangeable cations and acidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available P, organic matter and total N. Long-term disposal of sewage sludge and effluents on the soils significantly (P < 0.001) increased the exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, available P, soil organic matter, total N and CEC, but significantly lowered the pH of the soils. The fertility status of the sewage-treated soil was thus enhanced. The study also showed that both trace elements and heavy metals were significantly (P <0.05) higher in the sewage-amended soils than in the unamended soils. The accumulation of the trace and heavy metals in the former implies that the agricultural utilization of the sewage sludge and effluent should be done with care. The study showed no obvious adverse impact of the sewage sludge and effluent on underground water quality, but contamination by Pb is possible in the future.	Heavy/trace metals; Sewage impact; Soil exchange properties; Ultisol; Underground water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44249121715	Diurnal blood pressure variation in the evaluation of early onset severe pre-eclampsia	Steyn D.W., Odendaal H.J., Hall D.R.	2008	European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology	138	2	10.1016/j.ejogrb.2007.08.010	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tygerberg Hospital, the University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa	Steyn, D.W., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tygerberg Hospital, the University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Odendaal, H.J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tygerberg Hospital, the University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Hall, D.R., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tygerberg Hospital, the University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa	Objective: : To study the association between diurnal variation in blood pressure, the mean daily blood pressure and various complications of pregnancy in patients presenting with severe pre-eclampsia before 34 weeks' gestation. Study design: : Forty-four women presenting to a tertiary hospital in South Africa with severe pre-eclampsia between 28 and 34 weeks' gestation were managed expectantly for at least 8 days. We measured maternal blood pressure every 30 min with the pregnancy validated Spacelabs 90209 automated blood pressure monitor for 24 h periods on alternative days. The mean 24-h diastolic blood pressure measurement, the mean diastolic blood pressure for daytime and nighttime, the day-night blood pressure difference and the night-day ratio were compared with the occurrence of abruptio placentae, gestational age at delivery, neonatal intensive care unit admission, birth weight, abnormal umbilical artery Doppler FVW and reason for delivery. Results: : One hundred and seventy-six 24-h studies were analyzed. The day-night blood pressure difference decreased with increasing mean diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.323, p < 0.0001). A combination of normal mean diastolic blood pressure and normal day-night blood pressure difference was associated with increased gestational age and lower caesarean section rates. Conclusion: : The combination of mean diastolic blood pressure and day-night blood pressure difference may be a supplementary measurement of disease severity in early onset severe pre-eclampsia and seems to be of prognostic value. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Diurnal blood pressure variation; Early onset; Pre-eclampsia	methyldopa; nifedipine; prazosin; adult; article; birth weight; blood pressure measurement; blood pressure variability; cesarean section; circadian rhythm; clinical article; diagnostic value; diastolic blood pressure; disease course; disease severity; Doppler flowmeter; Doppler flowmetry; early diagnosis; female; fetus monitoring; gestation period; gestational age; human; informed consent; maternal age; maternal hypertension; newborn intensive care; parity; patient monitoring; preeclampsia; pregnancy complication; pregnant woman; priority journal; prognosis; solutio placentae; South Africa; tertiary health care; Adult; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Humans; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349099730	Design and evaluation of anacardic acid derivatives as anticavity agents	Green I.R., Tocoli F.E., Lee S.H., Nihei K.-i., Kubo I.	2008	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	43	6	10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.08.012	Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, United States	Green, I.R., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa; Tocoli, F.E., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa; Lee, S.H., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, United States; Nihei, K.-i., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, United States; Kubo, I., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, United States	On the basis of antibacterial anacardic acids, 6-pentadecenylsalicylic acids, isolated from the cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae), a series of 6-alk(en)ylsalicylic acids were synthesized and tested for their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Among them, 6-(4′,8′-dimethylnonyl)salicylic acid was found to exhibit the most potent antibacterial activity against this cariogenic bacterium with the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 0.78 μg/ml. © 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	6-(4′,8′-Dimethylnonyl)salicylic acid; Anacardic acid; Antibacterial activity; Streptococcus mutans	anacardic acid; salicylic acid derivative; antibacterial activity; article; cashew nut; dental caries; drug design; drug isolation; drug screening; drug synthesis; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Streptococcus mutans; Anacardic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Caries; Drug Design; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349115603	Evaluation of the yield components and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.)-pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) intercrop in the Sudan Savanna	Kabura B.H., Musa B., Odo P.E.	2008	Journal of Agronomy	7	1	10.3923/ja.2008.88.92	Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	Kabura, B.H., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Musa, B., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Odo, P.E., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	Field studies were conducted during the 2002/2003 and 2004/2005 cool dry seasons to assess the effect of different onion/pepper intercrop spacings (additive effect) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Sudan Savanna, Nigeria. Eight different onion/pepper intercrop spacings and a sole each for the two crops were assigned to plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results obtained for the two years were similar. The sole for both crops produced significantly (p≤0.05) higher marketable bulbs and bulb yield ha-1 for onion and greater number of fruits plant-1 and fresh fruit yield ha-1 for pepper than the intercrops. For the onion based intercrops (onion/pepper), the spacings at 15x20/60x45 cm and 15x20/60x75 cm produced significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher bulb yield ha-1 for both years. Whereas, for the pepper based intercrops (pepper/onion) the yield at 60x30/15x40 cm superceded the yield ha-1 of the other intercrops. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values greater than one were obtained from the onion/pepper intercrops of 15x20/60x45 cm and 15x20/60x75 cm as well as from the pepper/onion combinations of 60x30/15x30 cm and 60x30/15x40 cm. The pepper/onion intercrop of 60x30/15x40 cm appeared as the best with an average LER value of 1.19 for the two years; and therefore a practice to be considered most suitable when adding onion to pepper field. But when adding pepper to onion field, the onion/pepper intercrop of 15x20/60x45 cm which had a mean LER of 1.17 should be considered. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Crop yield; Intercrop; LER; Onion; Pepper; Sudan savanna	Allium cepa; Capsicum annuum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349124006	Milk production and economic impact of strategic supplementation of prepartum Bunaji cows in the periurban areas of derived savanna of southwestern Nigeria	Olafadehan O.A., Adewumi M.K.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	3	None	Department of Animal Production Technology, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B. 268, New Bussa, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olafadehan, O.A., Department of Animal Production Technology, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B. 268, New Bussa, Nigeria; Adewumi, M.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Twenty prepartum Bunaji cows with an average weight of 295±3.72 kg balanced for their parity and weight were used to investigate the effects of dry season supplementary feeding during the last trimester of pregnancy on the milk production and economic benefit of such intervention in an on-farm experiment. A completely randomized design was used with 4 treatments: A, range grazing (RG) only (control); B, RG + maize bran (MB); C, RG + MB + PKC (palm kernel cake) and D, RG + MB + DBG (dried brewer's grains). There were 5 cows per treatment. The feeding trial lasted for last trimester of pregnancy while milk production was measured throughout lactation. Supplemented cows produced higher milk (P &lt;0.05) than their non-supplemented counterparts at various stages of lactation; 3months, 6months and weaning. Among the supplemented cows, total milk yield (TMY) was more (P &lt;0.05) pronounced in cows on treatment D than those on treatment B. Yields of milk constituents followed the same trend as the milk yield. TMY was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) and directly related (R2 = 0.97) to the lactation length. Net economic benefit was best in supplemented cows on treatment D and least (P &lt;0.05) for grazing non-supplemented cows on treatment A. The results underscored beneficial effects of strategic supplementation of prepartum cows in a smallholder dairy production system.	Agroindustrial by-products; Cost-benefit; Lactation; Milk yield; Smallholder dairy production	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349150471	Effect of composite cassava meal with or without palm oil and/or methionine supplementation on broiler performance	Ukachukwu S.N.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	4	None	Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P M B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Ukachukwu, S.N., Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P M B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Two experiments were carried out to investigate the response of broiler chicks to substitution of composite cassava meal (CCM) for maize in broiler diets as well as to assess the impact of supplementing CCM-based diet with palm oil and/or methionine on performance of starter broiler chicks. In experiment 1 six diets in which CCM replaced maize at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% and designated T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively were fed to 144 day-old broiler chicks in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. In experiment 2, five diets designated D1 (control, without CCM), D2 (maize-CCM type diet), D3 (maize-CCM type diet with methionine supplementation), D4 (maize-CCM type diet with palm oil supplementation), and D5 (maize-CCM type diet with palm oil and methionine supplementation) were fed to 150 day-old broiler birds in a CRD experiment. At end of experiment 1 (day 56), daily feed intakes (DFI) of birds in T1, T2, T3, and T4 were similar (P>0.05), but significantly lower (P<0.05) than the DFI of birds fed diet T6. Birds fed diets T1, T2, T3, and T4 had similar (P>0.05) final live weight, daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), which were significantly better (P<0.05) than the final live weight, DWG, FCR, and PER of birds fed diet T6. Generally, there was increasing intake as the CCM inclusion level increased, while the response parameters showed a general trend of decreasing performance as the inclusion level of CCM increased. On economics of production of finished broilers, the cost/Kg feed, on relative basis using the control diet (T1) as baseline, ranged from 100% to 79.62% for T1-T6 respectively. Feeding of diets T4 and T5 yielded the highest (P<0.05) gross margin (GM) values that were however similar to the GM values of birds fed diets T2 and T3 but higher (P<0.05) than the GM value of birds fed diet T1, while the GM of birds fed dietT6 was the lowest (P<0.05). In experiment 2, there were significant (P<0.05) differences among treatment means of all the parameters. Birds fed D4 and D5 diets had significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight (BWt) and daily weight gain (DWG) than birds fed D2 but were similar to those fed D1 (control) and D3.The feed conversion ratios (FCR) and protein efficiency ratios (PER) of D5, D4 and D1 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of D2 but similar to those of D3.	Alternative feedstuff; Broiler nutrition; Energy supplementation; Feed additives; Growth response	Aves; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349168404	Informatics for historians: Tools for medieval document XML markup, and their impact on the history-sciences	Burkard B., Vogeler G., Gruner S.	2008	Journal of Universal Computer Science	14	2	None	Hist.-Kulturw. Inf.-Verarbeitung, Univ. zu Köln, Germany; Histor. Seminar, Ludwig-Max.-Univ. München, Germany; Dept. of Comp.-Science, Univ. of Pretoria, South Africa	Burkard, B., Hist.-Kulturw. Inf.-Verarbeitung, Univ. zu Köln, Germany; Vogeler, G., Histor. Seminar, Ludwig-Max.-Univ. München, Germany; Gruner, S., Dept. of Comp.-Science, Univ. of Pretoria, South Africa	This article is a revised and extended version of [VBG, 07]. We conjecture that the digitalization of historical text documents as a basis of data mining and information retrieval for the purpose of progress in the history sciences is urgently needed. We present a novel, specialist XML tool-suite supporting the working historian in the transcription of original medieval charters into a machine-readable form, and we also address some latest developments which can be found in the field, since the publication of [VBG, 07]. © J.UCS.	Digitalization and preparation of medieval documents for the semantic web; History-informatics; Tool-support; XML tagging	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349185649	Students' evaluations of the use of e-learning in a collaborative project between two South African universities	Rohleder P., Bozalek V., Carolissen R., Leibowitz B., Swartz L.	2008	Higher Education	56	1	10.1007/s10734-007-9091-3	Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, South Africa	Rohleder, P., Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Bozalek, V., Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Carolissen, R., Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Leibowitz, B., Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Swartz, L., Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, South Africa	Online learning is increasingly being used in Higher Education, with a number of advantages to online learning being identified. One of these advantages is the suggestion that online learning provides for equality of opportunity. This article reports on students' evaluations of the use of e-learning in a collaborative project between two South African universities. The results highlighted both positive and negative evaluations of the use of e-learning. The positive aspects identified were that e-learning provided for ease of communication between parties, and easy access to information and learning material. Negative aspects identified were that it presented some technical challenges; online communication was disjointed; there was unequal access to computers between students from the two universities; students felt that more face-to-face interaction is needed. The issue of unequal access to computers and the internet is highlighted as a crucial issue for e-learning in the South African context, and for the fostering of a democratising educational discourse. © 2007 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.	Collaborative learning; Democratic learning; E-learning; Higher education; South Africa; Students	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349190909	Effect of mixed feeding regime on litter performance traits of rabbit does	Iheukwumere F.C.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	4	10.3923/pjn.2008.594.596	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria	Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria	Twenty-four clinically sexually mature New Zealand white rabbits consisting of (4 buck and 20 does) were used to study the effect of concentrate and Talinum triangulare combinations by breeding does during pregnancy on litter performance traits. The treatments comprised the following concentrate and Talinum triangulare combinations (%) respectively: (1) 20:80, (2) 40:60, (3) 60:40, (4) 80.20.. A total of 150 g/day was offered to the does during pregnancy. Average litter sizes at birth and weaning and litter weaning weight were similar (P > 0.05) between 40:60 and 60:40 concentrate and forage combinations, but, they differed significantly (P < 0.05) from 20:80 and 80:20 concentrate and forage combinations. However, 20:80 diets differed significantly (P < 0.05) from 80:20 diet combinations. Average litter weight gains (0 - 35 days) for the various concentrate and forage levels were 2054.40 ± 14.25 g (20:80), 2270.74 ± 18.85 g (40:60), 2314.40 ± 24.64 g (60:40) and 1485.24 ± 19.30 g (80:20). Mortalities were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between diets. From the economic stand point therefore, diet with 60:40 concentrate and forage combinations could be considered optimum, based on result on litter sizes, litter weight at weaning and mortality. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Does; Litter traits; Mixed feeding	animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; breeding; controlled study; dietary intake; economic aspect; forage; litter size; mortality; nonhuman; rabbit; sexual maturity; weaning; weight gain; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Talinum triangulare	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449103249	Evaluation of enzyme (Maxigrain®) treatment of graded levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) on nutrient retention	Sekoni A.A., Omage J.J., Bawa G.S., Esuga P.M.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	4	10.3923/pjn.2008.614.619	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Sekoni, A.A., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Omage, J.J., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Esuga, P.M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A nutrient retention trial was conducted over a twenty four day period. Eighty one day old chicks of Arbor acres strain were randomly allotted to nine isonitrogeneous dietary treatments where PKM was included in the diet at 0,10,20,30 and 40% levels and PKM treated with Maxigrain® at 10, 20, 30, and 40% levels with three replicates and three birds each in metallic cages. Results show that there was significant (P<0.001) difference in protein, fat, NFE and metabolizable energy retention which were higher in the control and Maxigrain® treated diets compared with the corresponding diets without Maxigrain®. The crude fibre retention was significant (P<0.05) lower in the control compared treatments. The crude fibre retention values at 20 and 30% PKM diets with Maxigrain® were significantly (P<0.05) lower than values for 20 and 30% PKM diets without Maxigrain®. The results indicates that enzyme treatment of PKM increased the retention of vital nutrients and metabolizable energy. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler; Maxigrain®; Metabolizable energy; Nutrient retention; Palm kernel meal	beta glucan hydrolase; cellulose; enzyme; phytase; xylan endo 1,3 beta xylosidase; animal experiment; animal food; article; chick; controlled study; diet therapy; dietary intake; energy metabolism; fat content; female; male; nonhuman; nutrient availability; nutrient content; nutrient supply; nutritional support; poultry farming; protein content; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449113167	Growth, productivity, and scientific impact of sources of HIV/AIDS research information, with a focus on eastern and southern Africa	Onyancha O.B.	2008	African Journal of AIDS Research	7	1	10.2989/AJAR.2008.7.1.7.435	Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	Onyancha, O.B., Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	As channels of communicating HIV/AIDS research information, serial publications and particularly journals are increasingly used in response to the pandemic. The last few decades have witnessed a proliferation of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information, bringing many challenges to collection-development librarians as well as to researchers. This study uses an informetric approach to examine the growth, productivity and scientific impact of these sources, during the period 1980 to 2005, and especially to measure performance in the publication and dissemination of HIV/AIDS research about or from eastern or southern Africa. Data were collected from MEDLINE, Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Ulrich's Periodical Directory. The analysis used Sitkis version 1.5, Microsoft Office Access, Microsoft Office Excel, Bibexcel, and Citespace version 2.0.1. The specific objectives were to identify the number of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information that have been published in the region, the coverage of these in key bibliographic databases, the most commonly used publication type for HIV/AIDS research, the countries in which the sources are published, the sources' productivity in terms of numbers of papers and citations, the most influential sources, the subject coverage of the sources, and the core sources of HIV/AIDS-information. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.	Content analysis; Data mining; Databases; Infometrics; Information science; Informetrics; Library science; Scholarly publishing	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; growth; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; medical information; medical literature; medical research; MEDLINE; productivity; science; sociology; South Africa; time series analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449119917	Improving daily production capacity and energy efficiency in sugar refineries and sugar mills with CarboUA high performance process aids	Bushong J.H., Bogari A., González C.A.D., Odipo W., Marroquin J.M.P., Massucato A.L., Sarir E.M.	2008	International Sugar Journal	110	1313	None	CarboUA, Philadelphia, United States; United Sugar Company, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; CarboUA, CaIi, Colombia; CarboUA, Nairobi, Kenya; CarboUA, Guatemala City, Guatemala; CarboUA, São Paulo, Brazil; CarboUA, Beverly Hills, United States	Bushong, J.H., CarboUA, Philadelphia, United States; Bogari, A., United Sugar Company, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; González, C.A.D., CarboUA, CaIi, Colombia; Odipo, W., CarboUA, Nairobi, Kenya; Marroquin, J.M.P., CarboUA, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Massucato, A.L., CarboUA, São Paulo, Brazil; Sarir, E.M., CarboUA, Beverly Hills, United States	With reference to case studies, this paper describes and discusses the use of CarboUA high performance process aids for increasing sugar refinery and sugar mill process efficiency via improvements in daily sugar process throughput (from increased operating Brix and/or higher average process flow rates), an increase in conversion rate of feed sugar to raw sugar (mill) or refined sugar (refinery), an associated reduction in energy, and improvements in final product quality.	Efficiency; Energy; Mill; Production; Refinery; Sugar	Conversion rates; Daily production; Energy; Mill; Process efficiency; Process throughput; Refined sugars; Refinery; Efficiency; Production; Refining; Sugar factories; Sugars; Energy efficiency; Polygala incarnata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449123557	Pharmacy refill adherence compared with CD4 count changes for monitoring HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy	Bisson G.P., Gross R., Bellamy S., Chittams J., Hislop M., Regensberg L., Frank I., Maartens G., Nachega J.B.	2008	PLoS Medicine	5	5	10.1371/journal.pmed.0050109	Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Aid for AIDS Disease Management Programme, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Bisson, G.P., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Gross, R., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Bellamy, S., Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Chittams, J., Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Hislop, M., Aid for AIDS Disease Management Programme, Cape Town, South Africa; Regensberg, L., Aid for AIDS Disease Management Programme, Cape Town, South Africa; Frank, I., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Maartens, G., Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nachega, J.B., Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for monitoring HIV-infected individuals taking combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in resource-limited settings recommend using CD4+ T cell (CD4) count changes to monitor treatment effectiveness. In practice, however, falling CD4 counts are a consequence, rather than a cause, of virologic failure. Adherence lapses precede virologic failure and, unlike CD4 counts, data on adherence are immediately available to all clinics dispensing cART. However, the accuracy of adherence assessments for predicting future or detecting current virologic failure has not been determined. The goal of this study therefore was to determine the accuracy of adherence assessments for predicting and detecting virologic failure and to compare the accuracy of adherence-based monitoring approaches with approaches monitoring CD4 count changes. Methodology and Findings: We conducted an observational cohort study among 1,982 of 4,984 (40%) HIV-infected adults initiating non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based cART in the Aid for AIDS Disease Management Program, which serves nine countries in southern Africa. Pharmacy refill adherence was calculated as the number of months of cART claims submitted divided by the number of complete months between cART initiation and the last refill prior to the endpoint of interest, expressed as a percentage. The main outcome measure was virologic failure defined as a viral load &gt; 1,000 copies/ml (1) at an initial assessment either 6 or 12 mo after cART initiation and (2) after a previous undetectable (i.e., &lt; 400 copies/ml) viral load (breakthrough viremia). Adherence levels outperformed CD4 count changes when used to detect current virologic failure in the first year after cART initiation (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curves [AUC] were 0.79 and 0.68 [difference = 0.11; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.16; χ2 = 20.1] respectively at 6 mo, and 0.85 and 0.75 [difference = 0.10; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.14; χ2 = 20.2] respectively at 12 mo; p &lt; 0.001 for both comparisons). When used to detect current breakthrough viremia, adherence and CD4 counts were equally accurate (AUCs of 0.68 versus 0.67, respectively [difference = 0.01; 95% CI -0.06 to 0.07]; χ2 = 0.1, p &gt; 0.5). In addition, adherence levels assessed 3 mo prior to viral load assessments were as accurate for virologic failure occurring approximately 3 mo later as were CD4 count changes calculated from cART initiation to the actual time of the viral load assessments, indicating the potential utility of adherence assessments for predicting future, rather than simply detecting current, virologic failure. Moreover, combinations of CD4 count and adherence data appeared useful in identifying patients at very low risk of virologic failure. Conclusions: Pharmacy refill adherence assessments were as accurate as CD4 counts for detecting current virologic failure in this cohort of patients on cART and have the potential to predict virologic failure before it occurs. Approaches to cART scale-up in resource-limited settings should include an adherence-based monitoring approach. © 2008 Bisson et al.	None	didanosine; efavirenz plus lamivudine plus zidovudine; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus zidovudine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; accuracy; adult; area under the curve; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; observational study; outcome assessment; patient compliance; patient monitoring; pharmacy; roc curve; treatment failure; viremia; virus load; aged; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cytology; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lymphocyte count; middle aged; predictive value; prescription; statistics; Adult; Aged; Anti-HIV Agents; Area Under Curve; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Drug Prescriptions; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Pharmacies; Predictive Value of Tests	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449158880	Effects of cottonseed cake based diets on performance and egg quality characteristics of layers	Adeyemo G.O., Longe O.G.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	4	10.3923/pjn.2008.597.602	Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Adeyemo, G.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Longe, O.G., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	The study evaluated the performance of layers fed on diets in which Cottonseed cake (CSC) replaced Soybean cake (SBC) in five experimental rations such that 0% (control), 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of CSC replaced SBC. The design of the experiment was completely randomized design (CRD). Chemical analysis was carried out to determine the crude protein (CP) and gossypol contents of CSC. In this experiment, seventy-five 23 week - old layers were fed with experimental layer diets for 12 weeks. Parameters evaluated include hen-day production (HDP), Feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight (EW) and haugh units (HU). All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The determined CP of CSC was 35.11% and its gossypol content was 570g/ton. FCR ranged from 1.6 to 4.9, HDP from 47% to 68%, EW from 47.5 to 62.8 g, and HU from 3.1 to 6.7. Layers on 60% CSC replacement for SBC had higher values for the parameters measured which were not significantly different from the control. CSC can replace up to 60% SBC without adverse effects on performance and egg quality characteristics of laying birds. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Cottonseed cake; Egg quality; Layers	gossypol; protein; analysis of variance; animal experiment; animal food; article; caloric intake; chemical analysis; chicken; controlled study; cottonseed cake; egg laying; egg production; female; food composition; nonhuman; nutritional value; poultry farming; protein intake; soybean; Aves; Glycine max; Micropus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449163010	Evaluation of enzyme (Maxigrain®) supplementation of graded levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) on the performance of broiler chickens	Esuga P.M., Sekoni A.A., Omage J.J., Bawa G.S.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	4	10.3923/pjn.2008.607.613	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Esuga, P.M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Sekoni, A.A., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Omage, J.J., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) in diets supplemented with or without enzyme (Maxigarin®) as replacement for Maize in broiler diets. Four hundred and five day old Arbor acres broiler chickens were randomly allotted to nine isonitrogeneous diet where PKM was included in the diet at 10, 20, 30, and 40% levels. Four of the diets contain PKM without Maxigrain® while the other four contained PKM with Maxigrain® supplementation. The Maxigrain® was added to the already formulated diet (supplementation) at 0.01% to four of the nine diets. At the starter phase the final body weight, weight gain and average daily weight gain were significantly (P<0.001) higher in 10% and 20% PKM diets Maxigrain® supplementation compared to other treatments. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.001) higher in the control, 10% and 20% PKM diets with Maxigrain®. The feed : gain ratio was significantly (P<0.001) lower in the 10% PKM diet with Maxigrain® compared to all other treatments. All levels of PKM diets with Maxigrain® were significantly (P<0.001) lower than the corresponding levels without Maxigrain®. The feed cost/kg weight gain were significantly (P<0.001) lower in all PKM diets with and without Maxigrain® compared to the control. At the finisher phase, the final weight, weight gain and average daily weight gain were significantly (P<0.001) higher in the 10% and 20% PKM diets with Maxigrain® compared to all other treatments. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.001) higher in all PKM diets with and without Maxigrain® compared with the control. Feed gain ratio and feed cost/kg weight gain (N) were significantly (P<0.001) lower in the control and all PKM diets with Maxigrain® supplementation compared to all PKM diets without Maxigrain®. The results indicate that Maxigrain® supplementation of PKM diets improved the utilization of PKM. Diets with 10 and 20% inclusion of PKM and Maxigrain® were better than the control maize based diets. The dressed weight, neck, liver, lungs, kidney, abdominal fat, pancrease, spleen and length of intestines were significantly (P<0.001) different across treatments. Similarly, the percentage weight of the breast, thigh, heart and the intestines were significantly (P<0.001) different across treatments with no particular trend established. The drumstick, wings, head and gizzard were significantly (P<0.05) different across treatments. No significant difference in the dressing percentage and the back across the treatments. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler performance; Maxigrain®; PKM; Supplementation	animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; carcass; chicken; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; diet supplementation; dietary intake; economic aspect; female; food intake; maize; male; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutrient supply; nutrient uptake; nutritional support; organ weight; weight gain; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449167177	Evaluation of an operational malaria outbreak identification and response system in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa	Coleman M., Coleman M., Mabuza A.M., Kok G., Coetzee M., Durrheim D.N.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-69	School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mpumalanga Department of Health, 66 Anderson Street, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia	Coleman, M., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Coleman, M., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mabuza, A.M., Mpumalanga Department of Health, 66 Anderson Street, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Kok, G., Mpumalanga Department of Health, 66 Anderson Street, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Durrheim, D.N., Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia	Background and objective. To evaluate the performance of a novel malaria outbreak identification system in the epidemic prone rural area of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, for timely identification of malaria outbreaks and guiding integrated public health responses. Methods. Using five years of historical notification data, two binomial thresholds were determined for each primary health care facility in the highest malaria risk area of Mpumalanga province. Whenever the thresholds were exceeded at health facility level (tier 1), primary health care staff notified the malaria control programme, which then confirmed adequate stocks of malaria treatment to manage potential increased cases. The cases were followed up at household level to verify the likely source of infection. The binomial thresholds were reviewed at village/town level (tier 2) to determine whether additional response measures were required. In addition, an automated electronic outbreak identification system at town/village level (tier 2) was integrated into the case notification database (tier 3) to ensure that unexpected increases in case notification were not missed. The performance of these binomial outbreak thresholds was evaluated against other currently recommended thresholds using retrospective data. The acceptability of the system at primary health care level was evaluated through structured interviews with health facility staff. Results. Eighty four percent of health facilities reported outbreaks within 24 hours (n = 95), 92% (n = 104) within 48 hours and 100% (n = 113) within 72 hours. Appropriate response to all malaria outbreaks (n = 113, tier 1, n = 46, tier 2) were achieved within 24 hours. The system was positively viewed by all health facility staff. When compared to other epidemiological systems for a specified 12 month outbreak season (June 2003 to July 2004) the binomial exact thresholds produced one false weekly outbreak, the C-sum 12 weekly outbreaks and the mean + 2 SD nine false weekly outbreaks. Exceeding the binomial level 1 threshold triggered an alert four weeks prior to an outbreak, but exceeding the binomial level 2 threshold identified an outbreak as it occurred. Conclusion. The malaria outbreak surveillance system using binomial thresholds achieved its primary goal of identifying outbreaks early facilitating appropriate local public health responses aimed at averting a possible large-scale epidemic in a low, and unstable, malaria transmission setting. © 2008 Coleman et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Africa; article; binomial distribution; controlled study; education program; evaluation research; follow up; health care facilities and services; health care facility; health survey; high risk population; human; infection control; major clinical study; malaria; medical staff; parasite identification; primary health care; retrospective study; risk factor; urban population; epidemic; evaluation; health survey; malaria; methodology; questionnaire; rural population; season; South Africa; statistical model; Disease Notification; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Malaria; Models, Statistical; Population Surveillance; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Seasons; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44649124221	The impact of tobacco advertising bans on consumption in developing countries	Blecher E.	2008	Journal of Health Economics	27	4	10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.02.010	Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa	Blecher, E., Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa	Tobacco advertising bans have become commonplace in developed nations but are less prevalent in developing countries. The importance of advertising bans as part of comprehensive tobacco control strategies has been emphasised by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control which calls for comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising. The empirical literature suggests that comprehensive advertising bans have played a role in reducing consumption in developed countries but that limited policies have not. This paper extends this analysis to include 30 developing countries and finds that bans do play an important role in reducing tobacco consumption in these countries. It finds that both comprehensive as well as limited policies are effective in reducing consumption although comprehensive bans have a far greater impact than limited ones. Furthermore, it finds that advertising bans may be even more effective in the developing world than they are in the developed world. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Advertising bans; Developing countries; Tobacco advertising; Tobacco consumption	advertising; developing world; health policy; tobacco; advertizing; article; cigarette smoking; comparative study; developed country; developing country; health care policy; smoking cessation; tobacco; Advertising as Topic; Developing Countries; Humans; Models, Econometric; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Nicotiana tabacum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44649141353	Marketing hygiene behaviours: The impact of different communication channels on reported handwashing behaviour of women in Ghana	Scott B.E., Schmidt W.P., Aunger R., Garbrah-Aidoo N., Animashaun R.	2008	Health Education Research	23	3	10.1093/her/cym056	Environmental Health Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Community Water and Sanitation Agency; Business Interactive Consulting, Accra, Ghana	Scott, B.E., Environmental Health Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Schmidt, W.P., Environmental Health Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Aunger, R., Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Garbrah-Aidoo, N., Community Water and Sanitation Agency; Animashaun, R., Business Interactive Consulting, Accra, Ghana	In 2003 - 04, a National Handwashing Campaign utilizing mass media and community events took place in Ghana. This article describes the results of the evaluation of the campaign in a sample of 497 women with children <5 years. The unifying message across all communication channels was that hands were not 'truly' clean unless washed with soap. The campaign reached 82% of the study population. Sixty-two per cent of women knew the campaign song, 44% were exposed to one channel and 36% to two or more. Overall, TV and radio had greater reach and impact on reported handwashing than community events, while exposure to both a mass media channel and an event yielded the greatest effect, resulting in a 30% increase in reported handwashing with soap after visiting the toilet or cleaning a child's bottom. Our evaluation questions wide-held belief that community events are more effective agents of behaviour change than mass media commercials, at least in the case of hygiene promotion. However, failure of mass media to reach the entire target audience, particularly in specific regions and lower socio-economic groups, and the additive effect of exposure, underscores the need to implement integrated communication programmes utilizing a variety of complementary channels. © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	adult; article; evaluation; female; Ghana; hand washing; health behavior; human; hygiene; major clinical study; marketing; mass medium; priority journal; socioeconomics; telecommunication; television; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Ghana; Handwashing; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Hygiene; Mass Media; Middle Aged; Mothers; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44649178916	Measures of batting performance in a short series of cricket matches	Lemmer H.H.	2008	South African Statistical Journal	42	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lemmer, H.H., Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	The traditional average is not a satisfactory measure of batting performance if a batsman has many not-out scores. The purpose of this paper is, firstly, to define an estimator that will always give a reliable estimate of the average, even in the case of a batsman having a large percentage of not-out scores, and secondly also a comprehensive measure of batting performance for a short series, e.g. a test or ODI series. Strong arguments are given why the traditional average should not be used in the case of high proportions of not-out scores.	Batting average; Cricket; Not-out scores	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44649186822	Evaluation of different adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing all the SAT serotypes	Cloete M., Dungu B., Van Staden L.I., Ismail-Cassim N., Vosloo W.	2008	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	75	1	None	Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Onderstepoort Biological Products, Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa	Cloete, M., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Dungu, B., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Onderstepoort Biological Products, Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Van Staden, L.I., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Ismail-Cassim, N., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Vosloo, W., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa	Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is primarily controlled by vaccination of susceptible animals and movement restrictions for animals and animal-derived products in South Africa. Vaccination using aluminium hydroxide gel-saponin (AS) adjuvanted vaccines containing the South African Territories (SAT) serotypes has been shown to be effective both in ensuring that disease does not spread from the endemic to the free zone and in controlling outbreaks in the free zone. Various vaccine formulations containing antigens derived from the SAT serotypes were tested in cattle that were challenged 1 year later. Both the AS and ISA 206B vaccines adjuvanted with saponin protected cattle against virulent virus challenge. The oil-based ISA 206B-adjuvanted vaccine with and without stimulators was evaluated in a field trial and both elicited antibody responses that lasted for 1 year. Furthermore, the ISA 206 adjuvanted FMD vaccine protected groups of cattle against homologous virus challenge at very low payloads, while pigs vaccinated with an emergency ISA 206B-based FMD vaccine containing the SAT 1 vaccine strains were protected against the heterologous SAT 1 outbreak strain.	Adjuvant; Cattle; Control strategies; Foot-and-mouth disease; Pigs; South Africa; Vaccines	aluminum hydroxide; immunological adjuvant; oil; saponin; virus antibody; virus vaccine; animal; animal disease; article; blood; cattle; cattle disease; foot and mouth disease; Foot and mouth disease virus; immunology; safety; serotyping; sheep; sheep disease; South Africa; swine; swine disease; vaccination; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aluminum Hydroxide; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Oils; Safety; Saponins; Serotyping; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; South Africa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Animalia; Bos; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44749089181	High DMFC performance output using modified acid-base polymer blend	Pasupathi S., Ji S., Jan Bladergroen B., Linkov V.	2008	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	33	12	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.033	University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Pasupathi, S., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Ji, S., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Jan Bladergroen, B., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, V., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	An acid-base polymer blend membrane based on sulphonated poly(etheretherketone) (SPEEK) and poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) was developed for direct methanol fuel cells. Thermal stability, water uptake, ion exchange capacity, conductivity and fuel cell performance of the membrane were studied and compared to that of nafion. The conductivity of nafion was found to be superior to SPEEK/PBI membrane; however, the thickness of SPEEK/PBI membranes can be reduced considerably. SPEEK/PBI membrane with a thickness of 55 μ m showed a significant improvement in the DMFC performance as compared to Nafion 117. The maximum power densities obtained with SPEEK/PBI membranes are twice better than Nafion 117 at 60 °C. SPEEK/PBI membranes showed excellent stability under DMFC operating conditions up to 60 °C and therefore are seen as ideal candidates for portable DMFC applications. © 2008 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.	DMFC; PBI; Polymer blend; Power densities; Proton conducting membranes; SPEEK	Ion exchange membranes; Polyether ether ketones; Polymer blends; Polymeric membranes; Thermodynamic stability; Poly(benzimidazole) (PBI); Power densities; Proton conducting membranes; Sulphonated poly(etheretherketone) (SPEEK); Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44849093490	Sandy beach ecosystems: Key features, sampling issues, management challenges and climate change impacts	Schlacher T.A., Schoeman D.S., Dugan J., Lastra M., Jones A., Scapini F., Mclachlan A.	2008	Marine Ecology	29	SUPPL. 1	10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00204.x	Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia; School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Departamento de Ecologia y Biologia Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain; Department of Marine Ecology, Australian Museum Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica, Universita di Firenze, Firenze, Italy; College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman	Schlacher, T.A., Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia; Schoeman, D.S., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Dugan, J., Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Lastra, M., Departamento de Ecologia y Biologia Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain; Jones, A., Department of Marine Ecology, Australian Museum Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Scapini, F., Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica, Universita di Firenze, Firenze, Italy; Mclachlan, A., College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman	Escalating pressures caused by the combined effects of population growth, demographic shifts, economic development and global climate change pose unprecedented threats to sandy beach ecosystems worldwide. Conservation of beaches as functional ecosystems and protection of their unique biodiversity requires management interventions that not only mitigate threats to physical properties of sandy shores, but also include ecological dimensions. Yet, beach management remains overwhelmingly focused on engineering interventions. Here we summarise the key outcomes of several workshops, held during the 2006 Sandy Beach Ecology Symposium in Vigo, Spain, that addressed issues of climate change, beach management and sampling methodology. Because efficient communication between managers and ecologists is critical, we summarise the salient features of sandy beaches as functional ecosystems in 50 'key statements'; these provide a succinct synopsis of the main structural and functional characteristics of these highly dynamic systems. Key outcomes of the workshops include a set of recommendations on designs and methods for sampling the benthic infaunal communities of beaches, the identification of the main ecological effects caused by direct and indirect human interventions, the predicted consequence of climate change for beach ecosystems, and priority areas for future research. © Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing.	Climate change; Coastal conservation; Coastal management; Macrobenthos sampling; Sandy shores	beach; biodiversity; climate change; coastal zone management; ecosystem management; habitat conservation; macrobenthos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44849103072	Formulation and evaluation of a salted-out isoniazid-loaded nanosystem	du Toit L.C., Pillay V., Choonara Y.E., Iyuke S.E.	2008	AAPS PharmSciTech	9	1	10.1208/s12249-007-9016-6	Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	du Toit, L.C., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Pillay, V., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Choonara, Y.E., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Iyuke, S.E., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	The purpose of this study was to develop a drug-loaded nanosystem that has the ability to achieve flexible yet rate-controlled release of model drug isoniazid (INH) employing either an aqueous or emulsion-based salting-out approach. Formulation conditions were aimed at reducing the polymeric size with subsequent rate-modulated INH release patterns from the polymeric nanosystem. The emulsion-based salted-out nanosystems had particle sizes ranging from 77-414 nm and a zeta potential of -24 mV. The dispersant dielectric constant was set at 78.5 and a conductivity of 3.99 mS/cm achieved. The reduced nanosystem size of the aqueous-based approach has demonstrated an intrinsically enhanced exposure of methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate to zinc sulphate which was employed as a crosslinking reagent. This resulted in robustly interconnected polymeric supports in which INH was efficiently embedded and subsequently released. The multi-layer perceptron data obtained showed that the aqueous and emulsion-based salting out approaches had Power (law) (MSE = 0.020) and Linear (MSE = 0.038) relationships, respectively. Drug release from the nanosystems occurred in two phases with an initial burst-release in aqueous-based nanosystems (30-100%) and significantly lower bursts observed in emulsion-based nanosystems (20-65%) within the first 2 h. This was followed by a gradual exponential release phase over the remaining 12 h. The nanosystems developed demonstrated the ability to control the release of INH depending on the formulation approach adopted. © American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2007.	Crosslinking; Drug release; Methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate; Nanoparticles; Tuberculosis	acrylic acid ethyl ester; dispersant; isoniazid; methacrylic acid; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; polymer; zinc sulfate; inorganic salt; isoniazid; nanomaterial; polymethacrylic acid derivative; tuberculostatic agent; article; conductance; controlled drug release; cross linking; dielectric constant; drug delivery system; drug formulation; emulsion; intermethod comparison; nanotechnology; particle size; perceptron; zeta potential; chemistry; delayed release formulation; diffusion; drug formulation; drug screening; materials testing; methodology; ultrastructure; Antitubercular Agents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diffusion; Drug Compounding; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Isoniazid; Materials Testing; Nanostructures; Particle Size; Polymethacrylic Acids; Salts	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949086835	Evaluation of the practicum trainee librarians at Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	Ogheneruemu A., Tiemo P.A.	2007	Library Philosophy and Practice	2007	AUG.	None	Technical Services Division, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	Ogheneruemu, A., Technical Services Division, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Tiemo, P.A., Technical Services Division, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	Trainee librarians at Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, were surveyed about their library practicum experience. A questionnaire and observation elicited information to find out if the Industrial Training Programme has bridged the existing gap between theory and practice in librarianship. The population of the study were all the 17 trainee librarians and 12 out of the 19 practicing librarians were randomly sampled for a better representative of the population understudy. The major questions were put into table and they were analyzed accordingly. The trainee librarians made suggestions and recommendations for the improvement of the programme. The article makes further recommendations for improvement.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949123435	The impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on psychological distress and forgiveness in South Africa	Stein D.J., Seedat S., Kaminer D., Moomal H., Herman A., Sonnega J., Williams D.R.	2008	Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology	43	6	10.1007/s00127-008-0350-0	University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; MEDUNSA, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Michigan, Flint, MI, United States; Harward University, Cambridge, MA, United States	Stein, D.J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Seedat, S., University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Kaminer, D., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Moomal, H., University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Herman, A., MEDUNSA, Pretoria, South Africa; Sonnega, J., University of Michigan, Flint, MI, United States; Williams, D.R., Harward University, Cambridge, MA, United States	Background: Legislation to establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was passed soon after election of South Africa's first democratic government. Discourse around the TRC focused on the importance of bearing witness to the past, and on the healing powers of forgiveness. However, there was also a concern that individuals with TRC relevant experience would simply be re-traumatized by participation in the process. To date, there has been little empirical data for either hypothesis. Methods: A nationally representative survey of the South African population (n = 4,351) was undertaken 6-8 years after the TRC process began. Information about subjects' exposure to and participation in the TRC was collected, and views about the testimony of survivors and perpetrators were assessed. To determine the predictors of distress, anger, and forgiveness, linear regressions were undertaken with inclusion of demographic variables, exposure to TRC variables, and attitudes to the TRC. Results: Distress was significantly associated with specific demographic factors (female gender, less education), with having a TRC-related experience to share, and with negative perceptions of the TRC (a negative view of survivors' testimony). Anger had similar associations but was also predicted by lower age. Forgiveness was associated with age and education, with being Coloured, and with having a positive view of perpetrator's testimony, while it was inversely associated with having a TRC experience to share. Distress and anger correlated inversely with forgiveness. Perceptions of the TRC were moderately positive irrespective of many demographic variables (race, education, age). Conclusion: In this cross-sectional study, causal relationships are difficult to ascertain. Nevertheless, relationships between increased distress/anger, having a TRC relevant experience to share, and negative perceptions of the TRC, support a view that bearing testimony is not necessarily helpful to survivors. However, in the population as a whole, moderately positive attitudes towards the TRC across sociodemographic variables support a view that the TRC helped provide knowledge and acknowledgment of the past. © Springer-Verlag 2008.	Distress; Forgiveness; South Africa; Truth and reconciliation commission	adult; age; aged; anger; article; attitude; correlation analysis; disease association; distress syndrome; educational status; ethnicity; female; forgiveness; health survey; human; interview; linear regression analysis; major clinical study; male; mental stress; Negro; offender; personal experience; population research; prediction; race; risk factor; sex difference; South Africa; survivor; victim; witness; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anger; Attitude; Crime Victims; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Ethnic Groups; Female; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Distribution; Social Problems; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Stress, Psychological; Survivors; Violence	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949190281	The impact of community level treatment and preventative interventions on trachoma prevalence in rural Ethiopia	Cumberland P., Edwards T., Hailu G., Harding-Esch E., Andreasen A., Mabey D., Todd J.	2008	International Journal of Epidemiology	37	3	10.1093/ije/dyn045	Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Future International Consulting Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Cumberland, P., Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Edwards, T., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Hailu, G., Future International Consulting Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Harding-Esch, E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Andreasen, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Mabey, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Todd, J., Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Background: The International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) trachoma control programme based on the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement) was implemented in 2002 in two rural Ethiopian zones, with mass delivery of azithromycin starting in 2003. We evaluate the impact of combined antibiotic and health educational interventions on active trachoma and Chlamydia trachomatis detected from ocular swabs, in children aged 3-9 years. Method: Three-year follow-up cross-sectional survey was carried out in 40 rural Ethiopian communities to evaluate the programme. Households were randomly selected and all children were invited for eye examination for active trachoma. In 2005, eye swabs were taken for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection of ocular C. trachomatis DNA. Adult knowledge and behaviour related to trachoma were assessed. Results: Community summarized mean prevalence, overall, was 35.6% (SD = 17.6) for active trachoma, 34.0% (18.7) for trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF) alone and 4.3% (5.3) for PCR positivity for C. trachomatis. After adjustment, odds of active trachoma were reduced in communities receiving antibiotics and one or two educational intervention components (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.13-0.89 or OR = 0.31, 0.11-0.89, respectively). The odds of being PCR positive were lower in these intervention arms, compared with control (OR = 0.20, 0.06-0.62 and OR = 0.07, 0.02-0.30, respectively). Knowledge of treatment and preventative methods were reported with much higher frequency, compared with baseline. Conclusions: Trachoma remains a public health problem in Ethiopia. Antibiotic administration remains the most effective intervention but community-based health education programmes can impact, to additionally reduce prevalence of C. trachomatis. © The Author 2008; all rights reserved.	Azithromycin; Chlamydia trachomatis; Control; Ethiopia; Health education; Trachoma	antibiotic agent; azithromycin; disease control; disease prevalence; health education; health risk; medical geography; public health; rural area; article; Chlamydia trachomatis; community care; community program; controlled study; Ethiopia; eye examination; female; follow up; health education; health survey; human; infection control; intervention study; major clinical study; male; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; prevalence; priority journal; rural area; school child; trachoma; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia trachomatis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Ethiopia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Education; Humans; Hygiene; Male; Prevalence; Rural Health; Trachoma; Treatment Outcome; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Chlamydia trachomatis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949194749	Possible biochemical impact of malaria infection in subjects with HIV co-infection in Anambra state, Nigeria	Onyenekwe C.C., Ukibe N., Meludu S.C., Ifeanyi M., Ezeani M., Onochie A., Ofiaeli N., Aboh N., Ilika A.	2008	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	45	2	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of I	Onyenekwe, C.C., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ukibe, N., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Meludu, S.C., Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ifeanyi, M., Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ezeani, M., Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Onochie, A., HIV Laboratory Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ofiaeli, N., VCT Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Aboh, N., Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ilika, A., Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background &amp; objectives: The present study was designed to determine possible contributory impact of malaria infection on some biochemical markers in subjects with HIV co-infection in order to know if they are adverse or protective. Methods: Participants were recruited at the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria and grouped into: (i) Malaria and HIV co-infection group (n = 45); and (ii) HIV infected group without concurrent malaria infection (n = 57). Standard laboratory methods were used for the HIV and Plasmodium falciparum antigen screening, malaria parasite density, CD4 + T-cell count, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, serum iron and albumin concentrations. Results: The results showed that serum iron and albumin were significantly reduced and raised respectively in 'Malaria-HIV co-infection group' compared with 'HIV infection group' (p &lt;0.05 and p &lt;0.05). A positive association was observed between age and serum iron concentration in malaria and HIV co-infected group (r = 0.580; p &lt;0.05) while negative associations were observed between PCV and serum iron (r = -0.388; p &lt;0.05) and between CD4 + T-cells and serum iron concentration (r = -0.362; p&lt;0.05) in malaria and HIV co-infected group. The CD4 + T-cell count, WBC count, PCV were not significantly different between the Malaria-HIV co-infection group and HIV infection group. Interpretation &amp; conclusion: In the present study serum iron and albumin concentrations were the most sensitive indicators that showed the contributory impact of malaria infection on biochemical index in HIV co-infected subjects. The findings suggest that at the defined stage of HIV infection in the present study, malaria co-infection may moderate the impact of HIV infection on iron metabolism and hepatic synthesis of albumin.	Biochemical-index; HIV; Malaria co-infection	biochemical marker; iron; serum albumin; adult; age; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; female; hematocrit; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; iron blood level; iron metabolism; leukocyte count; major clinical study; malaria; male; mixed infection; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; protein synthesis; Adult; Animals; Biological Markers; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Comorbidity; Female; Hematocrit; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Iron; Leukocyte Count; Malaria; Male; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; Serum Albumin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949210275	Impact of the clay organic modifier on the morphology of polymer-clay nanocomposites prepared by in Situ free-radical polymerization in emulsion	Greesh N., Hartmann P.C., Cloete V., Sanderson R.D.	2008	Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry	46	11	10.1002/pola.22701	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, UNESCO Associated Centre for Macromolecules, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	Greesh, N., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, UNESCO Associated Centre for Macromolecules, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Hartmann, P.C., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, UNESCO Associated Centre for Macromolecules, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Cloete, V., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, UNESCO Associated Centre for Macromolecules, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Sanderson, R.D., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, UNESCO Associated Centre for Macromolecules, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	Poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) copolymers were prepared by free-radical random copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate in emulsion in the presence of 10% of surface-modified sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT). The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the clay organic modifier in terms of its chemical structure, its degree of interaction within the clay galleries surface, and its ability to copolymerize with monomers, on the morphology and properties of the final nanocomposite prepared. Na-MMT was modified using different organic modifiers, namely: sodium 1-allyloxy-2- hydroxypropyl (Cops), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), and sodium 11-methacryloyloxy-unde-can-1-yl sulfate (MET), respectively. The morphology and properties of the nanocomposites obtained were found to be dependant on the clay organic modifier. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy indicated that, nanocomposites at 10% clay loading with Cops-, NIPA-, and MET-modified clays, yielded intercalated to partially exfoliated structures, whereas AMPS-modified clay gave a nanocomposite with a fully exfoliated structure. All polymer-clay nanocomposites were found to be more thermally stable than neat poly(S-co-BA) as were determined by TGA. However, nanocomposites with intercalated structures exhibited greater thermal stability relative to fully exfoliated ones. Furthermore, nanocomposites with exfoliated structures exhibited higher storage moduli (GI) than partially exfoliated once, whereas intercalated structure showed the lowest GI values. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Emulsion polymerization; Exfoliation; Intercalated; Nanocomposites; Organoclay	Acrylic monomers; Alkali metals; Amides; Barium; Catalyst activity; Chemical properties; Chemical reactions; Chemicals; Cobalt; Cobalt alloys; Cobalt compounds; Copolymerization; Electron microscopes; Electron microscopy; Electron optics; Free radical polymerization; Imaging techniques; Ketones; Microfluidics; Microscopic examination; Monomers; Morphology; Nanocomposites; Nanostructured materials; Polymers; Silicate minerals; Sodium; Sodium sulfate; Styrene; Sulfate minerals; Surface properties; Surfaces; Thermodynamic stability; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray analysis; X ray diffraction analysis; (1 1 0) surface; (ethylene vinyl alcohol) copolymers; (PL) properties; Allyloxy; Butyl acrylate (BuA); chemical structures; Clay loadings; Degree of interaction; Exfoliated structures; Free radical polymerization (FRP); Free-radical; In-situ; Intercalated structures; Modified clays; N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm); nano composites; Organic modifiers; Polymer-clay nanocomposites (PCN); Sodium montmorillonite (NaMMT); Storage modulus; thermal stability; X ray diffraction (XRD); Clay minerals	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949243108	Clinical Evaluation of Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV/AIDS Patients With Orofacial Lesions in Enugu, Nigeria	Oji C., Chukwuneke F.	2008	Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	66	7	10.1016/j.joms.2007.08.049	Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Maxillofacial Surgeon, Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Oji, C., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Chukwuneke, F., Maxillofacial Surgeon, Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Purpose: To highlight the association of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) with HIV/AIDS in patients of the oral and maxillofacial surgery units of 2 specialist hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria. Patients and Methods: The case notes of 112 patients who had HIV/AIDS lesions in the orofacial region were retrieved from the medical records department of 2 specialist hospitals. After studying the biopsy results, attention was focused on 33 patients (27 male and 6 female; age range, 10 to 59 years) who had KS. We studied the clinical, histopathologic, and therapeutic aspects of these AIDS-related KS cases over a period of 4 years, from January 2000 to December 2003. Results: There were 33 cases of KS and they ranged highest out of the total number of cases (112) cases that had HIV/AIDS. The male-to-female ratio was 4.5:1. At the time of initial presentation, all 33 patients were in stages III and IV of the disease. Late presentation and treatment by "fake" medical doctors were responsible for this situation. They all died within 1 to 18 months after commencement of therapy. Conclusion: KS is strongly associated with HIV/AIDS in our environment. We are of the opinion that the responsible authorities in Nigeria must endeavor to educate their citizens about safe sexual conduct and appropriate health-seeking behavior. © 2008 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.	None	antiretrovirus agent; bleomycin; doxorubicin; lamivudine; vincristine; zidovudine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; AIDS patient; anamnesis; article; behavior change; CD4+ T lymphocyte; chemotherapy; clinical article; clinical evaluation; clinical feature; coughing; dysphagia; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; fever; hemoptysis; heterosexual female; heterosexual male; histology; homosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Kaposi sarcoma; laboratory test; lesbian; lymphocyte count; male; male homosexual; marriage; mouth lesion; mouth ulcer; Nigeria; physical examination; school child; sexual behavior; weight reduction; Western blotting; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Nigeria; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Retrospective Studies; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Sexual Behavior	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45149096294	Evaluation of the transformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of ferrite - Martensite microalloyed steels	Henry O., Monde K.C.	2008	Materials Research	11	1	10.1590/S1516-14392008000100019	Department of Welding/Fabrication Engr., Delta State Polytechnic, P.M.B 1030, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Henry, O., Department of Welding/Fabrication Engr., Delta State Polytechnic, P.M.B 1030, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria; Monde, K.C., Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The influence of starting point microstructures on the transformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of a micro alloyed steel after annealing in the α + γregion have been investigated. Three different microstructures: austenite, pearlite in a ferrite matrix and martensite were used as starting point microstructures for the production of dual (α + α) phase structures in the test steel. Photomicrographs obtained from metallographic examination of the heat treated samples were used as criteria for the assessment of results obtained from impact toughness and hardness testing. The results obtained showed that the transformation mechanisms and hence the morphology of ferrite - martensite microalloyed steels are strongly influenced by their initial microstructural details. Ferrite - martensite structures produced via the intercritical quench (IQ) treatment, with martensite as the starting point microstructure, have the best combination of hardness and impact energy.	Intercritical annealing; Intercritical quenching; Step quenching	Annealing; Ferrite; Hardness; Hardness testing; Impact testing; Iron; Lithography; Martensite; Mathematical transformations; Mechanical properties; Mechanisms; Microstructure; Morphology; Pearlitic transformations; Phase structure; Steel; Steel analysis; Steel metallography; Steel pipe; (PL) properties; Alloyed steels; Different microstructures; ferrite matrix; impact energies; Impact toughness; Intercritical; Martensite structures; Metallographic examination; Micro structural; Microalloyed (MA) steels; Starting points; Transformation mechanisms; Ferritic steel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45149111658	Performance of HerpeSelect and Kalon assays in detection of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2	LeGoff J., Mayaud P., Gresenguet G., Weiss H.A., Nzambi K., Frost E., Pepin J., Belec L., Agyarko-Poku T., Asamoah-Adu C., Dzokoto A., Bouhlal H., Chemin C., Si-Mohamed A., Deslandes S., Longo J.-D., Hayes R., Mabey D., Malkin J.-E.	2008	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	46	6	10.1128/JCM.02332-07	Université Paris Descartes, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre National de Reference des Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA de Bangui, Unité de Recherches et d'Intervention Sur Les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Bangui, Central African Republic; West African Project to Combat AIDS and STDs, Accra, Ghana; Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Université Paris V, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Centre Medical, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France	LeGoff, J., Université Paris Descartes, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France, Université Paris V, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Mayaud, P., Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Gresenguet, G., Centre National de Reference des Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA de Bangui, Unité de Recherches et d'Intervention Sur Les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Bangui, Central African Republic; Weiss, H.A., Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Nzambi, K., West African Project to Combat AIDS and STDs, Accra, Ghana; Frost, E., Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Pepin, J., Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Belec, L., Université Paris Descartes, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France, Université Paris V, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Agyarko-Poku, T., West African Project to Combat AIDS and STDs, Accra, Ghana; Asamoah-Adu, C., West African Project to Combat AIDS and STDs, Accra, Ghana; Dzokoto, A., West African Project to Combat AIDS and STDs, Accra, Ghana; Bouhlal, H., Université Paris V, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Chemin, C., Université Paris V, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Si-Mohamed, A., Université Paris V, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Deslandes, S., Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Longo, J.-D., Centre National de Reference des Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA de Bangui, Unité de Recherches et d'Intervention Sur Les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Bangui, Central African Republic; Hayes, R., Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mabey, D., Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Malkin, J.-E., Centre Medical, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France	The performances of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in detecting herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibodies have been inconsistent for African and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive populations. We compared the performances of the HerpeSelect and Kalon glycoprotein G2 ELISAs for patients with genital ulcer disease in Ghana and the Central African Republic. Sera from 434 women were tested with the HerpeSelect assay, and a subsample (n = 199) was tested by the Kalon assay. Ulcer swabs and cervicovaginal lavage samples were tested for HSV-2 DNA by PCR. HSV-2-seronegative women with detectable genital HSV-2 DNA were retested for HSV-2 antibodies 14 and 28 days later by the two ELISAs. A total of 346 (80%) women were positive by HerpeSelect at baseline, and 225 (54%) had detectable genital (lesional or cervicovaginal) HSV-2 DNA. Sixty-six (19%) HerpeSelect-positive samples had low-positive index values (1.1 to 3.5), and 58% of these samples had detectable genital HSV-2 DNA. Global agreement between the two serological assays was 86%. Concordance was high (99%) for sera that were negative by HerpeSelect or had high index values (>3.5). Defining infection detected by HSV-2 DNA PCR and/or Kalon assay as true infection, 71% of sera with low-positive index values were associated with true HSV-2 infection. Twenty-five women were identified as having nonprimary first-episode genital HSV-2 infection. Rates of HSV-2 seroconversion at day 14 were 77% (10/13 patients) by HerpeSelect assay and 23% (3/13 patients) by Kalon assay, with four additional seroconversions detected by Kalon assay at day 28. HIV serostatus did not influence assay performance. Low index values obtained with the HerpeSelect assay may correspond to true HSV-2 infection, in particular to nonprimary first episodes of genital HSV-2 infection, and need to be interpreted in the context of clinical history. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	virus DNA; antibody detection; article; blood sampling; comparative study; controlled study; DNA determination; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; genital herpes; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; herpeselect assay; human; kalon assay; major clinical study; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; seroconversion; ulcer; uterine cervix cytology; virus examination; Acyclovir; Antibodies, Viral; Antiviral Agents; Central African Republic; DNA, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Ghana; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Viral Envelope Proteins; Human herpesvirus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45249111772	The effects of spatial mobility on the performance of firms	Knoben J., Oerlemans L.A.G., Rutten R.P.J.H.	2008	Economic Geography	84	2	None	Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands; Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Knoben, J., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands; Oerlemans, L.A.G., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands, Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Rutten, R.P.J.H., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands	A considerable body of research has analyzed the impact of a firm's geographic position and levels of organizational and territorial embeddedness on its performance. Generally, these studies have assumed that firms are immobile. Research that has focused on the effects of the relocation of firms has treated firms mainly as atomistic actors that can move freely in geographic space and has tended to neglect the influence of changes in a firm's geographic position and level of organizational and territorial embeddedness. We integrated insights from both streams of literature to answer the research question, "What are the effects of relocation on a firm's performance, and what is the influence of a firm's geographic position and its level of organizational and territorial embeddedness on this relationship?" On the basis of our analysis of data from a survey of managers of Dutch automation services firms, we found that the degree of impact of a firm's relocation on its performance depends on the characteristics of the relocation. For example, a move to an urbanized region hampers performance, whereas a move to a research and development-intensive region fosters a higher level of performance. Furthermore, firms with high levels of organizational embeddedness suffer in the short term from relocation, but benefit in the long run. © 2008 Clark University.	Embeddedness; Innovativeness; Performance; Relocation	industrial performance; innovation; mobility; relocation; research and development; theoretical study; Benelux; Eurasia; Europe; Netherlands; Western Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349090253	The evaluation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals achieved in patients with established cardiovascular disease and/or hyperlipidaemia receiving lipid-lowering therapy: The South African Not at Goal study (SA-NAG)	Ramjeeth A., Butkow N., Raal F., Maholwana-Mokgatlhe M.	2008	Cardiovascular Journal of Africa	19	2	None	Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Halfway House, Midrand, South Africa	Ramjeeth, A., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Butkow, N., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Raal, F., Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maholwana-Mokgatlhe, M., Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Halfway House, Midrand, South Africa	Aim: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor that leads to the clinical sequelae of CVD. As a result, it has become essential for South Africa to update its guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia, and the South African scientific community has recently adopted the European guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice. The South African Not at Goal study (SA-NAG) was a survey done to determine the percentage of patients on lipid-lowering therapy who were not achieving guideline-specified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. Methods: I n this cross-sectional study, dyslipidaemic and/or CVD patients on lipid-lowering therapy for more than four months were enrolled. V olunteers had their demographic data and previous medical history documented. Blood samples from these patients were analysed (using standardised methods) to obtain fasting blood lipid and glucose levels. Results: I n total, 1 201 patients (age 58 ± 11.4 years) were recruited by physicians and general practitioners from across South Africa. U nder the new guidelines, 41% of patients were defined as low risk (LR) and 59% were high risk (HR). Sixty-three per cent of LR patients and 77% of HR patients (71% overall) did not achieve their LDL-C target goals of 2.5 and 3.0 mmol/l, respectively. The LR and HR patients who did not achieve their LDL-C goals were on average 19% (0.7 mmol/l ± 0.5) and 31% (1.1 mmol/l ± 1.1) above their LDL-C target levels, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that a considerable number of patients fall into the category 'not at goal' LDL-C. Patients who failed to achieve goal were also far above their LDL-C target levels. The adoption of the new guidelines will necessitate enhanced disease management to reduce the disease burden.	None	antilipemic agent; atorvastatin; fluindostatin; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; simvastatin; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk; controlled study; dyslipidemia; female; general practitioner; glucose blood level; human; hyperlipidemia; lipid blood level; major clinical study; male; obesity; practice guideline; South Africa; Age Distribution; Aged; Antilipemic Agents; Biological Markers; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Guideline Adherence; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Male; Metabolic Syndrome X; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Assessment; South Africa; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349092809	Tropical vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal as alternative protein supplement in broiler starter diets: Bionutritional evaluation	Fasuyi A.O., Dairo F.A.S., Adeniji A.O.	2008	Journal of Central European Agriculture	9	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adeniji, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Amaranthus cruentus is a tropical leaf vegetable grown in most tropical regions of the world for its vegetable protein. The fresh matured leaves of the plant were harvested and sun dried until a moisture content of between 12-13% was obtained. The sun dried leaves (Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal, ACLM) were milled and analysed for their proximate composition. Crude protein was 23.0%±0.55; crude fat, 5.4%±0.01; crude fibre, 8.8%±0.02; ash, 19.3%±0.01 and gross energy, 3.3±0.01kcal/g all on dry matter basis. Methionine and to a lesser extent, lysine, arginine, leucine and aspartate were high. The ACLM was incorporated into five formulated broiler starter diets at varying inclusion levels. The control diet 1 had no ACLM inclusion. All the six diets including control diet 1 were formulated isocaloric and isonitrogenous and fed to the experimental chicks (n = 540). Birds kept on diet 2 (5% ACLM inclusion level) had the best average weight gain (WG) of 372.9±29.94g/chick. The feed efficiency (FE) value and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) for birds on diet 2 were similar (P > 0.05) to values obtained for the reference diet. The nitrogen retention (NR) and apparent nitrogen digestibility (AND) values obtained for diet 2 were highest at 1.48±0.24gN/chick/day and 63.12%±10.28, respectively. Except for dressed weight and the back of chicken all the organs weights taken were similar (P > 0.05). Haematological examinations were similar (P > 0.05). Results generally indicated that ACLM could be a useful dietary protein source for broiler starter chicks at 5% inclusion level.	Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal; Antinutrients; Broiler chicken; Nitrogen utilization	Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349108989	On-farm evaluation and consumer acceptability study of selected tetraploid Musa hybrid in Ghana	Dzomeku B.M., Armo-Annor F., Adjei-Gyan K., Ansah J., Nkakwa A., Darkey S.K.	2008	Journal of Plant Sciences	3	2	None	Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Bioversity International, Douala, Cameroon	Dzomeku, B.M., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Armo-Annor, F., World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Adjei-Gyan, K., World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Ansah, J., World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Nkakwa, A., Bioversity International, Douala, Cameroon; Darkey, S.K., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	An agronomic study was conducted to evaluate three Musa hybrids (BITA-3 - cooking banana, FHIA-21 and CRBP-39- both hybrid plantains) with five hundred farmers in the two Assin districts in the Central region of Ghana. At harvest sensory evaluation was carried out on the three hybrids for use as fufu, ampesi and ripe fried plantain to access their acceptability at four locations in the two districts. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the numbers of leaves at flowering among the hybrids across the locations. The hybrids showed superiority over the local check in terms of number of functional leaves from flowering to harvest. All the hybrids (FHIA-21, CRBP 39, BITA-3 and FHIA-25) exhibited stable performance in yield and growth characteristics across the locations. FHIA-25 was however late maturing (18-20 months) whereas BITA-3 was early maturing (10-12 months). Nevertheless, the bunch weight (40-50 kg) of FHIA-25 could be said to have compensated for the long crop cycle. Daughter sucker production by FHIA-25 was also low (two daughter suckers at flowering). BITA-3 was roboust and sturdy with pseudostem girth of 60 cm carrying an average bunch weight of 25 kg. All the hybrids were resistant to the black Sigatoka disease. These results suggested that the performance of the hybrids was not influenced by the seasons or locations. It implies that under good management practices, farmers would be assured of good yields irrespective of time or season of planting so long as there is adequate supply of moisture. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that there were no significant differences (p<0.01) between FHIA-21 and CRBP-39 and the local Apantu across the location, across the parameters and the recipes assessed. FHIA-21 and CRBP-39 were the most prefened and compared favourably with the local triploids (Apantu and Apem) with BITA-3 the least preferred. The hybrids were accepted for ripe fried plantain at stages 3 and 4 of ripening. Beyond these stages of ripening, the hybrids could only be used for other processed food recipes. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Agronomy; Musa hybrids; Sensory evaluation	Musa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45549084977	Impacts of clearing invasive alien plants from 1995 to 2005 on vegetation structure, invasion intensity and ground cover in a temperate to subtropical riparian ecosystem	Beater M.M.T., Garner R.D., Witkowski E.T.F.	2008	South African Journal of Botany	74	3	10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.174	Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Beater, M.M.T., Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Garner, R.D., Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Witkowski, E.T.F., Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The impacts of invasive alien plants (IAP) and their subsequent clearing by the Working for Water Programme (WfW) on (a) overstorey (woody plant) vegetation structure, (b) invasion intensity (overstorey aerial cover of woody alien plants) and (c) ground cover, in a temperate to subtropical riparian ecosystem were studied in 1996/7 and again in 2005, in order to provide a longer-term perspective on the effectiveness of WfW clearing. Forty 1000 m2 plots were surveyed and resurveyed, comparing between (a) higher altitude Grassland and lower altitude Savanna, (b) high (&gt; 50% invasion intensity) versus low (&lt; 50% invasion intensity) alien invasion sites, and (c) WfW cleared versus uncleared sites (the three 'treatments'). Pre-clearing estimates from cut stumps in 1996/7 indicated high alien invasion intensities of 72 ± 8% in Grassland and 69 ± 11% in Savanna. From 1996/7 to 2005 there was a large decrease in aerial cover of alien trees of &gt; 5 m and to a lesser extent 2-5 m in height, and a large increase in alien plants of &lt; 2 m. Hence WfW was initially successful, with the original tall Eucalyptus grandis tree layer largely removed. However, total invasion intensity remained unchanged over the first decade (30.4 ± 4.6% in 1996/7, 31.9 ± 3.2% in 2005). From 1996/7 to 2005, grass and herbaceous cover decreased, while bare soil and litter increased, indicating reduced surface stability. This was in response to (a) the major flood event of February 2000, (b) the effects of IAP invasions and (c) WfW clearing. Total ground vegetation cover was negatively related to alien aerial cover in both biome reaches in 1996/7 and 2005. By 2005, there were no longer any differences in the aerial cover of woody alien plants in response to the original 1996/7 invasion intensity or clearing 'treatments', and hence progressive homogenization of IAP cover. Aerial cover of woody indigenous plants also responded negatively to increasing alien aerial cover in 1996/7 and 2005 in both Savanna and Grassland. In conclusion, the nature of the IAP problem has changed from dealing largely with relatively few large E. grandis trees in the mid-90s, to the present large suite of invasive species with numerous smaller individuals. This has implications for the time needed for clearing. This is one of few studies to have assessed the initial and longer-term (1995-2005) effectiveness of WfW clearing operations. It shows that improved IAP clearing protocols are needed. More follow-up treatments are recommended to 'capture' alien resprouts and new seedlings before they establish and reproduce. Secondly, integrating clearing with restoration of the tall indigenous riparian canopy tree species in heavily invaded sites would help to shade out many alien recruits. © 2008 SAAB.	Biological invasions; Ecosystem repair; Grasslands; Overstorey aerial cover; Restoration ecology; Savannas	biological invasion; biome; clearcutting; comparative study; evergreen tree; grassland; ground cover; herb; invasive species; recruitment (population dynamics); resprouting; restoration ecology; riparian vegetation; seedling establishment; vegetation structure; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus grandis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45549099349	Development and evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction test for the detection of Theileria parva infections in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle	Sibeko K.P., Oosthuizen M.C., Collins N.E., Geysen D., Rambritch N.E., Latif A.A., Groeneveld H.T., Potgieter F.T., Coetzer J.A.W.	2008	Veterinary Parasitology	155	42371	10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.033	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, Antwerp, B-2000, Belgium; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Sibeko, K.P., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Oosthuizen, M.C., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Collins, N.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Geysen, D., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, Antwerp, B-2000, Belgium; Rambritch, N.E., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Latif, A.A., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Groeneveld, H.T., Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Potgieter, F.T., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Coetzer, J.A.W., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Corridor disease, caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva, is a controlled disease in South Africa. The Cape buffalo is the reservoir host and uninfected buffalo have become sought-after by the game industry in South Africa, particularly for introduction into Corridor disease-free areas. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for detection of T. parva DNA in buffalo and cattle was developed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the official diagnostic test package in South Africa. Oligonucleotide primers and hybridization probes were designed based on the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Amplification of control DNA using Theileria genus-specific primers resulted in detection of T. taurotragi and T. annulata, in addition to T. parva. A T. parva-specific forward primer was designed which eliminated amplification of all other Theileria species, except for Theileria sp. (buffalo); however only the T. parva product was detected by the T. parva-specific hybridization probe set. The real-time PCR assay requires less time to perform, is more sensitive than the other molecular assays previously used in T. parva diagnostics and can reliably detect the parasite in carrier animals with a piroplasm parasitaemia as low as 8.79 × 10 -4%. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Corridor disease; Detection; Real-time PCR; Theileria parva	animal experiment; animal parasitosis; article; buffalo; cattle; controlled study; diagnostic test; gene amplification; intermethod comparison; methodology; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; real time polymerase chain reaction; RNA gene; sensitivity and specificity; Theileria; Theileria annulata; Theileria parva; theileria taurotragi; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Disease Reservoirs; DNA, Protozoan; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sensitivity and Specificity; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Animalia; Bos; Ixodida; Protozoa; Syncerus caffer; Syncerus caffer caffer; Theileria; Theileria annulata; Theileria parva; Theileria sp.; Theileria taurotragi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45549101645	Drought induced xylem embolism in four riparian trees from the Western Cape Province: Insights and implications for planning and evaluation of restoration	Swift C.C., Jacobs S.M., Esler K.J.	2008	South African Journal of Botany	74	3	10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.169	Department of Biology, Whittier College, Whittier, CA, United States; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	Swift, C.C., Department of Biology, Whittier College, Whittier, CA, United States; Jacobs, S.M., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Esler, K.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	In Mediterranean climates, rainfall is restricted to periods of low evaporative demand, leaving plants to survive the summer drought. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of drought tolerance to the distribution of riparian species. These physiological insights will assist in developing target species lists for restoration of riparian ecosystems in the Western Cape, currently heavily degraded due to land clearing and invasive aliens. We estimated P50 and P100 from vulnerability curves and Ψx in four species across a range of summer water availability estimated by streamflow. As expected, decreasing streamflow resulted in lower predawn and mid-day xylem water potential, and species identified in previous studies as having broad distributions, such as Brabejum stellatifolium and Metrosideros angustifolia, sustained greater decreases in mid-day xylem water potential and were less vulnerable to cavitation than Rapanea melanophloeos or Brachyleana neriifolia, species with more restricted distributions. These results provide preliminary evidence that a consideration of drought tolerance might be useful in refining lists of target species for active restoration and evaluation of restoration success across projects in streams and rivers with different fluvial regimes. © 2008 SAAB.	Drought tolerance; Embolism; Fynbos-riparian ecotone; Vulnerability to cavitation	dicotyledon; drought resistance; drought stress; ecotone; evaporation; fynbos; Mediterranean environment; physiology; population distribution; restoration ecology; riparian vegetation; streamflow; tolerance; vulnerability; water availability; xylem; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape; Brabejum stellatifolium; Metrosideros angustifolia; Rapanea melanophloeos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45649085381	Land-use impacts on surface runoff and soil detachment within agricultural sloping lands in Northern Vietnam	Podwojewski P., Orange D., Jouquet P., Valentin C., Nguyen V.T., Janeau J.L., Tran D.T.	2008	Catena	74	2	10.1016/j.catena.2008.03.013	IRD School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Rabie Saunders Building, Box X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; IRD, IWMI, MSEC program Soils and Fertilizers Institute (SFI) Dong Ngac, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam; SFI (Soils and Fertilizers Institute, VAAS, MARD), Dong Ngac, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam; IRD, 32 Avenue H. Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France	Podwojewski, P., IRD School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Rabie Saunders Building, Box X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa, IRD, 32 Avenue H. Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France; Orange, D., IRD, IWMI, MSEC program Soils and Fertilizers Institute (SFI) Dong Ngac, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam, IRD, 32 Avenue H. Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France; Jouquet, P., IRD, IWMI, MSEC program Soils and Fertilizers Institute (SFI) Dong Ngac, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam, IRD, 32 Avenue H. Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France; Valentin, C., IRD, 32 Avenue H. Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France; Nguyen, V.T., SFI (Soils and Fertilizers Institute, VAAS, MARD), Dong Ngac, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Janeau, J.L., IRD School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Rabie Saunders Building, Box X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Tran, D.T., SFI (Soils and Fertilizers Institute, VAAS, MARD), Dong Ngac, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam	Two consecutive years of investigation on soil surface features, surface runoff and soil detachment within 1-m2 microplots on 40% slope highlighted the effects of land-use change, vegetation cover and biological activity on the water pathways in Northern Vietnam. Three replicate plots were set up on each of five land-uses: cassava (CAS), grass fodder of Bracharia ruziziensis (BRA), a 3-year old fallow (FAL), tree stands of Acacia mangium and Venicia montana (FOR), and a fallow with regrowth of Eucalyptus regularly cut (EUC). The second year, two of the microplots under FAL and EUC were treated with herbicide (FALh, EUCh), one of them was burnt (FALh+b, EUCh+b). The highest yearly surface runoff coefficient of 16%, and soil detachment rate of 700 g m- 2 yr- 1 in average with a maximum of 1305 g m- 2 yr- 1 have been recorded under CAS. On FALh and FALh+b, runoff ratios were 8.7 and 13.5%, respectively and detachment rates were 86 and 389 g m- 2. On FAL and BRA the yearly runoff ratio varied from 5.9 to 9.8% but the detachment rate was limited at 24 to 35 g m- 2. FOR and EUC annual runoff was ≤ 3.1% and annual soil detachment ≤ 71 g m- 2. These values were very low compared to the values reported on steep slopes in Laos within similar climate and vegetation cover. The runoff and detachment rates underlined the importance of rainfall intensities, soil physical properties, soil surface features, soil vegetation cover and biological activity. The annual surface runoff was highly correlated to the soil surface crusting. CAS and BRA plots were prone to crusting especially after weeding at the onset of the rainy season, when the soil surface was still uncovered. Soil bioturbation (earthworm casting activity) was the second factor that explains local variation of surface runoff and soil detachment. The continuous production of earthworms casts on soil surface, especially on FOR and EUC microplots, induced a marked surface roughness and reduced the surface runoff. The production of casts was very limited in FAL and completely absent in CAS microplots. So it is evident that our results confirm the deleterious effects of cassava on soil and water conservation. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cassava; Earthworms; Land-use; Sloping lands; Soil detachment; Surface runoff; Vietnam	bioactivity; earthworm; land use change; precipitation intensity; regrowth; runoff; slope; soil erosion; tuber; vegetation cover; Asia; Eurasia; Southeast Asia; Viet Nam; Acacia; Acacia mangium; Animalia; Eucalyptus; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749104143	The effect of quantitative replacement of soybean meal with cooked and toasted lima bean meal on growth performance and carcass quality values of broiler finisher birds	Akinmutimi A.H., Aligwara A.O., Abasiekong S.F.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	5	10.3923/ijps.2008.487.490	College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Akinmutimi, A.H., College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Aligwara, A.O., College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Abasiekong, S.F., College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	The effect of cooked and toasted lima bean meal in boiler finisher diets was assessed using seventy five (75) Anak broiler birds. The beans were cooked for ninety (90) minutes, oven dried at 60oC and toasted to brownness. It was quantitatively used to replace soybean at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% levels of inclusion. The birds aged twenty eight (28) days were divided into five (5) treatments and each treatment replicated three (3) times. The birds were assigned to the diets in a completely randomized design experiment. The result of growth performance showed that the mean feed intake values showed no significant (P>0.05) difference for all the diets while there were significant (P<0.05) differences for values of weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The values are 42.8, 46.6, 41.2, 35.4, 23.3 and 3.45, 2.70, 2.84, 3.27, 4.93 for weight gain and feed conversion ratio respectively. The cut- parts showed that the birds on the test diets have values comparable to those on the control diet Based on the above results, normal market live weight and cost per kilogram weight gain, 5% cooked and toasted lima bean meal can quantitatively replaced soybean meal without adverse effect on the growth performance and carcass quality values and hence recommended. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Carcass quality; Cooked and toasted lima bean; Growth performance; Soybean	Aves; Glycine max; Phaseolus lunatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749107747	Environmental impact of oil exploration on the crustacean zooplankton of Osse River, Southern Nigeria	Omoigberale M.O., Ogbeibu A.E.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	50	4	None	Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, P. M. B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Omoigberale, M.O., Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, P. M. B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogbeibu, A.E., Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, P. M. B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	The impact of crude oil exploration on the crustacean zooplankton of Osse River, Edo State (Nigeria) was investigated at five sites between July 2000 and June 2002. Cladocera accounted for 60.85% of the total number of organisms collected from all the five stations, while Copepoda contributed 39.15%. Chydoridae, the only cladoceran family was represented by 11 taxa of two subfamilies, Aloninae (7) and Chydorinae (4). The overall abundance of Cladocera was significantly different (P < 0.05) among the stations. posteriori Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) test showed that the abundance of Cladocera was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 3 stations, whereas, Copepod abundance was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 2 stations. The diversity indices revealed the highest and the lowest taxa richness, while Shannon-Wiener and Evenness indices were higher in 3 stations. The temporal dynamics revealed higher faunal abundance during the dry season.	Bio-diversity; Crustacea; Fresh water; Nigerian river environment; Oil exploration impact; Zooplankton	abundance; biodiversity; crude oil; crustacean; environmental impact; oil production; pollution effect; river water; species richness; temporal variation; zooplankton; Africa; Edo; Nigeria; Osse River; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Chydoridae; Cladocera; Copepoda; Crustacea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749112640	Evaluation of toasted, cooked and akanwu-cooked sword bean meal in place of soya bean meal in broiler starter diets	Akinmutimi A.H., Ojewola G.S., Abasiekong S.F., Onwudike O.C.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	5	10.3923/ijps.2008.480.486	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Akinmutimi, A.H., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Abasiekong, S.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Onwudike, O.C., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	In a 4-week feeding trial, evaluation of variously processed sword bean (toasted, cooked and akanwu-cooked) meal in place of soybean meal was carried out using 120 day old Anak broiler chicks. They were randomly assigned to 4 experimental diets, given 30 birds per treatment group in a completely randomized design. Each treatment had 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Diet 1 was soybean based (control), while the test feed stuffs quantitatively replaced 18.18% of soybean meal making 5% of the total diets in diets 2, 3, and 4. Feed intake, weight gain, carcass quality, blood constituents and histopathological effects were evaluated. Broiler chickens placed on toasted and akanwu-cooked diets (diets 3 and 4 respectively) had poor growth performance that was significantly (P<0.05) different from those fed cooked diet (diet 2) and control diet (diet 1). Feed-intake values were (36.43, 36.13, 33.88, 27.18), weight gain values were (16.75, 15.08, 11.01, 11.45), feed-to-gain ratio (2.18, 2.4, 2.94, 2.54) and gross margin (N137, N141.04, N74, N100.93). Cut-parts showed no significantly (P>0.05) difference except for back cut in favour of diet 2. Significant differences were obtained only among values for kidney and liver, with diet 2 comparing favourably with the control diet. For haematological values, the PCV for D3 and D4, HB for D3, RBC for D3, MCV for D3 and D4, MCHC for D3 and D4, and MCH for D3 and D4 were not within the normal range established for broiler chickens. Whereas diet 2 values for these parameters were within the normal range and compared favourably with the control diet. Values for urea, creatinine and globulin were significantly (P<0.05) different from one another. Diet 2 had the lowest value (12.33mg/dl) for urea and diet 3 had the highest value (30.467mg/dl), the creatinine values for diet 1 and 2 were significantly lower than that of diets 3 and 4. The globulin value favoured diet 2. Based on the above result, cooked sword bean meal compared favourably with control diet and hence, diet 2 is recommended. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler birds; Evaluation; Processed sword beans; Soybean meal	Aves; Canavalia gladiata; Gallus gallus; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749116610	"I have undergone some metamorphosis!" The impact of REds on South African educators affected by the HIV/Aids pandemic. A pilot study	Theron L.C.	2008	Journal of Psychology in Africa	18	1	None	North-West University, South Africa; School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, P. O. Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	Theron, L.C., North-West University, South Africa, School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, P. O. Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	The study investigated the efficacy of Resilient Educators (REds), a group intervention program, designed to empower educators affected by the HIV/Aids pandemic and is research in progress. Fifteen participants (three male; twelve female) from various primary schools in two different South African communities were involved. Participant ages ranged from early thirties to mid-fifties. A pre-test, post-test design was conducted. Visual data were collected in the form of symbolic drawings: participants drew symbols of their perception of the pandemic and explained the meaning of their chosen symbols either in writing or verbally. A qualitative comparison of these visual data suggested transformed perception and concomitant teacher empowerment. Prior to participation in REds, participants projected vulnerability. Following their participation, participant projections suggested self-empowerment and community mindedness. Participants perceived themselves capable of coping with the challenges of the pandemic. Copyright © 2008 Journal of Psychology in Africa.	Coping; HIV/AIDS; Perception; Resilience; Symbolic drawings; Visual data	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749120377	Sociocultural impediments to male factor infertility evaluation in rural South-east Nigeria	Umeora O.U.J., Ejikeme B.N., Sunday-Adeoye I., Umeora M.C.	2008	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	28	3	10.1080/01443610802044908	Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; St.Vincent's Hospital, Ndubia, Igbeagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; P.O. Box 980, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State 480001, Nigeria	Umeora, O.U.J., Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria, St.Vincent's Hospital, Ndubia, Igbeagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, P.O. Box 980, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State 480001, Nigeria; Ejikeme, B.N., Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria, St.Vincent's Hospital, Ndubia, Igbeagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Sunday-Adeoye, I., Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Umeora, M.C., Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria	This study evaluated the rate and factors influencing male uptake of infertility investigations. Infertility constituted 11.2% of all new gynaecological consultations in the centre during the study period. A total of 61 (70.1%) males consented to seminal fluid studies without much hesitation, 12.4% after much persuasion, while the remainder (17.5%) refused. Obliging doctor's recommendation was the primary motivation for those who willingly had seminal fluid studies while the claim to be healthy and not being responsible for infertility were the commonest barriers for reluctance or refusal to be investigated. Fears of exposure of semen so obtained to witchcraft and rituals were also contributory. Gynaecologists working in rural South-east Nigeria should through systematic public enlightenment dispel misconceptions of necessary medical intervention. © 2008 Informa UK Ltd.	Barrier; Culture; Evaluation; Infertility; Offspring; Rural	adult; article; attitude to health; consultation; controlled study; cultural factor; environmental exposure; environmental factor; evaluation; fear; human; major clinical study; male; male infertility; Nigeria; priority journal; ritual; rural area; seminal plasma; social class; sperm; witchcraft; Adult; Age Distribution; Attitude to Health; Cohort Studies; Cultural Characteristics; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infertility, Male; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Patient Compliance; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749122316	Evaluation of fermented palm kernel meal and fermented copra meal proteins as substitute for soybean meal protein in laying hens diets	Dairo F.A.S., Fasuyi A.O.	2008	Journal of Central European Agriculture	9	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Two hundred and ten (210) laying hens of Black Harco breed at 37 weeks in lay were fed experimental layer diets, in which fermented palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) were used independently to substitute for soybean meal (SBM) on protein content basis at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%, to give seven treatments in a completely randomized design feeding trial that lasted 12 weeks. Performance characteristics and some haematological indices were evaluated in this study. Fermentation for seven days increased the crude protein of PKM (from 20.04% to 23.42%) and that of CM (from 19.63% to 23.11%). The crude fibre of the fermented PKM and CM decreased (from 15.47% to 12.44 % and 16.00% to 11.63% respectively). The feed intake (FI) was significantly highest (P<0.05) for laying hens fed 75% PKM substitution for SBM (126.06g) but lowest for those on 25% CM (115.02g). Birds fed 75% PKM had the highest (P<0.05) body weight gain (1.73g) while those on 25% CM recorded the lowest (1.50g). Hen-day production was significantly highest (P<0.05) in the control group (72.42%) but similar with the values of 69.37%, 70.35% and 69.53% recorded by laying hens fed diets containing 50% PKM, 25% CM and 75% CM respectively. Hens fed 50% CM had the highest egg shape index (0.68) while those on 75% PKM recorded the lowest value of 0.65. The control diet had the highest feed cost per kilogramme (kg) (N57.99) while 75% CM had the lowest (N46.51). Feed cost per number of egg produced was highest (P<0.05) in the control (N1.78) and similar with the values obtained for laying hens fed CM at 25%, 50% and 75% which are N1.80, N1.79 and N1.74 respectively. The compared values of PKM and CM at corresponding levels of substitution using t-test indicated significant increase (P<0.05) in FI for PKM at all levels of substitution for SBM (121.74g at 25%, 126.56g at 50% and 126.06g at 75%) over the values of 115.02g, 121.18g and 124.96g for the respective dietary substitution levels of CM at 25%, 50% and 75%. Body weight gain was higher (P<0.05) for hens on 25% PKM (1.60g) and 75% PKM (1.73g) inclusion over those on CM (1.50g and 1.58g respectively). Hen day production was consistently higher (P<0.05) in laying hens fed CM at 25%, 50% and 75% replacement for SBM than those on PKM with corresponding values of 70.35%, 69.53% and 69.09%. The highest (P<0.05) serum total protein (6.60g/dl) and serum albumin (4.60g/dl) were obtained from hens fed 75% PKM and 50% PKM respectively while the control had the lowest (4.85g/dl and 4.60g/dl). Serum globulin of 1.65g/dl was highest (P<0.05) for birds on 50% PKM and lowest (1.05g/dl) for those on 50% CM. Urea was significantly (P<0.05) highest for laying hens fed 75% PKM (36.80 mg/dl) and lowest for those on 25% CM (21.50 mg/dl). However, egg weight, egg yolk colouration and the feed efficiency (feed/kg egg) were not affected (P>0.05) by the substitution of PKM and CM for SBM. The study showed that SBM protein could be substituted optimally at 50% by either PKM or CM protein.	Copra meal; Egg production; Layers; Palm kernel meal; Soybean meal; Substitution	Aves; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749132673	Performance of laying hens fed graded levels of soaked sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed meal as a source of methionine	Diarra S.S., Usman B.A.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	4	10.3923/ijps.2008.323.327	Department of Animal Health and Production, Yobe College of Agriculture Gujba, P.M.B. 1104, Damaturu, Nigeria; Department of Animal Health and Production, Mohamet Lawan College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 1427, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Diarra, S.S., Department of Animal Health and Production, Yobe College of Agriculture Gujba, P.M.B. 1104, Damaturu, Nigeria; Usman, B.A., Department of Animal Health and Production, Mohamet Lawan College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 1427, Maiduguri, Nigeria	In a 12 week experiment the effect of graded levels of soaked sesame seed meal (SSM) as a source of methionine on the performance of laying hens was investigated. In a completely randomized design, 200 black Australorp pullets aged 20 weeks were allotted to 5 isonitrogenous diets with 4 replicates of 10 birds per diet. Sesame seed meal (SSM) replaced soyabean meal (SBM) weight for weight at 0.00, 12.50, 37.50 and 50.00% in diet 1 (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The control diet contained synthetic methionine which was removed with the introduction of SSM in the other diets. The results showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the hen-day egg production above 25.00% and egg weight above 12.50% levels of replacement. Shell quality was not affected by dietary treatment. Feed cost (N/egg) was significantly (P<0.05) reduced on the 12.50% replacement compared to the 37.50%. There was no treatment effect (P>0.05) on the while blood cell count, but packed cell volume was significantly (P<0.05) lowered on the 50.00% and haemoglobin concentration, serum protein, albumin and globulin above 12.50% levels of replacement. These results suggest that replacing SBM with SSM at 12.50% in the diet of laying hens will meet their methionine requirement without adverse effects on performance and health status. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Laying hens; Methionine; Poultry diets; Sesame seed	Aves; Glycine max; Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749147106	Toxicological evaluation of the anti-malarial herb Cryptolepis sanguinolenta in rodents	Ansah C., Mfoafo E.A., Woode E., Opoku-Okrah C., Owiredu W.K.B.A., Duwiejua M.	2008	Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology	3	5	10.3923/jpt.2008.335.343	Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Ansah, C., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Mfoafo, E.A., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Woode, E., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Opoku-Okrah, C., Department of Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Owiredu, W.K.B.A., Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Duwiejua, M., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	In this study, we evaluated the aqueous extract of the roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Periplocaceae), an anti-malarial herb in the West African sub-region for possible toxicity in rodents. Administration of cryptolepis (10-1000 mg kg-1) daily for two weeks did not cause significant changes in most of the haematological parameters assessed. However, the MCV reduced from a vehicle-treated value of 63.1±0.6 to 58.1±09 g dL-1 at a dose of 10 zng kr-1, which reflected in an increased MCHC (27.8±0.3 to 30.5±0.3 g dL-1), since the Hb concentration remained unchanged. Serum transaminase levels did not change significantly suggesting a limited effect on the liver. Administration of the extract (50-1000 mg kg-1, p.o.) 30 min before pentobarbitone (50 mg kg-1, i.p.) caused a dose-dependent prolongation of the rat sleeping time from 66.6±8.1 min (vehicle-treated control) to 266.5±7. 0 min (1000 mg kg-1). Similarly, daily treatment with the extract (50-1000 mg kg-1) for 2 weeks prolonged the sleeping time from 155±28.4 to 292.8:±28.7 min. This effect appeared to be CNS-related rather than an enzymatic as reflected in a decreased locomotor activity (1 9.4±1.5 to 1.84.8 min-1) at a dose of 500 mg kg-1 body weight. All together, our results suggest that Cryptolepis could synergize with hypno-sedatives or other CNS depressants and therefore caution needs to be taken in the concomitant administration of Cryptolepis and other CNS depressants. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Antimalarial; CNS depressant; Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; Haematological parameters; Rodents; Sleeping time	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aminotransferase; antimalarial agent; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; carbon monoxide; central depressant agent; Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract; cytochrome P450; gamma glutamyltransferase; globulin; hemoglobin; hypnotic sedative agent; ketoconazole; pentobarbital; plant extract; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; aqueous solution; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; bilirubin blood level; binding assay; central nervous system; controlled study; Cryptolepis; cryptolepis sanguinolenta; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug potentiation; drug solution; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; hematological parameters; herbal medicine; kidney mass; liver toxicity; liver weight; locomotion; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; mouse; nonhuman; organ weight; plant root; protein blood level; rat; sleep time; spleen weight; stomach; toxicity testing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749148202	Evaluation of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc concentrations in the fish head/viscera of oreochromis niloticus and synodontis schall of River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria	Nnaji J.C., Uzairu A., Harrison G.F.S., Balarabe M.L.	2007	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	6	10	None	National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, New Bussa, Nigeria; Dept. of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello Universty, Zaria, Nigeria; Dept. of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello Universty, Zaria, Nigeria	Nnaji, J.C., National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, New Bussa, Nigeria; Uzairu, A., Dept. of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello Universty, Zaria, Nigeria; Harrison, G.F.S., Dept. of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello Universty, Zaria, Nigeria; Balarabe, M.L., Dept. of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello Universty, Zaria, Nigeria	River Galma was demarcated into Upstream and downstream areas. Oreochromis niloticus and Synodontis schall were caught with cast net from twenty sampling points. Weight, standard and total lengths of the fish samples were measured. The samples were dissected to separate the fish head/viscera from other parts. They were digested with concentrated acid solution and the digests analysed with flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Mean metal contents in the fish head/viscera of O. niloticus in the upstream area were: Cd, 0.020 ±0.0105; Cr, 0.149 ±0.063; Cu, 0.90 ±0.225; Pb, 0.618 ±0.250; Zn, 8.3 ±1.44 and values for S. schall were: Cd, 0.036 ±0.0286; Cr, 0.435 ±0.335; Cu, 1.85 ±0.79; Pb, 0.412 ±0.276 and Zn, 15.74 ±2.03. In the downstream area, mean metal contents in the fish head/viscera of O. niloticus were; Cd, 0.085 ±0.0803; Cr, 0.085 ±0.0803; Cu, 1.36 ±0.52; Pb, 0.83 ±0.461 and Zn, 17.72 ±5.29 while those of S. Schall were: Cd, 0.353 ±0.285; Cr, 0.281 ±0.125; Cu, 1.54 ±0.78; Pb, 0.83 ±0.248 and Zn, 21 ±5.27. Comparison of these values with FAO limits in fish tissue shows that it is unsafe to consume the fish head/viscera of both fish species from River Galma.	Cd; Cr; Cu; Fish head; Fish viscera; Nigeria; Pb; Zaira; Zn	Oreochromis niloticus; Synodontis; Zaira	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749148645	Growth performance and haematology of the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus fed on protein supplements and heavy metals	Omotoso O.T., Sanya B.T.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	50	4	None	Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Omotoso, O.T., Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Sanya, B.T., Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Laboratory rat Rattus norvegicus, fed on poultry growers mash plus additional protein supplements and some heavy metals, was studied for the growth and the haematological parameters. All the dietary supplements resulted in an increase in the growth of the rats. The rats, fed on growers mash and prawn meal showed the best growth within 7 weeks. Effects of diets were significantly, correlated at 0.01 level. Weight loss was recorded in case of all heavy metal-laced diets, however, calcium sulphate-laced diets resulted in an increase in growth. Mercurous chloride was the most toxic salt which resulted in the greatest weight loss. Haematological analysis of rats revealed that RBCs were higher in the case of heavy metal-laced diets than heavy metal-free diets. Generally, RBC counts were higher in females than in males within a group. Fish meal and prawn meal feeding resulted in higher WBC counts.	Haematology; Heavy metal feed; Protein supplements; Rattus norvegicus	diet; growth; heavy metal; hematology; pollution effect; protein; rodent; toxicity; Rattus; Rattus norvegicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749157640	Comparative performance and haematological indices of finishing broilers fed Palm kernel cake, Bambara offal and Rice husk as partial replacement for maize	Ugwu S.O.C., Onyimonyi A.E., Ozonoh C.I.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	3	10.3923/ijps.2008.299.303	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ugwu, S.O.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Onyimonyi, A.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ozonoh, C.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ninety six unsexed four weeks old Anak broilers were used to compare the performance of finishing broilers fed Palm kernel cake, Bambara offal and Rice husk as partial replacement for maize. The ninety-six broilers were divided into four groups and fed diets containing either 40 percent Maize (T1) as control or 20 percent Palm kernel cake (T2), 20 percent Bambara offal (T3) and 20 percent Rice husk (T4). Each group was replicated thrice with 8 birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed and water were provided ad libitum for the 28 days the trial lasted. Results showed that the effect of treatments on final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost/kg gain were significant (P < 0.05). Average daily gain of 0.075kg observed in birds on T2 was significantly different (P < 0.05) from values of 0.065Kg, 0.066kg and 0.067kg recorded for birds on the control, T3 and T4 diets respectively. Also, the same group (T2) had superior feed cost per kg gain of • 118.60 which differed significantly (P < 0.05) from • 135.59 and • 154.40 observed for birds on the control and T4 diets respectively. Haematological investigation revealed that the same birds on T2 had significantly higher values (P < 0.05) of red blood cell, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and eosinophils. Results of this study showed that 20 percent PKC can effectively replace maize in diets of finishing broilers with better performance and economic returns. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Anak broilers; Bambara offal; Maize; Palm kernel cake; Rice husk	Aves; Bambara; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749158678	Growth performance of guinea fowl keets fed graded levels of baobab seed cake diets	Mwale M., Mupangwa J.F., Mapiye C., Saina H., Chimvuramahwe J.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	5	10.3923/ijps.2008.429.432	Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Faculty of Agriculture, Umutara University, P.O. Box: 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda; Henderson Research Station, P. Bag 2004, Mazoe, Zimbabwe; Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe	Mwale, M., Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mupangwa, J.F., Faculty of Agriculture, Umutara University, P.O. Box: 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda; Mapiye, C., Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Saina, H., Henderson Research Station, P. Bag 2004, Mazoe, Zimbabwe; Chimvuramahwe, J., Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe	The effect of feeding graded levels of baobab seed cake on the growth performance of guinea fowl keets was evaluated. The inclusion levels of baobab seed cake in the diets were 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Observations on feed consumption, live weight and mortality were made weekly for each replicate. Feed intake and body weight gain of keets were high in birds fed control and 5 % baobab seed cake diets and they both increased with age (P < 0.05). Although, there was no clear trend observed across diets, keets' feed conversion ratio decreased with age from week 1 to 5 (P < 0.05). Mortality was highest in week 6 (P < 0.05). It was concluded that baobab seed cake can be included in guinea fowl keets diets up to 5% without compromising growth performance. Further research should evaluate the effects of high baobab seed cake inclusion levels in adult guinea fowl diets and other poultry species. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Baobab seed cake; Feed conversion ratio; Feed intake; Keets; Live-weight	Adansonia digitata; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45849101676	Evaluation of toluidine blue O staining for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci in expectorated sputum sample and bronchoalveolar lavage from HIV-infected patients in a tertiary care referral center in Ethiopia	Aderaye G., Woldeamanuel Y., Asrat D., Lebbad M., Beser J., Worku A., Fernandez V., Lindquist L.	2008	Infection	36	3	10.1007/s15010-007-7191-8	Dept. of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 2380, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Dept. of Parasitology, Mycology and Water, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden; Dept. of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Dept. of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University, I 73 Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden	Aderaye, G., Dept. of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 2380, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Dept. of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University, I 73 Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Woldeamanuel, Y., Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Asrat, D., Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Lebbad, M., Dept. of Parasitology, Mycology and Water, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden; Beser, J., Dept. of Parasitology, Mycology and Water, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden; Worku, A., Dept. of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Fernandez, V., Dept. of Parasitology, Mycology and Water, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden; Lindquist, L., Dept. of Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University, I 73 Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden	Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is becoming increasingly recognized in sub-Saharan Africa. The currently recommended diagnostic methods using induced sputum (IS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are neither technically feasible nor affordable for a wider clinical use in developing countries. Therefore, there is a need for a simple and affordable diagnostic test. The yield of Toluidine Blue O (TBO) stain, immunofluorescence (IF), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci were compared in 78 expectorated sputum and 118 BAL samples of 131 HIV-infected patients presenting with atypical chest X-ray and sputum smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli. A total of 56 (42.7%) patients tested positive for P. jiroveci by PCR, 39 (29.4%) by IF, and 28 (21.4%) by TBO stain. The sensitivity of TBO as compared to IF and PCR was 71.4% and 34.5% in expectorated sputum and 68% and 41.5% in BAL samples, respectively, with a specificity approaching 100% in both. The sputum PCR showed high concordance rate with BAL PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of sputum PCR as compared to BALPCR was 78.9% and 89%, respectively. In both TBO and IF positive BAL samples, majority were from patients who could not produce sputum (p < 0.001). The density of P. jiroveci clusters in BAL samples did not correlate with prior co-trimoxazole use, immunologic status of the patient or overall mortality. Compared to IF, TBO staining has an acceptable sensitivity and very high specificity both in expectorated sputum and BAL samples. Expectorated sputum is, therefore, the most practical specimen and TBO staining an inexpensive diagnostic method to be recommended for high-HIV, resource-constrained settings. Bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of PCP is often not required for patients who can produce sputum. For patients who cannot produce sputum, however, the cost and efficacy of TBO in IS sample needs to be investigated in resource-poor countries. © 2008 Urban & Vogel.	None	cotrimoxazole; tolonium chloride; acid fast bacterium; adult; article; bacterium culture; clinical evaluation; diagnostic test; Ethiopia; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunofluorescence test; immunological procedures; lung lavage; major clinical study; male; mortality; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Pneumocystis pneumonia; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; staining; statistical significance; tertiary health care; thorax radiography; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; DNA, Fungal; Ethiopia; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; HIV Infections; Hospitals, University; Humans; Male; Pneumocystis jirovecii; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Tolonium Chloride	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45849108294	Performance of indigenous beef cattle under two management systems at Pokuase, Ghana	Baiden R.Y., Duncan L.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	6	None	Animal Research Institute, PO Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana	Baiden, R.Y., Animal Research Institute, PO Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana; Duncan, L., Animal Research Institute, PO Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana	A study was conducted to investigate the performance of a mixture of N'dama x West African Shorthorn (WASH) cattle (6 to 15 weeks old) raised under a traditional management system and an improved system (cut and carry plus supplementation with agro-industrial byproducts) at the Pokuase Research Station of the Animal Research Institute, Ghana, from March 2006 to February 2007. The performance parameters studied were live weight change, feed intake and the economics of production. Calves on the improved system outperformed (P = 0.001) those on the traditional system in terms of live weight gain. Calves in both treatment groups performed at par in terms of live weight change till the first week in September after which those in the traditional system slowed down comparatively. Those on the improved system exhibited a relatively steady gain in live weight. Revenue measured in terms of the product of live weight gain and the prevailing market price per kilogram live weight was higher for the improved system resulting in an overall higher gross margin for the improved system. Nevertheless, considering the return on investment farmers may be tempted to continue using the traditional system. N'dama x WASH calves could be raised indoors under improved nutrition and management practices to enhance live weight gain. This work thus provides a window for landless livestock farmers in creating wealth; as animals could be raised in confinement with some return on investment.	Benefit cost ratio; Live weight change	Animalia; Bos; Dama	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45849117608	Evaluation of cocoa butter as potential lubricant for coprocessing in pharmaceutical tablets	Adeagbo A.A., Alebiowu G.	2008	Pharmaceutical Development and Technology	13	3	10.1080/10837450801949400	Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adeagbo, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Alebiowu, G., Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The lubricant activity of cocoa butter coprocessed with magnesium stearate plus talc (CMT) was compared with magnesium stearate plus talc (MT) using flow and compressional characteristics of paracetamol granules and mechanical properties of their tablets as assessment parameters. The flow of the granules quantified as Hausner's ratio, Carr's index, and angle of repose showed that CMT has a higher ability than MT to reduce densification of granules due to vibration. Compressional characteristics analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel and Kawakita plots revealed that CMT did not facilitate the increase in the densification of the granules during the filling and at low pressures, Db. Also, CMT reduced the plastic deformation of the granules measured by the Py-yield pressure at onset of plastic deformation and Pk-yield pressure of deformation under compression. The mechanical properties determined by the tensile strength, T, and brittle fracture index, BFI, of the tablets produced were affected by CMT. The T and BFI of tablets with CMT were lower than those of MT. The results suggest that though CMT lowered the plasticity of the granules, it improved their flow rate and assisted in producing tablets with fewer tendencies to cap or laminate. This work concluded that cocoa butter, an inexpensive and easily available lipid, is an effective and viable lubricant that can be co-processed with magnesium stearate/talc mixture for an efficient lubrication of granules and may be useful in reducing lamination and capping in formulations that are susceptible to these 2 defects of tablets. Copyright © Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.	Brittle fracture index; Cocoa butter; Heckel plot; Kawakita plot; Magnesium stearate; Tensile strength	lubricating agent; magnesium stearate; paracetamol; talc; Theobroma oil; article; flow rate; priority journal; tablet compression; tablet formulation; tablet manufacture; tensile strength; Adhesives; Cacao; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chemistry, Physical; Excipients; Lubricants; Powders; Stearic Acids; Tablets; Talc; Tensile Strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45849123168	Safety evaluation of prolonged administration of stresroak® in grower Cockerels	Oyagbemi A.A., Saba A.B., Arowolo R.O.A.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	6	10.3923/ijps.2008.574.578	Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oyagbemi, A.A., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Saba, A.B., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Arowolo, R.O.A., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Stresroak® is a herbal preparation from combination of Phyllatus emblica, Ocimum sanctum, Withania, somnifera, Mangefira indica and Shilajit species. The Ayurvedic drug is used as anti-stress, immunomodulator, adaptogen and performance enhancer in poultry management. with outstanding results. The toxicological effects of prolonged administration of Stresroak in grower Cockerels was evaluated using haematological parameters and serum biochemical assay. Sixty growing Cockerels were used in this study. The birds were randomly but equally divided into 5 groups. Birds in groups A, B, C and D were administered with 109.8mg 292.8mg, 585.6mg and 951.6mg of the drug dissolved in 2 litres of distilled water, daily for 60 days respectively. While the dose of group A was recommended by the drug manufacturer, the birds in group E were administered with 0.9% Physiological saline. The haematological parameters analyzed were total red blood cell (RBC) count, total white blood cell (WBC) count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), platelets count and heterophil/ lymphocytes ratio. Plasma enzymes and proteins analyzed were total proteins (T.P), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), fibrinogen (FIB), total bilirubin (T.Bil), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). Stresroak generally improved haematological parameters in chicken administered with the drug when compared with the chicken in the control group. The significant (P<0.05) increase in total RBC and WBC counts and MCH both at 30 and 60 days post-administration especially for the therapeutic dose, show that Stresroak® probably enhances erythropoiesis. Lower heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was observed for the groups that received the highest doses of Stresroak® and this was consistent throughout the course of the experiment, which implies that the herbal preparation improved the immunity of the chicken. The plasma levels of total protein, globulin, albumin and fibrinogen increased dose-dependently both at 30 and 60 days post- Stresroak® administration. The plasma levels of ALP and AST were significantly lowered while non-significant changes were observed for plasma levels of ALT and GGT at 30 days post- Stresroak® administration. Conversely, by 60 days post-Stresroak® administration, the plasma levels of ALT and GGT were significantly (P<0.05) elevated except in cockerels in group A that received the recommended therapeutic dosage; where the plasma levels was observed to be lower for ALP (P<0.05) and AST (P>0.05). Histopathological findings did not however reveal any damage to the liver or kidney. It was concluded that Stresroak® exhibits haematinic, hepato-protective and immune stimulation properties and is safest at its recommended therapeutic dose as it was found to have potential tendency to cause hepatic injury when administered for longer period and at higher dosages. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Administration; Evaluation and cockerels; Safety; Stresroak	Aves; Emblica; Ocimum; Ocimum tenuiflorum; Withania somnifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45849146184	Letter: Characterisation and identification of spermine and spermidine derivatives in Microdesmis keayana and Microdesmis puberula roots by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation	Roumy V., Hennebelle T., Zamblé A., Yao J.D., Sahpaz S., Bailleul F.	2008	European Journal of Mass Spectrometry	14	2	10.1255/ejms.910	Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, EA 1043, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Nutrition, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa	Roumy, V., Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, EA 1043, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France; Hennebelle, T., Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, EA 1043, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France; Zamblé, A., Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, EA 1043, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France; Yao, J.D., Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Nutrition, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa; Sahpaz, S., Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, EA 1043, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France; Bailleul, F., Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, EA 1043, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France	Three new N1,N5,N14-tris(4- hydroxycinnamoyl)spermines were identified in hydromethanolic root extracts of Microdesmis keayana J. Léonard and Microdesmis puberula Hook f. The electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) technique with specific nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of hydrolysed products made it possible to identify N1,N5,N14-tris(p- coumaroyllspermine. N1-feruloyl,N5,N14-di(p- coumaroyl)spermine and N1,N5,N14-tris(feruloyl) spermine, named keayanines B, C and D, respectively. ESI-MS/MS analysis most effectively provided structural data although high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry was also used to characterise four other compounds from Microdesmis puberula-keayanidines A, B, C and keayanine A - which had already been identified in M. keayana. This chemical data is the first to be published for M. puberula which is a commonly used plant in Central African traditional medicine. © IM Publications LLP 2008. All rights reserved.	Keayanidine; Keayanine; Liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry; Microdesmis keayana; Microdesmis puberula; Spermidine; Spermine	spermidine; spermine; article; chemistry; electrospray mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography; plant root; tandem mass spectrometry; traditional medicine; Chromatography, Liquid; Medicine, Traditional; Plant Roots; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spermidine; Spermine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45849151072	Comparative in vitro evaluation of mixtures of Panicum maximum cv Ntchisi with stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), Lablab (Lablab purpureus), Centro (Centrosema pubescens) and Histrix (Aeschynomene histrix)	Ajayi F.T., Babayemi O.J.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	6	None	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ajayi, F.T., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Babayemi, O.J., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and degradation constants of Panicum maximum and legume mixtures and Panicum maximum intercrop with legumes were estimated from in vitro gas production parameters. Crude protein (CP) content ranged from 7.63 to 23.29%, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ranged from 50.66 to 64.28%, Ether extract ranged from 2.73 to 9.24% and the ash content values ranged from 6.78 to 12.66%. Phenol content varied from 1.47 - 1.76 %, Tannin value ranged from 1.05 - 1.38 %, Saponin content ranged from 1.38 - 1.72 %, Phytate content ranged from 2.17 - 2.31 % and Oxalate content ranged from 1.54 - 1.73 %. Potential gas production, b from the insoluble fraction of the legumes ranged from 22.38 to 28.46 ml/g DM, the value for the mixtures ranged from 14.55 to 22.10 ml/g DM. The b fraction of the grass in legume intercrop ranged from 20.45 to 24.50.ml/g DM. Increased gas production was observed in the mixtures and intercrop than sole grass. Methane production was higher in legumes than the mixtures. ME, OMD and SCFA values were in the order of mixtures > legumes > sole grass. Grass in legume intercrop had higher ME, OMD, SCFA than sole grass. This study revealed that grass in legume intercrop and grass/legume mixtures have greater benefit in animal nutrition than grass only.	Gas production; Grass; Intercrop; Mixtures; Panicum maximum	Aeschynomene histrix; Animalia; Centrosema pubescens; Lablab; Lablab purpureus; Panicum maximum; Stylosanthes guianensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45949104696	The Performance of South African and Kenyan Universities on the World Wide Web: A web link analysis	Onyancha O.B., Ocholla D.N.	2007	Cybermetrics	11	1	None	Library, University of Eastern Africa Baraton, P.O. Box 2500, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Library and Information Science, University of Zululand, X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Onyancha, O.B., Library, University of Eastern Africa Baraton, P.O. Box 2500, Eldoret, Kenya; Ocholla, D.N., Department of Library and Information Science, University of Zululand, X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	The study used Link Analysis to compare Kenyan and South African universities according to several Web-based indicators, some of which include the number of pages, and the number of in and out-links. The authors examined the external out-links in order to determine the institutions targeted by South African and Kenyan universities. Also investigated were the networks or links between universities. Web Impact Factors (WIFs) were calculated and reported in order to compare the universities' web influence. Results indicate that Kenyan universities, like most African universities, have embraced the Internet and its constructs fairly recently, hence most of their websites are at initial stages of construction. Comparatively, South African universities have made remarkable progress in their web presence, which is at an advanced stage of development, equaling counterparts in more developed countries. The study recommends that regional webometric studies be conducted periodically in order to investigate and map the web-related developments of African universities, it concludes that African universities, though not comparable to counterparts in developed countries, can have their websites evaluated webometrically.	Kenya; Link analysis; South Africa; Universities; Webometrics	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45949110251	Evaluation of the nutrient and sensory properties of multimixes and porridges made from maize, soybean, and plantain for use as complementary food	Nnam N.M., Baiyeri G.T.	2008	Ecology of Food and Nutrition	47	1	10.1080/03670240701615374	Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nnam, N.M., Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Baiyeri, G.T., Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	This study is part of a series of exploratory works on the use of cheap and locally available staples to improve the Nigerian traditional complementary foods. The proximate, some mineral, and vitamin compositions of composite flours formulated from maize, soybean, and plantain landrace or hybrid were evaluated. The processing included sprouting maize for 48 h, boiling soybean for 1 h, and hand peeling plantain to obtain the pulp. The samples were dried and milled into fine flours. The flours were combined in ratios of 70:30:0, 65:30:5, 60:30:10, and 55:30:15 (protein basis) of maize, soybean, and plantain landrace or hybrid. Standard assay methods were used to evaluate the composites for nutrient composition. The nutrient levels of the composites were compared with Codex Alimentarius Commission Guidelines for formulated supplementary foods for older infants and young children. "Ogi" flour and Nutrend served as the controls. Porridges made from the composites were evaluated for sensory properties. The boiled soybean contained appreciable quantities of protein (42.18%) and lipid (18.60%). The energy levels of the flour blends and the protein levels of some of the composites (maize, soybean, and plantain landrace or hybrid, 60:30:10) were comparable to that of Nutrend and met the Codex Alimentarius Commission Guidelines. The composites showed nutritional superiority over "ogi" flour in terms of protein, lipid, ash, and iron nutriture. The porridges made from the composites were accepted slightly by the judges. Further work is currently underway in our laboratory to improve the nutrient composition of the composites and the acceptability of their porridges.	Acceptability; Complementary food; Composite flour; Nutrients; Porridges	food consumption; food quality; maize; nutrient; nutritive value; soybean; vitamin; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46049089443	Field-based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine in low endemic area in Ethiopia	Legesse M., Erko B.	2008	Parasite	15	2	None	Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Legesse, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Erko, B., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of a reagent strip test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine were evaluated using 184 stool and urine samples collected from schoolchildren living in relatively low endemic area of schistosomiasis mansoni in Ethiopia. A combined result of stool samples processed by Kato and formol-ether concentration methods was used as gold standard. The results showed that detection of CCA in urine using reagent strip test was slightly higher than the combined results of the stool techniques (65.2 % vs 42.4 %, p > 0.05) in suggesting the prevalence of the disease. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the reagent strip test were 76.9 %, 43.4 %, 50 % and 71.9 %, respectively. The result of egg counts using Kato method suggested that detection of urine CCA could be used to indicate the intensity of infection. Nevertheless, like that of stool examination, the reagent strip test was found to be less sensitive in case of light to moderate infections. About 23.1 % of the study children who were excreting the eggs of the parasite were found negative by the reagent strip test. The relative insensitivity of a reagent strip test in low intensity of infection necessitates for the development of more sensitive assay that can truly discriminate schistosome-infected from non-infected individuals.	CCA; Ethiopia; Reagent strip test; S. mansoni; Urine	CCA protein, Schistosoma mansoni; glycoprotein; helminth protein; parasite antigen; adolescent; adult; animal; article; child; cross-sectional study; Ethiopia; feces; female; human; immunology; male; parasite identification; parasitology; preschool child; prevalence; reproducibility; Schistosoma mansoni; sensitivity and specificity; test strip; urine; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Feces; Female; Glycoproteins; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Prevalence; Reagent Strips; Reproducibility of Results; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Sensitivity and Specificity; Schistosoma; Schistosoma mansoni	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46049094460	Impact of a commercial destocking relief intervention in Moyale district, southern Ethiopia	Abebe D., Cullis A., Catley A., Aklilu Y., Mekonnen G., Ghebrechirstos Y.	2008	Disasters	32	2	10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01034.x	Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Food Security Unit at Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Abebe, D., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cullis, A., Food Security Unit at Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Catley, A., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aklilu, Y., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mekonnen, G., Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ghebrechirstos, Y., Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A commercial destocking intervention was piloted in southern Ethiopia during the drought of early 2006. The intervention led to the purchase of an estimated 20,000 cattle valued at USD 1.01 million. On average, destocked households received USD 186 from the sale of cattle - approximately 5,405 households were involved. In terms of aid investment, the approximate cost-benefit ratio was 41:1. During the drought, income from destocking accounted for 54.2 per cent of household income (n = 114 households), and was used to buy food, care for livestock, meet various domestic expenses, support relatives, and either pay off debts or augment savings. Seventy-nine per cent of the income derived from destocking was used to buy local goods or services. Expenditure on livestock care amounted to 36.5 per cent of local spending, and included the private transportation of livestock to better grazing areas. The buoyant livestock export trade was considered to be an important driver of commercial destocking, demonstrating a positive link between livestock and meat exports, and pastoral vulnerability during drought. © 2008 The Author(s). Journal compilation © Overseas Development Institute, 2008.	Commercial destocking; Cost-benefit; Ethiopia; Impact assessment; Pastoralists; Policy	cost-benefit analysis; disaster management; disaster relief; drought; household expenditure; household income; pastoralism; public spending; risk assessment; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; animal; article; cattle; commercial phenomena; cost benefit analysis; disaster; domestic animal; economics; Ethiopia; family size; human; income; meat; statistics; time; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cattle; Commerce; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Economics; Ethiopia; Family Characteristics; Humans; Income; Meat; Natural Disasters; Relief Work; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46049118098	Extreme performance TEM horn	Malherbe J.A.G.	2008	Microwave and Optical Technology Letters	50	8	10.1002/mop.23550	Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Malherbe, J.A.G., Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Previously, a TEM horn with ultra wideband performance had been described. The horn made use of an elliptic plate separation profile, while the plate width was determined by an optimal impedance function and the characteristic impedance equations for microstrip. In this article, it is shown that if the impedance equations for parallel plate waveguide are employed in the calculation of the plate width, extreme bandwith of more than 70:1 for a VSWR of 2:1 can be achieved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Elliptic profile; Extreme bandwidth; TEM horn	Characteristic impedance; Elliptic profile; Extreme bandwidth; Impedance functions; Micro strips; Parallel-plate waveguides; Plate separation; Plate width; TEM horn; Ultra wide bands; Separation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46249085712	Monitoring and evaluation of energy for development: The good, the bad and the questionable in M&E practice	Annecke W.	2008	Energy Policy	36	8	10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.043	The Green Building, Westlake Park, Cape Town 7945, South Africa	Annecke, W., The Green Building, Westlake Park, Cape Town 7945, South Africa	This paper reflects on the debates and the practices involved in monitoring and evaluating energy for development projects which led to the formulation of "A Guide to Monitoring and Evaluation for Energy Projects" by an international working group. Another purpose of the paper is to invite energy policy-makers, planners and implementers to engage with the meaning of good practice in monitoring and evaluation in the energy sector and the capacity building necessary to achieve this. This paper begins with definitions of monitoring and evaluation and discusses the reasons for conducting such studies and the benefits to be gained. This paper then highlights selected approaches to monitoring and evaluation and the conditions under which each might be useful, and how and by whom lessons are to be learned. Attention is paid to key elements of monitoring and evaluation such as the development of indicators and the measurement of impacts. In the light of the many failed energy projects, this paper closes with some suggestions of how monitoring and evaluation processes and capacity may be improved. © 2008.	Energy for development; Evaluation; Monitoring	Chemical modification; Energy policy; Paper; (I ,J) conditions; Capacity building; Development projects; Energy projected; Energy sectors; evaluation processes; good practice; International (CO); Key elements; Policy-makers; Working group (WG); Monitoring; capacity building; development project; energy planning; energy policy; monitoring; policy making	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46249096316	Protecting a vulnerable groundwater resource from the impacts of waste disposal: A South African waste governance perspective	Oelofse S.H.H.	2008	International Journal of Water Resources Development	24	3	10.1080/07900620802127390	CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa	Oelofse, S.H.H., CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa	The underlying causes of groundwater pollution from waste disposal on land could be related back to fragmented legislation, ineffective policy, enforcement, education, capacity or even skill of landfill operators. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has the mandate to protect South Africa's water resources, while the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism is responsible for integrated pollution and waste management, including authorization of waste management facilities. Mining waste, on the other hand, fall within the mandate of the Department of Minerals and Energy. Legislation administered by all three departments contains clauses addressing waste management. This paper critically evaluates successes and or failure of the legislation, policies and minimum requirements to protect the South African vulnerable groundwater resources from the impact of waste management practices.	None	Energy conversion; Garnets; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Laws and legislation; Management; Minerals; Pollution; Silicate minerals; Sulfate minerals; Underground reservoirs; Waste disposal; Water conservation; Water management; (R ,s ,S) policy; Department of Minerals and Energy (DME); Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF); Environmental affairs; Landfill operators; mining wastes; South Africa (SA); Underlying causes; waste management facilities; waste management practices; Waste management; environmental legislation; environmental protection; groundwater pollution; groundwater resource; mine waste; vulnerability; waste disposal; water resource; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46249104990	The effect feeding forage legumes as nitrogen supplement on growth performance of sheep	Baloyi J.J., Ngongoni N.T., Hamudikuwanda H.	2008	Tropical Animal Health and Production	40	6	10.1007/s11250-007-9120-3	Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Baloyi, J.J., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Ngongoni, N.T., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hamudikuwanda, H., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	The effect of feeding forage legumes, Cowpea, Silverleaf desmodium and Oxley fine stem stylo, as protein supplements to natural pasture (veld) hay on intake, growth rate and nitrogen metabolism in growing lambs was evaluated. Thirty growing lambs were stratified according to body weight and randomly assigned, within a stratum, to five diets in a completely randomised design. The diets were veld hay alone (V), veld hay supplemented with either 10 g/kg of urea (VU), veld hay supplemented with 250 g/kg Cowpea (VC), 250 g/kg Silverleaf desmodium (VS) or 250 g/kg Oxley fine stem stylo (VF) forage legume hays. The V and the VU groups were used as control diets. Animals supplemented with either urea or the forage legume had higher (P<0.01) total dry matter intake compared with the animals on V. The animals supplemented with the forage legumes had higher (P<0.01) nitrogen intake and faecal nitrogen output than the non-supplemented group. All animals, across the treatments, lost body weight; lambs on V had higher (P<0.01) body weight losses than those in the other treatments. The forage legume supplemented groups lost less (P<0.01) body weight than those on the V and VU diets. Although supplementation with forage legumes enhanced feed intake and reduced weight losses it did not maintain body weights of lambs fed a basal diet of poor quality roughages. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Forage legumes; Growth; Nitrogen; Sheep; Supplementary feeding	nitrogen; animal; article; chemistry; diet supplementation; eating; feces; growth, development and aging; legume; metabolism; physiology; randomization; sheep; Animals; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Fabaceae; Feces; Nitrogen; Random Allocation; Sheep; Animalia; Desmodium; Ovis aries; Stylosanthes guianensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46249124886	Improved performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and the effect of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection on the serologic detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Rakai, Uganda	Gamiel J.L., Tobian A.A.R., Laeyendecker O.B., Reynolds S.J., Morrow R.A., Serwadda D., Gray R.H., Quinn T.C.	2008	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	15	5	10.1128/CVI.00453-07	Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ross Building 1159, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	Gamiel, J.L., Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Tobian, A.A.R., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Laeyendecker, O.B., Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Reynolds, S.J., Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Morrow, R.A., Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Gray, R.H., Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Quinn, T.C., Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Ross Building 1159, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	Ugandan subjects (820) were tested by Focus HerpeSelect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Kalon herpes simplex virus type 2 ELISA, and BioKit rapid test, and the results were compared to those of Western blotting. Higher-than-standard-index cutoff values gave optimal sensitivity and specificity. Kalon ELISA was the optimal assay when an index value of 1.5 was used (sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 92.4%). Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic kit; diagnostic test; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; mixed infection; priority journal; serodiagnosis; standard; Uganda; virus diagnosis; Western blotting; analytical equipment; blood; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; genital herpes; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; isolation and purification; male; randomized controlled trial; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; virus antibody; Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46249127550	The role of the teacher in helping learners overcome the negative impact of child sexual abuse: A south African perspective	Phasha T.N.	2008	School Psychology International	29	3	10.1177/0143034308093671	University of Johannesburg, Department of Educational Psychology, South Africa; University of Johannesburg, Department of Educational Psychology, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Phasha, T.N., University of Johannesburg, Department of Educational Psychology, South Africa, University of Johannesburg, Department of Educational Psychology, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Current literature suggesting the negative impact of childhood experiences of sexual abuse on school functioning makes it imperative to consider the role of the teacher in helping survivors overcome the negative impact of such experiences. Schools cannot ignore the reason why some learners cannot learn. This article presents the findings of a qualitative study that investigated both the school functioning of sexually abused learners and teachers' roles in helping learners overcome the negative impact of such experiences. The study followed in-depth interviews with 22 sexually abused learners and focus interviewing with two groups of teachers. Six roles were identified by both learners with childhood experiences of sexual abuse and the teachers namely: identifying sexually abused learners; providing support; building trusting relationships; ensuring security; offering preventive and treatment programs and making referrals. The study also provides information about factors that could undermine the educator's role in this matter. Copyright © 2008 SAGE Publications.	Learners; Negative impact; Sexual abuse; South Africa; Teachers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46249128527	The evolving impact of HIV/AIDS on outpatient health services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Parikh A., Veenstra N.	2008	South African Medical Journal	98	6	None	Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Parikh, A., Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Veenstra, N., Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background and objective. The high HIV prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) places immense pressure on the health system. The burden of HIV/AIDS on health services is evolving as the epidemic progresses and as antiretroviral treatment becomes more widely available. For health policy makers and managers, timely and appropriate information is needed to facilitate adaptive management of health services. Through longitudinal research covering outpatient health services in KZN we examined the dynamics of the evolving HIV/AIDS burden and the resource implications of this burden, necessary for resource allocation decisions. Methods. Data were collected between 2004 and 2005 in outpatient services across six health facilities in the province. The burden of HIV/ AIDS was measured by assessing the proportion of outpatients presenting as HIV positive, determined by a clinical diagnosis (and test result where available). The burden was also measured by looking at the types of diseases presenting at outpatient facilities. Moreover, the study assessed the burden experienced by health care workers and financial implications for health facilities. Results and conclusions. The study demonstrates that the burden on outpatient services is significant but has not been increasing over time, suggesting that people are not accessing care if and when they need it. However, in terms of resources, this burden has been increasing and shifting from tertiary services to more primary services. In order to accommodate the demands of HIV/AIDS, our focus therefore needs to turn towards outpatient services, in particular at the primary care level.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; caregiver burden; controlled study; drug cost; female; health care access; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; information processing; laboratory diagnosis; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; outpatient; outpatient care; primary medical care; resource allocation; South Africa; tertiary health care; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Community Health Services; Female; Health Policy; Health Resources; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Prevalence; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46349092468	Sprout selection and performance of goats fed Acacia karroo coppices in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Nyamukanza C.C., Scogings P.F.	2008	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	38	2	None	Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Nyamukanza, C.C., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Scogings, P.F., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Acacia karroo Hayne is the dominant invading species in semi-arid savannas of South Africa and is an ecological threat of our modern era. This study investigated the preference and intake rates by goats when fed A. karroo coppice sprouts of different basal diameter sizes, viz. 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm. A study was also conducted to determine the digestibility and performance of goats when fed A. karroo coppices and commercial feed pellets. Nitrogen content varied among the sprout sizes. The larger sprouts had the highest nitrogen content, but the acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose did not differ among sprout sizes. There were no significant differences in preference of the different sprout sizes. Intake rate of the sprout sizes was significantly different; small sprouts were consumed at the highest intake rate compared to medium size sprouts, but not compared to the larger sprouts. Nguni goats had higher bite rates compared to Boer goats. However, intake rates of the Boer goats and the Nguni goats were not significantly different. Goats fed A. karroo had a higher average daily gain compared to the goats fed the pellets. Average daily gain differed between the two goat breeds. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for A. karroo and pellets also differed. It is concluded that both Boer and Nguni goats have the potential to utilize smaller A. karroo sprouts. These animals can therefore potentially be used to control bush encroachment. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Browse; Bush encroachment; Digestibility; Herbivory; Intake rate; Preference	Acacia; Acacia karroo; Animalia; Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46349102782	Management of environmental impacts from coal mining in the upper olifants river catchment as a function of age and scale	Hobbs P., Oelofse S.H.H., Rascher J.	2008	International Journal of Water Resources Development	24	3	10.1080/07900620802127366	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa	Hobbs, P., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa; Oelofse, S.H.H., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa; Rascher, J., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa	Effective water resource governance in a water scarce environment such as South Africa is a strategic issue in national sustainable development priorities. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the largest liabilities of the mining industry due to its inherent threat to water resources, human health and the environment. Against the background of evolving water governance in South Africa, three examples are explored to reflect the management of AMD in the upper Olifants River catchment. The Brugspruit Water Pollution Control Works shows the scale of historic liabilities faced by the state, as well as the challenge of effectively addressing AMD within a resource-poor environment. The Controlled Discharge Scheme takes advantage of the natural assimilative capacity of the upper Olifants River system during high flow conditions to effect the controlled discharge of AMD. The Emalahleni Water Reclamation Plant exemplifies the successful initiative by large and well-resourced mining houses to achieve engineered sustainable mine water management.	None	Agricultural engineering; Catchments; Crushed stone plants; Discharge (fluid mechanics); Drainage; Environmental engineering; Environmental impact; Environmental protection; Fluid mechanics; Groundwater; Health risks; Management; Mining; Mining engineering; Offshore oil well production; Oil spills; Planning; Plant management; Pollution; Rivers; Runoff; Strategic planning; Wastewater reclamation; Wastewater treatment; Water management; Water pollution; Acid-mine drainage (AMD); Assimilative capacity; Coal-mining; High flow conditions; Human health; Mine water (MW); mining industries; river catchments; river systems; South Africa (SA); TO effect; Water governance; Water reclamation plant (WRP); Water scarce; Water pollution control; acid mine drainage; catchment; coal mining; environmental impact; mining industry; river management; river system; sustainable development; water planning; Africa; Olifants River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46449125231	Bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of biodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater effluents	Olaniran A.O., Motebejane R.M., Pillay B.	2008	Journal of Environmental Monitoring	10	7	10.1039/b805055d	School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa	Olaniran, A.O., School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Motebejane, R.M., School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Pillay, B., School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa	Significant amounts of toxic substances which are hazardous to animals, plants, microorganisms, and other living organisms including humans are released annually into aquatic and terrestrial environments, mostly from improper wastewater discharges. Early detection of such pollutants in wastewater effluents and proper monitoring before their final release into the environment is therefore necessary. In this study, two whole-cell bacterial biosensors were constructed by transforming competent cells of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei with pLUX plasmids and evaluated for their potential to monitor wastewater samples undergoing degradation by measuring bioluminescence response using a microplate luminometer. Both bacterial biosensors were found to be extremely sensitive to the wastewater samples, with different patterns, concomitant with those of the COD removals demonstrated at the different days of the degradation. Generally higher bioluminescence values were obtained at the later days of the degradation period compared to the initial values, with up to 571.76% increase in bioluminescence value obtained at day 5 for 0.1% (v/v) effluent concentration. Also, a steady decrease in bioluminescence was observed for the bacterial biosensors with increasing time of exposure to the wastewater effluent for all the sampling days. These biosensor constructs could therefore be applicable to indicate the bioavailability of pollutants in a way that chemical analysis cannot, and for in situ monitoring of biodegradation. This has great potential to offer a risk assessment strategy in predicting the level of bioremediation required during municipal wastewater treatment before their final discharge into the aquatic milieu. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	article; biodegradation; bioluminescence; biosensor; chemical analysis; controlled study; ecotoxicology; nonhuman; organic pollution; priority journal; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; waste water; water analysis; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biosensing Techniques; Environmental Monitoring; Shigella; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Animalia; Bacteria (microorganisms); Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46549085181	Evaluation of crop yield models for cowpea in Nigeria	Adekalu K.O., Okunade D.A.	2008	Irrigation Science	26	5	10.1007/s00271-008-0103-6	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE 1 7RU, United Kingdom	Adekalu, K.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Okunade, D.A., School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE 1 7RU, United Kingdom	Three phasic models namely, Hanks (H-2), Stewart (S-2) and the Hall-Butcher (H-B), were evaluated on cowpea irrigated using a line source sprinkler system. Three sets of field data (1983, 1985, and 1986) were collected; the 1985 data were used for calibration while the 1983 and 1986 data were used for evaluation of the models. The model performance that most accurately matched the measured data was then used to simulate the most water-efficient irrigation schedule and deficit irrigation analysis for cowpea in Nigeria. Results showed that the models gave good estimates of cowpea grain yield with the H-2 model performing slightly better than the other two models. The weighted root mean square deviations were 0.043, 0.094, and 0.213 for the H-2, S-2 and the H-B model, respectively. Simulation studies with the H-2 model showed that irrigating at 40% moisture depletion is the most water-efficient schedule for cowpea and that greater yield from a given optimum seasonal water application for deficit irrigation can be achieved by splitting the seasonal deficit among the growth stages. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	None	Computer simulation; Mathematical models; Moisture; Sprinkler systems (irrigation); Moisture depletion; Water-efficient irrigation; Crops; Computer simulation; Crops; Mathematical models; Moisture; Sprinkler systems (irrigation); calibration; crop yield; developmental stage; irrigation; legume; modeling; performance assessment; spray; yield response; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46749110693	"Coming to town": The impact of urbanicity, cigarette advertising, and network norms on the smoking attitudes of black women in Cape Town, South Africa	Williams C.T., Grier S.A., Marks A.S.	2008	Journal of Urban Health	85	4	10.1007/s11524-008-9286-7	School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; American University, Washington, DC, United States; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kogod School of Business, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016-8044, United States	Williams, C.T., School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Grier, S.A., American University, Washington, DC, United States, Kogod School of Business, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016-8044, United States; Marks, A.S., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	This study was conducted to examine the effect of urban living on smoking attitudes among black African women in South Africa. We examine how urbanicity affects attitudes toward smoking and how it moderates the relationship between both advertising exposure and network norms on black women's smoking attitudes. Respondents were 975 black women currently living in Cape Town townships, some of which were raised in rural villages or small towns. Respondents completed a cross-sectional survey, which included data on smoking attitudes, norms, and exposure to cigarette advertising. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed with smoking attitudes as the response variable, and urbanicity, cigarette advertising exposure, and network smoking norms as primary explanatory variables. Interactions were tested to determine whether urbanicity modified the effect of advertising exposure and network norms on smoking attitudes. Independent effects of urbanicity, exposure to cigarette advertising, and greater smoking prevalence within women's networks were associated with more favorable smoking attitudes. In addition, urbanicity moderated the relationship between network smoking norms and smoking attitudes, but not cigarette advertising exposure and smoking attitudes. Urbanicity, cigarette advertising, and networks play important roles in women's attitudes toward smoking, and potentially, smoking behavior. Overall, our results suggest that strong and creative anti-smoking efforts are needed to combat the potential for a smoking epidemic among an increasingly urbanized population of black women in South Africa and similar emerging markets. Additional research is warranted. © 2008 The New York Academy of Medicine.	Cigarette advertising; Smoking attitudes; South Africa; Urbanicity; Women's health	adolescent; adult; advertizing; article; attitude to health; cigarette smoking; female; human; major clinical study; prevalence; priority journal; smoking habit; social network; South Africa; urban population; urban rural difference; Adolescent; Adult; Advertising as Topic; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Linear Models; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Smoking; South Africa; Urban Population; Women's Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46749150922	Laboratory evaluation of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants against Anopheles arabiensis, the predominant malaria vector in Ethiopia	Karunamoorthi K., Mulelam A., Wassie F.	2008	Parasitology Research	103	3	10.1007/s00436-008-1001-9	School of Environmental Health Science, Public Health Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Karunamoorthi, K., School of Environmental Health Science, Public Health Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mulelam, A., School of Environmental Health Science, Public Health Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Wassie, F., School of Environmental Health Science, Public Health Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the repellent efficiency of most commonly known four traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants Wogert [vernacular name (local native language, Amharic); Silene macroserene], Kebercho [vernacular name (local native language, Amharic); Echinops sp.], Tinjut [vernacular name (local native language, Amharic); Ostostegia integrifolia], and Woira[vernacular name (local native language, Amharic); Olea europaea] against Anopheles arabiensis under the laboratory conditions. One hundred (4-5 days old) female A. arabiensis were introduced into the both 'control' and 'test' repellent chamber through the hole on top. Traditional charcoal stoves were used for direct burning. The experiment was conducted by applying the smoke into the repellent "test" mosquito cage by direct burning of 25 gm of dried plant materials (leaves and roots) until plant materials completely burned. The number of mosquitoes driving away from the "test" and "control" cage was recorded for every 5 min. In the present investigation, the results clearly revealed that the roots of S. macroserene has potent repellent efficiency (93.61%) and was the most effective. The leaves of Echinops sp. (92.47%), leaves of O. integrifolia (90.10%) and O. europaea (79.78%) were also effective. Roots of S. macroserene exhibited the highest repellent efficiency by direct burning. The present study identified these four traditional indigenous insect/mosquito repellent plant materials are very promising and can be used as safer alternative to modern synthetic chemical repellents against mosquito vectors of disease. Since people have been using these plants for some medicinal purposes, no side effects have been found. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	None	charcoal; insect repellent; Anopheles; anopheles arabiensis; article; Asteraceae; burn; disease carrier; Ethiopia; higher plant; laboratory test; malaria; ostostegia europaea; ostostegia integrifolia; plant leaf; plant root; priority journal; silene macroserene; smoke; Animals; Anopheles; Disease Vectors; Ethiopia; Female; Insect Repellents; Olea; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Silene; Smoke; Anopheles arabiensis; Echinops (plant); Olea europaea; Silene	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46749158635	Evaluation of leaf extracts of Vitex negundo L. (Family: Verbenaceae) against larvae of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and repellent activity on adult vector mosquitoes	Karunamoorthi K., Ramanujam S., Rathinasamy R.	2008	Parasitology Research	103	3	10.1007/s00436-008-1005-5	School of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box No. 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Research in Medical Entomology (ICMR), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India	Karunamoorthi, K., School of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box No. 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Ramanujam, S., Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India; Rathinasamy, R., Center for Research in Medical Entomology (ICMR), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India	Petroleum ether (60-80°C) extracts of the leaves of Vitex negundo (Verbenaceae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity against larval stages of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the laboratory. Larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus were found more susceptible, with LC50 and LC90 values of 2.4883 and 5.1883 mg/l, respectively. Human volunteers wearing special terricot (68:32) fabrics, in the form of armbands, anklets, headbands, collar, and shoulder and pocket strips impregnated with V. negundo leaf extract were used, to test their repellent efficacy at two concentrations viz., 1.5 and 2.0 mg/cm2 under the field conditions. At 1.5-mg/cm2 concentration, more efficacies were found and 6-h complete protection against mosquito bites was provided. Complete protections for 8 h were found at 2.0 mg/cm2 against mosquitoes bites. These results clearly reveal that the V. negundo leaf extract served as a potential larvicidal agent against Japanese encephalitis vector C. tritaeniorhynchus and additionally acted as a promising repellent against various adult vector mosquitoes. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	None	biomaterial; insecticide; larvicidal agent; Vitex negundo extract; article; concentration response; controlled study; Culex; culex tritaeniorhyncus; disease carrier; drug efficacy; epidemic encephalitis; insecticidal activity; larval stage; LC 50; mosquito; nonhuman; parasite vector; plant leaf; priority journal; Verbenaceae; Vitex; Animals; Culex; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Insect Repellents; Insecticides; Larva; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Survival Analysis; Vitex; Culex tritaeniorhynchus; Japanese encephalitis virus; Verbenaceae; Vitex negundo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46849092427	Evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Nigeria	Twizeyimana M., Ojiambo P.S., Ikotun T., Ladipo J.L., Hartman G.L., Bandyopadhyay R.	2008	Plant Disease	92	6	10.1094/PDIS-92-6-0947	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC	Twizeyimana, M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ojiambo, P.S., Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Ikotun, T., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Ladipo, J.L., Department of Plant Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Hartman, G.L., United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Bandyopadhyay, R., IITA, Nigeria	Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most important constraints to soybean production worldwide. The absence of high levels of host resistance to the pathogen has necessitated the continued search and identification of sources of resistance. In one set of experiments, 178 soybean breeding lines from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were rated for rust severity in the field in 2002 and 2003 at Ile-Ife, Yandev, and Ibadan, Nigeria. Thirty-six lines with disease severity ≤3 (based on a 0-to-5 scale) were selected for a second round of evaluation in 2004 at Ibadan. In the third round of evaluation under inoculated field conditions, 11 breeding lines with disease severity ≤2 were further evaluated for rust resistance at Ibadan in 2005 and 2006. The breeding lines TGx 1835-10E, TGx 1895-50F, and TGx 1903-3F consistently had the lowest level of disease severity across years and locations. In another set of experiments, 101 accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and National Agriculture Research Organization (Uganda) were evaluated in the first round in 2005 under inoculated conditions in the screenhouse; 12 accessions with disease severity ≤20% leaf area infected were selected for evaluation in the second round in 2005 and 2006 under inoculated field conditions at Ibadan. Highly significant differences (P < 0.0001) in disease severity were observed among the 101 accessions during this first round of rust evaluation. Significant (P < 0.0001) differences in rust severity and sporulation also were observed among the 12 selected accessions. Accessions PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower disease severity than all other selected accessions in both years of evaluation, with rust severities ranging from 0.1 to 2.4%. These results indicate that some of the breeding lines (TGx 1835-10E, TGx 1895-50F, and TGx 1903-3F) and accessions (PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5) would be useful sources of soybean rust resistance genes for incorporation into high-yielding and adapted cultivars.	Disease resistance; Stability analysis	(I ,J) conditions; Agricultural Research Service (ARS); Breeding lines; disease severity; field conditions; First round; germ plasm; host resistance; Ibadan , Nigeria; International (CO); Leaf area (LA); Nigeria; Research organizations; rust resistance; Soybean production; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Glycine max; Phakopsora pachyrhizi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46849096098	The effects of therapeutic management approach on depressive symptomatology and cognitive task performance among the physically challenged students of rehabilitation centre, Ibadan, Nigeria	Busari A.O., Eniola M.S.	2008	Anthropologist	10	1	None	Federal College of Education Special, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Special Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Busari, A.O., Federal College of Education Special, Oyo, Nigeria; Eniola, M.S., Department of Special Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study investigated therapeutic management approach of depressive symptomatology on the performance of Cognitive task among the special need students of rehabilitation centre, Ibadan, Nigeria (male one hundred and eleven and female eight-nine), A self constructed validated questionnaire was used to generate data. The t-test statistics was employed to test the three research hypotheses formulated while the adjusted post-mean score was performed on the achievement test scores. Findings indicated that there were significant differences in the signs and symptoms of depression exhibited by the experimental and the control groups. Further, better cognitive task performance by the experimental group due to reduction in the level of signs and symptoms of depression was revealed. © Kamla-Raj 2008.	Cognitive task; Depressive symptomatology; Physically challenged; Therapeutic management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46849098983	Evaluation of alcohol screening and brief intervention in routine practice of primary care nurses in Vhembe district, South Africa	Peltzer K., Matseke G., Azwihangwisi M., Babor T.	2008	Croatian Medical Journal	49	3	10.3325/cmj.2008.3.392	Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Community Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States; Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Matseke, G., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Azwihangwisi, M., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Babor, T., Department of Community Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States	Aim: To assess the implementation of the Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) strategy as part of a routine practice of nurses in 18 primary health care services in Vhembe district, South Africa. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study to assess the success of implementation of the SBI in 18 primary health care services. We examined all anonymously completed questionnaires (n = 2670) collected from all practices after a 6-month implementation period. Clinic managers were interviewed on SBI implementation after 4 months of implementation. The success of implementation was assessed on the basis of perceived benefits, beliefs, values, past history, current needs, competing priorities, complexity of innovation, trialability and observability, and feedback on SBI performance. Results: In the 6-month period, nurses screened 2670 patients and found that 648 (23.4%) patients (39.1% men and 13.8% women) were hazardous or harmful drinkers. Nine clinics had good and 9 poor SBI implementation. Factors discriminating the clinics with good or poor SBI implementation included the percentage of nurses trained in SBI, support visits, clinical workload, competing priorities, team work, innovation adoption curve, perceived complexity of innovation, compatibility beliefs, trialability, and observability of SBI. Conclusion: To improve SBI implementation as a routine practice, more attention should be paid to training modalities, clinic organization, and changes in the attitudes of nurses.	None	alcohol; adult; alcoholism; article; controlled study; drinking behavior; female; health service; human; major clinical study; male; medical education; medical practice; nurse; primary medical care; questionnaire; religion; risk factor; screening test; South Africa; teamwork; workload; Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Attitude of Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Nurses; Primary Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46849114323	Evaluation of physical properties and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks as affected by burning or green trash management of sugarcane [Avaliação de atributos físicos e estoques de carbono e nitrogênio em solos com queima e sem queima de canavial]	De Luca E.F., Feller C., Cerri C.C., Barthès B., Chaplot V., Campos D.C., Manechini C.	2008	Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo	32	2	None	Instituto Florestal de São Paulo - IF, Horto Navarro de Andrade, CEP13500-970 Rio Claro (SP), Brazil; Institut de Rechèrche pour le Dévelopment, França, France; Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Av. Centenário 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba (SP), Brazil; IRD/SBEEH, University of Kwazulu, Natal Box X01 Scootsville, 3209 África do Sul, South Africa; Usina São Martinho S/A, Fazenda São Martinho, CEP 14850-000 Pradopólis (SP), Brazil	De Luca, E.F., Instituto Florestal de São Paulo - IF, Horto Navarro de Andrade, CEP13500-970 Rio Claro (SP), Brazil; Feller, C., Institut de Rechèrche pour le Dévelopment, França, France; Cerri, C.C., Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Av. Centenário 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba (SP), Brazil; Barthès, B., Institut de Rechèrche pour le Dévelopment, França, France; Chaplot, V., IRD/SBEEH, University of Kwazulu, Natal Box X01 Scootsville, 3209 África do Sul, South Africa; Campos, D.C., Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Av. Centenário 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba (SP), Brazil; Manechini, C., Usina São Martinho S/A, Fazenda São Martinho, CEP 14850-000 Pradopólis (SP), Brazil	Brazil is the world's largest sugarcane producer, so changes in sugarcane management in Brazil can affect the environment to a great extent. During almost one century, studies were carried out in cropping systems involving pre-harvest burning of aerial sugarcane residues. Nowadays the green trash management of sugarcane residues has become a common practice, although the effects are still poorly documented. The objective of this work was to compare topsoil carbon and nitrogen stocks, aggregation and bulk density in Brazilian sugarcane plantations where aerial residues were either burned (Cq) or left on the soil surface (Sq) after harvest. The study was carried out in three plantations, one on a clayey soil (Latossolo Vermelho, LVdf, i.e. Typic Hapludox) and two on sandy soils (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, PVAd, i.e. Typic Hapludult, and Neossolo Quartzarênico, RQo, i.e. Quartzpsamment). On each plantation, the experimental design included six replications per treatment. After three crops, the accumulated aerial residue biomass in Sq treatment amounted to 40 t ha -1 of DM from which 4.5 and 3.61 ha-1 of DM (i.e. 11 and 9%) were still present at the soil surface in LVdf and RQo, respectively. This represented 1.60 and 1.351 ha-1 of C and 0.022 and 0.021 t ha -1 of N, respectively. As a result, soil carbon at a 0-20 cm depth increased by 6.3 and 4.71 ha-1 in LVdf and RQo, respectively. Over the three-year period, the rate of carbon sequestration in the litter and topsoil in the Sq treatment was 2.63 and 2.02 t ha-1 yr-1 in LVdf and RQo, respectively. Topsoil content of stable macroaggregates was also higher with Sq than with Cq: 814 vs. 693 g kg-1 in LVdf, and 516 vs, 420 g kg-1 in RQo, respectively. On the other hand, Sq caused topsoil compaction (PVAd and RQo) due to the mechanized harvest system. In the Brazilian soils under study, green trash management of sugarcane residues improved the topsoil properties and promoted carbon and nitrogen sequestration in the litter and topsoil.	Aggregate stability; Burning; Mechanized harvest; Soil cover	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46949087683	The impact of post-matriculation examination screening on reported cases of examination malpractice in a Nigerian University: A preliminary analysis	Owie I.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	6	1	None	University of Benin, Faculty of Education, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Owie, I., University of Benin, Faculty of Education, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46949088777	Formulation and properties' evaluation of PVC/(dioctyl phthalate)/ (epoxidized rubber seed oil) plastigels	Balköse D., Egbuchunam T.O., Okieimen F.E.	2008	Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology	14	2	10.1002/vnl.20142	Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahcekoyu, Urla-lzmir, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Warri, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biomaterials Research, University of Benin, Benin City,	Balköse, D., Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahcekoyu, Urla-lzmir, Turkey; Egbuchunam, T.O., Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Warri, Nigeria; Okieimen, F.E., Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biomaterials Research, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Epoxidized rubber seed oil (4.5% oxirane content, ERSO) was prepared by treating the oil with peracetic acid generated in situ by reacting glacial acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide. The thermal behavior of the ERSO was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of the epoxidized oil on the thermal stability of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastigels, formulated to contain dioctyl phthalate (DOP) plasticizer and various amounts of the epoxidized oil, was evaluated by using discoloration indices of the polymer samples degraded at 1600C for 30 min and thermogravimetry at a constant heating rate of 10°C/min up to 600°C. The thermal behavior of the ERSO was characterized by endothermic peaks at about 150°C, which were attributed to the formation of network structures via epoxide groups, and at temperatures above 300°C, which were due to the decomposition of the material. Up to 50% of the DOP plasticizer in the PVC plastisol formulation could be substituted by ERSO without a marked deleterious effect on the consistency of the plastigel formed. In the presence of the epoxidized oil, PVC plastigel samples showed a marked reduction in discoloration and the number of conjugated double bonds, as well as high temperatures for the attainment of specific extents of degradation. These results showed that the ERSO retarded/inhibited thermal dehydrochlorination and the formation of long (n > 6) polyene sequences in PVC plastigels. The plasticizer efficiency/permanence of ERSO in PVC/DOP plastigels was evaluated from mechanical properties' measurements, leaching/migration tests, and water vapor permeability studies. The results showed that a large proportion of DOP could be substituted by ERSO in a PVC plastisol formulation without deleterious effects on the properties of the plastigels. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.	None	Acetic acid; Agricultural products; Differential scanning calorimetry; Discoloration; Esters; Fatty acids; Gravimetric analysis; Hydrogen; Hydrogen peroxide; Laser interferometry; Mechanical permeability; Mechanical properties; Offshore oil well production; Oil well production; Oils and fats; Organic compounds; Organic polymers; Photoacoustic effect; Plasticizers; Plastisols; Polymers; Polyvinyl chlorides; Reaction kinetics; Reinforced plastics; Rubber; Seed; Sulfate minerals; Thermodynamic stability; Water vapor; (p ,p ,t) measurements; (PL) properties; Conjugated double bonds; Constant heating rate; Dehydrochlorination; Deleterious effects; Dioctyl phthalate (DOP); Endothermic peaks; Epoxide groups; Glacial acetic acid (HAc); High temperature (HT); In-situ; Network structures; Oxirane; Peracetic acid (PAA); Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC); Polyene sequences; Polymer samples; Rubber seed oil (RSO); Scanning calorimetry; thermal stability; Water vapor permeability (WVP); Plastic products	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47049109656	Evaluation of dynabeads and cytospheres compared with flow cytometry to enumerate CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected ugandans on antiretroviral therapy	Lutwama F., Serwadda R., Mayanja-Kizza H., Shihab H.M., Ronald A., Kamya M.R., Thomas D., Johnson E., Quinn T.C., Moore R.D., Spacek L.A.	2008	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	48	3	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817bbc3a	Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States	Lutwama, F., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Serwadda, R., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Shihab, H.M., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ronald, A., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Kamya, M.R., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Thomas, D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johnson, E., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Quinn, T.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Moore, R.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Spacek, L.A., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States	BACKGROUND: Laboratory-based monitoring of antiretroviral therapy is essential but adds a significant cost to HIV care. The World Health Organization 2006 guidelines support the use of CD4 lymphocyte count (CD4) to define treatment failure in resource-limited settings. METHODS: We compared CD4 obtained on replicate samples from 497 HIV-positive Ugandans (before and during ART) followed for 18 months by 2 manual bead-based assays, Dynabeads (Dynal Biotech), and Cytospheres (Beckman Coulter) with those generated by flow cytometry at the Infectious Diseases Institute in Kampala, Uganda. RESULTS: We tested 1671 samples (123 before ART) with Dynabeads and 1444 samples (91 before ART) with Cytospheres. Mean CD4 was 231 cells/mm (SD, 139) and 239 cells/mm (SD, 140) by Dynabeads and flow cytometry, respectively. Mean CD4 was 186 cells/mm (SD, 101) and 242 cells/mm (SD, 136) by Cytospheres and flow cytometry, respectively. The mean difference in CD4 count by flow cytometry versus Dynabeads were 8.8 cells/mm (SD, 76.0) and versus Cytospheres were 56.8 cells/mm (SD, 85.8). The limits of agreement were -140.9 to 158.4 cells/mm for Dynabeads and -112.2 to 225.8 cells/mm for Cytospheres. Linear regression analysis showed higher correlation between flow cytometry and Dynabeads (r = 0.85, r = 0.73, slope = 0.85, intercept = 28) compared with the correlation between flow cytometry and Cytospheres (r = 0.78, r = 0.60, slope = 0.58, intercept = 45). Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve to predict CD4 <200 cells/mm was 0.928 for Dynabeads and 0.886 for Cytospheres. CONCLUSION: Although Dynabeads and Cytospheres both underestimated CD4 lymphocyte count compared with flow cytometry, in resource-limited settings with low daily throughput, manual bead-based assays may provide a less expensive alternative to flow cytometry. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; CD4 lymphocyte counts; HIV-1 viral load, monitoring and evaluation; Resource-limited setting; Uganda	antiretrovirus agent; virus RNA; antiviral therapy; article; blood sampling; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; controlled study; female; flow cytometry; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; male; priority journal; Uganda; virus load; adult; CD4+ T lymphocyte; comparative study; evaluation; flow cytometry; highly active antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; immunomagnetic separation; methodology; monitoring; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; Flow Cytometry; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunomagnetic Separation; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47149086230	Proximal great saphenous vein cut down: An evaluation of techniques and anatomical considerations	Briers N., Morris I., Boon J.M., Meiring J.H., Franz R.C.	2008	Clinical Anatomy	21	5	10.1002/ca.20643	Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Briers, N., Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Morris, I., Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Boon, J.M., Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Meiring, J.H., Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Franz, R.C., Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Cut-down techniques by which emergency venous access can be achieved are important, particularly, in the resuscitation of haemodynamically depleted patients where percutaneous access to collapsed veins is a problem. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of different methods that are used to locate the proximal great saphenous vein in the thigh and to describe the vein's immediate course. A further component was to identify the position of the valves in the proximal great saphenous vein. Needles were placed in 42 cadaver thighs as defined by the techniques identified from the literature and surgical practice. After a detailed dissection, the vein's relation to these needles was measured and the course of the vein and number of valves noted in relation to easily identifiable landmarks. Landmarks in 2.5-cm intervals on a line from the pubic tubercle to the adductor tubercle of the femur were used. The rule of two's, an experimental method by one of the authors, along with Dronen's second method localized the vein most successfully. The course of the vein was scrutinized and found to have a rather direct course as it proceeded medially toward the saphenous hiatus. The largest population of valves could be found in the proximal 5 cm (76%) with a valve in the confluence of the great saphenous vein and the femoral vein being the most common. Valve populations were found to decrease in number from proximal to distal, which would have implications with the placement of catheters into the vein for fluid resuscitation. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.	Clinical anatomy; Cut-down techniques; Emergency venous access; Great saphenous vein; Valves	adult; aged; article; cadaver; cut down technique; dissection; dronen 2 method; dronen method; experimental method; femur; fluid resuscitation; hemodynamic monitoring; human; human tissue; intermethod comparison; new simon method; priority journal; saphenous vein; surgical anatomy; surgical technique; traditional method; vascular access; vein surgery; Adult; Aged; Dissection; Humans; Middle Aged; Needles; Saphenous Vein	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249092753	Impact of insecticide spray regimes on insect abundance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in North Eastern Nigeria	Sharah H.A., Ali E.A.	2008	International Journal of Agriculture and Biology	10	3	None	Department of Crop Protection, University of Maidguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 1427, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	Sharah, H.A., Department of Crop Protection, University of Maidguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Ali, E.A., College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 1427, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	Field experiment was carried in Maiduguri during two cropping seasons to assess crop - pest cycle in relation to pest control using insecticides in cowpea [(Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp)]. The factional experiment considered two types of insecticides (Decis: deltamethrin and Nogos: dichlorvos) and nine (9) spraying regimes. The four stages in the phenology (pre-flowering (vegetative), flowering, podding &amp; maturation) were monitored closely until harvest. Flower and pod drops were significantly different between control and treated plots and the cost: benefit ratios also followed similar trends. Pest species were more abundant at the pre-flowering and maturation in all the treatments, whether chemically treated or not. A total of 14,400 insect species were counted from the 50 observations in the two seasons and grouped into six orders, listed in order of abundance. Thysanoptera topped the list and diptera was the least in abundance. Insect populations were higher in the untreated (control) plots than in all the two-sprayed fields with 18.3% and 10.3% more between the un-sprayed (control; T0) and the complete controlled (T8) for Decis and Nogos treated plots, respectively. A significant interaction existed between insecticides types and spray regimes as there was low insect number per plant in Decis-treated plots than in Nogos treated plots. Flower and flower drops, pods and pods drops and cost: benefit ratios were significantly different with spaying regimes irrespective of the chemicals. Decis treated fields had better protection from Nogos treated fields.	Cost:benefit ratio; Crop phenology; Crop-pest cycle; Flowering; Insecticides; Pest abundance; Podding stages; Spraying regimes	Diptera; Hexapoda; Thysanoptera; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249092869	Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in Setswana-speaking South Africans	Keyes C.L.M., Wissing M., Potgieter J.P., Temane M., Kruger A., van Rooy S.	2008	Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy	15	3	10.1002/cpp.572	Emory University, Department of Sociology, 1555 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; North-West University, South Africa	Keyes, C.L.M., Emory University, Department of Sociology, 1555 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Wissing, M., North-West University, South Africa; Potgieter, J.P., North-West University, South Africa; Temane, M., North-West University, South Africa; Kruger, A., North-West University, South Africa; van Rooy, S., North-West University, South Africa	A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence of mental health, described as flourishing, and the absence of mental health, characterized as languishing, is applied to a random sample of 1050 Setswana-speaking adults in the Northwest province of South Africa. Factor analysis revealed that the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) replicated the three-factor structure of emotional, psychological and social well-being found in US samples. The internal reliability of the overall MHC-SF Scale was 0.74. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated 0.52 with a measure of positive affect, between 0.35 and 0.40 with measures of generalized self-efficacy and satisfaction with life, and between 0.30 and 0.35 with measures of coping strategies, sense of coherence, and community collective self-efficacy. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated -0.22. with the total score on the General Health Questionnaire. Criteria for the categorical diagnosis were applied, and findings revealed that 20% were flourishing, 67.8% were moderately mentally healthy, and 12.2% were languishing. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized two-continua model of mental health and mental illness found in the USA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	adult; affect; aged; article; controlled study; coping behavior; correlation analysis; cultural factor; emotionality; factorial analysis; female; General Health Questionnaire; human; language ability; life satisfaction; major clinical study; male; mental disease; mental health; Mental Health Continuum Short Form; priority journal; psychological well being; psychometry; reliability; self concept; social aspect; South Africa; United States; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Health Status Indicators; Health Surveys; Humans; Internal-External Control; Language; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Population; Self Efficacy; South Africa; Translating; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249094046	Evaluation of the ratios T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C as useful summary estimates of coronary heart disease risk in Enugu, Nigeria	Nwobodo N., Anyaehie U.B., Nwobodo E.D., Igwe S.A.	2008	Oriental Journal of Chemistry	24	1	None	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Physiolog	Nwobodo, N., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Anyaehie, U.B., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwobodo, E.D., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria; Igwe, S.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	Summary estimates result in convenient expressions relating cholesterols to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Recent data from a population based cohort study noted that a summary estimate is the most powerful predictor of future CHD. In a randomized population based study, summary estimates involving the ratio T-C to HDL-C and LDL-C to HDL-C in healthy volunteers were examined alone or in the presence of joint information on individual levels of cholesterols. Standardized logistic regression model was applied in data analysis. Results revealed that the regression co-efficients for HDL-C, the ratios T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C were statistically significant (P<0.05); whereas the reverse is the case for T-C and LDL-C (P>0.05). Thus, summary estimates are strong predictors of CHD and very necessary in prompt identification of subjects at high risk of developing CHD who may benefit from lipid lowering drug therapy.	Coronary heart disease; High and Low density lipoprotein cholesterols; Summary estimate; Total cholesterol	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249096566	Improved oxygen barrier performance of poly(vinyl alcohol) films through hydrogen bond complex with poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid)	Labuschagne P.W., Germishuizen W.A., C. Verryn S.M., Moolman F.S.	2008	European Polymer Journal	44	7	10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.015	Polymers and Bioceramics, Materials Science and Manufacturing, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; X-ray Analytical Facility, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Labuschagne, P.W., Polymers and Bioceramics, Materials Science and Manufacturing, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Germishuizen, W.A., Polymers and Bioceramics, Materials Science and Manufacturing, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; C. Verryn, S.M., X-ray Analytical Facility, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Moolman, F.S., Polymers and Bioceramics, Materials Science and Manufacturing, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Hydrogen bonding between poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) (PMVE-MA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) has resulted in films with lower oxygen transmission rates (OTR) than pure PVOH. In the range 20-30% (w/w) PMVE-MA, complexation between the two polymers in the blend was maximized, as shown by viscometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. OTR measurements have shown that the maximum interpolymer complexation ratio also correlates with the lowest OTR values of the resulting film. The improved oxygen barrier properties are believed to be a combination of the relatively intact PVOH crystalline regions as shown with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a higher degree of hydrogen bonding in the amorphous regions of the PVOH and PMVE-MA films as indicated by glass transition temperature (Tg) shifts. This leads to denser amorphous regions that reduces the rate of gases diffusing through the polymer film, hence the reduced OTR. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Free-volume; Hydrogen bonding; Interpolymer complexation; Permeability	Amorphous films; Broadband amplifiers; Cobalt; Complexation; Deposits; Differential scanning calorimetry; Ethers; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Fourier transforms; Glass bonding; Glass transition; Hydrogen; Infrared spectroscopy; Laser interferometry; Organic compounds; Oxygen; Oxygen permeable membranes; Scanning; Spectroscopic analysis; X ray analysis; X ray diffraction analysis; X ray films; (p ,p ,t) measurements; Amorphous regions; Crystalline regions; Differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MIT FTIR); Glass transition temperature (Tg); Hydrogen bondings; Interpolymer complexation; Maleic acid (MA); methyl vinyl ether (PMVE); Oxygen barrier properties; Oxygen barriers; Oxygen transmission rates (OTR); Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOL); X ray diffraction (XRD); Hydrogen bonds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249106387	The quality of environmental impact reports for projects with the potential of affecting wetlands in South Africa	Sandham L.A., Moloto M.J., Retief F.P.	2008	Water SA	34	2	None	Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Sandham, L.A., Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Moloto, M.J., Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Retief, F.P., Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	In South Africa certain development activities, which may have a substantial detrimental effect on the environment, require an environmental impact assessment (EIA), including projects with the potential of affecting wetlands. A key element of the EIA process is the submission of an environmental impact report (ETR) for review in order to determine whether the report is adequate and/or whether a greater quantity of information is required before the project can be authorised. The information available to decision-makers in the EIR is a major determinant in the outcome of wetland protection and/or destruction. The quality of 4 environmental impact reports of large projects with the potential of impacting on wetlands was assessed using an EIA report quality review checklist. It is concluded that the quality of the 4 reports was generally satisfactory but certain areas were found to be poorly performed, i.e. identification and evaluation of impacts to the potential detriment of the wetlands for which the EIAs were performed To improve the quality of the reports for projects with the potential of affecting wetlands it is recommended that a quality review checklist be used by EIA practitioners and authorities as an additional tool to the EIA regulations and the integrated environmental management series. This should assist in ensuring that key aspects are addressed before submission to the relevant authority, and will also contribute to establishing a baseline of EIR quality for evaluation of wetlands EIA practice under the new regulations promulgated in 2006.	Environmental impact assessment; Environmental impact report (E1R); Quality review; Wetlands	Budget control; Environmental engineering; Environmental impact assessments; Environmental management; Environmental protection; Environmental regulations; Management; Quality control; Water resources; Wetlands; Decision makers (DM); Detrimental effects; Development activities; Environmental impact assessment (ETA); Integrated environmental management (IEM); South Africa (SA); Environmental impact; decision making; environmental impact; environmental impact assessment; environmental management; environmental quality; wetland; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249116955	Inter-basin water transfer effects on the invertebrates of the Mvuzane River: A test of the SASS rapid biomonitoring protocol to assess the impact of flow modification	Weerts S.P., Cyrus D.P.	2008	Water SA	34	2	None	Coastal Research Unit of Zululand, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, South Africa	Weerts, S.P., Coastal Research Unit of Zululand, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa, CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, South Africa; Cyrus, D.P., Coastal Research Unit of Zululand, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Effects of the transfer of water from the Thukela to the Mvuzane River were investigated using the SASS rapid bioassessment technique and more quantitative methods of guild composition and community analyses. Although the transfer was relatively small (&lt; 1 m-3/s) it completely dominated natural flows in the recipient system. SASS monitoring was found to be useful as a rapid, field-based assessment of water quality and can he used to act as a 'red flag' to problems in the future. However, it was not sensitive to changes in the community structure at different sites and was inefficient as a tool to investigate the wider ecological impacts of the transfer scheme, most notably those associated with flow modification. Changes in the invertebrate fauna were most easily explained in terms of the effect of increased flow velocities and volumes on taxa that were classified as 'swimmers' and 'skaters'. Impacts via disruption to trophic pathways cannot be discounted and will most certainly occur with prolonged water transfer.	None	Bioassessment; Biomonitoring; Quantitative methods; Water transfers; assessment method; basin; biomonitoring; community composition; community structure; ecological impact; guild structure; invertebrate; river water; trophic status; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; Mvuzane River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Thukela Basin; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249124443	Evaluation of an integrated asset life-cycle management (ALCM) model and assessment of practices in the water utility sector	Haffejee M., Brent A.C.	2008	Water SA	34	2	None	Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa	Haffejee, M., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa	The water utility sector in South Africa is presently facing numerous challenges. Amongst the most urgent and important priorities is ageing infrastructure, which has the potential to end in failures with detrimental impacts on local communities and the natural environment. Furthermore, to manage the majority of strategic assets in terms of total performance, i.e. environmental, financial, social and technical, is often difficult as a large portion of assets, such as buried pipelines, cannot be easily accessed. These issues highlight the need for a generic asset life-cycle management model for the water utility sector. Such an integrated model is introduced: it was evaluated in the largest water utility in South Africa. Although it was found to have relevance, practicability, applicability, and usability, the model still needs rigorous testing amongst other water utilities in South Africa, and in other countries. The perceptions of the water utility sector were also assessed in terms of the practices of the principles of integrated Hfe-cyele asset management. The results indicate a fairly good understanding of the concept of asset life-cycle management, but allude to challenges with fully implementing all the principles when it comes to asset performance measurements; particular attention must be given to develop mechanisms to measure environmental and social aspects. Nevertheless, it is highlighted that for strategic assets, the practices and principles of ALCM have many benefits, including better maintenance management, infrastructural planning, risk management, and sustainable development.	Asset management; Life-cycle management; South Africa; Sustainable development	Electric utilities; Environmental engineering; Environmental protection; Finance; Hydraulic models; Industrial management; Insurance; Life cycle; Maintenance; Management; Pipelines; Planning; Port structures; Public utilities; Risk analysis; Risk assessment; Risk management; Risk perception; Social aspects; Strategic planning; Water management; Water supply; Ageing infrastructures; Asset life; Buried Pipelines; Integrated modelling; Local communities; Maintenance management; Natural environments; Performance measurement (quality); South Africa (SA); Strategic assets; Total performance; Water utilities; Asset management; assessment method; infrastructure planning; life cycle; pipeline; risk assessment; sustainable development; utility sector; water management; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249129999	Hydrochemical evaluation of the Voltaian system-The Afram Plains area, Ghana	Yidana S.M., Ophori D., Banoeng-Yakubo B.	2008	Journal of Environmental Management	88	4	10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.037	Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, NJ 07043, United States; Department of Geology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 58, Legon, Ghana	Yidana, S.M., Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, NJ 07043, United States; Ophori, D., Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, NJ 07043, United States; Banoeng-Yakubo, B., Department of Geology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 58, Legon, Ghana	Inverse geochemical modeling from PHREEQC, and multivariate statistical methods were jointly used to define the genetic origin of chemical parameters of groundwater from the Voltaian aquifers in the Afram Plains area. The study finds, from hierarchical cluster analysis that there are two main hydrochemical facies namely the calcium-sodium-chloride-bicarbonate waters and the magnesium-potassium-sulfate-nitrate waters in the northern and southern sections, respectively, of the Afram Plains area. This facies differentiation is confirmed by the distribution of the SO42-/Cl- ratio, which associates groundwater from the northern and southern sections to areas influenced by contact with evaporites and seawater, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation using the Kaiser criterion identifies four principal sources of variation in the hydrochemistry. Mineral saturation indices calculated from both major ions and trace elements, indicate saturation-supersaturation with respect to calcite, aragonite, k-mica, chlorite, rhodochrosite, kaolinite, sepiolite, and talc, and undersaturation with respect to albite, anorthite, and gypsum in the area. Inverse geochemical modeling along groundwater flowpaths indicates the dissolution of albite, anorthite and gypsum and the precipitation of kaolinite, k-mica, talc, and quartz. Both the PCA and inverse geochemical modeling identify the incongruent weathering of feldspars as the principal factors controlling the hydrochemistry in the Afram Plains area. General phase transfer equations have been developed to characterize the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the area. A very good relationship has been established between calcite and aragonite saturation indices in the Afram Plains area, with R2=1.00. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Afram plains; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Inverse modeling; PHREEQC; Principal component analysis	aluminum silicate; bicarbonate; calcium; calcium carbonate; calcium sulfate; chloride; ground water; magnesium; magnesium trisilicate; mineral; nitrate; potassium; sea water; silicon dioxide; sodium; sulfate; talc; trace element; aquifer; aragonite; bicarbonate; calcite; calcium; chloride; cluster analysis; feldspar; geochemistry; groundwater; hydrochemistry; magnesium; modeling; multivariate analysis; nitrate; potassium; principal component analysis; sodium; sulfate; article; calculation; evolution; geochemistry; Ghana; hydrology; model; multivariate analysis; precipitation; principal component analysis; Cluster Analysis; Ghana; Models, Theoretical; Multivariate Analysis; Water; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249143806	Evaluation of moisture, total cyanide and fiber contents of garri produced from cassava (Manihot utilissima) varieties obtained from Awassa in southern Ethiopia	Enidiok S.E., Attah L.E., Otuechere C.A.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	5	10.3923/pjn.2008.625.629	Department of Food Science and Post Harvest Technology, University of Hawassa, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Applied Chemistry, Ambo University College, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Hawassa, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Enidiok, S.E., Department of Food Science and Post Harvest Technology, University of Hawassa, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Attah, L.E., Department of Applied Chemistry, Ambo University College, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia; Otuechere, C.A., Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Hawassa, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Cassava (Manihot esculent crantz) as one of the most important root crops in Sub-Saharan Africa plays a vital role in the diet of many African countries especially the grass root people, being the major source of daily carbohydrate intake. Traditionally processed staple foods from cassava are available in Western and some Eastern African countries, such as garri, foofoo, boiled cassava meal, etc. Several varieties of M. Utilissima obtained from Awassa, Ethiopia, were processed, fermented and converted into garri. The moisture, total cyanide and fibre contents of the processed garri were analyzed. The results showed that the moisture, total cyanide and fiber contents varied from 26.12-40.02 %, 1.51-2.81 mg HCN/100 g and 1.80-2.40% respectively. The largest reduction in cyanide content (41%) between the third and fourth day fermentation was found in the MM 96/5280 variety which had an increase of 32% fiber content when compared with other varieties. These results compared favorably with similar garri products obtained from Ghana and Nigeria. The ease of preparation and potential nutritional value resulting from fermentation, the low moisture, cyanide and improved fiber contents found, indicate the suitability of the garri products as nutritional food items. The Kello44/72 and MM96/5280 varieties with the lowest cyanide and comparable fiber contents are most suitable. In order to enrich the nutritional contents of the garri product, fortification with leguminous plants or fish is recommended so as to make it more suitable as an alternative food product to injera in Ethiopia. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Cassava; Fermentation; Fiber; Garri; Total cyanide	cyanide; article; cassava; controlled study; Ethiopia; fermentation; food; food analysis; food composition; food processing; food quality; garri; moisture; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; nutritional value; plant fiber; Fabaceae; Manihot; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47349101022	Monitoring antimalarial safety and tolerability in clinical trials: A case study from Uganda	Staedke S.G., Jagannathan P., Yeka A., Bukirwa H., Banek K., Maiteki-Sebuguzi C., Clark T.D., Nzarubara B., Njama-Meya D., Mpimbaza A., Rosenthal P.J., Kamya M.R., Wabwire-Mangen F., Dorsey G., Talisuna A.O.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-107	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; C/o MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Staedke, S.G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, C/o MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Jagannathan, P., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Yeka, A., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Bukirwa, H., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Banek, K., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Clark, T.D., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Nzarubara, B., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Njama-Meya, D., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Mpimbaza, A., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Rosenthal, P.J., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kamya, M.R., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Dorsey, G., C/o MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Talisuna, A.O., Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Background. New antimalarial regimens, including artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), have been adopted widely as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. Although these drugs appear to be safe and well-tolerated, experience with their use in Africa is limited and continued assessment of safety is a priority. However, no standardized guidelines for evaluating drug safety and tolerability in malaria studies exist. A system for monitoring adverse events in antimalarial trials conducted in Uganda was developed. Here the reporting system is described, and difficulties faced in analysing and interpreting the safety results are illustrated, using data from the trials. Case description. Between 2002 and 2007, eleven randomized, controlled clinical trials were conducted to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of different antimalarial regimens for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. The approach to adverse event monitoring was similar in all studies. A total of 5,614 treatments were evaluated in 4,876 patients. Differences in baseline characteristics and patterns of adverse event reporting were noted between the sites, which limited the ability to pool and analyse data. Clinical failure following antimalarial treatment confounded associations between treatment and adverse events that were also common symptoms of malaria, particularly in areas of lower transmission intensity. Discussion and evaluation. Despite prospectively evaluating for adverse events, limitations in the monitoring system were identified. New standardized guidelines for monitoring safety and tolerability in antimalarial trials are needed, which should address how to detect events of greatest importance, including serious events, those with a causal relationship to the treatment, those which impact on adherence, and events not previously reported. Conclusion. Although the World Health Organization has supported the development of pharmacovigilance systems in African countries deploying ACTs, additional guidance on adverse events monitoring in antimalarial clinical trials is needed, similar to the standardized recommendations available for assessment of drug efficacy. © 2008 Staedke et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	amodiaquine plus artesunate; amodiaquine plus fansidar; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; chloroquine plus fansidar; dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; antimalarial agent; artemisinin; anemia; article; case study; clinical trial; convulsion; disease transmission; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; drug safety; drug surveillance program; drug tolerability; drug treatment failure; follow up; human; laboratory test; malaria; mental disease; neurotoxicity; neutropenia; practice guideline; prospective study; respiratory tract disease; systematic review; thrombocytopenia; time series analysis; treatment failure; Uganda; vomiting; weakness; world health organization; child; drug combination; infant; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; standard; statistics; treatment outcome; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47349123245	Field performance of improved cowpea varieties under conditions of natural infestation by the parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides	Kamara A.Y., Chikoye D., Ekeleme F., Omoigui L.O., Dugje I.Y.	2008	International Journal of Pest Management	54	3	10.1080/09670870801930260	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Kamara, A.Y., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ekeleme, F., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Omoigui, L.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dugje, I.Y., Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Cowpea is an important food crop in the dry savannas of West and Central Africa because of its high protein content. Yields are, however, considerably reduced by the parasitic angiosperm Striga gesnerioides. Field trials over 2 years in two localities in northeast Nigeria evaluated the performance of diverse cowpea varieties under conditions of natural infestation by Striga. Grain yield was higher in Tilla than in Damboa where the higher Striga infestation may be caused by the lower rainfall and the sandy nature of the soils. Two varieties (IT97K-499-35 and IT90K-82-2) were confirmed to be resistant to Striga. Yield gain from IT97K-499-35 over the local variety ranged from 30% in Tilla in the northern Guinea savanna to 126% in Damboa in the Sudan savanna. The local variety Borno Brown and two improved varieties were found to be as susceptible to Striga as the susceptible control, TVX-3236, and therefore may not be recommended for cultivation in areas where Striga infestation is a problem. One variety, reported previously to be resistant to one or two races of Striga supported moderate levels of emerged Striga, suggesting that it is not totally resistant to the Striga race in the two localities. However, it produced grain yields that were comparable to the resistant varieties in the locality that was most infested, suggesting that it is tolerant to Striga. There are concerns about the adoption potential of the Striga-resistant variety IT97K-499-35 because of its medium-sized white seeds. Farmers in this zone prefer large-seeded brown cowpea. We recommend that efforts be made to develop Striga-resistant varieties that satisfy end-user preferences.	Cowpea; Grain and fodder yield; Striga gesnerioides	cereal; crop yield; fodder; performance assessment; pest control; savanna; weed; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sudan; Animalia; Magnoliophyta; Striga; Striga gesnerioides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47649088780	Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of some medicinal plants for fresh cassava roots preservation	Ubalua A.O., Oti E.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	5	10.3923/pjn.2008.679.681	Cassava Research Programme, National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria; Postharvest Technology Programme, National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Ubalua, A.O., Cassava Research Programme, National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria; Oti, E., Postharvest Technology Programme, National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	The inhibitory effects of water, petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of three medicinal plants were investigated on the growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus sp., Mucor and Erwinia spp isolated from rotted cassava roots on potato dextrose agar. The ethanol extracts of garlic and Landolphia owerrience gave a wider spectrum of activity against the pathogens compared to that of petroleum ether and water. The combination of the extracts of Garlic (Alium sativum) and Garcinia kola demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of the pathogens after 16 days in storage with 2% rot, while that of Garlic and Landolphia owerrience roots exhibited little or no activity unlike the individual extracts. The potency shown by the extracts in overcoming the colonies of the tested pathogens recommends their use as protectants rather than eradicants. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Biological control; Cassava root rot; Medicinal plants; Pathogens	agar; alcohol; Garcinia kola extract; garlic extract; glucose; Landolphia owerrience extract; petroleum ether; plant extract; water; antimicrobial activity; article; Aspergillus flavus; cassava; controlled study; Erwinia; Fusarium solani; Garcinia kola; medicinal plant; microbial growth; Mucor; nonhuman; plant root; postharvest decay; preservation; Rhizopus; Allium sativum; Aspergillus flavus; Botryodiplodia theobromae; Erwinia; Fusarium solani; Garcinia kola; Landolphia; Manihot esculenta; Mucor; Rhizopus; Sativum; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47649116754	Evaluation of light microscopy and rapid diagnostic test for the detection of malaria under operational field conditions: A household survey in Ethiopia	Endeshaw T., Gebre T., Ngondi J., Graves P.M., Shargie E.B., Ejigsemahu Y., Ayele B., Yohannes G., Teferi T., Messele A., Zerihun M., Genet A., Mosher A.W., Emerson P.M., Richards F.O.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-118	Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom	Endeshaw, T., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gebre, T., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ngondi, J., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Graves, P.M., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Shargie, E.B., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ejigsemahu, Y., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ayele, B., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Yohannes, G., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teferi, T., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Messele, A., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zerihun, M., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Genet, A., Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Mosher, A.W., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emerson, P.M., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Richards, F.O., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background. In most resource-poor settings, malaria is usually diagnosed based on clinical signs and symptoms and not by detection of parasites in the blood using microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). In population-based malaria surveys, accurate diagnosis is important: microscopy provides the gold standard, whilst RDTs allow immediate findings and treatment. The concordance between RDTs and microscopy in low or unstable transmission areas has not been evaluated. Objectives. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of malaria parasites in randomly selected malarious areas of Amhara, Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' (SNNP) regions of Ethiopia, using microscopy and RDT, and to investigate the agreement between microscopy and RDT under field conditions. Methods. A population-based survey was conducted in 224 randomly selected clusters of 25 households each in Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions, between December 2006 and February 2007. Fingerpick blood samples from all persons living in even-numbered households were tested using two methods: light microscopy of Giemsa-stained blood slides; and RDT (ParaScreen device for Pan/Pf). Results. A total of 13,960 people were eligible for malaria parasite testing of whom 11,504 (82%) were included in the analysis. Overall slide positivity rate was 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4-5.0%) while ParaScreen RDT was positive in 3.3% (95% CI 2.6-4.1%) of those tested. Considering microscopy as the gold standard, ParaScreen RDT exhibited high specificity (98.5%; 95% CI 98.3-98.7) and moderate sensitivity (47.5%; 95% CI 42.8-52.2) with a positive predictive value of 56.8% (95% CI 51.7-61.9) and negative predictive value of 97.6% (95% CI 97.6-98.1%) under field conditions. Conclusion. Blood slide microscopy remains the preferred option for population-based prevalence surveys of malaria parasitaemia. The level of agreement between microscopy and RDT warrants further investigation in different transmission settings and in the clinical situation. © 2008 Endeshaw et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; blood sampling; confidence interval; controlled study; diagnostic test; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; health survey; household; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; Plasmodium; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; animal; blood; chromatography; epidemiology; Ethiopia; family size; immunoassay; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; methodology; parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; prediction and forecasting; time; parasite antigen; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Blood; Blood Specimen Collection; Chromatography; Ethiopia; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Immunoassay; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47749090948	Performance of weaner rabbits fed graded levels of yam and sweet potato peel meal in place of maize-based diet	Akinmutimi A.H., Anakebe O.C.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	5	10.3923/pjn.2008.700.704	Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria	Akinmutimi, A.H., Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Anakebe, O.C., Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria	Performance of weaner rabbits fed graded levels of yam and sweet potato peel meal in place of maize based diet was investigated using 20 weaner rabbits of average weight of 389 ± 55g. They were randomly allofted to 5 dietary treatment groups having 2 replicates with 2 rabbits per replicate in a completely randomized design. Diet I was maize based and served as control diet. The test ingredients replaced maize at 20%, 30% 40% and 50% in diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The yam and sweet potato peel meals were combined in ratio 3:2. Each diet was offered ad libitum for a period of 56 days. The proximate composition and gross energy (G E) of the test ingredients are as follows: DM (89.74, 89.61), crude protein (6.34, 11.1) ether extract (1.3, 1.3), crude fibre (0.36, 7.20) ash (4.58, 10.17), nitrogen free extract (70.39, 77.13), and gross energy (3.21, 2.98). The anti-nutritional factors of the test ingredients are as follows: Tannin (0.60, 0.22 %), saponin (0.90, 0.67%), trypsin inhibitors (0.00, 0.00) and phytate (0.94, 0.74%). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) for all the growth parameters considered except for feed intake. The values significantly (P<0.05) increased as the quantity of the test ingredients increased. The feed conversion ratio values (7.9900,7.2900, 7.4150, 6.5600 and 7.6550) numerically favoured diet 4. Carcass characteristics values showed significant difference for percentage dressed weight and drumstick only. The percentage dressed weight for all the treatment groups fell within the normal range of dressing percentage at rabbits. The drumstick values (4.7400, 5.0000, 7.4100, 7.6900 and 7.1400) favoured diet 4 among others. The weight of organs showed no significant difference among treatment groups except for the heart, values of which did not follow any specific pattern that could be attributed to the effect of the test ingredients. Biochemical values showed no significant difference except for the value of total protein; this and other biochemical parameters (total protein, urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase) fall within the normal range of biochemical indices for rabbits. Gross margin values (N780.6000, N1070.7350, N1061.0100, N1260.1430, N1148.0800) favoured diet 4 among others. Judging from growth performance, carcass characteristics, organ weights, biochemical indices and economics of the diet, diet 4 is recommended. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Graded levels; Maize-based diet; Performance; Weaner rabbits; Yam and sweet potato meal	alkaline phosphatase; creatinine; ether; nitrogen; phytate; protein; saponin; tannin; trypsin inhibitor; urea; animal food; animal husbandry; article; ash; caloric intake; carcass; controlled study; feeding behavior; female; food composition; food intake; maize; male; nonhuman; nutritional value; organ weight; protein content; rabbit; rabbit meat; sweet potato; weight gain; yam; Dioscorea alata; Ipomoea batatas; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47749121398	From simplicity to performance: The place of second generation anglophone African poets	Olaoluwa S.S.	2008	English Studies	89	4	10.1080/00138380802011891	University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Olaoluwa, S.S., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47749141840	Model for predicting the performance of project managers at the construction phase of mass house building projects	Ahadzie D.K., Proverbs D.G., Olomolaiye P.O.	2008	Journal of Construction Engineering and Management	134	8	10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:8(618)	Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Science and Technology, Center for Settlement Studies, Kumasi, Ghanan, Ghana; Department of Project Management, Univ. of Wolverhampton, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom; School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1, 1SB, United Kingdom	Ahadzie, D.K., Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Science and Technology, Center for Settlement Studies, Kumasi, Ghanan, Ghana, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1, 1SB, United Kingdom; Proverbs, D.G., Department of Project Management, Univ. of Wolverhampton, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom; Olomolaiye, P.O., Department of Project Management, Univ. of Wolverhampton, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom	The need to match project managers' (PMs) performance measures onto projects of both unique and similar characteristics has long since been acknowledged by researchers. The need for these measures to reflect the various phases of the project life cycle has also been contended in the recent past. Here, a competency-based multidimensional conceptual model is proposed for mass house building projects (MHBPs). The model reflects both performance behaviors and outcome in predicting the PMs' performances at the conceptual, planning, design, tender, construction, and operational phases of the project life cycle. Adopting a positivist approach, data elicited for the construction phase is analyzed using multiple regression techniques (stepwise selection). Out of a broad range of behavioral metrics identified as the independent variables, the findings suggest the best predictors of PMs' performances in MHBPs at the construction phase are: job knowledge in site layout techniques for repetitive construction works; dedication in helping works contractors achieve works schedule; job knowledge of appropriate technology transfer for repetitive construction works; effective time management practices on house units; ability to provide effective solution to conflicts, simultaneously maintaining good relationships; ease with which works contractors are able to approach the PM and volunteering to help works contractors solve personal problems. ANOVA, multicollineriality, Durbin-Watson, and residual analysis, confirm the goodness of fit. Validation of the model also reflected reasonably high predictive accuracy suggesting the findings could be generalized. These results indicate that the model can be a reliable tool for predicting the performance of PMs in MHBPs. © 2008 ASCE.	Buildings, residential; Construction management; Housing; Managers; Professional development; Regression models	Appropriate technologies; Conceptual modelling; Construction phasing; Construction works; Effective solution; Effective time; Goodness of fit (GOF); House building; Independent variables; Metrics (CO); Multidimensional (MD); Multiple regression techniques; Operational phases; Performance measure (PF); Predictive accuracy; Project life cycle (PLC); Project manager (PM); Residual analysis; Site layout; Construction industry; Contractors; Contracts; Food processing; Forecasting; Houses; Life cycle; Management; Managers; Technological forecasting; Technology; Technology transfer; Project management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47749149971	Impact of poultry manure and harvest season on juice quality of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Deg.) in the sub-humid zone of Nigeria	Ani J.U., Baiyeri P.K.	2008	Fruits	63	4	10.1051/fruits:2008017	Dept. of Crop Science, Univ. Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ani, J.U., Dept. of Crop Science, Univ. Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Baiyeri, P.K., Dept. of Crop Science, Univ. Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Introduction. The production of high quality fruit juice involves several cultural inputs. Among other factors, fruit quality attributes are influenced by the cultivar, the climate, the harvesting time and soil fertility. Particularly, the soil fertility has a significant effect on the nutritional characteristics of the juice. Good practice as regards fertilization consists of applying rates adapted to plant optimum growth, yield and fruit quality. Materials and methods. Effects of four poultry manure rates [(0, 5, 10 and 15) t·ha -1] on the juice quality of passion fruits (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa) were evaluated for two cropping years (2005 and 2006). The seedlings of passion fruit vine were field-established in a randomized complete block design, and the manure treatments were replicated four times. Juice quality assessment was performed on fruits picked in December 2005, coinciding with the dry season and low soil moisture recharge, and August 2006, during the wet season and high soil moisture recharge. Results. The results obtained indicated a significant poultry manure effect on all the juice quality parameters studied; the quality of the juice increased gradually as the manure rate increased. Similarly, the season of fruit-picking had a significant effect on the juice quality. As expected, vines that received no manure produced fruits with the poorest juice quality, suggesting unfavorable nutritive conditions within the vines. The concentrations of anti-nutrient factors (tannin, hydrogen cyanide, phytate and calcium oxalate) were low in ripe yellow passion fruits, and insignificant regarding health hazards for consumers of yellow passion fruit. Conclusion. The results obtained showed that the manure rate and the harvest period affected the quality of passion fruit juice. Application of 15 t·ha -1 poultry manure generally gave the best juice quality; similarly, fruits harvested in the first cropping season had better juice quality. © 2008 CIRAD EDP Sciences.	Fruit juices; Nigeria; Organic fertilizers; Passiflora edulis; Plant nutrition; Quality	Passiflora edulis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47849092231	Performance of the OptiMAL® dipstick in the diagnosis of malaria infection in pregnancy	Tagbor H., Bruce J., Browne E., Greenwood B., Chandramohan D.	2008	Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management	4	3	None	Department of Community Health, School of Medicinal Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Tagbor, H., Department of Community Health, School of Medicinal Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana; Bruce, J., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Browne, E., Department of Community Health, School of Medicinal Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana; Greenwood, B., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Chandramohan, D., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	The accuracy of OptiMAL® dipsticks was compared with that of microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria infection in pregnancy. During the course of a clinical trial of anti-malarial drugs in pregnancy, we screened 4500 pregnant women of all parities who accessed antenatal clinic services at St. Theresa's Hospital's in Nkoranza, Ghana, between March 2003 and December 2004 with OptiMAL® dipsticks and confirmed the diagnosis of malaria with microscopy. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the OptiMAL® antigen test compared to microscopy for the diagnosis of malaria infection in pregnancy. OptiMAL® dipsticks had a sensitivity of 96.6%, specificity of 85.4%, a positive predictive value of 92.7%, a negative predictive value of 92.6%, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.91 (95% CI of 0.90-0.92). The diagnostic accuracy of the OptiMAL® dipstick is high and the test may have practical use in the diagnosis of malaria infection in pregnancy in malaria endemic countries. © 2008 Tagbor et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.	Diagnosis; Malaria; Microscopy; OptiMAL dipstick; Pregnancy	article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic kit; diagnostic value; endemic disease; female; Ghana; human; immunoassay; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria; microscopy; parasite identification; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax; prediction; pregnancy; receiver operating characteristic; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47949100079	The impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment (Haart) on employment in Khayelitsha	Coetzee C.	2008	South African Journal of Economics	76	SUPPL. 1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00166.x	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Centre for Social Science Research, Cape Town, South Africa	Coetzee, C., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Centre for Social Science Research, Cape Town, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on labour force participation of people living with HIV/AIDS in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Cox Proportional Hazard Models with stratum effects for three medical clinics, and Accelerated Failure Time Models with individual specific unobserved shared effects (frailty), are estimated for transitions from inactivity to unemployment, and transitions from unemployment into employment, using a longitudinal data set. The findings of this study indicate that HAART leads to greater activity in the labour market, but there was not a strong effect on re-entry into employment. © 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 The Economic Society of South Africa.	Employment; Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); HIV/AIDS	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; data set; disease treatment; employment; human immunodeficiency virus; labor market; Africa; Khayelitsha; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47949101367	Cost and quality performance indicators for home community-based care services to orphans and vulnerable children	Naidu V., Aguilera J.F., de Beer J., Netshipale P., Harris G.	2008	South African Journal of Economics	76	SUPPL. 1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00167.x	Health Economics Research Office, Bopaki Health Systems Consulting; National Department of Health, Partnership for the Delivery of Primary Health Care Programme (PDPHCP), AEDES, Brussels, Belgium; National Department of Social Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; National Department of Health, PDPHCP, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Naidu, V., Health Economics Research Office, Bopaki Health Systems Consulting; Aguilera, J.F., National Department of Health, Partnership for the Delivery of Primary Health Care Programme (PDPHCP), AEDES, Brussels, Belgium; de Beer, J., National Department of Social Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Netshipale, P., National Department of Health, PDPHCP, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Harris, G., School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	The encouragement of care of orphans and vulnerable children by non-profit organisations (NPOs) is a major policy response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic in South Africa. The purpose of this article is to present a quality-cost model with five performance indicators for quality and two for costs and to test these against actual performance using data collected from nine rural and urban organisations in 2004 and 2005. Six NPOs had acceptable cost but all had unacceptable quality scores; three had unacceptable cost and unacceptable quality scores. Each rural caregiver had many more orphans and vulnerable children beneficiaries than their urban counterparts but made fewer total visits. As a result, urban beneficiaries received, on average, 3.5 times more visits than their rural counterparts. The results suggest the need for different performance indicators and expectations for rural and urban NPOs and that monitoring and evaluation using the model could improve horne community-based care services. © 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 The Economic Society of South Africa.	Children; HIV and AIDS; Home community-based care; Performance indicators; South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; child care; epidemic; health care; health services; human immunodeficiency virus; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48249098482	Non-genetic factors influencing post-weaning growth and reproductive performances of Arsi-Bale goats	Dadi H., Duguma G., Shelima B., Fayera T., Tadesse M., Woldu T., Tucho T.A.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	7	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Bako Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box: 3, Bako, Ethiopia	Dadi, H., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Duguma, G., Bako Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box: 3, Bako, Ethiopia; Shelima, B., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Fayera, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Tadesse, M., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Woldu, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Tucho, T.A., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on post weaning growth and reproductive performances of Arsi-Bale goats maintained at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center in the mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The fixed effects of year, season, dam parity, sex of kids and litter sizes on post weaning growth traits were investigated while dam age in addition to the above factors, was used in investigating the reproductive performances of does. Year significantly affected (P <0.05 and P <0.001) all traits considered in the study, except for the 18-month live weights of kids. Season did affect only weaning weight (3MW) of kids while parity significantly affected 3MW, 6 months weight (6MW), 6- to 12-months daily weight gain of kids (ADG2) and litter sizes. Its effect increased with increasing parity with heaviest 3MW (8.7kg) and 6MW (10.6kg) and largest litter sizes of 2.1±0.10 being achieved in sixth parity. Sex of kids significantly influenced (P <0.001) all growth traits considered in the current study, except for the 3-to 6-months growth rate of kids (ADG1). Males were heavier and grew faster than females. However, the effect of litter size was only on 3MW, 6MW and yearling weight (12MW). Single born kids were heavier at 3-, 6- and 12-months of age and the litter size effect disappeared thereafter. Dam age significantly affected age at first kidding. The effects of non-genetic factors on both growth and reproductive traits considered were significant and hence will need to be considered in goat breed improvement program.	Age at first kidding; Arsi Bale goat; Ethiopia; Kidding interval; Litter size; Parity; Season; Sex; Year	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48249110296	HIV/AIDS and cultural practices in western Kenya: The impact of sexual cleansing rituals on sexual behaviours	Ayikukwei R., Ngare D., Sidle J., Ayuku D., Baliddawa J., Greene J.	2008	Culture, Health and Sexuality	10	6	10.1080/13691050802012601	Moi University, AMPATH Program, Eldoret, Kenya; Population and Family Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States	Ayikukwei, R., Moi University, AMPATH Program, Eldoret, Kenya; Ngare, D., Population and Family Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Sidle, J., Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Ayuku, D., Population and Family Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Baliddawa, J., Population and Family Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Greene, J., Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States	This paper reports on an exploratory study examining the role of sexual cleansing rituals in the transmission of HIV among the Luo community in western Kenya. Data were collected using both in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study population consisted of 38 widows, 12 community elders and 44 cleansers. Data were collected on non-behavioural causes, behavioural causes and behavioural indicators associated with sexual rituals. Content analysis revealed five central themes: the effect of the ritual on sexual behaviours; factors contributing to the continued practice of the ritual, including a sub-theme on the commercialization of the ritual; the inseparable relationship between the sanctity of sex, prosperity and fertility of the land; and the effects of modernization on the ritual, including a sub-theme on the effects of mass media on HIV-prevention awareness campaigns. Causal factors of unchanging sexual behaviours are deeply rooted in traditional beliefs, which the community uphold strongly. These beliefs encourage men and women to have multiple sexual partners in a context where the use of condoms is rejected and little HIV testing is carried out.	HIV/AIDS; Kenya; Sex cleansers; Sexual rituals; Widows	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; aged; article; awareness; commercial phenomena; condom; cultural anthropology; cultural value; female; health program; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; interview; Kenya; male; mass medium; priority journal; ritual; safe sex; sexual behavior; social belief; virus transmission; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ceremonial Behavior; Cultural Characteristics; Developing Countries; Female; Grief; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Hygiene; Kenya; Male; Marriage; Middle Aged; Mortuary Practice; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; Socialization; Unsafe Sex; Widowhood	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48249126815	The utility of pharmacy dispensing data for ART programme evaluation and early identification of patient loss to follow-up	Wood R., Kaplan R., Bekker L.-G., Brown S., Rivett U.	2008	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	30	None	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cell-Life, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kaplan, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Brown, S., Cell-Life, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Rivett, U., Cell-Life, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; article; community care; electronic medical record; follow up; health care access; health care delivery; health program; health service; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; information technology; patient care; patient compliance; patient counseling; patient identification; patient information; pharmacy; South Africa; virus resistance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48249131232	Contributing to sustainability as an environmental impact assessment practitioner	Weaver A., Pope J., Morrison-Saunders A., Lochner P.	2008	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	26	2	10.3152/146155108X316423	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Integral Sustainability, PO Box 79, South Fremantle, WA 6162, Australia; School of Enviromental Science, Murdoch University, South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia	Weaver, A., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Pope, J., Integral Sustainability, PO Box 79, South Fremantle, WA 6162, Australia; Morrison-Saunders, A., School of Enviromental Science, Murdoch University, South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Lochner, P., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa	Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the pre-eminent regulatory tool used worldwide in the name of sustainable development. Whilst it may not be perfect for this purpose, and recognising that project-based EIA has been soundly criticised for its perceived failings, it remains the preferred and most widely used tool for project-level assessment and the key (if not only) sustainable development-oriented tool in many countries. Drawing on examples and experience from Southern Africa and Australia, we urge practitioners to raise the bar on day-to-day EIA activities that will push the vectors of sustainability. We can all achieve positive gains for the environmental, social and economic parameters of development proposals through informed professionalism and the pursuit of best practice. Given that EIA is well enshrined in legislation worldwide, it is our responsibility as practitioners to use this important tool to maximise opportunities for sustainability. © IAIA 2008.	Australia; Best practice; Environmental impact assessment; Southern Africa; Sustainability; Sustainable development	best management practice; environmental impact assessment; environmental legislation; project assessment; sustainability; sustainable development; Africa; Australasia; Australia; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48249136950	One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts	Carpenter K.E., Abrar M., Aeby G., Aronson R.B., Banks S., Bruckner A., Chiriboga A., Cortés J., Delbeek J.C., DeVantier L., Edgar G.J., Edwards A.J., Fenner D., Guzmán H.M., Hoeksema B.W., Hodgson G., Johan O., Licuanan W.Y., Livingstone S.R., Lovell E.R	2008	Science	321	5888	10.1126/science.1159196	IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Species Programme Species Survival Commission (SSC), Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia; Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, HI 96744, United States; Dauphin Island Sea Lab., Dauphin Island, AL 36528, United States; Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto-Ayora, Santa-Cruz-Galápagos, Ecuador; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries, NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States; Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologia (CIMAR), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States; Coral Reef Research, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Center for Applied Biodiversity Science (CABS), CI, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7011, Australia; School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Panama; National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden 2333, Netherlands; Reef Check Foundation, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272, United States; Research Center for Aquaculture, Minggu, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia; Biology Department and Shields Marine Station, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines; School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji; NOAA Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States; Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya; Reef Check Philippines, Manila, Philippines; NOAA, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Damage Assessment and Restoration Program, Key Largo, FL 33040, United States; Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape Program, CI Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines; Silliman University, Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Bantayan, Dumaguete City, Philippines; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; IUCN SSC, CI CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 23529, United States; Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Lajas, Puerto Rico; Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire HR9 5NB, United Kingdom	Carpenter, K.E., IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Species Programme Species Survival Commission (SSC), Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Abrar, M., Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia; Aeby, G., Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, HI 96744, United States; Aronson, R.B., Dauphin Island Sea Lab., Dauphin Island, AL 36528, United States; Banks, S., Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto-Ayora, Santa-Cruz-Galápagos, Ecuador; Bruckner, A., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries, NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States; Chiriboga, A., Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Cortés, J., Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologia (CIMAR), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Delbeek, J.C., Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States; DeVantier, L., Coral Reef Research, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Edgar, G.J., Center for Applied Biodiversity Science (CABS), CI, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7011, Australia; Edwards, A.J., School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Fenner, D., Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Guzmán, H.M., Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Panama; Hoeksema, B.W., National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden 2333, Netherlands; Hodgson, G., Reef Check Foundation, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272, United States; Johan, O., Research Center for Aquaculture, Minggu, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia; Licuanan, W.Y., Biology Department and Shields Marine Station, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines; Livingstone, S.R., IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Species Programme Species Survival Commission (SSC), Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Lovell, E.R., School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji; Moore, J.A., NOAA Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States; Obura, D.O., Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya; Ochavillo, D., Reef Check Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Polidoro, B.A., IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Species Programme Species Survival Commission (SSC), Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Precht, W.F., NOAA, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Damage Assessment and Restoration Program, Key Largo, FL 33040, United States; Quibilan, M.C., Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape Program, CI Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines; Reboton, C., Silliman University, Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Bantayan, Dumaguete City, Philippines; Richards, Z.T., Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Rogers, A.D., Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Sanciangco, J., IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Species Programme Species Survival Commission (SSC), Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Sheppard, A., Department of Biological Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Sheppard, C., Department of Biological Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Smith, J., IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Species Programme Species Survival Commission (SSC), Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Stuart, S., IUCN SSC, CI CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 23529, United States; Turak, E., Coral Reef Research, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Veron, J.E.N., Coral Reef Research, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Wallace, C., Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Weil, E., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Lajas, Puerto Rico; Wood, E., Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire HR9 5NB, United Kingdom	The conservation status of 845 zooxanthellate reef-building coral species was assessed by using International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Criteria. Of the 704 species that could be assigned conservation status, 32.8% are in categories with elevated risk of extinction. Declines in abundance are associated with bleaching and diseases driven by elevated sea surface temperatures, with extinction risk further exacerbated by local-scale anthropogenic disturbances. The proportion of corals threatened with extinction has increased dramatically in recent decades and exceeds that of most terrestrial groups. The Caribbean has the largest proportion of corals in high extinction risk categories, whereas the Coral Triangle (western Pacific) has the highest proportion of species in all categories of elevated extinction risk. Our results emphasize the widespread plight of coral reefs and the urgent need to enact conservation measures.	None	anthropogenic effect; climate change; climate effect; conservation status; coral reef; endangered species; extinction risk; population decline; Red List; zooxanthella; article; bleaching; Caribbean Islands; climate change; coral reef; endangered species; environmental factor; environmental protection; organization; priority journal; sea surface temperature; species extinction; terrestrial species; Animals; Anthozoa; Caribbean Region; Climate; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Extinction, Biological; Greenhouse Effect; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Risk Assessment; Seawater; Species Specificity; Temperature; Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Sea; Coral Triangle; Anthozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48249158364	Environmental impact assessment using FORM and groundwater system reliability concept: Case study Jining, China	Shu L.C., Liu P.G., Ongor B.T.I.	2008	Environmental Geology	55	3	10.1007/s00254-007-1016-z	State Key Lab. of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya	Shu, L.C., State Key Lab. of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Liu, P.G., State Key Lab. of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Ongor, B.T.I., State Key Lab. of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya	In this paper, fist-order reliability method (FORM) is used to evaluate the impacts of uncertainties posed by traditional deterministic models on the environment in Jining, China. Because of groundwater contamination in shallow aquifer, and an increase in water demand, the new wells target the confined aquifer with constant pumping rate of 5,000 m 3/d. Using Theis equation, the groundwater drawdown is analyzed to determine whether the confined aquifer will be contaminated. Although the piezometric level is higher than the phreatic level by 11.0 m, the risk of drawdown is still 19.49% when the pumping rate of 5,000 m 3/d is maintained for 2 years. The deterministic model indicates a drawdown of 8.94 m which is lower than the maximum tolerance drawdown of 11.0 m. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis reveal that the model result is more sensitive to transmissivity than specific yield, while the reliability analysis offers significant information for the decision makers. This approach exposes and minimizes the risk of undesirable consequences such as groundwater contamination. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	China; FORM; Groundwater drawdown; Jining; Reliability analysis; Risk	Environmental impact; Environmental impact assessments; Groundwater; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Offshore oil well production; Underground reservoirs; Case studies; Confined aquifers; Deterministic modeling; Ground water systems; Groundwater contamination; Impact Assessment (IA); Pumping rates; Reliability methods; Shallow aquifers; Water demands; Groundwater pollution; aquifer pollution; confined aquifer; environmental impact assessment; hydrological modeling; piezometer; reliability analysis; sensitivity analysis; uncertainty analysis; water demand; Asia; China; Eurasia; Far East; Jining; Shandong	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349091332	Influence of different morphologies on electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn2O4	Zhu H.-L., Chen Z.-Y., Ji S., Linkov Vladimir.	2008	Solid State Ionics	179	27-32	10.1016/j.ssi.2008.01.058	Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China; SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Zhu, H.-L., Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China; Chen, Z.-Y., Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China, SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Ji, S., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, Vladimir., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	A controlled crystallization method was adopted to synthesize spherical MnCO3, then it was mixed uniformly with Li2CO3 in agate mortar, followed by calcinations at 600 °C and 800 °C for 10 and 24 h respectively, and as a result the spherical or sphere-like spinel LiMn2O4 was formed. The electrochemical performances of LiMn2O4 prepared by normal solid-state reaction and controlled crystallization method respectively were compared. It showed that the stoichiometric spherical LiMn2O4 had obviously excellent electrochemical performance, whose initial reversible capacity was 129.40 mAh/g with the high capacity retention of 95.28% after 100 cycles, than those of the polyhedral LiMn2O4 synthesized by the solid-state reaction, whose initial reversible capacity was 129.12 mAh/g with the capacity retention of 77.38% after 100 cycles. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cathode materials; LiMn2O4; Lithium ion batteries; Polyhedral; Spherical	Controlled crystallization; Electrochemical performances; Spherical(pivot)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349123725	Evaluation of immunoglobulin purification methods and their impact on quality and yield of antigen-specific antibodies	Bergmann-Leitner E.S., Mease R.M., Duncan E.H., Khan F., Waitumbi J., Angov E.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-129	US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya	Bergmann-Leitner, E.S., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Mease, R.M., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Duncan, E.H., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Khan, F., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Waitumbi, J., Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Angov, E., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States	Background. Antibodies are the main effectors against malaria blood-stage parasites. Evaluation of functional activities in immune sera from Phase 2a/b vaccine trials may provide invaluable information in the search for immune correlates of protection. However, the presence of anti-malarial-drugs, improper collection/storage conditions or concomitant immune responses against other pathogens can contribute to non-specific anti-parasite activities when the sera/plasma are tested in vitro. Purification of immunoglobulin is a standard approach for reducing such non-specific background activities, but the purification method itself can alter the quality and yield of recovered Ag-specific antibodies. Methods. To address this concern, various immunoglobulin (Ig) purification methods (protein G Sepharose, protein A/G Sepharose, polyethylene glycol and caprylic acid-ammonium sulphate precipitation) were evaluated for their impact on the quality, quantity and functional activity of purified rabbit and human Igs. The recovered Igs were analysed for yield and purity by SDS-PAGE, for quality by Ag-specific ELISAs (determining changes in titer, avidity and isotype distribution) and for functional activity by in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay (GIA). Results. This comparison demonstrated that overall polyethylene glycol purification of human serum/plasma samples and protein G Sepharose purification of rabbit sera are optimal for recovering functional Ag-specific antibodies. Conclusion. Consequently, critical consideration of the purification method is required to avoid selecting non-representative populations of recovered Ig, which could influence interpretations of vaccine efficacy, or affect the search for immune correlates of protection. © 2008 Bergmann-Leitner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	ammonium sulfate; immunoglobulin; macrogol; octanoic acid; protein A; protein G; sepharose; animal experiment; antigen antibody complex; article; blood salvage; drug efficacy; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; growth inhibition; human; immunity; malaria; nonhuman; parasite; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; precipitation; protein purification; rabbit	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349130533	Water resources management strategies for adaptation to climate-induced impacts in South Africa	Mukheibir P.	2008	Water Resources Management	22	9	10.1007/s11269-007-9224-6	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Mukheibir, P., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	This paper focuses on the development of a framework for strategy considerations for water resources management in South Africa to meet the development goals in the municipal and agricultural sectors. The north western part of South Africa experiences severe periods of drought and according to the climate change projections, will be most vulnerable to future climate induced water supply stress. A framework for selecting appropriate strategies is presented. A series of potential adaptation strategies most suitable for long term adaptation are discussed. These include both supply and demand side strategies. Barriers and obstacles to implementing these strategies include human and financial resource deficiencies at local municipal and community levels. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.	Adaptation; Agriculture; Climate change; South Africa; Water resources management	Climate change; Competition; Drought; Information management; Knowledge management; Strategic planning; Water management; Adaptation strategies; Business media; Community levels; Future climate; Long term; Resource deficiencies; South Africa (SA); Supply and demand; Water resources management; Planning; adaptive management; agriculture; climate change; strategic approach; water management; water resource; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349146023	Influence of carbon sources on electrochemical performances of LiFePO4/C composites	Chen Z.-y., Zhu H.-l., Ji S., Fakir R., Linkov V.	2008	Solid State Ionics	179	27-32	10.1016/j.ssi.2008.04.018	College of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Chen, Z.-y., College of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China, SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Zhu, H.-l., College of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; Ji, S., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Fakir, R., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, V., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	LiFePO4/C was synthesized via a solid-state reaction under N2 atmosphere, and the reaction precursor was prepared by a sol-gel method. The XRD results prove that the sintering temperature and carbon source have played a very important role in the crystallinity of LiFePO4/C composite. Complete crystallization occurred in the temperature range of 650-700 °C. The X-ray diffraction intensity of LiFePO4/C composite dropped, when the carbon source content was beyond 20%. The particles of synthesized LiFePO4/C were fine and homogeneous in size, with an average diameter of 100 nm. Charge-discharge tests were done with the synthesized LiFePO4/C served as cathode materials. It was found that the carbon source has a close relation to the initial discharge capacity of the composites. At a discharge rate of 0.1 C, the initial discharge capacities were 125.3, 133.3 and 155.0 mAh·g- 1 with the 20% content of acetylene black, sucrose and glucose as the carbon sources respectively. The LiFePO4/C composite prepared with glucose as the carbon source exhibited excellent large current charge-discharge properties. At discharge rates of 1 C and 3 C, the initial discharge capacities were 90% and 80%, respectively of that at 0.1 C. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cathode material; Composite; LiFePO4/C; Lithium ion battery	Carbon sources; Electrochemical performances	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48449089170	Simulation of West African monsoon using RegCM3 Part II: Impacts of deforestation and desertification	Abiodun B.J., Pal J.S., Afiesimama E.A., Gutowski W.J., Adedoyin A.	2008	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	93	04-Mar	10.1007/s00704-007-0333-1	Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Earth System Physics Group, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount University,	Abiodun, B.J., Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, 3134 Agronomy Building, Ames, IA, United States; Pal, J.S., Earth System Physics Group, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Afiesimama, E.A., WMO Regional Research and Training Institute, Lagos, Nigeria; Gutowski, W.J., Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, 3134 Agronomy Building, Ames, IA, United States; Adedoyin, A., Department of Physics, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	In this study, we investigate the feedback mechanisms between land cover and the monsoon in West African using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model (RegCM3). A series of multi-year simulations are performed using reanalysis boundary conditions under three idealised vegetation states (potential, desertified and deforested). The study shows that both desertification and deforestation tend to increase the monsoon flow over the Guinean region, although the mechanisms for change are different in each case. Desertification increases the flow mainly by increasing the meridional temperature gradient. While this reduces rainfall over the desertification region, it increases rainfall to the south. On the other hand, deforestation increases the monsoon flow mainly due to the reduced surface friction experienced by the flow over the Guinean region. This reduces rainfall over the entire West African region. The study furthershows that desertification and deforestation also increase the speed and specific humidity of the mid-tropospheric easterly flow, to the south of the African easterly jet. Consequently, the flow transports more moisture away from the West Africa region at the expense of low-level moisture, resulting in less moisture available for rainfall over the region. Overall, this study suggests that the state of the biosphere in West Africa may play an important role in determining the characteristics of the monsoon and rainfall pattern. © Springer-Verlag 2007.	None	biosphere; boundary condition; deforestation; desertification; feedback mechanism; land cover; monsoon; rainfall; regional climate; relative humidity; temperature gradient; troposphere; Africa; Guinea; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48449092229	The impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security: The case of Filtino and Godino irrigation schemes in Ethiopia	Tesfaye A., Bogale A., Namara R.E., Bacha D.	2008	Irrigation and Drainage Systems	22	2	10.1007/s10795-008-9047-5	Ministry of Water Resources Development, P.O. Box 5744 or 5673, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Graduate Studies, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; International Water Management Institute, Africa Regional Program, CT 112, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana; Agricultural Economist, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 265, Oromia, Ethiopia	Tesfaye, A., Ministry of Water Resources Development, P.O. Box 5744 or 5673, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bogale, A., School of Graduate Studies, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Namara, R.E., International Water Management Institute, Africa Regional Program, CT 112, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana; Bacha, D., Agricultural Economist, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 265, Oromia, Ethiopia	Ethiopia's irrigation potential is estimated at 3.7 million hectare, of which only about 190,000 ha (4.3% of the potential) is actually irrigated. There is little information on the extent to which the so far developed irrigation schemes have been effective in meeting their stated objectives of attaining food self-sufficiency and eradicating poverty. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security based on data obtained from 200 farmers in Ada Liben district of Ethiopia in 2006. The resulting data was analyzed using Heckman's Two-step Estimation procedure. Studies elsewhere revealed that access to reliable irrigation water can enable farmers to adopt new technologies and intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, overall higher production, and greater returns from farming. Our study findings confirm some of these claims. In the study area about 70% of the irrigation users are food secure while only 20% of the non-users are found to be food secure. Access to small scale irrigation enabled the sample households to grow crops more than once a year; to insure increased and stable production, income and consumption; and improve their food security status. The study concludes that small-scale irrigation significantly contributed to household food security. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Food security; Heckit model; Small-scale irrigation	Canning; Estimation; Food preservation; Food processing; Irrigation; Maximum likelihood estimation; Technology transfer; Waste management; Water; Business media; Ethiopia; Food security; Household food; Increased productivity; Irrigation schemes; Irrigation watering; New technologies; Small scale; Stable production; Security of data; crop production; cultivation; estimation method; food security; irrigation system; poverty alleviation; self sufficiency; technology adoption; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48549089388	Evaluating the impact of land redistribution: A CGE microsimulation application to Zimbabwe	Chitiga M., Mabugu R.	2008	Journal of African Economies	17	4	10.1093/jae/ejm039	Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Financial and Fiscal Commission, Midrand, South Africa	Chitiga, M., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Mabugu, R., Financial and Fiscal Commission, Midrand, South Africa	Zimbabwe has recently gone through a widely criticised land reform process. The country has suffered immensely as a result of this badly orchestrated reform process. Yet land reform can potentially increase average incomes, improve income distribution and as a consequence reduce poverty. This paper presents a counterfactual picture of what could have happened had land reform been handled differently. The paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model coupled with a microsimulation model in order to quantify the impact of land redistribution in terms of poverty, inequality and production. This is to our knowledge the first attempt to apply such an approach to the study of the impact of land reform on poverty and distribution in the context of an African country. The results for the land reform simulations show that the reform could have had the potential of generating substantial reductions in poverty and inequality in the rural areas. The well-off households, however, would have seen a slight reduction in their welfare. What underpins these positive outcomes are the complementary adjustments in the fiscal deficit and external balance, elements that were generally lacking from the way Zimbabwe's land reform was actually executed. These results tend to suggest that well planned and executed land reforms can still play an important role in reducing poverty and inequality. © The author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved.	None	computable general equilibrium analysis; computer simulation; economic impact; fiscal reform; income distribution; land reform; land use planning; poverty; rural area; rural economy; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48549096567	Student evaluation of a Clinical Self-Study Laboratory	Saakane K., John M., Timothe'e S., Maphosa M., Jennifer C., Petra B.	2008	Nurse Education in Practice	8	5	10.1016/j.nepr.2007.10.002	Evaluation of Health Care Program Module, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Clinical Self-Study Laboratory, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa	Saakane, K., Evaluation of Health Care Program Module, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa; John, M., Evaluation of Health Care Program Module, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Timothe'e, S., Evaluation of Health Care Program Module, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Maphosa, M., Evaluation of Health Care Program Module, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Jennifer, C., Evaluation of Health Care Program Module, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Petra, B., Clinical Self-Study Laboratory, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, 4041, South Africa	Introduction: Being clinically competent is an essential component of any nursing curricula to ensure that on completion the nursing graduates are able to practice safely and effectively as a nurse. Clinical Self-Study Laboratories have become increasingly popular in nursing education in recent years as a way of ensuring a variety of skills are taught to the nursing students. These clinical skills laboratories are used to teach communication and interpersonal skills, psychomotor skills, promote the development of collaborative skills required in nursing as well as being able to help integrate theory and practice [Morgan, R., 2006. Using clinical skills laboratories to promote theory-practice integration during first practice placement: an Irish perspective. Journal of Clinical Nursing 15, 155-161]. However, it is essential that these programs be subject to routine quality assurance and effectiveness evaluation. Methodology: The purpose of the study was to conduct a process evaluation of the implementation of the Clinical Self-Study Laboratory (CSSL) in the School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal. The process evaluation included a descriptive quantitative satisfaction survey of first and third year Bachelor of Nursing students, a checklist to assess the quality of the CSSL equipment and a retrospective record review of utilisation of the CSSL by students. Results: The CSSL appears to be well implemented and utilized by students. Students reported that it was accessible and that the equipment in the laboratory was of a reasonable quality. A few students reported dissatisfaction with some of the equipment and requested that more equipment and trained personnel be made available. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Clinical skill; Clinical skills laboratory; Process evaluation	adult; article; clinical competence; female; health care quality; human; male; nursing education; nursing student; organization and management; psychological aspect; questionnaire; standard; teaching; Adult; Clinical Competence; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; Female; Humans; Male; Program Evaluation; Programmed Instruction as Topic; Questionnaires; Students, Nursing; Teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48649110107	Effect of capital structure on firms' performance: The Nigeria performance	Akintoye I.R.	2008	European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences	None	10	None	Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akintoye, I.R., Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	In this paper, we examined the effect of capital structure on firms performance. We address the following questions: Does higher leverage lead to better firm performance? Is the effect of performance on leverage similar across the distribution of different capital structures? Using a sample of 10 Nigerian quoted firms with consideration of their financial statements for three years, we discover that an evenly distributed capital structure has positive effect on firms performance, while the effect of performance on leverage varies across the distribution of different capital structure as seen from the companies understudied. Most of the equity financed firms in this study performed as much as those who employed debt in their structure in term returns on equity and assets. Although we cannot generalize this fact as few other firms with debt finance performed more efficiently as in the case of Nestle Nig. Plc, Northern Nig Flour Mills Plc, hence the effect of leverage on efficiency varies across the distribution of different capital structure lending credence to the agency cost theory of Jensen and Meckling(1976). We therefore recommend that investors should concentrate on engagement of efficient management team, motivation and other developmental programmes so as to achieve goal congruence in the long run.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48749098025	The performance of electric fences as elephant barriers in Amboseli, Kenya	Kioko J., Muruthi P., Omondi P., Chiyo P.I.	2008	South African Journal of Wildlife Research	38	1	10.3957/0379-4369-38.1.52	School for Field Studies, Centre for Wildlife Management Studies, Box 27743, Nairobi, Kenya; African Wildlife Foundation, Box 48177, Nairobi, Kenya; Species Program, Kenya Wildlife Service, Box 40241, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, United States	Kioko, J., School for Field Studies, Centre for Wildlife Management Studies, Box 27743, Nairobi, Kenya; Muruthi, P., African Wildlife Foundation, Box 48177, Nairobi, Kenya; Omondi, P., Species Program, Kenya Wildlife Service, Box 40241, Nairobi, Kenya; Chiyo, P.I., Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, United States	Electric fencing is increasingly used as a tool for elephant (Loxodonta africana) conservation in human-dominated landscapes and there are few empirical studies to demonstrate that electrified barriers are effective in deterring elephants from raiding crops. The factors determining the effectiveness of electric fences are not fully understood. We assessed the performance of Namelok and Kimana fences in reducing human-elephant conflict by comparing the frequency of crop-raiding by elephants and the perceptions of farmers on the effect of the fences in reducing elephant crop-raiding within fenced and adjacent unfenced farmlands. We also examined the effect of intact fence wires, presence of currentand amount of voltage on fence breakage by elephants. Electric fencing reduced elephant crop-raiding and other forms of human-elephant conflicts. Namelok fence was not broken by elephants whereas Kimana fence was broken several times probably because it borders Kimana Sanctuary which provided cover where elephants could retreat after crop-raiding. The mere presence of current did not minimize fence breakage by elephants. Elephants entered fenced areas more frequently when the fence wires were broken than when wires were intact. Our results suggest that, location of fences in relation to landscape factors, maintenance of effective non-electrified fences and proximity of fences to areas of high elephant concentration are significant determinants of fence performance in mitigating elephant crop-raiding.	Crop-raiding; Elephants; Fencing; Human elephant conflicts	agricultural land; barrier (equipment); crop damage; elephant; empirical analysis; nature conservation; performance assessment; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Elephantidae; Loxodonta africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48749112976	Environmental impacts of cocoa production and processing in Ghana: life cycle assessment approach	Ntiamoah A., Afrane G.	2008	Journal of Cleaner Production	16	16	10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.11.004	Chemical Engineering Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana	Ntiamoah, A., Chemical Engineering Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Afrane, G., Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana	Ghana is the world's second largest producer of cocoa beans. In addition to exporting raw cocoa beans, the country also processes some of its beans into finished and semi-finished cocoa products for both the local and international markets. This paper is aimed at providing a comprehensive picture of the environmental impacts associated with cocoa production and processing in Ghana by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The analysis considered the entire system required to produce and process 1 kg of cocoa bean. It included the extraction of raw materials (e.g. fossil fuels, minerals), the production of farming inputs (e.g. fertilizers and pesticides) and all agricultural operations in the field (e.g. tillage, fertilizer and pesticides application, harvest, etc.). Transportation of beans to processing factory and industrial processing of the beans into cocoa butter, liquor, cake and powder were also included. The study was conducted in accordance with the international ISO procedural framework for performing LCA in the ISO 14040-14043 series. The overall environmental impacts resulting from cocoa production and processing activities and improvement options towards the sustainability of the system studied are presented and discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Environmental impacts; Ghanaian cocoa industry; Life cycle assessment; Sustainability	Agricultural chemicals; Agricultural machinery; Beverages; Energy resources; Environmental impact; Extraction; Fertilizers; Food processing; Fossil fuel power plants; Fossil fuels; Garnets; International trade; Minerals; Pesticides; Raw materials; Silicate minerals; Spraying; Sulfate minerals; Tropical engineering; Agricultural operations; Cocoa beans; Cocoa butter; Entire system; Industrial processing; International (CO); International markets; Life cycle assessment (LCA)); Life cycle; Theobroma; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48749125391	The development of a risk of failure evaluation tool for small dams in Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe	Mufute N.L., Senzanje A., Kaseke E.	2008	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	33	42595	10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.029	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant,, Zimbabwe; School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Mufute, N.L., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant,, Zimbabwe; Senzanje, A., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Kaseke, E., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant,, Zimbabwe	Small dams in Mzingwane Catchment in southern Zimbabwe are mostly in poor physical condition mainly due to lack of resources for repair and maintenance. Most of these dams are likely to fail thereby adversely affecting water availability and livelihoods in the area. To assist those involved in maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of small dams in resource poor and data sparse areas such as Mzingwane Catchment, a non-probabilistic but numerical risk of failure evaluation tool was developed. The tool helps to systematically, and objectively classify risk of failure of small dams, hence assist in the ranking of dams to prioritise and attend to first. This is important where resources are limited. The tool makes use of factors such as seepage, erosion and others that are traditionally used to assess condition of dams. In the development of the tool, an assessment of the physical condition of 44 (1 medium sized and 43 small dams) dams was done and the factors were identified and listed according to guidelines for design and maintenance of small dams. The description of the extent to which the factors affect the physical condition of small dams was then standardised. This was mainly guided by standard based and risk-based approaches to dam safety evaluation. Cause-effect diagrams were used to determine the stage at which each factor is involved in contributing to dam failure. Weights were then allocated to each factor depending on its stage or level in the process of causing dam failure. Scores were allocated to each factor based on its description and weight. Small dams design and maintenance guidelines were also used to guide the ranking and weighting of the factors. The tool was used to classify 10 dams. The risk of failure was low for one dam, moderate for one, high for four and very high for four dams, two of which had already failed. It was concluded that the tool could be used to rank the risk of failure of small dams in semi-arid areas. The tool needs to be tested in a wider geographical area to improve its usefulness. © 2008.	Evaluation tool; Failure; Mzingwane catchment; Semi-arid; Small dam	Arid regions; Catchments; Disasters; Graphic methods; Hydraulic structures; Maintainability; Maintenance; Repair; Risk assessment; Runoff; Standards; Cause-effect diagrams; Dam failure; Dam safety evaluation; Evaluation tools; Geographical areas; Maintenance , repair and rehabilitation (MRR); Non-probabilistic; Physical conditions; Repair and maintenance; Risk of failure; Semi arid areas; Small dams; Sparse areas; Water availability; Zimbabwe; Dams; catchment; dam failure; dam repair; failure analysis; risk assessment; semiarid region; Africa; Matabeleland South; Mzingwane River; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48849086369	Impact of corrosion inhibitors on the environment	Amadi S.A., Ukpaka C.P.	2007	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	68	02-Jan	None	Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, P.M.B.5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Amadi, S.A., Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, P.M.B.5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ukpaka, C.P., Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, P.M.B.5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This paper entailed the analysis of three commercial corrosion inhibitors to know the concentration of heavy metals in them and the attendant health effect of these heavy metals on the environment. The effect on the environment was investigated by polluting some soil samples with the corrosion inhibitors and then analyzing these soil samples, for 1 day and 2 weeks. Results showed that the corrosion inhibitors contain heavy metals whose concentration exceeds the FEPA limits. These heavy metals are injurious to human health, toxic to plants and animals. They also have adveise on the ecology of the receiving environment and on surface and ground water quality. Comparative effect of environmental pollution of these corrosion inhibitors was tested using t-test techniques (t-test for correlated non independent samples) to determine the significance of the difference between the concentration of these samples. The comprehensive and feasible data generated from the experimental investigation shows the significant effect of these samples. Numerical computation methods were employed to determine the variation on the concentration of the sample from 1 day to 2 weeks. The t-test (tcal(o)=0.851, tcal (5) = 0.964, tcal(10)= 1.015, and tcal(15) = 0.981). Finally, this shows that the degree of pollution of corrosion inhibitors to the environment increase daily and therefore poses a great potential impact on the environment.	Corrosion inhibitors; Environment; Impact; T-test comparative effect	Atmospherics; Concentration (process); Corrosion; Corrosion prevention; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant alloys; Groundwater; Health; Heavy metals; Metals; Soil surveys; Soils; Testing; Water quality; Commercial corrosion; Environment; Environmental pollutions; Experimental investigations; Ground water quality; Human health; Impact; Numerical computations; Soil samples; T-test comparative effect; Test techniques; Corrosion inhibitors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48849098160	Performance of turbo interference cancellation receivers in space-time block coded DS-CDMA Systems	Mashwama D.B., Bejide E.O.	2008	Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking	2008	None	10.1155/2008/473796	Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Mashwama, D.B., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Bejide, E.O., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	We investigate the performance of turbo interference cancellation receivers in the space time block coded (STBC) direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system. Depending on the concatenation scheme used, we divide these receivers into the partitioned approach (PA) and the iterative approach (IA) receivers. The performance of both the PA and IA receivers is evaluated in Rayleigh fading channels for the uplink scenario. Numerical results show that the MMSE front-end turbo space-time iterative approach receiver (IA) effectively combats the mixture of MAI and intersymbol interference (ISI). To further investigate the possible achievable data rates in the turbo interference cancellation receivers, we introduce the puncturing of the turbo code through the use of rate compatible punctured turbo codes (RCPTCs). Simulation results suggest that combining interference cancellation, turbo decoding, STBC, and RCPTC can significantly improve the achievable data rates for a synchronous DS-CDMA system for the uplink in Rayleigh flat fading channels. Copyright © 2008 D. B. Mashwama and E. O. Bejide.	None	Code division multiple access; Codes (standards); Codes (symbols); Decoding; Dielectric relaxation; Error analysis; Fading (radio); Fading channels; Information theory; Intersymbol interference; Multiple access interference; Power amplifiers; Radio interference; Space division multiple access; Space time adaptive processing; Turbo codes; Data rates; Direct-sequence code-division multiple-access; Interference cancellation; Iterative approaches; Numerica l results; Rate compatible punctured turbo codes; Rayleigh flat-fading channels; Rayleigh-fading channels; Simulation results; Space-time block coded; Space-Time Block coding; Synchronous DS-CDMA; Turbo decoding; Rayleigh fading	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48949090293	Health impact optimization model for the Nigerian National Onchocerciasis Control Program (NOCP)	Inyama S.C., Ogbugh C.C.	2007	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	68	02-Jan	None	Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Polytechnics, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria	Inyama, S.C., Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Ogbugh, C.C., Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Polytechnics, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria	Yearly, the National Onchocerciasis Control Programme (NOCP) commits its resources to the control/ eradication of Onchocerciasis, otherwise known as River blindness. This paper therefore aims at finding the optimal way of allocating this meager resources to achieve an optimum health impact. To achieve this, data was collected from Global 2000 River Blindness Programme, National Onchoocerciasis Control Programme and National Population Commission on the eight hyper-endemic Local Government areas of Imo State. A regression model of the health impact (Y) on the five facilities provided by NOCP (xi, i=1,2,3,4,5) was obtained as: Y=-39.6898932+0.0001377x1+0. 004225x2-0.635122x3+0.072234x4+1.94289x 5. The health impact (Y) is standardized and an optimization model constructed in linear programming form. This was solved using the simplex method which determines the resource combination that gives the maximum health impact. This yields a maximum health impact of 88.88% a year.	Global 2000; Health impact; Hyper-endemic; Onchocerciasis; Simplex method	Eye protection; Food processing; Population statistics; Regression analysis; River control; Control programs; Global 2000; Health impact; Health impacts; Hyper-endemic; Local Government Areas; Nigerian; Onchocerciasis; Optimization modeling; Regression modelling; Simplex method; Concurrency control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49249094503	Growth performance of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) eating leaf and stem fractions of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)	Annor S.Y., Kagya-Agyemang J.K., Abbam J.E.Y., Oppong S.K., Agoe I.M.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	8	None	Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana	Annor, S.Y., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Kagya-Agyemang, J.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Abbam, J.E.Y., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Oppong, S.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Agoe, I.M., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana	This study was carried out to determine the growth performance of grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) when fed on leaf and stem fractions of guinea grass. Eighteen (18) three month old male grasscutters were randomly assigned in equal numbers to three treatment diets consisting of Guinea Grass Leave fraction (GGL), Guinea Grass Stem fraction (GGS) and Whole Plant of Guinea Grass (GGW). The results of the chemical analysis of the treatment diets indicated that the nutritive value of the GGL was better than that of GGS and GGW. There were no significant differences between treatments for mean daily feed intake (P>0.05). However, animals fed GGL performed better than those fed GGS and GGW in terms of total weight gain, mean daily weight gain and feed efficiency (P<0.05). Animals fed GGS produced better lean meat compared to those on GGL and GGW (P<0.05). The mean dressing percentage of animals fed GGL was significantly higher than those on GGW and GGS (P<0.05). The results of this work suggest that the leaf portion of elephant grass is more nutritious than the stem portion. This implies that the current practice in Ghana whereby farmers cut off the leaves of the grass and feed only the stem fraction to the animals is a waste of feed resources, and should be discouraged.	Carcass characteristics; Feed efficiency; Feed intake; Nutritive value; Weight gain	Animalia; Panicum maximum; Pennisetum purpureum; Thryonomys swinderianus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49249101708	Comparison of body weight gain performance and carcass characteristics of the two Ethiopian cattle breeds under natural pasture grazing management	Negash M., Lemma T., Dadi H., Feyera T., Woldu T., Alemu T., Shilima B.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	8	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia	Negash, M., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Lemma, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Dadi, H., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Feyera, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Woldu, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Alemu, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Shilima, B., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia	The study was conducted to see the effect of breed and age on the body weight gain and carcass traits of Borana and Kereyu breed kept under natural pasture grazing management at Adami Tulu Agricultural research center. A total of 32 Borana and 32 Kereyu breed bulls of four age categories from each breed were used for the experiment. The parameters showed an increasing trend across age groups for Borana breed. The highest average daily weight gain were registered at the older age (4, 6, 8 years) respectively and the lowest at younger age (2 years). Fat thickness and dressing percentage of Borana breed was high, however statistically it is not significant (p>0.05). Borana breed managed under similar condition deposited significantly higher (p<0.05) internal fat. Similarly hot carcass and rib eye area were also recorded significantly higher (p<0.05) in Borana breed. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed between the two breeds among different age groups of bulls with regard to average total body weight gain (ATG) and average daily body weight gain (ADG). Leg total and accumulation of muscle on it was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Borana than Kereyu breed, but leg bone and fat did not significantly (p>0.05) vary. Loin total and accumulation of muscle on it was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Borana breed, but Loin bone and fat did not significantly (p>0.05) vary. Rack total, bone and accumulation of muscle on it was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Borana breed, but fat did not significantly (p>0.05) vary. Breast and Shank total, bone and accumulation of fat on it was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Borana breed, but muscle did not significantly (p>0.05) vary. Shoulder and neck total, muscle and accumulation of fat on it was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Borana breed, but bone did not significantly (p>0.05) vary. Primal cut proportions, total fat and muscle did not significantly (p>0.05) vary between the two breeds but the total bone was different between the two breeds. Generally Borana breed was preferred for good carcass yield than Kereyu breed in natural grazing management.	Age; Borana; Carcass trait; Kereyu; Range performance; Type	Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49249107651	Impact of improved chicken production on intra-household decisionmaking among fisherfolks in the Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria	Lawal A.O., Adekunle O.A.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	8	None	UK Department for International Development (DFID) Nigeria, British High Commission, 10 Bobo Street, Maitama Abuja, Nigeria	Lawal, A.O., UK Department for International Development (DFID) Nigeria, British High Commission, 10 Bobo Street, Maitama Abuja, Nigeria; Adekunle, O.A., UK Department for International Development (DFID) Nigeria, British High Commission, 10 Bobo Street, Maitama Abuja, Nigeria	Two household decision outcomes were measured namely, the probability that a wife would take decisions on managing her own extra income and income from the sale of chickens, using the Logit model in a study carried out among 120 fisherfolks in four fishing villages on the shorelines of the Kainji Lake, Nigeria. Results show that in about 43% of the households, wives control their own extra income while about 29% said it was jointly controlled. In about the same proportion (28%) control is solely by the husbands. Younger and better-educated wives, wives with more marketing experience before marriage, and those with older husbands are more likely to take decisions on managing extra income by themselves. Although positively related to decision making processes by wives, keeping improved chickens is not significant. However, the expected probability points to a potential towards increase in sole decision by wives on managing income by her with an increase in the keeping of improved chickens.	Freshwater fisheries; Gender; Logit; Poultry; Socio-economic	Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49249120911	Effects of interactions between filter parasitics and power interconnects on EMI filter performance	Wang S., Van Wyk J.D., Lee F.C.	2007	IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics	54	6	10.1109/TIE.2007.906126	Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States; Department of Electrical and Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa	Wang, S., Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States; Van Wyk, J.D., Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States, Department of Electrical and Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Lee, F.C., Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States	This paper first analyzes the electrical parameters of differential-mode (DM) and common-mode (CM) propagation on power interconnects. The impedance-transformation effects of the power interconnects are then investigated. The interactions between the parasitic parameters in electromagnetic-interference (EMI) filters and the transformed impedances by the power interconnects are explored in detail. It is found that the interactions can degrade EMI-filter performance at high frequencies. Simulations and experiments are finally carried out to verify the analysis. © 2007 IEEE.	Electromagnetic-interference (EMI) filter; Equivalent parallel capacitance (EPC); Equivalent series inductance (ESL); Impedance transformation; Power interconnects; Transmission line	Electromagnetic-interference (EMI) filter; Equivalent parallel capacitance (EPC); Equivalent series inductance; Impedance transformation; Transmission line; Electronics engineering; Industrial electronics; Electromagnetism	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49349115117	Evaluation of sawah rice management system in an inland valley in southeastern Nigeria. I: Soil chemical properties and rice yield	Nwite J.C., Igwe C.A., Wakatsuki T.	2008	Paddy and Water Environment	6	3	10.1007/s10333-008-0123-0	Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara 631-8505, Japan	Nwite, J.C., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Igwe, C.A., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Wakatsuki, T., Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara 631-8505, Japan	Failures in agricultural development in parts of West Africa may have been caused by the inability of the farmers to develop the abundant inland valleys for cultivation of such crops like rice, using appropriate water management systems. An inland valley in southeastern Nigeria was used to evaluate the influence of sawah and non-sawah water management using inorganic and organic soil amendments on the soil chemical properties and rice grain yield. Soil chemical properties tested were soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, exchangeable K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. Others were CEC, percent base saturation and exchangeable acidity while the grain yield of rice was also measured. The soils are loose, low in pH and poor in plant nutrient elements. In spite of that, the sawah-managed system was able to improve the pH of the soil by raising it slightly both in the first and second year of planting. Generally, essential plant nutrients such as exchangeable K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, including fertility index like the CEC, were improved within sawah management within the period. Also, rice grain yield increased significantly (5.62 and 6.25 tons/ha in the first year and 5.32 and 6.53 tons/ha in the second year for non-sawah and sawah, respectively) with sawah system such that about 11 and 23% yield increases were obtained in sawah over the non-sawah in the two years, respectively. Although organic carbon can be used to explain the variation in total grain yield in the first year, it was the CEC that explained the total grain yield in the second year. The study revealed the superiority of sawah over non-sawah in the production of lowland rice in an inland valley in southeastern Nigeria. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Chemical properties; Plant nutrient; Rice grain; Rice yield; Sawah; Southeasthern Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49449092769	Impact of rainfall distribution on the parameterisation of a soil-moisture balance model of groundwater recharge in equatorial Africa	Mileham L., Taylor R., Thompson J., Todd M., Tindimugaya C.	2008	Journal of Hydrology	359	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.007	Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Water Resources Management Directorate (WRMD), P.O. Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	Mileham, L., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Taylor, R., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Thompson, J., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Todd, M., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Tindimugaya, C., Water Resources Management Directorate (WRMD), P.O. Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	Robust calibration of hydrological models, driven by gridded precipitation data derived from either Regional Climate Models or statistical downscaling of General Circulation Models, is essential to the quantitative analysis of the impacts of climate change on catchment hydrology and freshwater resources. Predicted warming in equatorial Africa, accompanied by greater evaporation and more frequent heavy precipitation events, may have substantial but uncertain impacts on terrestrial hydrology. In this study, we examine how the spatial representation of precipitation influences the parameterisation and calibration of a soil-moisture balance model (SMBM) in the humid tropics of equatorial Uganda. SMBMs explicitly account for changes in soil-moisture and partition effective precipitation into groundwater recharge and runoff. The semi-distributed SMBM, calibrated with daily station data over a 15 year period (1965-1979), estimates a mean annual recharge of 104 mm a-1 and mean annual surface runoff of 144 mm a-1. Interpolation of station precipitation by inverse distance weighting produces a more uniform distribution, and a 7% increase, in mean annual catchment precipitation relative to point-based station data. Application of interpolated (gridded), uncorrected precipitation to the SMBM results in an underestimation of runoff and overestimation of recharge by 57% and 52%; respectively whereas use of corrected, gridded precipitation results in an underestimation of recharge and runoff by 10% and 64%; respectively. Recalibration of the SMBM using gridded precipitation data requires a 3% reduction in potential evapotranspiration, a 12% increase in the runoff-coefficient, and an 18% reduction in the rainfall threshold. These values are inconsistent with local, point-based observations of these parameters. Although current efforts seek to improve the distribution and duration of key hydrological measurements (e.g. soil-moisture, groundwater levels) in data-poor regions, the parameterisation of gridded hydrological models remains largely empirical due to the discrepancy between gridded and locally observed hydrological parameters. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Africa; Distribution; Groundwater; Precipitation; Recharge	Calibration; Catchments; Climate change; Earth sciences; Groundwater; Hydraulic models; Hydrogeology; Hydrology; Moisture; Rain; Runoff; Soil moisture; Soils; Underground reservoirs; Water; Africa; Catchment hydrology; Distribution; Equatorial Africa; Fresh water resources; General circulation models; Gridded precipitation; Groundwater recharging; Heavy precipitation; Humid tropics; Hydrological modelling; Precipitation; Quantitative analysis; Rainfall distributions; Recharge; Regional climate modelling; Robust calibration; Spatial representations; Statistical downscaling; Geologic models; calibration; catchment; climate change; climate effect; climate modeling; climate prediction; evaporation; general circulation model; groundwater; hydrological modeling; interpolation; parameterization; precipitation (climatology); quantitative analysis; rainfall; recharge; runoff; soil moisture; spatial distribution; statistical analysis; uncertainty analysis; warming; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49449103021	Racial identity and social interaction: The impact of 'diversity' on the structural dimension of organisational social capital	Tagliapietra G.	2008	International Journal of Management and Decision Making	9	5	10.1504/IJMDM.2008.019786	Department of People Management and Development, Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Private Bag X680, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa	Tagliapietra, G., Department of People Management and Development, Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Private Bag X680, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa	This study describes and analyses the impact of racial identity diversity on the structural dimension of social capital within multicultural organisations. Using data collected form multiple respondents of randomly sampled organisations operating in the municipality area of Tshwane (RSA), this study identifies as to what extent historically disadvantaged and advantaged identity groups interact socially within their companies. With the help of a self-administered questionnaire, many insights have been gained confirming some previous assumptions in regard to social identity processes in the workplace. Indeed, the structural dimension of social capital revealed to be highly affected by differences in racial category membership. © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.	Bonding and bridging; Knowledge workers; Organisational social capital; Racial identity; Social interaction; Social psychological theory; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49549106447	Impact of milling techniques on the particle size distribution pattern of turmeric powder	Mangaraj S., Singh R., Adewumi B.A.	2008	Journal of Food Science and Technology	45	5	None	Agro Processing Division, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038, India; Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Mangaraj, S., Agro Processing Division, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038, India; Singh, R., Agro Processing Division, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038, India; Adewumi, B.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Turmeric (Curcuma longa Roxb) powder (TP) was prepared by milling turmeric rhizomes using pulverizer mill, burr mill and home grinder. The TP obtained from each machine was analyzed for particle size distribution using a particle size analyzer with laser distraction to study the effect of each milling technique on the particle size of TP. Standard percentile diameter D (v, 0.5), D (v, 0.1) and D (v, 0.9) for samples obtained from the pulverizer mill, burr mill and home grinder were 270.41μm, 109.48 μm and 511.67 μm; 310.23 UMn, 121.74 μm; and 607.42 μm; 391.56 μm, 132.12 μm, and 682.78 μm, respectively. Volume mean diameter [D 4, 3] was more (312.77 μm) for home grinder milled TP sample compared to 216.42 μm; for burr milled and 199.71 μm; for pulverizer milled TP. Surface area mean diameter [D 3, 2] was also higher (197.43 μm) for home grinder milled TP samples compared to other milled samples. The specific surface area (Aw) for pulverizer milled TP sample was highest (0.0367 m 2/g), followed by burr milled (0.0311 m 2/g and home grinder (0.0298 m 2/g) TP sample. Pulverizer milled TP was finer compared to burr milled and home grinder as indicated by standard deviation value of pulverized mill (0,155), home grinder (0.054) and burr mill (0.086). There was significant difference (p≤0.05) in particle size distribution of TP prepared employing various milling techniques.	Milling technique; Particle size distribution; Specific surface area; Surface area moment mean; Turmeric powder; Volume moment mean	Grain size and shape; Grinding (machining); Grinding machines; Milling (machining); Particle size; Particle size analysis; Powders; Size distribution; Standards; Curcuma longa; Mean diameter; Milling technique; Particle size analyzer; Particle size distribution; Specific surface area; Specific surface areas; Surface area; Surface area moment mean; Turmeric powder; Volume mean diameter; Volume moment mean; Grinding mills; Curcuma longa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649085836	Colostomy for high anorectal malformation: An evaluation of morbidity and mortality in a developing country	Chirdan L.B., Uba F.A., Ameh E.A., Mshelbwala P.M.	2008	Pediatric Surgery International	24	4	10.1007/s00383-008-2114-z	University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Murtala Mohammed Way, Jos, Nigeria; Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Chirdan, L.B., University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Murtala Mohammed Way, Jos, Nigeria; Uba, F.A., University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Murtala Mohammed Way, Jos, Nigeria; Ameh, E.A., Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Mshelbwala, P.M., Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Colostomy is a life-saving procedure in newborns with high anorectal malformations (ARM). However, the procedure may be attended by complications, particularly in resource limited settings. This is an evaluation of the morbidity and mortality following colostomy for ARM in newborns in two paediatric teaching centres in a developing country. A retrospective review of 61 neonates who had colostomy for high ARM in 4 years is conducted. The babies were categorised into Group A (weight at presentation < 2.5 kg) and Group B (weight at presentation > 2.5 kg). There were 47 boys and 14 girls aged 18 h to 28 days (median 6 days). There were 23 babies in Group A; 18 had colostomy under local anaesthetic (LA), 5 of whom died while 5 had the procedure done under general anaesthetic (GA), 3 of whom died (mortality 8/23, 34.78%). Group B consisted of 38 babies, 18 had colostomy under GA, 3 died, while in 20 the procedure was under LA, 1 of who died (mortality 4/38, 10.5%). The difference in mortality between groups A and B was statistically insignificant (p < 0.056). There were no significant differences in outcome between the two groups when the type of anaesthesia or types of colostomy were considered. Surgical site infection was the most common 12/61, 19.7%. Of the 12 babies that died, 7 were due to overwhelming infections, 4 respiratory insufficiencies and 1 cyanotic heart disease. The overall procedure related mortality was therefore 7 (11.5%). None of the centres had adequate neonatal intensive care services during the period of this report. Morbidity and mortality following colostomy for ARM in newborns is still high in this setting, due largely to infective complications, particularly in babies < 2.5 kg. © Springer-Verlag 2008.	Anorectal malformation; Colostomy; Morbidity	anal canal; article; body weight; clinical trial; colostomy; congenital malformation; developing country; evaluation; female; human; male; methodology; mortality; multicenter study; newborn; postoperative complication; prematurity; rectum; retrospective study; survival rate; treatment outcome; Anal Canal; Body Weight; Colostomy; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Postoperative Complications; Rectum; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649099287	Investigation on potential groundwater impacts and influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of leachate at a municipal landfill	Longe E.O., Enekwechi L.O.	2007	International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology	4	1	None	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Longe, E.O., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Enekwechi, L.O., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	The influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of contaminants from landfill leachates in shallow aquifer underlying the active Olusosun landfill base in Lagos was investigated. In addition, the level of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the landfill and of leachate migration pattern in groundwater down gradient of the landfill base was equally assessed. Landfill leachate and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed and characterized. Physico-chemical analyses of sampled water followed standard analytical methods. Analytical results showed a measurable impact of leachate outflows on groundwater quality. Elevated levels of anions: nitrate, chloride and sulphate in the groundwater body and heavy metals: Cr3, Cd and Cu, were detected at measurable levels in groundwater down gradient of the landfill location without any particular attenuation pattern. The migration pattern and dispersion of leachates down gradient, 750 m away from the landfill location are irregular and difficult to predict as depicted by levels of contaminants present in groundwater. The study highlighted the importance of soil stratigraphy beneath the landfill base as an important factor in the natural attenuation of leachate constituents in the groundwater body. © Winter 2007, IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.	Hydrogeology; Landfill; Leachate; Migration; Natural attenuation	Aquifers; Contamination; Dispersions; Hydrogeology; Leachate treatment; Water quality; analytical method; aquifer; groundwater pollution; hydrogeology; landfill; leachate; shallow water; stratigraphy; Africa; Lagos [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649103527	Comparative assessment of draught performance of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Bunaji work bulls in Zaria, Nigeria	Mohammed A.K., Sackey A.K.B., Tekdek L.B., Gefuo J.O.	2007	Journal of Camel Practice and Research	14	2	None	National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Mohammed, A.K., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Sackey, A.K.B., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Tekdek, L.B., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Gefuo, J.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	The study was carried out to evaluate the draught performance of the dromedary and Bunaji work bulls as draught animals for ridging, ploughing and weeding operations in a sub-humid environment of Nigeria. 4 work dromedaries singly harnessed and 8 Bunaji work bulls yoked in pairs were used for the evaluation. The camel's mean weight was 450 ± 12.8 kg while a pair of bulls weighed 760 ± 15.4 kg. The animals were made to plough, ridge and weed an area of 1500 m 2 of uncultivated flat land. The absolute draught force produced by one dromedary for ridging (0.80 kN), weeding (0.36 kN) and ploughing (0.18 kN) were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) from that produced by a pair of work bulls (0.79 kN, 0.30 kN, 0.30 kN) for same operations, although the live weight of a pair of work bulls (760 ±15.4 kg) was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher than that of a single dromedary (450 ± 12.8 kg). The bulls ridged 0.23 ha of land per hour (1 ha / 4.4 hours) which was significantly (P&lt;0.01) faster than the camel's 0.18 ha per hour (1 ha / 5.3 hours). It is thus conclusive from this study that, the one humped camel can be efficiently utilised as an alternative draught ruminant in the sub-humid savannah zone of Nigeria.	Bunaji work bulls; Camelus dromedaries; Draught performance; Nigeria	Animalia; Bovidae; Camelus dromedarius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649112709	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4-substituted 1-{[4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl]methylidene} thiosemicarbazides as new class of potential antiprotozoal agents	Bhat A.R., Athar F., Van Zyl R.L., Chen C.-T., Azam A.	2008	Chemistry and Biodiversity	5	5	10.1002/cbdv.200890073	Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Bhat, A.R., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Athar, F., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Van Zyl, R.L., Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Chen, C.-T., Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Azam, A., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India	A novel series of 4-substituted 1-{[4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl) phenyl]methylidene}thiosemicarbazide, 4a -4n, was synthesized in 9-21% yield by the condensation of 4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)benzaldehyde (3) with various substituted thiosemicarbazides in presence of catalytic amount of AcOH. These compounds were assayed for in vitro antiamoebic activity, and the results showed that out of 14 compounds 9 were found with IC50 values lower than metronidazole corresponding to 1.05- to 4.7-fold increase in activity. MTT Assay showed that all the compounds are nontoxic to human kidney epithelial cell line. 4-(m-Toluidinyl)-1-{[4- (10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl]methylidene} thiosemicarbazide (4h) showed the highest antiamoebic activity with least cytotoxicity. Some of the compounds were screened for their antimalarial activities and ability to inhibit β-haematin formation, but none of them showed an activity better than chloroquine and quinine. Only one compound out of six showed an activity comparable to standard drug. © 2008 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.	None	1,2,3,4 tetrahydro n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]quinoline 1 carbothiohydrazide; 3 (4,5 dimethyl 2 thiazolyl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide; 4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)benzaldehyde; 4 (2 chlorobenzyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 (2 methylphenyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 (3 methylphenyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 (4 methylphenyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 benzyl 4 phenyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclohexyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclohexyl 4 methyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclooctyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclopentyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 methyl 4 phenyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 methyl n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]piperizine 1 carbothiohydrazide; 4 phenyl n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]piperazine 1 carbothiohydrazide; 5 [4 (1,3 dioxolan 2 yl)phenyl] 10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin; antiprotozoal agent; chloroquine; hematin; metronidazole; n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]pyrrolidine 1 carbothiohydrazide; quinine; thiosemicarbazide derivative; unclassified drug; antiprotozoal agent; porphyrin; semicarbazide derivative; thiosemicarbazide; antimalarial activity; article; controlled study; cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug synthesis; Entamoeba histolytica; epithelium cell; human; human cell; IC 50; in vitro study; inhibition kinetics; kidney epithelium; protein synthesis; Amoeba; animal; chemical structure; chemistry; classification; drug effect; Plasmodium; structure activity relation; synthesis; Amoeba; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Molecular Structure; Plasmodium; Porphyrins; Semicarbazides; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649113836	Soil landscapes, land cover change and erosion features of the Central Plateau region of Tigrai, Ethiopia: Photo-monitoring with an interval of 30 years	Munro R.N., Deckers J., Haile M., Grove A.T., Poesen J., Nyssen J.	2008	Catena	75	1	10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.009	Old Abbey Associates, Tarbet Court, Dirleton, East Lothian Scotland EH39 5DX, United Kingdom; Division Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Downing College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physical and Regional Geography, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Geography Department, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Munro, R.N., Old Abbey Associates, Tarbet Court, Dirleton, East Lothian Scotland EH39 5DX, United Kingdom; Deckers, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Haile, M., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Grove, A.T., Downing College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Poesen, J., Physical and Regional Geography, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Nyssen, J., Geography Department, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Human land use of the Tigray landscape (north Ethiopia) can be traced back for at least 3000 years and is recognizably very complex, but in the past half-century there have been multiple narratives on environmental change in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands in which statements such as "the forest and soil resources in Tigray are dwindling at unprecedented rates" are common. In an attempt to provide an objective assessment, we made a semi-quantitative analysis of observed changes in the environment of the central Tigray plateau, between 1975 and 2006, and its impact on soil erosion. The first part of this period saw strong degradation, caused by a combination of drought, impoverishment, poor land husbandry and war; but over the whole period intense rehabilitation activities have been high on the agenda. To study these changes, two sets of 51 landscape photographs have been used. The older photo-set was taken in 1975 by R.N. Munro during the Tigrai Rural Development Study; locations were revisited in 2006 by J. Nyssen and colleagues, when a new set of photographs was made at the same locations and with the same aspect. Based on longstanding experience in soil erosion and landscape analysis worldwide and in Ethiopia, the time-lapsed photographs were rated for visible erosion, land cover and protective measures. We present a quantitative evaluation of the change of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion, involving the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and particularly the changes in the C (cover) and the P (management) factors. This allowed assessing soil loss in 2006 as a percentage of the 1975 situation. Both the landscape and land unit analysis show that the situation for natural resources has improved (and locally strongly improved) since 1974. The rehabilitation is due both to improved vegetation cover and to physical conservation structures. The USLE application indicates that in terms of a whole landscape the current average soil loss would be at around 68% of its 1975 rate. Exceptionally, degradation is still ongoing around Desa'a forest and some other remnant forests, and conservation should be strongly implemented too in these forests. On average, gullies have expanded slightly since 1975, but these incisions appear to have originated in the drought years of the 1980s. This photo-monitoring analysis invalidates hypotheses on (a) irreversibility of land degradation in Tigray; and (b) futility of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) programmes. The study demonstrates that (a) land management has become an inherent part of the farming system in Tigray, and (b) that the authorities and NGOs are on the right track when promoting SWC. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Erosion; Land cover change; Northern Ethiopia; Photo-monitoring; Soil and water conservation; Tigray	drought; environmental change; environmental impact assessment; environmental monitoring; erosion; farming system; image analysis; land cover; land use; landscape change; photography; quantitative analysis; rural development; soil conservation; soil erosion; water management; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tigray	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649120949	Impact of enhanced tuberculosis diagnosis in South Africa: A mathematical model of expanded culture and drug susceptibility testing	Dowdy D.W., Chaisson R.E., Maartens G., Corbett E.L., Dorman S.E.	2008	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	105	32	10.1073/pnas.0800965105	Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Harare WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States	Dowdy, D.W., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Department of Medicine, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Chaisson, R.E., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States; Maartens, G., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Corbett, E.L., Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Harare WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Dorman, S.E., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States	South Africa has high rates of tuberculosis (TB), including multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Expanding access to culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) for TB diagnosis may help control this epidemic, but the potential impact of existing and novel TB diagnostics is uncertain. By fitting to World Health Organization epidemiological estimates, we developed a compartmental difference-equation model of the TB/HIV epidemic among South African adults. Performing culture and DST in 37% of new cases and 85% of previously treated cases was projected to save 47,955 lives (17.2% reduction in TB mortality, 95% simulation interval (S.I.) 8.9-24.4%), avert 7,721 MDR-TB cases (14.1% reduction, 95% S.I. 5.3-23.8%), and prevent 46.6% of MDR-TB deaths (95% S.I. 32.6-56.0%) in South Africa over 10 years. Used alone, expanded culture and DST did not reduce XDR-TB incidence, but they enhanced the impact of transmission-reduction strategies, such as respiratory isolation. In South Africa, expanding TB culture and DST could substantially reduce TB, and particularly MDR-TB, mortality. Control of XDR-TB will require additional interventions, the impact of which may be enhanced by improved TB diagnosis. © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.	Clinical laboratory techniques; Drug resistance; Theoretical models	article; bacterium culture; disease transmission; drug sensitivity; epidemic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; laboratory test; mathematical model; mortality; priority journal; South Africa; tuberculosis; world health organization; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Models, Theoretical; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649127472	Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana	Klinkenberg E., McCall P.J., Wilson M.D., Amerasinghe F.P., Donnelly M.J.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-151	International Water Management Institute (IWMI), West Africa Office, Ghana; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; IWMI Headquarters, Colombo, Sri Lanka; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Parkstraat 17, 2514 JD, The Hague, Netherlands	Klinkenberg, E., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), West Africa Office, Ghana, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Parkstraat 17, 2514 JD, The Hague, Netherlands; McCall, P.J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Wilson, M.D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Amerasinghe, F.P., IWMI Headquarters, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Donnelly, M.J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	To investigate the impact of urban agriculture on malaria transmission risk in urban Accra larval and adult stage mosquito surveys, were performed. Local transmission was implicated as Anopheles spp. were found breeding and infected Anopheles mosquitoes were found resting in houses in the study sites. The predominant Anopheles species was Anopheles gambiae s.s. The relative proportion of molecular forms within a subset of specimens was 86% S-form and 14% M-form. Anopheles spp. and Culex quinquefasciatus outdoor biting rates were respectively three and four times higher in areas around agricultural sites (UA) than in areas far from agriculture (U). The annual Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR), the number of infectious bites received per individual per year, was 19.2 and 6.6 in UA and U sites, respectively. Breeding sites were highly transitory in nature, which poses a challenge for larval control in this setting. The data also suggest that the epidemiological importance of urban agricultural areas may be the provision of resting sites for adults rather than an increased number of larval habitats. Host-seeking activity peaked between 2-3 am, indicating that insecticide-treated bednets should be an effective control method. © 2008 Klinkenberg et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Anopheles gambiae; article; bioassay; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; disease carrier; disease transmission; Ghana; human; larva; malaria; nonhuman; risk factor; sporozoite; urban area; agriculture; animal; Anopheles; city; disease carrier; drug effect; Ghana; growth, development and aging; insect bite; malaria; insecticide; permethrin; Agriculture; Animals; Anopheles; Cities; Ghana; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Larva; Malaria; Permethrin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49749092737	Why is surgery cancelled? A retrospective evaluation	Chamisa I.	2008	South African Journal of Surgery	46	3	None	Department of General Surgery, Prince Mishyeni Memorial Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Chamisa, I., Department of General Surgery, Prince Mishyeni Memorial Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Introduction. The cancellation of surgery wastes theatre time and creates hardship for patients, who often plan their working and family lives around the proposed operation date. Methods. A retrospective evaluation of cancellations of scheduled elective and urgent operations was done using theatre records from May 2006 to April 2007. The reasons for cancellation were examined. Results. Of a total of 5 786 operations, 5.6% were cancelled or postponed. Lack of medical clearance and patient preparation (65.1%) was the most common reason for cancellation. Lack or failure of instruments and patient cancellation constituted 2.8% and 1.8% of the cancellations respectively. Conclusion. Last-minute cancellation of surgery was a significant problem, and appreciation of the usual reasons for cancellations can improve theatre utilisation and avoid inconveniencing patients and their families.	None	article; elective surgery; emergency; hospital; hospital management; human; operating room; patient; retrospective study; South Africa; statistics; surgery; time; utilization review; Appointments and Schedules; Emergencies; Hospitals; Humans; Operating Rooms; Patient Dropouts; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Surgical Procedures, Elective; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49849099236	Scientific comment on "Muundjua et al., 2007: Magnetic imaging of the Vredefort impact crater, South Africa, EPSL 261, 456-468"	Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., Henkel H.	2008	Earth and Planetary Science Letters	273	42433	10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.046	Museum for Natural History, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden	Reimold, W.U., Museum for Natural History, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Henkel, H., Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden	[No abstract available]	None	crater; imaging method; impact structure; magnetic property; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49849101838	Reply to comment by W.U. Reimold, R.L. Gibson, and H. Henkel on Muundjua et al. (2007), "Magnetic imaging of the Vredefort impact crater, South Africa", EPSL 261, pp 456-468	Muundjua M., Galdeano A., Carporzen L., Gilder S.A., Hart R.J., Andreoli M.A.G., Tredoux M.	2008	Earth and Planetary Science Letters	273	42433	10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.044	Geological Survey of Namibia, Geophysics Division, Private Bag 13297, Windhoek, Namibia; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 54-72477 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, United States; Ludwig Maximilians University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany; iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Necsa, P. O. Box 582, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Geology, University of the Free State, Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Muundjua, M., Geological Survey of Namibia, Geophysics Division, Private Bag 13297, Windhoek, Namibia; Galdeano, A., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Carporzen, L., Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 54-72477 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, United States; Gilder, S.A., Ludwig Maximilians University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany; Hart, R.J., iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Andreoli, M.A.G., Necsa, P. O. Box 582, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Tredoux, M., Department of Geology, University of the Free State, Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	crater; imaging method; impact structure; magnetic property; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49949089417	Evaluation of adapted whole-blood interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis	Chegou N.N., Walzl G., Bolliger C.T., Diacon A.H., Van Den Heuvel M.M.	2008	Respiration	76	2	10.1159/000128575	DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Chegou, N.N., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Walzl, G., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Bolliger, C.T., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Diacon, A.H., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Van Den Heuvel, M.M., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Pleural tuberculosis (TB) remains difficult to diagnose despite numerous diagnostic tools. Recently, in vitro interferon (IFN)-γ-based assays have been introduced in the diagnosis of latent TB, but these techniques have not been established in the diagnosis of active TB disease, including pleural TB. Objectives: It was the aim of this study to assess the accuracy of the commercially available QuantiFERON® TB Gold assay and adapted variants of the assay, using pleural fluid or isolated pleural fluid cells for the diagnosis of pleural TB. Methods: We recruited 66 consecutive patients with a pleural effusion of unknown cause presenting at a tertiary academic health care centre in Cape Town, South Africa, a high prevalence area of TB. Blood and pleural fluid were collected at presentation for IFN-γ assays and the results evaluated for diagnostic accuracy. Results: The clinical diagnosis was TB in 30 (46%), malignancy in 20 (30%), parapneumonic effusion/empyema in 8 (12%) and effusion due to other causes in 8 patients (12%). Ex vivo pleural fluid IFN-γ levels accurately identified TB in all patients and were superior to the QuantiFERON In Tube assay using blood and pleural fluid (73 and 57% sensitivity, with 71 and 87% specificity, respectively) and the QuantiFERON Gold assay applied to isolated pleural fluid cells (100% sensitivity and 67% specificity). Conclusion: The ex vivo pleural fluid interferon-γ level is an accurate marker for the diagnosis of pleural TB, and the QuantiFERON TB Gold assay performed with peripheral blood or adapted for pleural fluid cells does not add diagnostic value. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG.	Interferon-γ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens; Pleural effusion; Pleural tuberculosis; QuantiFERON	gamma interferon; adult; article; blood sampling; cell isolation; cytokine release; diagnostic accuracy; empyema; enzyme assay; evaluation; female; human; Interferon gamma release assay; lung cancer; major clinical study; male; pleura effusion; pleura fluid; pneumonia; prevalence; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; tuberculous pleurisy; Adult; Aged; Extracellular Fluid; Female; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Male; Middle Aged; Pleural Effusion; T-Lymphocytes; Tuberculosis, Pleural	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50049090036	Effective population size dynamics reveal impacts of historic climatic events and recent anthropogenic pressure in African elephants	Okello J.B.A., Wittemyer G., Rasmussen H.B., Arctander P., Nyakaana S., Douglas-Hamilton I., Siegismund H.R.	2008	Molecular Ecology	17	17	10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03871.x	Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, PO Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda; McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L9, Canada; Save the Elephants, PO Box 54667, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation Biology, 115 Wager, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1401, United States; Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark	Okello, J.B.A., Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, PO Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda, McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L9, Canada; Wittemyer, G., Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, PO Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda, Save the Elephants, PO Box 54667, Nairobi 00200, Kenya, Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation Biology, 115 Wager, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1401, United States; Rasmussen, H.B., Save the Elephants, PO Box 54667, Nairobi 00200, Kenya, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Arctander, P., Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nyakaana, S., Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, PO Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda; Douglas-Hamilton, I., Save the Elephants, PO Box 54667, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Siegismund, H.R., Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark	Two hundred years of elephant hunting for ivory, peaking in 1970-1980s, caused local extirpations and massive population declines across Africa. The resulting genetic impacts on surviving populations have not been studied, despite the importance of understanding the evolutionary repercussions of such human-mediated events on this keystone species. Using Bayesian coalescent-based genetic methods to evaluate time-specific changes in effective population size, we analysed genetic variation in 20 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci from 400 elephants inhabiting the greater Samburu-Laikipia region of northern Kenya. This area experienced a decline of between 80% and 90% in the last few decades when ivory harvesting was rampant. The most significant change in effective population size, however, occurred approximately 2500 years ago during a mid-Holocene period of climatic drying in tropical Africa. Contrary to expectations, detailed analyses of four contemporary age-based cohorts showed that the peak poaching epidemic in the 1970s caused detectable temporary genetic impacts, with genetic diversity rebounding as juveniles surviving the poaching era became reproductively mature. This study demonstrates the importance of climatic history in shaping the distribution and genetic history of a keystone species and highlights the utility of coalescent-based demographic approaches in unravelling ancestral demographic events despite a lack of ancient samples. Unique insights into the genetic signature of mid-Holocene climatic change in Africa and effects of recent poaching pressure on elephants are discussed. © 2008 The Authors.	African elephants; Bottleneck; Demographic history; Ivory poaching; Microsatellite variation; Population expansion	microsatellite DNA; allele; animal; article; Bayes theorem; climate; elephant; gene flow; genetic polymorphism; genetics; genotype; human; Kenya; molecular evolution; Monte Carlo method; population density; population dynamics; population genetics; probability; Alleles; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Climate; Elephants; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Flow; Genetics, Population; Genotype; Humans; Kenya; Markov Chains; Microsatellite Repeats; Monte Carlo Method; Polymorphism, Genetic; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Elephantidae; Loxodonta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50049110585	Impact of Stepping Stones on incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: Cluster randomised controlled trial	Jewkes R., Nduna M., Levin J., Jama N., Dunkle K., Puren A., Duvvury N.	2008	BMJ	337	7666	10.1136/bmj.a506	Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Virology, National Institute for Communicable Disease, Sandringham, South Africa; Gender Violence and Rights Team, International Centre for Research on Women, Washington, DC, United States	Jewkes, R., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, Pretoria 0001, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Nduna, M., Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Levin, J., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Jama, N., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Dunkle, K., Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Puren, A., Virology, National Institute for Communicable Disease, Sandringham, South Africa; Duvvury, N., Gender Violence and Rights Team, International Centre for Research on Women, Washington, DC, United States	Objective: To assess the impact of Stepping Stones, a HIV prevention programme, on incidence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) and sexual behaviour. Design: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting: 70 villages (clusters) in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Participants: 1360 men and 1416 women aged 15-26 years, who were mostly attending schools. Intervention: SteppingStones, a 50 hour programme, aims to improve sexual health by using participatory learning approaches to build knowledge, risk awareness, and communication skills and to stimulate critical reflection. Villages were randomised to receive either this or a three hour intervention on HIV and safer sex. Interviewers administered questionnaires at baseline and 12 and 24 months and blood was tested for HIV and HSV-2. Main outcome measures: Primary outcome measure: incidence of HIV. Other outcomes: incidence of HSV-2, unwanted pregnancy, reported sexual practices, depression, and substance misuse. Results: There was no evidence that Stepping Stones lowered the incidence of HIV (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 1.35). The programme was associated with a reduction of about 33% in the incidence of HSV-2 (0.67, 0.46 to 0.97; P=0.036) - that is, Stepping Stones reduced the number of new HSV-2 infections over a two year period by 34.9 (1.6 to 68.2) per 1000 people exposed. Stepping Stones significantly improved a number of reported risk behaviours in men, with a lower proportion of men reporting perpetration of intimate partner violence across two years of follow-up and less transactional sex and problem drinking at 12 months. In women desired behaviour changes were not reported and those in the Stepping Stones programme reported more transactional sex at 12 months. Conclusion: Stepping Stones did not reduce incidence of HIV but had an impact on several risk factors for HIV-notably, HSV-2 and perpetration of intimate partner violence. Trial Registration: Clinical Trails.gov NCT00332878.	None	adolescent; adult; article; awareness; blood sampling; clinical assessment; clinical trial; cluster analysis; communication skill; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; depression; female; health program; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection prevention; major clinical study; male; partner violence; preventive medicine; priority journal; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; rural population; safe sex; sexual behavior; sexual health; South Africa; stepping stones health program; unwanted pregnancy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50149090179	Impact of mucosal inflammation on cervical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-specific CD8 T-cell responses in the female genital tract during chronic HIV infection	Gumbi P.P., Nkwanyana N.N., Bere A., Burgers W.A., Gray C.M., Williamson A.-L., Hoffman M., Coetzee D., Denny L., Passmore J.-A.S.	2008	Journal of Virology	82	17	10.1128/JVI.00183-08	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa; Women's Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; S3.06.4 Wehner and Beit Building, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Gumbi, P.P., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Nkwanyana, N.N., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Bere, A., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Burgers, W.A., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Gray, C.M., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Hoffman, M., Women's Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Coetzee, D., School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Denny, L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Passmore, J.-A.S., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa, S3.06.4 Wehner and Beit Building, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	The female genital tract is the major route of heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and transmission. Here, we investigated whether HIV-specific CD8 T-cell-mediated immune responses could be detected in the genital mucosa of chronically HIV-infected women and whether these were associated with either local mucosal HIV shedding or local immune factors. We found that CD8+ T-cell gamma interferon responses to Gag were detectable at the cervix of HIV-infected women but that the magnitude of genital responses did not correlate with those similarly detected in blood. This indicates that ex vivo HIV responses in one compartment may not be predictive of those in the other. We found that increased genital tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels correlated significantly with levels of Gag-specific CD8+ T cells at the cervix. Women who were detectably shedding virus in the genital tract had significantly increased cervical levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 compared to women who were not detectably shedding virus. We were, however, unable to detect any association between the magnitude of cervical HIV-specific responses and mucosal HIV shedding. Our results support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines in the female genital tract may promote HIV replication and shedding. In addition, we further show that inflammatory cytokines are associated with increased levels of HIV-specific CD8 effector cells at the genital mucosa but that these were not able to control genital HIV shedding. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	interleukin 10; interleukin 1beta; interleukin 6; interleukin 8; tumor necrosis factor alpha; adult; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; ex vivo study; female; genital tract infection; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; immune response; major clinical study; mucosa inflammation; priority journal; protein blood level; uterine cervix mucosa inflammation; virus shedding; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cervix Uteri; Chronic Disease; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Interferon Type II; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Uterine Cervicitis; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50349102618	Trophallactic activities in the honeybee brood nest - Heaters get supplied with high performance fuel	Basile R., Pirk C.W.W., Tautz J.	2008	Zoology	111	6	10.1016/j.zool.2007.11.002	BEEgroup, Department of Zoology II, Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Basile, R., BEEgroup, Department of Zoology II, Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Pirk, C.W.W., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Tautz, J., BEEgroup, Department of Zoology II, Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany	Honeybees actively regulate their brood temperature by heating between 33 and 36 °C if ambient temperatures are lower. Heat is generated by vibrating the flight muscles. Heating rapidly depletes the worker's internal energy; therefore heating performance is limited by the honey that is ingested before the heating process. Stored honey is the predefined fuel for flying and heating, but it is stored at a distance from the broodcomb, causing a potential logistic problem of efficient energy supply in the brood area. Our study focused on the behaviour and the thoracic temperature of the participants in trophallactic food exchanges on the broodcomb. We found that 85.5% of the recipients in a trophallactic food exchange have a higher thoracic temperature during feeding contacts than donors and after the feeding contact the former engage in brood heating more often. The donor bees have lower thoracic temperature and shuttle constantly between honey stores and the broodcomb where they transfer the stored honey to heating bees. Providing heat-emitting workers with small doses of high performance fuel contributes to an economic distribution of resources consistent with physiological conditions of the bees and the ecological requirements of the hive. The trophallaxis-based system is essential to provide the energy-intensive brood warming activity. The emerging independence from ambient temperatures is not only beneficial for brood rearing during times of sudden cold spells, but also enables the honeybees in temperate regions to raise brood in early spring and might be the decisive factor for the occurrence of honeybees in temperate climates in general. © 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	Apis mellifera; Brood heating; Food exchange; Trophallaxis	animal; article; bee; body temperature; feeding behavior; heat; honey; nesting; physiology; social behavior; thermoregulation; Animals; Bees; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Feeding Behavior; Honey; Hot Temperature; Nesting Behavior; Social Behavior; Apis mellifera; Apoidea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50449084792	Understanding diversity in impact and responses among HIV/AIDS-affected households: The case of Msinga, South Africa	Swaans K., Broerse J., Van Diepen I., Salomon M., Gibson D., Bunders J.	2008	African Journal of AIDS Research	7	2	10.2989/AJAR.2008.7.2.2.519	Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands; Medical Anthropology and Sociology Unit, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Farmer Support Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1 Golf Road, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Swaans, K., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands; Broerse, J., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands; Van Diepen, I., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, Medical Anthropology and Sociology Unit, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Salomon, M., Farmer Support Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1 Golf Road, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Gibson, D., Medical Anthropology and Sociology Unit, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bunders, J., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands	To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of HIV and AIDS on rural households in Msinga, South Africa, the sustainable livelihoods framework was adapted. An ethnographic perspective was employed to examine: 1) the impact of HIV/AIDS-related illnesses on people's mind and spirit (the internal environment), and 2) the influence of institutional structures and processes (the external environment), in order to better understand 3) the actions taken by individuals and households in response to HIV and AIDS. Members of three support groups at a local drop-in centre were consulted about the impact of HIV and AIDS on their lives through focus groups, a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The study shows that the psychosocial impact and associated coping strategies, as well as prevailing gender-based power relations and exclusion from social-exchange networks - which are not (readily) available factors in the sustainable livelihoods framework - affect people's lives in different ways and depend on the specific situation of the individual or household concerned. The study confirms the need to restore a household's resource base and to address psychosocial issues. However, the variation in impact to different households requires a diversified and holistic programme of development interventions. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Accessibility; Coping; Mitigation strategies; Psychosocial aspects; Resource-poor settings; Sustainable livelihoods framework	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; coping behavior; ethnographic research; female; holistic care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; interview; major clinical study; male; questionnaire; rural area; sex ratio; social aspect; social psychology; South Africa; support group; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50449095291	The socioeconomic impact of antiretroviral treatment on individuals in Soweto, South Africa	Chhagan V., Luiz J., Mohapi L., McIntyre J., Martinson N.	2008	Health Sociology Review	17	1	None	University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa	Chhagan, V., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Luiz, J., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Mohapi, L., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; McIntyre, J., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Martinson, N., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa	This research explores the short-term socioeconomic effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV positive patients attending the Perinatal HIV Research Unit clinics in Soweto, South Africa. An overall increase in mean personal and household income following commencement of ART was noted. Mean personal income rose 53% over baseline income. A decrease in the number of meals missed in households was noted in 10% of the sample. The leading themes regarding income were change in employment status and social grants. Antiretroviral treatment increased the capacity to seek employment and unemployed individuals were actively searching for work. Patients noted an improvement in well-being, with fewer to no episodes of illness, and improved quality of life from three months after starting ART. The empirical evidence suggests that individuals gain substantial benefits from being on ART despite the socioeconomic challenges in South Africa. Copyright © eContent Management Pty Ltd.	Antiretroviral treatment; Health sociology; HIV/AIDS; Socioeconomic impact; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50449100048	Monitoring the bacterial community during fermentation of sunki, an unsalted, fermented vegetable traditional to the Kiso area of Japan	Endo A., Mizuno H., Okada S.	2008	Letters in Applied Microbiology	47	3	10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02404.x	Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Endo, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa, NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mizuno, H., NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Okada, S., NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan	Aims: To investigate the microbial community in sunki, an indigenous, unsalted, fermented vegetable, made from the leaves of red beet. Methods and Results: Fermenting samples were collected at 1- to 2-day intervals from four houses and investigated by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. PCR-Denaturing-Gradient-Gel-Electrophoresis profiles indicated that the bacterial community was stable and Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lact. fermentum and Lact. plantarum were dominant during the fermentation. This result agreed well with that obtained by the culturing technique. Moulds, yeasts or bacteria other than lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were not detected. Conclusions: The bacterial community was stable throughout the fermentation, and Lact. delbrueckii, Lact. fermentum and Lact. plantarum were dominant. The acidic pH and lactic acid produced by LAB probably preserve the sunki from spoilage. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report on the use of both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques to study the bacterial community in sunki. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques is necessary for the analysis of complex microbial communities. © 2008 The Authors.	Bacterial community; Lactic acid bacteria; PCR-DGGE; Unsalted fermented vegetable	Agricultural products; Bacteria; Cell culture; Fermentation; bacterium; electrokinesis; fermentation; microbial community; monitoring; polymerase chain reaction; vegetable; article; bacterium identification; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; fermentation; food spoilage; Japan; lactic acid bacterium; Lactobacillus delbrueckii; Lactobacillus fermentum; Lactobacillus plantarum; microbial community; mould; nonhuman; pH; polymerase chain reaction; vegetable; yeast; Colony Count, Microbial; Fermentation; Food Microbiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Japan; Lactobacillus; Vegetables; Asia; Chubu; Eurasia; Far East; Honshu; Japan; Japanese Alps; Kiso Mountains; Nagano; Bacteria (microorganisms); Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris; Lactobacillus delbrueckii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50549101705	Impact of two rounds of mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and the sensitivity of immunochromatographic test in Malindi, Kenya	Njenga S.M., Wamae C.N., Njomo D.W., Mwandawiro C.S., Molyneux D.H.	2008	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	102	10	10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.039	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Njenga, S.M., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Wamae, C.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Njomo, D.W., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwandawiro, C.S., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Molyneux, D.H., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Annual single-dose mass treatment of endemic populations with a combination of either diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin plus albendazole is recommended as the mainstay of lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes. We evaluated the impact of two rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) of DEC and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in a pilot elimination programme in an endemic area of Kenya. Overall prevalence of microfilaraemia decreased by 65.4%, whereas community microfilarial load decreased by 84% after the two MDAs. The prevalence of parasite antigenaemia determined by immunochromatographic test (ICT) declined significantly by 43.5% after the two MDAs. We also studied the effect of mass treatment on the sensitivity of the ICT. Although the sensitivity of the test before treatment was high (89.9%; κ = 0.909) sensitivity was lower after two MDAs (59.3%; κ = 0.644). The finding raises concern about the reliability of the ICT in long-term monitoring of infection and for establishing programmatic endpoints. The results of the present study indicate a relatively high effectiveness of MDA using a DEC/albendazole combination against Wuchereria bancrofti infection and, therefore, it may be a useful strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in onchocerciasis-free areas. © 2008 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Albendazole; Diethylcarbamazine; Kenya; Lymphatic filariasis; Mass drug administration; Wuchereria bancrofti	albendazole; diethylcarbamazine; parasite antigen; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; chromatography; controlled study; drug efficacy; endemic disease; eradication therapy; female; health program; human; immunochromatographic test; Kenya; major clinical study; male; microfilariasis; nematodiasis; onchocerciasis; patient monitoring; pilot study; prevalence; reliability; sensitivity analysis; single drug dose; Wuchereria bancrofti; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albendazole; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Child; Child, Preschool; Diethylcarbamazine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Kenya; Male; Microfilaria; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Wuchereria bancrofti; Wuchereria bancrofti	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50549102649	Evaluation of the pathogenicity of African Horsesickness (AHS) isolates in vaccinated animals	von Teichman B.F., Smit T.K.	2008	Vaccine	26	39	10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.037	Research and Development Virology, Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	von Teichman, B.F., Research and Development Virology, Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Smit, T.K., Research and Development Virology, Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Background: The polyvalent African Horsesickness (AHS) attenuated live vaccine (ALV) produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) Ltd., South Africa, has been associated with some safety concerns and alleged cases of vaccine failure or vaccine-induced disease. The risk of reassortment and reversion to virulence is a common concern associated with the use of ALVs, and a phenomenon reported for viruses with segmented RNA genomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not reassortment of AHS vaccine strains could result in reassortants and reversion to virulence and therefore cause AHS in susceptible horses. Methods: Clinical or field isolates of AHS were obtained from horses with AHS symptoms or disease post vaccination. AHS-naïve horses were inoculated with these isolates and monitored for clinical reactions. Laboratory tests were performed at intervals to determine immune responses and viraemia. Viral RNA extraction and complete genome amplification of monovalent AHS-ALV vaccine strains and isolates collected post-vaccination was conducted. cDNA of the genome segments were run on PAGE to determine mobility patterns and genome segments 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Results: No clinical symptoms typical of AHS were observed in inoculated horses and all showed a good immune response. A comparison of mobility patterns of the amplified cDNA genome on PAGE allowed the identification and differentiation of reassortants, which were confirmed by sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences. Conclusion: This study, however, showed no indications that vaccine reassortants were pathogenic or lethal after inoculation in susceptible horses. Assumptions of virulence or reversion to virulence of vaccine reassortants post-vaccination in horses could not be substantiated. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	African Horsesickness; Reassortant; Reassortment; Reversion to virulence; Vaccination	African horse sickness vaccine; complementary DNA; live vaccine; unclassified drug; virus RNA; African horse sickness virus; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; genetic reassortment; horse disease; immunocompetent cell; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogenetic tree; priority journal; sequence alignment; vaccination; virus virulence; African Horse Sickness; African horse sickness virus; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; DNA, Viral; Female; Genome, Viral; Horses; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Reassortant Viruses; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines; Viremia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50549103539	Deterioration of performance of mixing rules in phase behavior modeling of high-density reservoir fluids	Babalola F.U., Susu A.A.	2008	Petroleum Science and Technology	26	13	10.1080/10916460701776823	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Babalola, F.U., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Susu, A.A., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The mixing rules are used in the cubic equations of state to determine the values of the attractive force parameter, a, and the repulsive force parameter, b, mixtures. The mixing rules are applied here to reservoir fluids. It was discovered that parameter a should not be treated as a constant since it varied significantly with pressure. It was therefore regressed by two straight lines, and the resulting equation of state gave a very good fit to PVT data of reservoir fluids.	Mixing rules; Mixtures; Parameter	Curve fitting; Equations of state; Mixing rules; Mixtures; Parameter; Reservoir fluids; Mixing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50649087055	The impact of closed-loop power flow control strategies on power system stability characteristics in a single generator system	Ally A., Rigby B.S.	2006	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	97	1	None	School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Ally, A., School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Rigby, B.S., School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	This paper presents a theoretical study into the influence of closed-loop control of ac power flow on the small signal and transient stability characteristics of a single-generator study system. Both the constant power and constant angle modes of power flow control are examined for a range of controller response times. The results indicate that the effect of a power flow controller on system stability is dependent on both the mode of the controller and its response time. Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Power flow control; Small-signal stability; Thyristor controlled series capacitor; Transient stability	AC power flow; Closed-loop; Closed-loop control; Constant power; Generator systems; Power flow controllers; Power flow controls; Power system stability; Response time; Small signal; Small signal stability; Theoretical study; Thyristor controlled series capacitor; Transient stability; Capacitance; Capacitors; Closed loop control systems; Control system stability; Controllers; Electric switchgear; Flow control; Heterojunction bipolar transistors; Response time (computer systems); Thyristors; System stability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50649120173	Evaluation of knowledge base of hospital pharmacists and physicians on herbal medicines in Southwestern Nigeria	Fakeye T.O., Onyemadu O.	2008	Pharmacy Practice	6	2	None	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Fakeye, T.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Onyemadu, O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The use of herbal medicines among Nigerian patients and the tendency to combine this class of medicines with allopathic drugs while on hospital admission have been on the increase. Earlier studies show that community pharmacists from Nigeria believe that they need more training to counsel patients on their use of herbal medications. Objective: To evaluate knowledge base, use, acceptability, attitudes and beliefs of hospital pharmacists and physicians in South-western Nigeria on herbal products/phytopharmaceuticals/dietary supplements (HP/PP/DS). Methods: A 20-odd questionnaire including an 8-item herbal medicine question was used to assess the knowledge of the physicians and pharmacists in the area of pharmacology of HP/PP/DS. Effects of demographic information such as age, sex, year post graduation, years of experience and area of specialization on the scores obtained were evaluated using Fisher's exact tests. Level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Pharmacists (51.4%) believed that the training they had was not adequate while physicians (44.6%) believed HP/PP/DS are not safe and 18.5% believed they are not effective. Pharmacovigilance centres were not significantly used for adverse reactions reported by patients. Pharmacists (67.6%) and physicians (29.3%) believed phytopharmaceuticals interact with other drugs. Year of graduation had a significant effect on the perception of the possibilities of interaction for pharmacists. 5.6% of the physicians and 62.4% of the pharmacists scored ≥50% with the questions on use and interaction potentials of HP/PP/DS, with cadre and years of practice having significant effects. Conclusions: There is a deficiency in the knowledge base of physicians, especially on the pharmacology and potential interaction of herbal medicines. There is an urgent need for the inclusion of pharmacology of common herbal medicines in the curriculum of Nigerian medical degree and an improvement in the pharmacy curriculum in this area.	Herb-drug interactions; Medicine, herbal; Nigeria; Pharmacists; Physicians	garlic extract; Ginkgo biloba extract; herbaceous agent; warfarin; adult; age; allopathy; article; clinical practice; controlled study; curriculum development; demography; diet supplementation; drug efficacy; drug manufacture; drug potentiation; drug safety; drug surveillance program; drug use; drug withdrawal; education program; female; Fisher exact test; food and drug administration; garlic; Ginkgo biloba; headache; herbal medicine; hospital admission; hospital pharmacy; hospital physician; human; knowledge base; male; medical education; medical specialist; nausea; Nigeria; normal human; patient counseling; pharmacist attitude; pharmacology; physician attitude; questionnaire; scoring system; sex difference; skin pruritus; work experience	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50849100687	Evaluations of vegetable oil-based as lubricants for metal-forming processes	Abdulquadir B.L., Adeyemi M.B.	2008	Industrial Lubrication and Tribology	60	5	10.1108/00368790810895178	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Abdulquadir, B.L., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria; Adeyemi, M.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to assess lubricating performances of selected locally produced vegetable oil-based lubricants with a view to utilizing them as a possible alternative to petroleum-based lubricants in metal-forming processes. Design/methodology/approach - The ring compression testing and twin disks upsetting testing methods were employed. Findings - The results obtained from these two tests showed that the red palm oil performed better than others at room temperature, followed by sheabutter oil, while palm kernel oil performed the least. High-temperatures compression ring tests gave sheabutter oil lower values of friction coefficients than red palm oil. Research limitations/implications - Further work should be done on numerous vegetable oil-based lubricants. Also those that show promising performance could be further investigated with locally available additives. Practical implications - These are numerous since increase in environmental interest has resulted in a renewed interest in vegetable oil-based lubricants. Originality/value - The research work has broken new ground in finding applications for environmentally friendly lubricants in various areas of metal-forming processes. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Lubricant oils; Lubrication	Compression testing; Computer networks; Data compression; Doping (additives); Forming; Friction; Lubricating oils; Lubricant oils; Lubrication; Metal-forming processes; Oil-based lubricants; Vegetable oils	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50849125397	Biological and chemical evaluation of sewage water pollution in the Rietvlei nature reserve wetland area, South Africa	Oberholster P.J., Botha A.-M., Cloete T.E.	2008	Environmental Pollution	156	1	10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.028	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa	Oberholster, P.J., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Botha, A.-M., Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa; Cloete, T.E., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa	Macroinvertebrate communities in Rietvlei nature reserve wetland area and their relationship with water quality were studied with the aim to evaluate their use as potential indicators of pollution. Sampling locations were selected to include outlets from swage effluent, agricultural and informal residential runoff. A large increase in nutrient concentrations was observed downstream from discharged treated sewage with an associated decrease in species richness. Bioassays performed included: Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuate, Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa and Pyxicephalus adspersus. The highest percentage of lethality response to a screen (100% concentration) of sampled wetland water by test specimens were observed at the point source input of the Hartbeespoort treated sewage plant. Data generated from the AUSRIVAS method and multitrophic level bioassays revealed the deterioration of the wetland possibly due to factors such as increasing urbanization, industrialization, agriculture runoff and rapid human settlement in the Hennops River catchment area and its principal tributaries. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	AUSRIVAS; Multitrophic level bioassay; Peat bog; Treated sewage discharge	Agricultural runoff; Automation; Catchments; Concentration (process); Effluents; Oil spills; Pollution; Reusability; River pollution; Rivers; Sewage; Water quality; Wetlands; Allium cepa; AUSRIVAS; Chemical evaluation; Daphnia magna; Lactuca sativa; Macroinvertebrate communities; Multitrophic level; Multitrophic level bioassay; Nutrient concentrations; Peat bog; Point sources; Potential indicators; River catchments; Sampling locations; Sewage waters; South Africa; Species richness; Test specimens; Treated sewage discharge; Wetland area; Water pollution; runoff; agricultural runoff; bioassay; biological analysis; catchment; chemical analysis; community response; industrialization; macroinvertebrate; nutrient; peatland; sewage; sewage treatment; species richness; tributary; urbanization; water pollution; water quality; wetland; agriculture; analytic method; article; AUSRIVAS method; Australia; bioassay; catchment; chemical analysis; coelenterate; concentration response; Daphnia; deterioration; Hydra attenuate; industrialization; lettuce; macroinvertebrate; nonhuman; nutrient concentration; onion; Pyxicephalus adspersus; river ecosystem; sewage effluent; source point; South Africa; species richness; urbanization; water pollution; water quality; wetland; Biological Assay; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Eutrophication; Fresh Water; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sewage; South Africa; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution; Wetlands; Africa; Gauteng; Rietvlei Nature Reserve; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Allium cepa; Daphnia magna; Hydra; Lactuca sativa; Pyxicephalus adspersus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50849139863	Elephant impact on dragonflies	Samways M.J., Grant P.B.C.	2008	Journal of Insect Conservation	12	5	10.1007/s10841-007-9089-2	Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Samways, M.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Grant, P.B.C., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	African elephants and other indigenous megaherbivores have a major impact on local vegetation structure, including aquatic communities, as their big feet and large mass pound the fringes of water bodies. This disturbance is likely to have a profound influence on the structure and composition of insect assemblages in these habitats. We investigated which dragonfly (Odonata) species were tolerant of trampling by elephants and other game. Assemblage composition differed according to extremely high, very high or high disturbance levels. Dragonfly abundance was greatest where impact was high, and decreasing when disturbance became very high or extremely high. Several odonate species are well-adapted to fairly high levels of disturbance, although too much is impoverishing. Medium and low impact sites were geographically separated, and this, combined with much lower disturbance levels, had a considerable influence on promoting regional dragonfly diversity. Several regional specialist species only occurred in the geographically separated, low-impact sites. The full complement of dragonflies is present only when there is a combination of various disturbance levels combined with spatial variation. Elephant impact is similar to that of humans, with too much of either or both, leading to a species-poor, habitat-generalist dragonfly assemblage. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.	Dragonfly biodiversity; Elephant trampling; Parallels with human impact	abundance; anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; community composition; community structure; dragonfly; spatial variation; species diversity; vegetation structure; Africa; Anisoptera (dragonflies); Elephantidae; Hexapoda; Loxodonta; Odonata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50949099697	The drivers influencing the relationship between sales representatives and customers and the impact this relationship has on sales volume within Coca-Cola's Western Cape region	Herbst F.J., Forrest C.L.	2008	South African Journal of Business Management	39	1	None	University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Franchise Manager Forbes Group (Western Cape), Coca-Cola South Africa (Pty) Ltd., Western Cape, South Africa	Herbst, F.J., University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Forrest, C.L., Franchise Manager Forbes Group (Western Cape), Coca-Cola South Africa (Pty) Ltd., Western Cape, South Africa	Companies within the FMCG sector are continually trying to create value from their brands by increasing their margins and/or selling more of their products. Taking cost out of the value chain gives the company a competitive advantage, but this advantage is short lived as competitors also reduce costs. Differentiating a product through enhanced features and benefits also provides a competitive advantage, but is also subject to imitation by rivals. As competition increases, companies are looking for new avenues to differentiate themselves. Relationship marketing has, as a result, increased its prevalence as a competitive tool to provide that point of difference. This research investigated the factors that influence the relationships between a Coca-Cola sales representative and his/her customers within the Cape Town region. This article was developed after studying literature as it pertained to customer relationship marketing. From the literature the foundation blocks in developing buyer-seller relationships were studied. The research methodology tested the impact of certain factors on the ability to build a relationship between buyer and seller and then tested the validity of those answers using underlying determinants of a relationship. These determinants included the ability to communicate, the ability to trust, the degree of loyalty and the ability to influence a customer. The response to the questionnaires was extremely high (over 95%) and provided for a robust evaluation of data. The research showed that there was a positive correlation between the profile of a sales representative and a customer. It is easier for a sales representative to build a relationship with a customer who is a similar age. It is however easier for the sales representative to influence a younger customer. Gender plays no role in a sales representative's ability to build a relationship. With respect to education, a stronger relationship exists between a customer and sales representative of a similar education. Again it is easier for a representative to influence a customer who has a lower level of education. Race does have an impact on the ability to build relationships. The research showed that an African sales representative should service an African customer. There was a positive link between matching sales representatives and customers who come from similar areas and have the same religion. There was no correlation between the degree of the relationship that a Coca-Cola sales representative in the Western Cape region has with a customer and the sales growth within the outlets. This final conclusion must be read in the context of the relative high market share that the Coca-Cola Company has in the Western Cape.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50949099887	Evaluation of different methods for the detection and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from South African infant formula milks and the processing environment	Cawthorn D.-M., Botha S., Witthuhn R.C.	2008	International Journal of Food Microbiology	127	42371	10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.06.024	Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Cawthorn, D.-M., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Botha, S., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen associated with life-threatening neonatal infections resulting from the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula milk (IFM). Recent taxonomic analyses have determined that E. sakazakii comprises a number of genomospecies, and it has been proposed that E. sakazakii be reclassified as a novel genus, "Cronobacter". Accurate methods are required for the rapid detection and identification of this group of micro-organisms, since even low cell numbers have been reported to cause disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate various E. sakazakii detection methods in order to ascertain the most suitable method for detection and identification of these pathogenic agents. Samples from IFM and the environment were evaluated for the presence of E. sakazakii using the isolation steps (pre-enrichment, enrichment and selection) described in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method for E. sakazakii detection. Sixty-four isolates (50 from IFM and 14 from the environment) were selected from tryptone soy agar (TSA), regardless of colony appearance, and these isolates were identified by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing. Thereafter, different culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were evaluated to accurately detect and identify the E. sakazakii isolates. These methods included the assessment of yellow pigment production on TSA, typical colonies on chromogenic Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) and Chromocult® Enterobacter sakazakii (CES) media and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using six different species-specific primer pairs described in the literature. Identification of E. sakazakii using yellow pigment production was demonstrated to have a low sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (87%, 71% and 74%, respectively), which lowers the suitability of the FDA method. Chromogenic DFI and CES media were sensitive, specific and accurate (100%, 98% and 98%, respectively) for the detection of E. sakazakii. The specificity of the PCR amplifications ranged from 8% to 92%, emphasising the need for rigorous primer testing against closely related species. Of the primer pairs evaluated, Esakf/Esakr were the most suitable for E. sakazakii detection and identification. The detection limit of Esakf/Esakr was found to be 104 CFU/ml. This study demonstrated that no single method was capable of unambiguously confirming the presence and identity of E. sakazakii isolates, that each method had inherent advantages and disadvantages, and that in most cases several methods were required for accurate detection and identification. Further, it was demonstrated that the current FDA method for E. sakazakii detection should be revised in the light of the availability of more sensitive, specific and accurate detection methods. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	16S rDNA; Chromogenic agar; Enterobacter sakazakii; Infant formula milk; PCR	DNA 16S; accuracy; analytic method; article; artificial milk; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; bacterium identification; bacterium isolate; bacterium isolation; colony forming unit; controlled study; DNA sequence; Enterobacter sakazakii; food and drug administration; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; Chromogenic Compounds; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Culture Media; Enterobacter sakazakii; Environmental Microbiology; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Formula; Infant, Newborn; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Species Specificity; Time Factors; Enterobacter sakazakii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50949100402	Using in-depth qualitative data to enhance our understanding of quantitative results regarding the impact of HIV and AIDS on households in rural Uganda	Seeley J., Biraro S., Shafer L.A., Nasirumbi P., Foster S., Whitworth J., Grosskurth H.	2008	Social Science and Medicine	67	9	10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.001	School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; MRC, UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda; School of Public Health, Boston University, United States; Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Seeley, J., School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Biraro, S., MRC, UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda; Shafer, L.A., MRC, UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda; Nasirumbi, P., MRC, UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda; Foster, S., School of Public Health, Boston University, United States; Whitworth, J., Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom; Grosskurth, H., MRC, UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Two significant challenges face researchers tracking HIV-related socio-economic and demographic change over time in large cohort studies. Firstly, data collected in cohort studies established to describe the dynamics of HIV infection may contain no systematic data on household consumption expenditures which is an established measure of current and long-run household welfare. The second challenge is the choice of the unit of analysis in order to recognise and record impact; this is because most cohorts use the household as that unit. This means that the influence of factors outside that unit cannot easily be tracked. In this paper we show how a detailed understanding of the impact of HIV and AIDS on wider families and social networks, obtained through in-depth longitudinal research with a small number of households, can shed light on the findings from quantitative analysis from a larger cohort in the same population in rural Uganda. The findings of large-scale survey data from more than 2000 households over a 12-year period showed a lack of a strong association between poverty, HIV status and/or death of the household head. In-depth ethnographic research with 26 households in 1991/2 and a restudy of the same households in 2006/7 provide insights into the reasons for this finding: the choice of socio-economic indicators and support from other family and community members play a part in affecting survey findings on the impact of HIV at household level. One other factor is important in explaining the findings. HIV-infected family members from outside the household may drain resources from the household, so looking at the impact of HIV and AIDS on people's wider families provides pointers to why those who have not had an AIDS-related death in their own household may have failed to prosper. Our qualitative findings show that AIDS may well throw households into disarray and poverty, but more often reduces development and hinders families from getting out of poverty. Used strategically, small longitudinal studies can provide important information with which to explain patterns observed in large-scale quantitative datasets. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	HIV/AIDS; Households; Longitudinal research; Mixed methods; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; cohort analysis; health impact; health survey; household expenditure; human immunodeficiency virus; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; rural area; socioeconomic conditions; welfare impact; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; cohort analysis; death; disease association; ethnographic research; family; female; health survey; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; longitudinal study; male; poverty; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; rural area; social network; socioeconomics; Uganda; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Pedigree; Poverty; Qualitative Research; Risk Factors; Rural Health; Rural Population; Uganda; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51049098708	Metal contamination of surface water, sediment and Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula of Iko River and environmental impact due to Utapete gas flare station, Nigeria	Benson N.U., Etesin U.M.	2008	Environmentalist	28	3	10.1007/s10669-007-9127-3	Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Analytical Laboratory, Aluminium Smelter Company of Nigeria, Ikot Abasi, Nigeria	Benson, N.U., Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Etesin, U.M., Analytical Laboratory, Aluminium Smelter Company of Nigeria, Ikot Abasi, Nigeria	Inter-seasonal studies on the trace metal load of surface water, sediment and Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula of Iko River were conducted between 2003 and 2004. The impact of anthropogenic activities especially industrial effluent, petroleum related wastes, gas flare and episodic oil spills on the ecosystem are remarkable. Trace metals analyzed included cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). Sediment particle size analysis revealed that they were characteristically psammitic and were predominantly of medium to fine grained sand (&gt;73%), less of silt (&lt;15%) and clay (&lt;10%). These results correlated with low levels of trace elements such as Pb (0.03 ± 0.02 mg kg -1), Cr (0.22 ± 0.12 mg kg -1), Cd (0.05 ± 0.03 mg kg -1), Cu (0.04 ± 0.02 mg kg -1) and Mn (0.23 ± 0.22 mg kg -1) in the sediment samples. This observation is consistent with the scarcity of clayey materials known to be good scavengers for metallic and organic contaminants. Sediments indicated enhanced concentration of Fe, Ni and V, while other metal levels were relatively low. The concentrations of all the metals except Pb in surface water were within the permissible levels, suggesting that the petroleum contaminants had minimal effect on the state of pollution by trace metals in Iko River. Notably, the pollutant concentrations in the sediments were markedly higher than the corresponding concentrations in surface water and T. fuscatus tissues, and decreased with distance from point sources of pollution. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Coastal environment; Nigeria; Sediment; Trace metals; Water pollution	concentration (composition); environmental impact; human activity; industrial waste; organic pollutant; petroleum; river pollution; sediment pollution; surface water; trace metal; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Tympanotonus fuscatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51149092100	Evaluation of registry data removal by shredder programs	Velupillai H., Mokhonoana P.	2008	IFIP International Federation for Information Processing	285	None	10.1007/978-0-387-84927-0_5	Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa	Velupillai, H., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Mokhonoana, P., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa	Shredder programs attempt to overcome Window's inherent inability to erase data completely. A shredder is useful when one needs to transfer ownership or dispose of a computer, but it can be exploited by a suspect for the purpose of wiping incriminating evidence. Most shredder programs claim to remove all traces of data. This paper examines these claims by conducting forensic examinations of computers on which shredder programs were used. © 2008 International Federation for Information Processing.	Data removal; Shredder tools; Windows Registry	Forensic examinations; Transfer ownerships; Windows registry; Forensic examinations; Transfer ownerships; Windows registry; Computer forensics; Computer forensics; Information technology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51149099012	Indigenous chicken flocks of Eastern Uganda: I. Productivity, management and strategies for better performance	Kugonza D.R., Kyarisiima C.C., Iisa A.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	9	None	Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Kugonza, D.R., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kyarisiima, C.C., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Iisa, A., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	A study was conducted to determine the productivity and management of indigenous chickens of Kumi district in Eastern Uganda. Eighty households were randomly selected to respond to a standard questionnaire. The average flock size per household was three cocks, six hens and four chicks. Sexual maturity is attained at 5.5 and 6.5 months among male and female chickens respectively, with age at first egg ranging between 5.5-7 months. Egg hatchability varied widely between farmers with an overall mean of 90%. Clutch sizes ranged between 4-19 eggs per clutch, with a mean of 13 eggs. Chickens were acquired through purchase (65.6%), gifts (26.3%), or in exchange for labour. Scavenging was the major feeding system, seasonally supplemented with cereal grain. The majority of the farmers (87.5%) provided birds with drinking water. Death of chicks was prevalent (73%) and was mainly attributed to Newcastle disease (70%), with most of the mortality being observed during the dry season (62%). Survival of chickens was significantly affected (P<0.001) by feeding level, and strongly correlated (r = 0.83) with the housing system. Housing and feeding had significant effects on duration between laying cycles (P<0.001), how chickens were acquired (P<0.01), and the uses to which the chickens were put (P<0.001). Chickens and eggs are mainly used to generate household income and for home consumption. In some households, chickens are exchanged for goats and subsequently, for cattle. Our findings indicate that the indigenous chicken is a major resource in Teso, Uganda. The performance of these indigenous chickens would significantly improve with better feeding, housing and health management. Chicken farmers should be empowered through training and provision of capital credit, the latter of which should be well informed by data on the chicken production cycle.	Eggs; Feeding; Health households; Nutrition; Rural; Scavenging	Aves; Bos; Capra hircus; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51149111603	Foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in South Sudan: Benefit-cost analysis and livelihoods impact	Barasa M., Catley A., MacHuchu D., Laqua H., Puot E., Kot D.T., Ikiror D.	2008	Transboundary and Emerging Diseases	55	8	10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01042.x	Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Barasa, M., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Catley, A., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; MacHuchu, D., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Laqua, H., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Puot, E., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Kot, D.T., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Ikiror, D., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya	A benefit-cost analysis of vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was conducted in an area of South Sudan, which due to chronic conflict, had been subject to large-scale humanitarian assistance for many years. The study used participatory epidemiology (PE) methods to estimate the prevalence and mortality of acute and chronic FMD in different age groups of cattle, and the reduction in milk off-take in cows affected by FMD. The benefit-cost of FMD vaccination was 11.5. Losses due to the chronic form of FMD accounted for 28.2% of total FMD losses, indicating that future benefit-cost analyses for FMD control in pastoral and agropastoral areas of Africa need to consider losses caused by chronic disease. Participatory epidemiological methods were also used to assess the importance of milk in the diet of Nuer agropastoralists, and seasonal variations in diet in relation to cattle movements and FMD outbreaks. Marked seasonal variation in diet included a 'hunger gap' period during which households were highly dependent on milk as their main source of food. Outbreaks of FMD occurred immediately before this period of milk dependency, with chronic losses extending through this period and affecting human food security. The paper discusses the need and feasibility of mass vaccination and strategic vaccination for FMD in South Sudan. The paper also discusses the value of combining conventional benefit-cost analysis with livelihoods analysis to inform disease control efforts and funding commitments in humanitarian contexts. © 2008 Blackwell Verlag.	Benefit-cost analysis; Foot-and-mouth disease; Human food security; Participatory epidemiology; South Sudan; Vaccination	virus vaccine; animal; animal disease; article; cattle; cattle disease; cost benefit analysis; economics; epidemic; female; foot and mouth disease; Foot and mouth disease virus; immunology; infection control; male; milk; secretion; Sudan; vaccination; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Communicable Disease Control; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Male; Milk; Sudan; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51249087895	Effects of gender on the performance of micro and small enterprises in Malawi	Chirwa E.W.	2008	Development Southern Africa	25	3	10.1080/03768350802212139	Department of Economics, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, South Africa	Chirwa, E.W., Department of Economics, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, South Africa	Women are increasingly venturing into ownership of micro and small enterprises, either on their own or in partnership with male entrepreneurs. Using national survey data from Malawi, this study compares the performance of enterprises owned by females with those owned by males. The results show that the relationship between gender and business performance is complex. While there are no significant differences in profit margins, female-owned enterprises tend to grow more rapidly in terms of employment than male-owned ones. Gender-based regression results also show that while there are common factors that affect the performance of both kinds of enterprise, there are also differential effects in which education is a critical factor for the success of female-owned enterprises.	None	entrepreneur; firm ownership; gender role; microenterprise; small and medium-sized enterprise; Africa; East Africa; Malawi; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51349086709	The Amma radiosonde program and its implications for the future of atmospheric monitoring over Africa	Parker D.J., Fink A., Janicot S., Ngamini J.-B., Douglas M., Afiesimama E., Agusti-Panareda A., Beljaars A., Dide F., Diedhiou A., Lebel T., Polcher J., Redelspergerk J.-L., Thorncroft C., Wilson G.A.	2008	Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society	89	7	10.1175/2008BAMS2436.1	University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; LOCEAN, IRD, Paris, France; ASECNA, Dakar, Senegal; National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, OK, United States; NIMET, Abuja, Nigeria; ECMWF, Reading, Uni	Parker, D.J., University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Fink, A., University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Janicot, S., LOCEAN, IRD, Paris, France; Ngamini, J.-B., ASECNA, Dakar, Senegal; Douglas, M., National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, OK, United States; Afiesimama, E., NIMET, Abuja, Nigeria; Agusti-Panareda, A., ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom; Beljaars, A., ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom; Dide, F., DMN, Cotonou, Benin, South Africa; Diedhiou, A., LTHE, IRD, Grenoble, France; Lebel, T., LTHE, IRD, Grenoble, France; Polcher, J., IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France; Redelspergerk, J.-L., CNRM, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Thorncroft, C., SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Wilson, G.A., GMet, Accra, Ghana	This article describes the upper-air program, which has been conducted as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). Since 2004, AMMA scientists have been working in partnership with operational agencies in Africa to reactivate silent radiosonde stations, to renovate unreliable stations, and to install new stations in regions of particular climatic importance. A comprehensive upper-air network is now active over West Africa and has contributed to high-quality atmospheric monitoring over three monsoon seasons. During the period June to September 2006 high-frequency soundings were performed, in conjunction with intensive aircraft and ground-based activities: some 7,000 soundings were made, representing the greatest density of upper air measurements ever collected over the region. An important goal of AMMA is to evaluate the impact of these data on weather and climate prediction for West Africa, and for the hurricane genesis regions of the tropical Atlantic. Many operational difficulties were encountered in the program, involving technical problems in the harsh environment of sub-Saharan Africa and issues of funding, coordination, and communication among the many nations and agencies involved. In facing up to these difficulties, AMMA achieved a steady improvement in the number of soundings received by numerical weather prediction centers, with a success rate of over 88% by August 2007. From the experience of AMMA, we are therefore able to make firm recommendations for the maintenance and operation of a useful upper-air network in WMO Region I in the future. © 2008 American Meteorological Society.	None	Climatology; Forecasting; Network protocols; Radiosondes; Sensor networks; Weather forecasting; African monsoon multidisciplinary analysis; Atmospheric monitoring; Climate predictions; Ground-based; Harsh environments; High frequencies; High-quality; Maintenance and operation; New stations; Numerical weather prediction; Sub-Saharan Africa; Technical problems; Tropical atlantic; Upper air; West-Africa; Atmospherics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51349138067	Integrated community-based growth monitoring and vegetable gardens focusing on crops rich in β-carotene: Project evaluation in a rural community in the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Laurie S.M., Faber M.	2008	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	88	12	10.1002/jsfa.3319	Agricultural Research Council - Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (ARC-VOPI), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Laurie, S.M., Agricultural Research Council - Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (ARC-VOPI), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Faber, M., Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Cultivation in β-carotene vegetables was promoted in a crop-based intervention in Lusikisiki, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The project also included nutrition education and community-based growth monitoring, and focused on technology transfer and mobilisation of local organisations. Three years after initiation of the project, participating (n = 219) and non-participating (n = 223) households were compared in terms of child morbidity, nutritional knowledge, dietary intake and gardening practices. RESULTS: Compared to control households, more caregivers from project households thought that yellow fruit and vegetables were good for their children (73% vs. 45%; P < 0.001), were familiar with the term 'vitamin A' (89% vs. 63%; P < 0.001), knew that vitamin A is a nutrient in food (83% vs. 53%; P < 0.001), and could name three food sources rich in vitamin A (56% vs. 27%; P < 0.001). Fewer 1-5-year-old children in the project households reportedly experienced vomiting (6% vs. 13%; P = 0.012), fever (30% vs. 42%; P = 0.008), sores on the skin (6% vs. 19%; P < 0.001), continuous runny nose (20% vs. 33%; P = 0.002), diarrhoea (2% vs. 7%; P = 0.026) and poor appetite (7% vs. 14%; P = 0.016). Children from project households consumed carrot (P = 0.008), butternut (P = 0.002), spinach (P = 0.004) and orange-fleshed sweetpotato (P = 0.028) more frequently than children from control households. CONCLUSION: The agricultural intervention, combined with nutrition education and community-based growth monitoring, showed a favourable effect on child morbidity, nutritional knowledge and dietary intake of β-carotene-rich vegetables. Agricultural interventions can therefore contribute significantly towards nutritional outcomes. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.	Crop-based approach; Ipomoea batatas; Provitamin A-rich vegetables	Daucus carota; Ipomoea batatas; Juglans cinerea; Spinacia oleracea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51349164467	Evaluation of prevalence and seasonality of Newcastle disease in chicken in Kaduna, Nigeria	Nwanta J.A., Egege S.C., Alli-Balogun J.K., Ezema W.S.	2008	World's Poultry Science Journal	64	3	10.1017/S0043933908000147	Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahm	Nwanta, J.A., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Egege, S.C., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Alli-Balogun, J.K., College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria; Ezema, W.S., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Newcastle disease is a major constraint to poultry production in Africa, in both commercial and village rearing systems. A ten-year review (January, 1996-December, 2005) of case reports in respect of Newcastle and other poultry diseases diagnosed at the veterinary clinics in Kaduna, Nigeria was conducted. A total of 3164 outbreaks were documented with 1050 outbreaks diagnosed as ND. There were significant (P>0.05) associations in the distribution of Newcastle disease and age, breed, season, type of bird and management system of poultry in Kaduna. ND outbreaks were most prevalent during the dry season (December March). Poultry kept in confined conditions, broilers, pullets, layers and birds between 3-4 weeks and 13-15 weeks of age were at greatest risk of suffering from ND outbreaks. Single vaccination had a significant effect (P<0.05) on reducing incidence of disease compared to birds that were not vaccinated or had multiple ND vaccinations. These findings have an impact on the correct approach to immunization practices using to control disease under African conditions. © 2008 Copyright World's Poultry Science Association 2008.	Newcastle Disease; Nigeria; Prevalence; Seasonality	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51449086024	Fusion of heterogeneous speaker recognition systems in the STBU submission for the NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation 2006	Brümmer N., Burget L., Černocký J.H., Glembek O., Grézl F., Karafiát M., Van Leeuwen D.A., Matějka P., Schwarz P., Strasheim A.	2007	IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing	15	7	10.1109/TASL.2007.902870	Spescom DataVoice, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; TNO Human Factors, 3769 ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	Brümmer, N., Spescom DataVoice, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Burget, L., FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; Černocký, J.H., FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; Glembek, O., FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; Grézl, F., FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; Karafiát, M., FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; Van Leeuwen, D.A., TNO Human Factors, 3769 ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands; Matějka, P., FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; Schwarz, P., FIT, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 66, Czech Republic; Strasheim, A., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	This paper describes and discusses the "STBU" speaker recognition system, which performed well in the NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation 2006 (SRE). STBU is a consortium of four partners: Spescom DataVoice (Stellenbosch, South Africa), TNO (Soesterberg, The Netherlands), BUT (Brno, Czech Republic), and the University of Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch, South Africa). The STBU system was a combination of three main kinds of subsystems: 1) GMM, with short-time Mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) or perceptual linear prediction (PLP) features, 2) Gaussian mixture model-support vector machine (GMM-SVM), using GMM mean supervectors as input to an SVM, and 3) maximum-likelihood linear regression-support vector machine (MLLR-SVM), using MLLR speaker adaptation coefficients derived from an English large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system. All subsystems made use of supervector subspace channel compensation methods-either eigenchannel adaptation or nuisance attribute projection. We document the design and performance of all subsystems, as well as their fusion and calibration via logistic regression. Finally, we also present a cross-site fusion that was done with several additional systems from other NIST SRE-2006 participants. © 2006 IEEE.	Eigenchannel; Fusion; Gaussian mixture model (GMM); Nuisance attribute projection (NAP); Speaker recognition; Support vector machine (SVM)	Eigenchannel; Fusion; Gaussian mixture model (GMM); Nuisance attribute projection (NAP); Speaker recognition; Support vector machine (SVM); Communication channels (information theory); Continuous speech recognition; Image retrieval; Magnetostrictive devices; Maximum likelihood; Mixtures; Object recognition; Trellis codes; Vectors; Support vector machines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51449110309	Influence of culm age, particle size and board density on the performance of particleboard made from Ethiopian highland bamboo (Yushania alpina)	Kelemwork S., Md. Tahir P., Wong E.D., Sudin R.	2007	Journal of Bamboo and Rattan	6	42433	None	Forest Products Utilization Research Centre, 2322 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Kelemwork, S., Forest Products Utilization Research Centre, 2322 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Md. Tahir, P., Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Wong, E.D., Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Sudin, R., Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Yushania alpina, one of the most widespread bamboo species in Ethiopia, was investigated for its suitability as a raw material for particleboard production. A total of 105 culms from three different age groups (1-, 2- and 3-year-old) were harvested from farmers' bamboo plantation in Ethiopia. Fine (0.5-1 mm) and coarse (1-2 mm) particle sizes from each age group were used for making single-layer particleboards at 600 and 750 kg/m3 board target density levels. Urea formaldehyde resin was used as a binder at the rate of 10 per cent of the oven dry weight of the particles. The particleboards produced were tested for mechanical properties and dimensional stability. Performance characteristics including bending strength (MOR), stiffness (MOE), internal bond (IB) strength, thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) were assessed. The results showed that culm age, particle size and board density significantly affected the internal bond strength, thickness swelling and water absorption properties, whereas culm age did not show significant effect on bending and stiffness properties. The results obtained in this study showed that 2-year-old culms can be successfully used as an alternative lignocellulosic raw material for the manufacture of general purpose particleboard, using relatively low resin content. © KFRI 2007.	Board density; Culm age; Dimensional stability; Particle size; Particleboard; Strength properties; Yushania alpina	Yushania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51549092291	Environmental resources and recent impacts in the Awassa collapsed caldera, Main Ethiopian Rift	Alemayehu Abiye T.	2008	Quaternary International	189	1	10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.006	School of Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Alemayehu Abiye, T., School of Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The Awassa closed basin is formed by collapsed caldera of acidic volcano and is located within the Main Ethiopian Rift whose center is occupied by freshwater lake called Lake Awassa and big swampy area of Shalo. The basin is endowed with various natural resources such as water, vegetation, birds, etc. It is rich in fresh groundwater resource, which contains a lot of fluoride. Consequently, it is not suitable for drinking. There is thermal manifestation (Wondo Genet and Gara Quhe) in different parts of the caldera, which is characteristic feature of caldera collapse of shallow rooted acidic volcanoes. To characterize the basin water resources major ion chemistry, total coliform, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand analyses were performed for selected surface and ground water samples. The physical and chemical data collected for this study showed that the natural resources are affected by human incursion since the establishment of the Awassa town. The surface and subsurface drainage is towards the lake and therefore, the lake is the main destination for any type of contaminants generated from urban activity and the caldera rim. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.	None	biochemical oxygen demand; caldera; dissolved oxygen; environmental impact; groundwater resource; natural resource; water resource; Africa; East Africa; East African Rift; Ethiopia; Ethiopian Rift; Lake Awasa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51549114741	The impact of stress on student tardiness and subsequent throughput rate of engineering students: A case study	Swart A.J.	2008	International Journal of Engineering Education	24	4	None	Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa	Swart, A.J., Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa	Stress is any change that requires a person to adjust to a new situation and is registered in the brain as a threat that causes a stress response in the body. 'Student tardiness' is the term ascribed to students who suffer from tardiness, which is defined as the quality or condition of not being on time. Student tardiness is currently experienced in many higher educational institutions, contributing to poor academic achievements and subsequent low throughput rates. Tardiness is viewed as a construct, which is an abstract concept deliberately created to represent a collection of concrete forms of behaviour including stress or anxiety. The case study on which this article is based explored the relationship between stress or anxiety and tardiness of engineering students, establishing a direct correlation between stress or anxiety and the throughput rate of an engineering module called Design Project III. The empirical study incorporated an ex-post facto study involving a preexperimentallexploratory design using descriptive statistics. The results of this research were applied to three separate tests which indicated a statistically significant relationship between stress or anxiety and the final throughput rate (75%) of the module Design Project III. Moreover, the presence of a negative correlation indicates that a decrease in the negative aspects of stress or anxiety will result in an increase in the final throughput rate of the module, subsequently influencing the academic success of engineering students. © 2008 TEMPUS Publications.	Anxiety; Engineering student; Stress; Student tardiness; Throughput rate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51549116135	Self-reported visual impairment and impact on vision-related activities in an elderly Nigerian population: Report from the Ibadan Study of Ageing	Bekibele C.O., Gureje O.	2008	Ophthalmic Epidemiology	15	4	10.1080/09286580802336583	Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Bekibele, C.O., Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Studies have shown an association between visual impairment and poor overall function. Studies from Africa and developing countries show high prevalence of visual impairment. More information is needed on the community prevalence and impact of visual impairment among elderly Africans. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling of households was implemented to select persons aged 65 years and over in the south-western and north-central parts of Nigeria. Impairments of distant and near vision were based on subjective self-reports obtained with the use of items derived from the World Health Organization multi-country World Health Survey questionnaire. Impairment was defined as reporting much difficulty to questions on distant and near vision. Disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were evaluated by interview, using standardized scales. Results: A total of 2054 subjects 957 (46.6%) males and 1097 (53.4) females responded to the questions on vision. 22% (n = 453) of the respondents reported distant vision impairment, and 18% (n = 377) reported near vision impairment (not mutually exclusive). Fifteen percent (n = 312), however, reported impairment for both far and near vision. Impairment of distant vision increased progressively with age (P < 0.01). Persons with self-reported near vision impairment had elevated risk of functional disability in several IADLs and ADLs than those with out. Distant vision impairment was less associated with role limitations in both ADLs and IADLs. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported distant visual impairment was high but that for near visual impairment was less than expected in this elderly African population. Impairment of near vision was found to carry with it a higher burden of functional disability than that of distant vision. Copyright © 2008 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.	Activities of daily living; Functional disability; Visual impairment	adult; aged; aging; article; controlled study; female; functional disease; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; priority journal; quality of life; questionnaire; self report; vision; visual impairment; world health organization; Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Female; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Questionnaires; Self Disclosure; Sickness Impact Profile; Vision Disorders; Visually Impaired Persons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51649098396	Impact of hepatitis C co-infection on CD4 cell count in HIV infected subjects	Emokpae M.A., Nwokedi E.E., Jegede E.E.	2008	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	7	2	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 3452, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasilogy, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, Blood Group Serology Aminu Kano	Emokpae, M.A., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 3452, Kano, Nigeria; Nwokedi, E.E., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasilogy, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Jegede, E.E., Department of Haematology, Blood Group Serology Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection is reported to be common among HIV infected subjects due to share routes of transmission. The fact that HCV infection may act as cofactor for HIV disease progression has been suggested. Objective: To determine if HCV and HIV co-infection affect the immunocompetence (CD4) of the infected subjects and response to Highly Active Anti Retroviral therapy. Subjects and methods: Fifty HIV/HCV co-infected and fifty HIV monoinfected adults were retrospectively studied. Their baseline CD4 cell counts were done using Dynal beads technique before commencement of HAART and repeated after six months. Results: The CD4 cell counts of co-infected subjects were lower than the mono-infected subjects. Sixty eight percent of the co-infected subjects had CD4 cell count less than 200cells/uL, and they responded poorly to HAART therapy than the mono-infected subjects (P<0.05). Those with CD4 cell count greater than 200cells/uL responded better to treatment than those with CD4 cell count less than 200cells/uL (P<0.001) Conclusion: HCV/HIV co-infection affects the immunocompetence of the patients and HCV may acts as cofactor for HIV disease progression. It is needful to screen all HIV positive subjects for HCV antibody as this will improve their clinical management and outcome.	CD4 cell count; Co-infection; Hepatitis C; Human immunodeficiency virus	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51649102055	Evaluation of lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of anacardic acids	Kubo I., Tae J.H., Tsujimoto K., Tocoli F.E., Green I.R.	2008	Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences	63	42559	None	Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	Kubo, I., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tae, J.H., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tsujimoto, K., School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Tocoli, F.E., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa; Green, I.R., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	6-Alkylsalicylic acids inhibit the linoleic acid peroxidation catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase-1 (EC 1.13.11.12, type 1) competitively and without pro-oxidant effects. This activity is largely dependent on the nature of their alkyl side chains. Inhibitory activities of anacardic acids, viz. 6-pentadec(en)ylsalicylic acids, isolated from the cashew Anacardium occidentale, were initially used for comparison because their aromatic head portions are the same. Consequently, the data should be interpreted to mean that changes in the hydrophobic side chain tail portions of the molecules evaluated correlate with the specific activity determined. © 2008 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.	Anacardic acids; Hydrophobicity; Inhibitory activity; Lipoxygenase	anacardic acid; lipoxygenase inhibitor; scavenger; article; chemistry; drug screening; electrospray mass spectrometry; Anacardic Acids; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Anacardium occidentale; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51849115975	Evaluation of antioxidant levels and trace element status in Nigerian sickle cell disease patients with Plasmodium parasitaemia	Arinola O.G., Olaniyi J.A., Akiibinu M.O.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	6	10.3923/pjn.2008.766.769	Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Olabisi Onabanjo Universi	Arinola, O.G., Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olaniyi, J.A., Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akiibinu, M.O., Department of Chemical Pathology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria	Homozygous sickle cell disease (genotype HbSS) confers a certain degree of protection to human (especially Africans) Plasmodium falciparum malaria, yet the precise mechanism remains unknown. Recent observations suggest that the mechanism might also involve immune and non-immune components. In this study, the plasma levels of trace elements (Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Se) and antioxidants (urea, albumin and total antioxidants) were determined in Nigerians with sickle cell disease with (HbSS+M), or without (HbSS-M) Plasmodium parasitaemia, haemoglobin AA with Plasmodium parasitaemia (HbAA+M) compared with those having haemoglobin AA without Plasmodium parasitaemia (HbAA-M) using spectrophotometric method. The mean level of urea was significantly higher while the total antioxidants (TAS), Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Se and albumin were not significantly different in HbAA+M subjects when compared with HbAA-M subjects. In HbSS-M subjects, the levels of Fe, Zn, Mn and TAS were significantly lower while the level of urea was significantly higher when compared with HbSS+M subjects. There were no significant differences in the values of Mg, Cu, Cd, Se and albumin in HbSS-M subjects when compared with HbAA-M. In HbSS+M subjects, significantly lower levels of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Se, total antioxidants, but significantly higher level of urea were observed when compared with the HbAA-M subjects. The result of this study revealed an aggravating effect of Plasmodium parasitaemia on deranged levels of trace elements in Nigerians with sickle cell disease. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Essential metals; Malaria; Sickle cell disease	albumin; antioxidant; cadmium; chromium; copper; hemoglobin aa; hemoglobin ss; hemoglobin variant; iron; magnesium; manganese; selenium; trace element; unclassified drug; urea; zinc; article; blood level; controlled study; hemoglobin SC disease; human; major clinical study; malaria; Nigeria; parasitemia; Plasmodium; spectrophotometry; Plasmodium falciparum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51949095633	Educational jeopardy and its impact on inclusive education: A critical ethnographic account from a remote Ethiopian High School	Hussein J.W.	2008	Journal of Negro Education	77	2	None	Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Hussein, J.W., Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	This article reported accounts of educational jeopardy in ABC Secondary School (pseudonym) in eastern Ethiopia. The data were collected through school and classroom observations and from the reflections of schoolteachers, school administrators, school pupils, and University student teachers. The critical ethnographic research approach used in this study revealed that there was real student disengagement during the learning process. The article pointed out the historical base of blaming students for disengagement in the educational processes in the classroom and their other untenable behaviors. The article argued that stating students are unwilling or unmotivated to learn was one aspect of explaining problems as caused mainly due to the deficiencies of the victim and seeking solutions in changing the victim rather than addressing the core cause of the problem. © The Journal of Negro Education.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51949109315	The impact of vehicular fallout on the Pra estuary of Ghana (a case study of the impact of platinum group metals (PGMs) on the marine ecosystem)	Essumang D.K., Dodoo D.K., Adokoh C.K.	2008	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	145	42372	10.1007/s10661-007-0037-0	Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Essumang, D.K., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Dodoo, D.K., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Adokoh, C.K., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	It is increasingly being recognised and environmental measurements have demonstrated that Platinum (Pt) (and potentially Rhodium (Rh) and Palladium (Pd)) is released with the ageing of catalytic converters. Platinum is a particular concern as it has a known mutagenic and toxic effect, even at exceedingly low concentrations, in urban air (affecting human health) and urban water (affecting ecosystem health). In the context given above and given the still keen lack of reliable experimental data on the levels of Pd, Pt and Rh in water and sediment, this study determined the concentration of such elements in water and sediment of the Pra estuary in the Western Region of Ghana where it is estimated that more than two thousand cars pass over the bridge under which the river flows to join the sea each day. Elevated concentrations of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and Rhodium (Rh) were found to be associated with water and soils from areas of high traffic densities (Beposo) suggesting that vehicles also contribute heavy metals (PGMs) to the environment. The result showed elevated levels of these metals in river bank, waterbed and in the water. There is therefore the tendency of possible accumulation of these metals in plant and animals along these areas. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.	Akotokyir; Beposo; Bosomdo Krobo; Canberra Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA); Catalytic converters; Kakum; Platinum group metals (PGMs); Pra estuary; Shama Beach	Catalytic converters; Concentration (process); Ecosystems; Heavy metals; Heavy water; Iridium alloys; Metals; Palladium; Platinum; Platinum metals; Rhodium; Rivers; Sedimentation; Sedimentology; Transition metals; Akotokyir; Beposo; Bosomdo Krobo; Canberra Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA); Case studies; Ecosystem health; Elevated concentrations; Elevated levels; Environmental measurements; Experimental data; Human health; In plants; Kakum; Low concentrations; Marine ecosystems; Platinum group metals; Platinum group metals (PGMs); Pra estuary; River banks; River flows; Shama Beach; Toxic effects; Traffic densities; Urban air; Urban waters; River pollution; heavy metal; palladium; platinum derivative; rhodium; river water; bioaccumulation; concentration (composition); ecological impact; estuarine ecosystem; fallout; palladium; platinum; pollution effect; rhodium; toxicity; traffic emission; urban atmosphere; article; environmental impact; environmental monitoring; estuary; flotation bed; Ghana; marine environment; motor vehicle; riparian ecosystem; soil analysis; soil chemistry; soil quality; water analysis; water content; water flow; water quality; water sampling; Ecosystem; Ghana; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Palladium; Platinum; Rhodium; Seawater; Vehicle Emissions; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Africa; Ghana; Pra Estuary; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52049115654	Dual response surface optimization with hard-to-control variables for sustainable gasifier performance	Coetzer R.L.J., Rossouw R.F., Lin D.K.J.	2008	Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C: Applied Statistics	57	5	10.1111/j.1467-9876.2008.00631.x	Sasol Technology Research and Development, Sasolburg, South Africa; Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States; Reaction Technology and Industrial Statistics, Sasol Technology Research and Development, 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa	Coetzer, R.L.J., Sasol Technology Research and Development, Sasolburg, South Africa, Reaction Technology and Industrial Statistics, Sasol Technology Research and Development, 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa; Rossouw, R.F., Sasol Technology Research and Development, Sasolburg, South Africa; Lin, D.K.J., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States	Dual response surface optimization of the Sasol-Lurgi fixed bed dry bottom gasification process was carried out by performing response surface modelling and robustness studies on the process variables of interest from a specially equipped full-scale test gasifier. Coal particle size distribution and coal composition are considered as hard-to-control variables during normal operation. The paper discusses the application of statistical robustness studies as a method for determining the optimal settings of process variables that might be hard to control during normal operation. Several dual response surface strategies are evaluated for determining the optimal process variable conditions. It is shown that a narrower particle size distribution is optimal for maximizing gasification performance which is robust against the variability in coal composition. © Journal compilation © 2008 Royal Statistical Society.	Desirability functions; Dual response surface; Gasification; Robustness studies	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52049121876	Evaluation of trace elements and total antioxidant status in Nigerian cassava processors	Arinola O.G., Nwozo S.O., Ajiboye J.A., Oniye A.H.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	6	10.3923/pjn.2008.770.772	Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	Arinola, O.G., Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Nwozo, S.O., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Ajiboye, J.A., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Oniye, A.H., Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	The consumption and export cassava or cassava product is on the increase, thus more Nigerians are involved in the planting and processing of cassava stems and tubers respectively. Tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) and diabetes Mellitus (DM) are among the cassava-cyanide induced conditions in rural Nigerians that engaged in processing and consumption of cassava products. TAN and DM are associated with certain trace elements, therefore this study determines the levels of trace elements (Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb) and total antioxidant (TAS) in 36 Nigerian cassava processors and 24 controls using spectrophotometric methods. The mean levels of Mg, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu were not significantly raised in cassava processors compared with the controls. Also, the mean levels of essential trace elements such as Se, Zn, Fe, Mn and TAS were not significantly reduced in cassava processors compared with the controls. Fairly raised levels of toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and reduced levels of nutritionally essential trace elements (Se, Fe and Zn) call for future concern about the health status of long-time cassava processors. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Cassava; Micronutrients; Nigeria and neuropathy	antioxidant; cadmium; chromium; copper; iron; lead; magnesium; manganese; selenium; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; trace element; trace metal; zinc; article; atomic absorption spectrometry; cassava; controlled study; food analysis; food processing; health status; human; Nigeria; trace metal blood level; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52149108047	Bacteriological and clinical evaluation of twelve cases of post-surgical sepsis of odontogenic tumours at a referral centre	Egwari L.O., Nwokoye N.N., Obisesan B., Coker A.O., Nwaokorie F.O., Savage K.O.	2008	East African Medical Journal	85	6	None	Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitol	Egwari, L.O., Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Nwokoye, N.N., Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Obisesan, B., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Coker, A.O., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Nwaokorie, F.O., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Savage, K.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Objective: To determine the bacterial aetiology of sepsis occurring following surgery of odontogenic tumours and assess the effect of prompt and proper antibiotic usage. Design: A prospective study. Setting: A tertiary referral centre in Lagos, Nigeria. Subjects: Twelve patients with odontogenic tumours that developed sepsis postoperatively. Eight of the patients were referred from private hospitals, the remaining were in-patients who sought for alternative medical attention following interruption of health care services at the referral centre. Intervention: Adequate review of patient's medical history, bacteriological investigations and antibiotic therapy. Main outcome measures: Bacteriological and clinical cure following antibiotic therapy based on susceptibility test results. Results: Two categories of patients were identified; those who completed the course of antibiotics prescribed post-surgery and patients who failed to conform to antibiotic prescription. Sepsis developed in the non-compliance group much earlier than in the group that complied (p<0.001). Infections were polybacterial with aerobes accounting for 77.4% (α-haemolytic streptococci 29.0%, Streptococcus pyogenes 16.1%, Staphylococcus aureus 16.1%, diphtheroids 9.7%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 6.5%) and anaerobes 22.6% (Porphyromonas gingivalis 9.7%, Peptostreptococcus spp. 6.5%, Prevotella melaninogenica 3.2%, Clostridium perfringens 3.2%). Mixed aerobic and anaerobic aetiology occurred more in osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from a case of osteosarcoma with necrotic tissues. The anaerobic bacteria were 100% sensitive to metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and augmentin, 65-85% sensitivity to ampicloxacillin, amoxicillin and erythromycin. Over 92% of the streptococci were sensitive to the β-Lactams contrast low susceptibility with S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. Conclusion: Interruption of healthcare service was the sole factor identified in the development of sepsis as the patients could not be monitored to ensure compliance to prescription.	None	antiinfective agent; antibiotic resistance; article; bacterium; drug effect; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; Nigeria; odontogenic tumor; patient compliance; patient referral; postoperative complication; prospective study; sepsis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Nigeria; Odontogenic Tumors; Patient Compliance; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Referral and Consultation; Sepsis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52249103111	Evaluation of the potential of using the modified Jensen-Haise model as an irrigation scheduling technique in Zimbabwe	Jabulani J.	2008	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	7	3	None	Irrigation and Water Engineering Department, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe	Jabulani, J., Irrigation and Water Engineering Department, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe	The majority of farmers in Zimbabwe do not practice any form of irrigation scheduling at all. The few that schedule their crops mainly use the US Bureau Class A Pan evaporimeter. Techniques such as the use of tensiometers, neutron probes, electrical resistance blocks, Time Domain Reflectrometry and also such methods as the Penman-Monteith still remain within the domain of researchers, and may be just a few commercial farmers. The accuracy of the pan evaporimeter is dependent upon several factors which the majority of farmers fail to take cognizance of. A need to develop or try another method which can be easier to use by farmers has long been outstanding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the modified Jensen-Haise (MJH) model calibrated to the local conditions of Banket area in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. The results showed that the daily evapotranspiration rates estimated using the MJH model were less fluctuating than those measured using the pan evaporimeter. The two methods gave monthly and annual values of the evapotranspiration rate that were comparable (standard estimation error of 7.98% and 6.19% respectively). According to these results the MJH model calibrated for local Banket area can be used successfully for irrigation scheduling and also for hydrological modeling and planning. The study also revealed that the MJH model is strongly sensitive to air temperature. During winter, the MJH model gave values that were lower than those measured from the pan evaporimeter and during summer when temperatures are high, the MJH model proportioned evapotranspiration rates which were generally higher than those from the pan evaporimeter.	Class pan evaporimeter; Irrigation scheduling; Modified Jensen-Haise model	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52649089673	The impact of mixed fleet hauling on mining operations at Venetia mine	Krzyzanowska J.	2007	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	107	4	None	University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Krzyzanowska, J., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Venetia Mine, an open-pit diamond mining operation in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, currently has a mixed haul truck fleet consisting of Caterpillar 785B and C; 789C; modified 793D and 793D. Even in an ideal situation these trucks have different cycle times, which causes queuing at the loading area and their different speeds cause bunching on the ramps, leading to higher overall cycle times and lower productivity. This problem was identified but the root causes of the problem were not investigated and quantified. A time and motion study on the haul trucks was thus undertaken to measure actual cycle times and compare them to ideal cycle times as well as to observe any reasons for deviations. Ideal cycle times are partly evaluated on the basis of simulation and partly from production optimization expert input. Several areas that affect production were identified and these include: haul road conditions, the control room, dispatching programme and dispatching data management, as well as truck-shovel matching. The investigation was important in establishing control parameters for haul fleet operation since time spent queuing is production time lost, which defers waste tonnes to later in the life of mine, thus decreasing the tempo at which kimberlite is exposed. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2007.	None	Control parameters; Control rooms; Cycle times; Data management; Diamond mining; Different speeds; Haul trucks; Haul-road conditions; Loading area; Mining operations; Motion study; Open pits; Production Optimization; Production time; Root causes; South Africa; Automobiles; Control system analysis; Control theory; Diamonds; Fleet operations; Management information systems; Mine trucks; Mines; Mining; Mining engineering; Open pit mining; Parameter estimation; Solid wastes; Trucks; Time and motion study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52649115262	Participatory assessment of the South African abalone resource and its impact on predicted population trajectories	Edwards C.T.T., Plagányi É.E.	2008	South African Journal of Science	104	42496	None	Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Edwards, C.T.T., Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Plagányi, É.E., Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Illegal harvesting is a cause for concern in many of the world's fisheries. Over the last decade, the abalone resource in South Africa has come under severe fishing pressure, largely because of increased and unmitigated levels of poaching. The unqualified illegal exploitation of this resource is a major impediment to management, because understanding of abalone population dynamics is affected. Incorrect assessments of population abundance could lead to inadequate attempts by management to stem the decline. Here, population trends along the west coast of South Africa are investigated. A simple discrete-time logistic model was used to estimate parameters within a maximum likelihood statistical framework by fitting to available catch rate data. To address the problem of unknown levels of illegal catch, interview data were collected on non-commercial catch trends and the model was structured to allow this catch to be estimated during the fitting process. The results show that such a participatory approach to stock assessment can lead to an improved understanding of resource dynamics, illustrating the benefit this approach may have for management.	None	abundance; assessment method; catch statistics; exploitation; fishery management; fishing; gastropod; harvesting; participatory approach; population dynamics; prediction; stock assessment; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Haliotidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52649135677	Prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa	Momba M.N.B., Abong'o B.O., Mwambakana J.N.	2008	Water SA	34	3	None	Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag x 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Momba, M.N.B., Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Abong'o, B.O., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag x 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mwambakana, J.N., Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Immunosuppressed persons such as HIV/AIDS patients are at risk of acquiring diarrhoeal infections from water-borne E. coli O157:H7. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water collected from selected distribution systems within the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic conditions of HIV/AIDS persons living in this area. One hundred and eighty water samples and 360 stool swabs from confirmed and nonconfirmed HIV/AIDS diarrhoeic patients were analysed. Escherichia coli O157:H7 were isolated using enrichment culture and confirmed using molecular techniques. Of the 180 drinking water samples, 46 (25.56%) were positive for E. coli O157. The prevalence of E. coli O157 in the stools was at 36.39% (131/360) of which 56.5% (74/131) and 43.5% (57/131) were from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. Molecular analysis of 27, 25 and 29 representative presumptive E. coli O157 from water and stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, revealed that 14.81%, 36% and 17.24% of the isolates were E. coli O157:H7. The findings predicted a possible link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water and diarrhoeic conditions of both confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients visiting Frere Hospital for treatment.	Drinking water; Escherichia coli O157:H7 and PCR; HIV/AIDS; Prevalence; Stool specimens	Escherichia coli; Forecasting; Risk assessment; Water analysis; Water pollution; Water treatment; Distribution systems; Drinking water; E. coli; E. coli O157:H7; Enrichment cultures; Escherichia coli O157:H7; Escherichia coli O157:H7 and PCR; HIV/AIDS; Molecular analysis; Molecular techniques; Prevalence; South Africa; Stool specimens; Water samples; Water-borne; Potable water; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; bacterium; diarrheal disease; disease treatment; drinking water; feces; health risk; human immunodeficiency virus; molecular analysis; Africa; Amathole; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Escherichia coli	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52649159267	Evaluation of the effect of azo group on the biological activity of 1-(4-Methylphenylazo)-2-naphthol	Mkpenie V., Ebong G., Obot I.B., Abasiekong B.	2008	E-Journal of Chemistry	5	3	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Science and Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria	Mkpenie, V., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Ebong, G., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Obot, I.B., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Abasiekong, B., Department of Science and Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria	Azo-2-naphthol and 2-naphthol were tested against five microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis. 2-Naphthol was slightly active while azo-2-naphthol was highly active against all the bacteria species tested. The presence of azo group contributed more than 60% of the antibacterial activities exhibited by azo-2-naphthol on all the bacteria tested.	2-Naphthol; Antibacterial activity; Azo compound; p-Toluidine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52749095519	Operational impact of DDT reintroduction for malaria control on Anopheles arabiensis in Mozambique	Coleman M., Casimiro S., Hemingway J., Sharp B.	2008	Journal of Medical Entomology	45	5	10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[885:OIODRF]2.0.CO;2	Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Rd., Durban, South Africa; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique	Coleman, M., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Rd., Durban, South Africa, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Casimiro, S., National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique; Hemingway, J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Sharp, B., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Rd., Durban, South Africa	With the increase in indoor residual spraying in many internationally and nationally funded malaria control programs, and affirmation by World Health Organization (WHO) that DDT is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, DDT has been reintroduced as a major malaria control intervention in Africa. Indoor residual spraying with DDT was reintroduced into Mozambique for malaria control in 2005, and it is increasingly becoming the main insecticide used for malaria vector control in Mozambique. The selection of DDT in Mozambique is evidence-based, taking account of the susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis (Patton) and Anopheles gambiae (Giles) s.s. to all the available insecticide choices, as well as relative costs of the insecticide and the logistical costs of spraying. Before this time in Mozambique, DDT was replaced by λ-cyhalothrin in 1993. Resistance occurred quickly to this insecticide, and in 2000 the pyrethroid was phased out and the carbamate bendiocarb was introduced. Low-level resistance was detected by biochemical assay to bendiocarb in 1999 in both Anopheles funestus (Giles) and An. arabiensis, although this was not evident in WHO bioassays of the same population. In the 2000-2006 surveys the levels of bendiocarb resistance had been selected to a higher level in An. arabiensis, with resistance detectable by both biochemical and WHO bioassay. The insecticide resistance monitoring program includes assessment of field populations by standard WHO insecticide susceptibility assays and biochemical assays. Monitoring was established in 1999, and it was maintained as part of an operational monitoring and evaluation program thereafter. © 2008 Entomological Society of America.	Anopheles; Insecticide resistance; Management; Mozambique	chlorphenotane; insecticide; animal; Anopheles; article; disease carrier; drug effect; female; housing; infection control; insecticide resistance; malaria; methodology; mosquito; Mozambique; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Female; Fumigation; Housing; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Mozambique; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949083973	Performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) leaves extract supplement	Nworgu F.C., Onabakin A.M., Obadina T.A.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	1	None	Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Nworgu, F.C., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Onabakin, A.M., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obadina, T.A., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	A 10-week trial was conducted to evaluate the performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (T. occidentalis) leaves extract (FPLE). Twenty four six-weeks old weaned rabbits averagely weighing 507.5 g were matched for weight and sex and distributed to four treatments which contained 0, 50, 100 and 150 ml FPLE per litre of water for A, B, C and D, respectively, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated three times. The rabbits were fed the same growers diet. Feed and water were served ad-libitum. The experiment lasted 10 weeks and the FPLE was offered at 4 days interval throughout the period of the experiment. The results revealed that FPLE was rich in protein and minerals but low in fibre, tannin and oxalate, hence a good protein and mineral supplement for weaned rabbits during dry season in humid tropical environment. Results of final live weight, average body weight gain (ABWG), feed conversion ration, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed cost per kg live weight gain, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and white and red blood cells were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different among the treatments. The ABWG, PER, PCV, Hb and RBC were for the weaned rabbits served 150 ml FPLE 1515 g/rabbit, 1.74, 66.33%, 7.33 g/100 ml and 5.39×106 L-1 and for control 930 g/rabbit, 0.85, 58.00%, 6.83 g/100 ml and 5.02×106L -1, respectively. The aforementioned parameters progressively and significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased with increased concentrations of FPLE. For improved rabbit production and blood formation, 150 ml FPLE is recommended for weaned rabbits as 0-100 ml FPLE had lower performance effects in terms of ABWG, PER, RBC and relative cost advantage.	Fluted pumpkin; Haematological indices; Performance; Supplement; Weaned rabbits	Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949099533	Instructional leadership for quality learning: An assessment of the impact of the primary school management development project in Botswana	Pansiri O.N.	2008	Educational Management Administration and Leadership	36	4	10.1177/1741143208095789	Department of Primary Education, University of Botswana, 4775 Notwane Road, Gaborone, Botswana	Pansiri, O.N., Department of Primary Education, University of Botswana, 4775 Notwane Road, Gaborone, Botswana	A descriptive study using questionnaires was conducted in 2004 to assess the effectiveness of instructional leadership displayed by primary school management teams following the implementation of the Primary School Management Project in Botswana. Leadership skills, Coordination of instructional activities, management of curriculum and quality of learners were key variables that guided the study. Respondents were 240 primary school teachers including school heads and 575 learners. Data were analyzed descriptively through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program using frequencies and percentages. The results reveal school management teams' lack of interpersonal skills necessary for classroom supervision, inability to mobilize parents to participate in school instructional improvement activities, teachers' unauthorized use of corporal punishment and lack of creativeness and innovativeness for management of curriculum change. Regarding quality of learning, the study identifies learners' inability and lack of freedom for self-expression and inadequate acquisition of basic literacy skill at varying degrees between rural and urban schools. © 2008 BELMAS.	Instructional leadership; Instructional supervision; Pedagogical leadership; School improvement; Transformational leadership	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949107601	The impact of urban environment and seasonality on the quality of Ikpoba River in Benin City, Nigeria	Odjugo P.A.O., Konyeme J.O.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	2	None	Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Benin, P. M. B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Integrated Science, College of Education, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria	Odjugo, P.A.O., Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Benin, P. M. B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Konyeme, J.O., Department of Integrated Science, College of Education, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria	In Nigeria, most wastes (solid and liquid) are indiscriminately disposed off with partial treatment or untreated. While some wastes are dumped directly into the rivers, others are left on the earth surface and may later be moved through runoffs into the rivers and pollute them. This unwholesome and non-environment friendly practice necessitated this study which investigated the impact of urbanization and seasonal variation on the water quality in Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria. Eight water samples were collected at different stations, namely pre-urban, Urban I, Urban II and post-urban. Four water samples were collected at each station during the dry season months of December 2005 and February 2006 and rainy season months of June and September 2006. Samples were analysed in laboratory for physico-chemical and microbial parameters such as PO4-3, Fe, Ca and BOD among others. A total of 500 questionnaires were administered and 492 (98.4%) well-filled questionnaires were analysed to determine the perception of the water quality by the respondents and also to what use they put the water. The data were analysed using percentages, correlation and ANOVA. The results show significant spatial and seasonal variation in the water quality, with pre-urban and dry season waters better in quality than the urban and rainy season. Urbanization was also observed to have negatively affected the water quality. The respondents used the water most for washing (30%), followed by swimming and bathing (24%) and drinking (19%). The constant and prolonged use of the polluted river water resulted in health problems like intestinal diseases, typhoid fever and skin diseases among others. It is recommended among others that the Ministry of Environment should stop both the industrialists and waste management agencies from using the river and its valley as dumping sites.	Health; Ikpoba River; Nigeria; Pollution; Seasonality; Urbanization; Water quality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949113488	Structural evolution of the 40 km wide Araguainha impact structure, central Brazil	Lana C., Filho C.R.S., Marangoni Y.R., Yokoyama E., Trindade R.I.F., Tohver E., Reimold W.U.	2008	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	43	4	None	Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Departamento de Geologia e Recursos Naturais, Instituto de Geociencias, UNICAMP, 13083-970, Brazil; Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP Rua do Matao, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Tectonics Special Research Center, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Museum for Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany	Lana, C., Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Filho, C.R.S., Departamento de Geologia e Recursos Naturais, Instituto de Geociencias, UNICAMP, 13083-970, Brazil; Marangoni, Y.R., Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP Rua do Matao, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Yokoyama, E., Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP Rua do Matao, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Trindade, R.I.F., Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP Rua do Matao, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Tohver, E., Tectonics Special Research Center, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Reimold, W.U., Museum for Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany	The 40 km wide Araguainha structure in central Brazil is a shallowly eroded impact crater that presents unique insights into the final stages of complex crater formation. The dominant structural features preserved at Araguainha relate directly to the centripetal movement of the target rocks during the collapse of the transient cavity. Slumping of the transient cavity walls resulted in inward-verging inclined folds and a km-scale anticline in the outer ring of the structure. The folding stage was followed by radial and concentric faulting, with downward displacement of kilometer-scale blocks around the crater rim. The central uplift records evidence for km-scale upward movement of crystalline basement rocks from the transient cavity floor, and lateral moment of sedimentary target rocks detached from the cavity walls. Much of the structural grain in the central uplift relates to structural stacking of km-scale thrust sheets of sedimentary strata onto the core of crystalline basement rocks. Outward-plunging radial folds indicate tangential oblate shortening of the strata during the imbrication of the thrust sheets. Each individual sheet records an early stage of folding and thickening due to non-coaxial strains, shortly before sheet imbrication. We attribute this folding and thickening phase to the kilometer-scale inward movement of the target strata from the transient cavity walls to the central uplift. The outer parts of the central uplift record additional outward movement of the target rocks, possibly related to the collapse of the central uplift. An inner ring structure at 10-12 km from the crater center marks the extent of the deformation related to the outward movement of the target rocks. © The Meteoritical Society, 2008.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949122514	Evaluation of tropical maize hybrids under drought stress	Oyekale K.O., Daniel I.O., Kamara A.Y., Adegbite A.E., Ajala M.O.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	2	None	Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, PMB2240, Ab	Oyekale, K.O., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Daniel, I.O., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Kamara, A.Y., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adegbite, A.E., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, PMB2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ajala, M.O., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	The performances of plants and seedlings of 14 tropical-adapted, registered maize hybrids were evaluated under drought stress to assess genotype suitability for off-season planting and to identify parental materials for developing drought tolerant hybrids from locally adapted germplasm. Field evaluation was done at a rain forest location (Ikenne, Ogun State, Nigeria) on irrigated plots under well-watered and water-deficit conditions during the dry period of 2002/2003 cropping season. Data was collected on total biomass and grain yield. Drought stress tolerance index (DSTI) and harvest index (HI) were estimated from total biomass and grain yield data. Hybrids 2016-1 and 2016-6 had highest total biomass and grain yield underwater deficit conditions as well as DSTI values above 0.9. Other hybrids with satisfactory performance in terms of biomass and grain yields under drought stress had DSTI values approximating 0.6 and above. From the seedling evaluation, correlation analysis of number of rolled seedling leaves with field stress tolerance indices was significant. Based on number of rolled leaves, hybrid 2016-6 had the least value, ranking it the most tolerant, but based on multiple seedling traits including seedling height, total seedling biomass, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf stay green ability (SGA), hybrids 9033-26, 0103-11 and 9022-13 were high performers. All hybrids with satisfactory seedling performance also had DSTI values from the field evaluation that were approximately or above 0.6. The results emphasized the usefulness of DSTI as a useful index for determining drought stress and suggest that maize hybrids with DSTI values around 0.6 from field trials have potentials for satisfactory productivity under drought stress.	Biomass yields; Controlled drought; Drought stress tolerance; Germplasm evaluation; Grain yields; Maize; Seed production; Tropical hybrids	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53249098599	Evaluation of starters for the fermentation of African oil bean (Pentaclethra Macrophylla Benth) seeds	Enujiugha V.N., Akanbi C.T., Adeniran H.A.	2008	Nutrition and Food Science	38	5	10.1108/00346650810906976	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Enujiugha, V.N., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Akanbi, C.T., Department of Food Science and Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adeniran, H.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine pure culture isolates from traditionally fermented product of African oil bean seeds (ugba) with a view to identifying the appropriate starters. Design/methodology/approach - The isolates were purified and characterized, and used singly and in combination to ferment freshly prepared oil bean seed slices for 72h at 37°C. The pH and microbial load of fermenting beans were monitored daily, and organoleptic tests using semi-trained panelists were employed to assess the fermented products based on quality attributes of flavour, appearance, texture and overall acceptability. Findings - The isolates included Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Total viable counts ranged from 1.3×107-9.3×109cfu/g, 7.0×106-4.0×109cfu/g, and 3.0×106-1.5×109cfu/g, respectively for the three isolates; while counts for the mixed culture fermentation ranged from 7.0×106-1.72×1010cfu/g. The mixed culture fermentation gave the best rated product, indicating a synergy among the isolates. The pH values increased steadily in the samples fermented by Bacillus sp. and the mixed culture organisms, showing that the production of ugba follows alkaline fermentation pattern. Research limitations/implications - The African oil bean seed fermentation is a bacterial mixed culture and alkaline fermentation. The major organisms involved are B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, while the P. fluorescens was insignificant. Originality/value - Most of the local fermentations in Africa, including oil bean fermentation, are still at the wild, natural inoculation level. The present study has helped in understanding of the fermentative organisms involved in Pentaclethra seed fermentation, and gave insight into an optimized ugba production.	Bacteria; Fermentation; Food products	Bacillus (bacterium); Bacillus licheniformis; Bacillus sp.; Bacillus subtilis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Pentaclethra; Pentaclethra macrophylla; Pseudomonas fluorescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53249100693	Impact of avian influenza in some states of Nigeria	Saidu L., Wakawa A.M., Abdu P.A., Adene D.F., Kazeem H.M., Ladan K.C., Abdu M., Miko R.B., Fatihu M.Y., Adamu J., Mamman P.H.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	9	10.3923/ijps.2008.913.916	Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	Saidu, L., Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Wakawa, A.M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abdu, P.A., Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adene, D.F., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Kazeem, H.M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ladan, K.C., National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Abdu, M., National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Miko, R.B., Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Fatihu, M.Y., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adamu, J., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mamman, P.H., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Cases of Avian Influenza (AI) outbreaks reported and confirmed were extracted from the records of control committees on AI in Kano and Katsina States, Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Pan-African Control of Epizootics (PACE) project office at Kaduna. Information on Al outbreaks in Jigawa State were obtained through a questionnaire. A total of 480,378 birds were lost in 34 outbreaks in the four states under study between the period of January and March 2006. Chickens accounted for more than 99% of all the birds affected followed by guinea fowls and turkeys. More than 60% of the birds affected were adults. The concentrations of poultry farms in Kano metropolis particularly along Gwarzo road where the epidemic was first noticed might have been responsible for the fast spread of the disease within Kano metropolis. It is a common practice to find geese, muscovey ducks and turkeys in one farm in the study area. This practice makes the chickens and turkeys more prone to the disease. From the tract of outbreaks It is possible that the disease spread from Jigawa State to Kano state and from Kano State to other States in the study area and other parts of the country through trade in live birds and poultry by products. For proper diagnosis and control of AI in Nigeria, poultry farmers should be educated on the necessity for prompt disease reporting to veterinarians and appropriate authorities. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Avian influenza; Chickens; Geese; Guinea fowls; Turkeys	Anas; Anser; Aves; Galliformes; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53249115271	Quality evaluation of ginger-flavoured soy-cassava biscuit	Akinwande B.A., Ade-Omowaye B.I.O., Olaniyan S.A., Akintaro O.O.	2008	Nutrition and Food Science	38	5	10.1108/00346650810906994	Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Akinwande, B.A., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Olaniyan, S.A., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Akintaro, O.O., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Purpose - This study aimed at the potential use of ginger-flavoured soy-cassava flour to produce high-protein biscuits. Design/methodology/approach - Preparation of biscuit was done using soy-cassava flour blends (0:100, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60 w/w). Biscuit was also prepared from 100 per cent wheat flour to serve as control. Findings - Chemical analysis indicated that the substitution of soy flour into cassava flour augmented the nutrient content of the biscuit, which indicates a good potential for meeting the nutrient requirements of school children. The use of ginger powder as flavouring agent effectively masked the beany flavour that is normally associated with soybean products. A sensory evaluation also confirmed good aroma and positive acceptability. Originality/value - The findings in this study confirms the endless possibilities of protein enrichment of cassava flour for the production of biscuits as a potentially effective strategy for enhancing protein-energy balance in children, particularly in developing countries. The value of this study lies in its potential as a product development strategy in combating protein-energy malnutrition, thereby promoting good health, labour productivity and mental development.	Children (age groups); Developing countries; Food products; Nutrition; Sub Saharan Africa	Glycine max; Manihot esculenta; Triticum aestivum; Zingiber officinale	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53249145765	Long-term impacts of pasture irrigation with treated sewage effluent on nutrient status of a sandy soil in Zimbabwe	Gwenzi W., Munondo R.	2008	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	82	2	10.1007/s10705-008-9181-3	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences (South), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Tropical Resources Ecology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gwenzi, W., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences (South), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Munondo, R., Tropical Resources Ecology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Declining freshwater resources and the need to safely dispose wastewater have led to a rapid increase in wastewater reuse in developing countries. However, empirical evidence on the effects of effluent-irrigation on soil fertility is limited. The study investigated the nutrient status of a sandy soil after 26 years of effluent irrigation. Soil samples from effluent-irrigated and non-irrigated sites were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), total and plant available forms of N and P, exchangeable bases and trace metals. Analysis of effluent quality showed that, besides Cr and Cd, all measured parameters were within acceptable limits for wastewater irrigation. Our results revealed that effluent-irrigation significantly (P < 0.05) enriched the soil with essential nutrients for plant growth, which are commonly deficient in most soils of Zimbabwe. Effluent-irrigated soils had significantly (P < 0.05) higher pH, EC, SOC, total and available N and P and, exchangeable Ca and Mg at 0-30 cm-depth. However, apart from Cr accumulation, effluent irrigation significantly (P < 0.05) depleted Zn, Cu and Cd probably due to plant uptake and enhanced mobility under acidic soil pH. Cr accumulation and depletion and mobility of Zn, Cu and Cd in effluent-irrigated soils could threaten the sustainability of the practice. We recommend a review of the current management practices based on crop water requirements, effluent quality and environmental considerations. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Effluent irrigation; Nutrients; Pasture; Wastewater	accumulation; effluent; electrical conductivity; irrigation; nutrient availability; pasture; recycling; sandy soil; sewage; soil fertility; soil quality; waste disposal; wastewater; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53349090704	Performance analysis of the power conversion unit of a solar chimney power plant	Fluri T.P., Von Backström T.W.	2008	Solar Energy	82	11	10.1016/j.solener.2008.05.001	Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Fluri, T.P., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Von Backström, T.W., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The power conversion unit (PCU) of a large solar chimney power plant consists of one or several turbogenerators, power electronics, a grid interface and the flow passage from collector exit to chimney inlet. The main goals of this paper are to analyze the performance of the PCU and its interaction with the plant as well as to compare three configurations from an efficiency and energy yield point of view. First, a reference plant is defined and the plant performance data taken from simulations with a model found in the literature are analyzed, and the matching of the turbine(s) to the characteristic of the plant is discussed. It was found that a well designed turbine can be run at high efficiency over the entire operating range, as the plant performance data can be fitted using the ellipse law of Stodola. Loss models for all components of the power conversion unit are then defined, and the impact of the various losses on the overall performance is assessed. Three configurations of the PCU are compared, i.e. the single vertical axis, the multiple vertical axis and the multiple horizontal axis turbine configuration. It is found that the single vertical axis turbine has a slight advantage with regards to efficiency and energy yield because certain loss mechanisms are not present. But its output torque is tremendous, making its feasibility questionable. It is shown that with designing the flow passage in an appropriate manner the aerodynamic losses can be kept low. The assumption made by many other researchers that the total-to-total efficiency of the PCU is 80 % has been confirmed with the present model. Further, it has been shown that the PCU efficiency deteriorates significantly with increasing diffuser area ratio but improves only slightly with reducing the diffuser area ratio below unity. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ellipse law; Power conversion unit; Solar chimney power plant; Turbine	Chimneys; Diffusers (fluid); Electric generators; Electric power plants; Engines; Fusion reactions; Gas dynamics; Power electronics; Power plants; Turbines; Ellipse law; Power conversion unit; Solar chimney power plant; Turbine; Solar energy; aerodynamics; comparative study; performance assessment; power generation; power plant; solar power; torque; turbine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53449083087	Ethnoveterinary use of southern African plants and scientific evaluation of their medicinal properties	McGaw L.J., Eloff J.N.	2008	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	119	3	10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.013	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	McGaw, L.J., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Aim of the study: Livestock keepers in many developing countries with restricted access to orthodox veterinary healthcare services commonly use traditional remedies to treat their animals when disease is encountered. This review collates the documented use of plants in South Africa for healing various ailments in domestic animals, and records bioactivity testing that has been carried out on these plants. Materials and methods: A literature survey was conducted on the use of plants in South African ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM), as well as on biological activity investigations relating to their ethnoveterinary use where available. Results: The ethnoveterinary application of plants, and results of screening studies of EVM plant extracts in various bioassays is presented. For diseases such as coughs, wounds, skin diseases, mild diarrhoea and reproductive disorders, EVM may be a cheap and easily accessible alternative to expensive pharmaceuticals. Studies on biological activity of EVM plants can provide indications of promising leads for extracts that can be developed into standardized medications to be used on a commercial basis. Isolation studies on active plants may yield pure active compounds that could be chemically modified to optimize medicinal value and reduce possible toxic effects. Conclusion: In South Africa, a large proportion of the population relies on traditional remedies to treat themselves and their animals for common diseases. Only a small percentage of EVM plants have been analysed for biological activity or toxic effects, and hence research in this field offers fertile possibilities for future investigation. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ethnoveterinary medicine; Livestock disease; South Africa; Traditional remedies	plant extract; animal disease; article; bioassay; biological activity; chemical modification; Cissus quadrangularis; Combretum; Combretum caffrum; coughing; diarrhea; drug screening; ethnopharmacology; Gunnera perpensa; Jatropha; Jatropha zeyheri; medicinal plant; nonhuman; Peltophorum africanum; plant; reproduction; Salix capensis; skin disease; South Africa; standardization; veterinary medicine; willow; wound; Ziziphus mucronata; Animals; Indicators and Reagents; Medicine, African Traditional; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; South Africa; Veterinary Medicine; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53449089311	Impact of traditional medicinal plant extracts on antiretroviral drug absorption	Brown L., Heyneke O., Brown D., van Wyk J.P.H., Hamman J.H.	2008	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	119	3	10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.028	Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), P.O. Box 218, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), P.O. Box 225, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Brown, L., Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), P.O. Box 218, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, South Africa; Heyneke, O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), P.O. Box 225, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, South Africa; Brown, D., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; van Wyk, J.P.H., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), P.O. Box 225, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, South Africa; Hamman, J.H., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Ethopharmacological relevance: Traditional herbal medicines are often used for the treatment of different diseases in developing countries, especially in the rural areas where a lack of an efficient primary health care system is usually experienced. Many patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are taking traditional herbal medicines in conjunction with their modern antiretroviral medication and drug-herb interactions can occur in these cases. Aim of the study: To investigate the effect of water extracts of two traditional medicinal plants, Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens as well as l-canavanine (a constituent of Sutherlandia frutescens) on the transport of nevirapine across human intestinal epithelial cells. Materials and methods: Nevirapine transport in the apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical directions across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined alone (normal control) and in the presence of verapamil (positive control), water extracts of Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens and an aqueous solution of l-canavanine. The cumulative transport and apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values were calculated and compared. Results: Nevirapine alone was substantially effluxed in the basolateral to apical direction across the intestinal epithelial cell monolayers, which was statistically significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased by addition of verapamil, Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract and the l-canavinine solution. The effect of Sutherlandia frutescens on nevirapine transport was not statistically significantly different from the control. Conclusions: Hypoxis hemerocallidea and l-canavanine interact with the efflux of nevirapine across intestinal epithelial cells and therefore can potentially increase the bioavailability of this antiretroviral drug when taken concomitantly. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Absorption; Antiretroviral drug; Drug-herb interaction; Efflux; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Sutherlandia frutescens	antiretrovirus agent; canavanine; Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; nevirapine; plant extract; Sutherlandia frutescens extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; article; controlled study; drug transport; herb drug interaction; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Hypoxis; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; intestine epithelium; monolayer culture; Sutherlandia; Sutherlandia frutescens; traditional medicine; Anti-HIV Agents; Caco-2 Cells; Calcium Channel Blockers; Canavanine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Combinations; Fabaceae; Humans; Hypoxis; Intestinal Absorption; Medicine, African Traditional; Nevirapine; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; South Africa; Suspensions; Verapamil; Human immunodeficiency virus; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Sutherlandia frutescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53549093601	The linkages between FDI and domestic investment: Unravelling the developmental impact of foreign investment in sub-Saharan Africa	Ndikumana L., Verick S.	2008	Development Policy Review	26	6	10.1111/j.1467-7679.2008.00430.x	African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia; UN Economic Commission for Africa and IZA, P.O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ndikumana, L., African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia; Verick, S., UN Economic Commission for Africa and IZA, P.O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	While the recent increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) to African countries is a welcome development, the impact of these resource inflows on economic development remains in doubt. This article argues that a key channel is its effects on domestic factor markets, especially domestic investment, and analyses the two-way linkages between FDI and domestic investment in sub-Saharan Africa. The results suggest, first, that FDI crowds in domestic investment and, secondly, that private investment is a driver of FDI, implying that African countries will gain much from improving the domestic climate. Moreover, there are alternatives to resource endowments as a means of attracting foreign investment to non-resource-rich countries. © 2008 Overseas Development Institute.	FDI; Privatein vestment; Public investment; Sub-Saharan Africa	capital flow; economic development; economic impact; foreign direct investment; private sector; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53549099373	Evaluation of the WHO criteria for antiretroviral treatment failure among adults in South Africa	Mee P., Fielding K.L., Charalambous S., Churchyard G.J., Grant A.D.	2008	AIDS	22	15	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830e4cd8	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom	Mee, P., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, MRC Clinical Trials Unit, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom; Fielding, K.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Churchyard, G.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objective: To assess the performance of WHO clinical and CD4 cell count criteria for antiretroviral treatment (ART) failure among HIV-infected adults in a workplace HIV care programme in South Africa. Design: Cohort study. Methods: We included initially ART-naive participants who remained on first-line therapy and had an evaluable HIV viral load result at the 12-month visit. WHO-defined clinical and CD4 cell count criteria for ART failure were compared against a gold standard of virological failure. Results: Among 324 individuals (97.5% men, median age 40.2, median starting CD4 cell count and viral load 154 cells/μl and 47 503 copies/ml, respectively), 33 (10.2%) had definite or probable virological failure at 12 months, compared with 19 (6.0%) and 40 (12.5%) with WHO-defined CD4 and clinical failure, respectively. CD4 criteria had a sensitivity of 21.2% and a specificity of 95.8% in detecting virological failure, and clinical criteria had sensitivity of 15.2% and specificity of 88.1%. The positive predictive value of CD4 and clinical criteria in detecting virological failure were 36.8 and 12.8%, respectively. Exclusion of weight loss or tuberculosis failed to improve the performance of clinical criteria. Conclusion: WHO clinical and CD4 criteria have poor sensitivity and specificity in detecting virological failure. The low specificities and positive predictive values mean that individuals with adequate virological suppression risk being incorrectly classified as having treatment failure and unnecessarily switched to second-line therapy. Virological failure should be confirmed before switching to second-line therapy. © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; Developing countries; Drug monitoring; HIV infections	antiretrovirus agent; efavirenz; lamivudine; nevirapine; stavudine; zidovudine; adult; article; bacterial pneumonia; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; drug treatment failure; enteritis; extrapulmonary tuberculosis; female; gold standard; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; leukoplakia; major clinical study; male; neutropenia; predictive validity; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sinusitis; South Africa; thrush; virology; virus inhibition; virus load; weight reduction; world health organization; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Developing Countries; Drug Monitoring; Drug Resistance, Viral; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Treatment Failure; Viral Load; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53549127285	Developing health systems research capacities through north-south partnership: An evaluation of collaboration with South Africa and Thailand	Mayhew S.H., Doherty J., Pitayarangsarit S.	2008	Health Research Policy and Systems	6	None	10.1186/1478-4505-6-8	Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Health Policy Program, Bureau of Health Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand	Mayhew, S.H., Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Doherty, J., School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pitayarangsarit, S., International Health Policy Program, Bureau of Health Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand	Background: Over the past ten years, calls to strengthen health systems research capacities in low and middle income countries have increased. One mechanism for capacity development is the partnering of northern and southern institutions. However, detailed case-studies of north-south partnerships, at least in the domain of health systems research, remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the partnerships developed between the Health Economics and Financing Programme of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and three research partners in South Africa and Thailand to strengthen health economics-related research capacity. Methods: Data from programme documents were collected over five years to measure quantitative indicators of capacity development. Qualitative data were obtained from 25 in-depth interviews with programme staff from South Africa, Thailand and London. Results and Discussion: Five years of formal partnership resulted in substantial strengthening of individual research skills and moderate instituonalised strengthening in southern partner institutions. Activities included joint proposals, research and articles, staff exchange and post-graduate training. In Thailand, individual capacities were built through post-graduate training and the partner institution developed this as part of a package aimed at retaining young researchers at the institution. In South Africa, local post-graduate teaching programs were strengthened, regular staff visits/exchanges initiated and maintained and funding secured for several large-scale, multi-partner projects. These activities could not have been achieved without good personal relationships between members of the partner institutions, built on trust developed over twenty years. In South Africa, a critical factor was the joint appointment of a London staff member on long-term secondment to one of the partner institutions. Conclusion: As partnerships mature the needs of partners change and new challenges emerge. Partners' differing research priorities (national v international; policy-led v academic-led) need to be balanced and equitable funding mechanisms developed recognising the needs and constraints faced by both southern and northern partners. Institutionalising partnerships (through long-term development of trust, engagement of a broad range of staff in joint activities and joint appointment of staff), and developing responsive mechanisms for governing these partnerships (through regular joint negotiation of research priorities and funding issues), can address these challenges in mutually acceptable ways. Indeed, by late 2005 the partnership under scrutiny in this paper had evolved into a wider consortium involving additional partners, more explicit mechanisms for managing institutional relationships and some core funding for partners. Most importantly, this study has shown that it is possible for long-term north-south partnership commitments to yield fruit and to strengthen the capacities of public health research and training institutions in less developed countries. © 2008 Mayhew et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; cooperation; developed country; health care system; health economics; interview; medical research; policy; postgraduate education; public health; publication; South Africa; Thailand; United Kingdom	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53649085404	Comparison of the performance, carcass characteristics and haematological parameters of broiler chicks reared in cage and floor	Sogunle O.M., Egbeyale L.T., Bajomo T.T., Bamigboje O.V., Fanimo A.O.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	11	3	10.3923/pjbs.2008.480.483	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Sogunle, O.M., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Egbeyale, L.T., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bajomo, T.T., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bamigboje, O.V., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Fanimo, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	This study was conducted to determine the effect of housing systems on the performance, carcass characteristics and the haematology of 150 four-week old Anak titan strains of broiler chicks in a completely randomized design. The birds were allocated randomly into two treatment (cage and floor) groups of three replications containing 25 birds per replicate. They were maintained for a period of 4 weeks and data were collected on; final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain and mortality. At the 56th week, carcass yield, cut-up parts and organs weights as well as some parameters were measured. The results showed that feed intake and feed:gain were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the cage system. Dressing percentage and breast weight were higher (p<0.05) in the floor housing system while drumstick and lung weight were higher in the cage system. No significant (p>0.05) difference was obtained in the haematology. It was then concluded that an improvement in the floor system could result into a better performance and an increased carcass yield. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Anak titan chicks; Carcass yield; Haematology; Housing systems	animal; animal husbandry; article; chicken; comparative study; hematology; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Chickens; Hematology; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53649086180	Nutritional evaluation of Sterculia setigera seeds and pod	Idu M., Uzoekwe S., Onyibe H.I.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	11	1	10.3923/pjbs.2008.139.141	Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Ambose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Idu, M., Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Uzoekwe, S., Department of Basic Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Onyibe, H.I., Department of Botany, Ambose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria	The results obtained on analysis of the seeds and pods of Sterculia setigera for their nutritional composition revealed that while the seed sample has high crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate and fat contents, their contents in the pod sample was very low. The analysis of the mineral profile reveals that the seed of Sterculia setigera is rich in sodium, iron, zinc and manganese. Conversely, the mineral composition of the pod is low. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Evaluation; Nutritional; Pod; Seeds; Sterculia setigera	article; atomic absorption spectrometry; chemistry; nutritional value; plant seed; prenatal development; Sterculia; Nutritive Value; Seeds; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Sterculia; Sterculia; Sterculia setigera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53649091275	Poor performance of universal sample processing method for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by smear microscopy and culture in Uganda	Cattamanchi A., Davis J.L., Worodria W., Yoo S., Matovu J., Kiidha J., Nankya F., Kyeyune R., Andama A., Joloba M., Osmond D., Hopewell P., Huang L.	2008	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	46	10	10.1128/JCM.01175-08	Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; HIV/AIDS Division, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, University of California San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; San Francisco General Hospital, Pulmonary Division, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States	Cattamanchi, A., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco General Hospital, Pulmonary Division, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Davis, J.L., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, HIV/AIDS Division, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Worodria, W., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Yoo, S., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Matovu, J., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kiidha, J., Makerere University, University of California San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Nankya, F., Makerere University, University of California San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Kyeyune, R., Makerere University, University of California San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Andama, A., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Joloba, M., Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Osmond, D., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hopewell, P., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Huang, L., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, HIV/AIDS Division, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Laboratory methods to improve smear microscopy are an urgent priority for global tuberculosis control. The novel universal sample processing (USP) method has been reported to improve conventional diagnostic testing for tuberculosis while also providing inhibitor-free specimens for molecular assays. However, no studies evaluating the method in the field have been conducted. In this study, we compared the performance of the USP method to that of the standard N-acetyl-L-cysteine-NaOH (NALC) method for conventional diagnosis of tuberculosis in 252 adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, with a clinical suspicion of pneumonia. A single early-morning sputum specimen collected from each patient was divided into two aliquots, each of which was assigned a random identification number. One randomly numbered specimen was processed by the USP method and the other by the NALC method. Mycobacterial cultures were more frequently negative in USP compared to NALC specimen aliquots (58% versus 43%; P < 0.001). There was no difference in the proportion of contaminated mycobacterial cultures (12% versus 11%; P = 0.87). The sensitivity and specificity of smear microscopy for the USP method were 52% and 86%, respectively, and were not significantly different from those for the NALC method (56% and 86%, respectively) using mycobacterial culture results as a reference standard. These results suggest that the USP method did not provide any significant advantage over the standard NALC method for conventional diagnosis of tuberculosis in our setting and illustrate the importance of well-designed, field-level evaluations of novel diagnostic techniques. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	acetylcysteine; sodium hydroxide; adult; article; bacterium culture; controlled study; diagnostic test; female; human; intermethod comparison; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; pneumonia; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sputum analysis; Uganda; Adult; Bacteriological Techniques; Female; Health Services Research; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Random Allocation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53649106219	Performances of some estimators of linear model when stochastic regressors are correlated with autocorrelated error terms	Ayinde K.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	3	None	Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Ayinde, K., Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	In linear model with autocorrelated error terms, regressors are not only assumed fixed (non - stochastic) in repeated sampling but also uncorrelated with the error terms. These assumptions are not always tenable especially in business, economics and social sciences. Therefore in this paper, we examined the performances of some estimators of linear model namely; ordinary least square(OLS) and four feasible generalized least estimators which are Cochrane Orcut (CORC), Hidreth - Lu (HILU), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Maximum Likelihood Grid (MLGD) when normally distributed stochastic regressors exhibit various degrees of correlation with the autocorrelated error terms through Monte - Carlo studies. At various levels of autocorrelation (ρ) and correlation between stochastic regressor and autocorrelated error terms (λ), the estimators are compared by examing the finite properties of estimators namely; sum of biases, sum of absolute biases, sum of variances and sum of the mean squared error of the estimated parameter of the model. Results show that except when λ →1 the best estimator is either ML or MLGD or both; and to a very lesser extent CORC and HILU when autocorrelation level is low (ρ = 0.4) and high (ρ = 0.8). When λ →1, the OLS estimator is best except when the sample size is moderate (n=40) and large (n=80). Furthermore, when the autocorrelation level is very high (ρ = 0.9) or tends to unity (ρ → 1) and λ≤0.75 the HILU and the CORC, in that order, are superior to the other estimators. However, when λ>0.75, the HILU, ML and to a lesser extent, CORC are best. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Correlation; Feasible GLS estimators; Linear model with autocorrelated error; OLS estimator; Stochastic regressors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53649110745	Classroom goal structure and students' cognitive performance	Nwokocha P.I., Akpomi M.E., Nnadi M.A.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	19	4	None	Business Education Department, Faculty of Technical and Science Education, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	Nwokocha, P.I., Business Education Department, Faculty of Technical and Science Education, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Akpomi, M.E., Business Education Department, Faculty of Technical and Science Education, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Nnadi, M.A., Business Education Department, Faculty of Technical and Science Education, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	Over the past 25 years, achievement goal theory has emerged as one of the most prominent theories of achievement motivation. This study uses an achievement goal framework to examine the influence of classroom goal structure on students' academic performance and attitude toward mathematics. Three hundred and fifty (350) students in four, non-residential co-educational secondary schools were randomly assigned to experimental and control structures. Students in each structure were exposed to the learning strategies of the structure they were in. The control group had no instructions; it was simply the convention class. Data on the relevant variables were obtained from the mean scores of each structure on the two tests. Using ANOVA for the analysis, the results revealed that students in the co-operative goal structure were significantly different from the students in the competitive, individualistic and control settings in the mathematics achievement test. There was, however, no statistically significant difference among students in all the four modes in the mathematics attitude measure. Implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations made. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749092440	Training, development and employee performance in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria	Hamilton D.I., Oparanma A.O.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	19	3	None	Department of Management, University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 18, UST Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Hamilton, D.I., Department of Management, University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 18, UST Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Oparanma, A.O., Department of Management, University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 18, UST Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This study was designed to ascertain how training and development affects employee performance. Using a nomothetic research design in which data were collected through structured questionnaire and analyzed through frequency distribution and simple percentage. We found that employee performance level is not necessarily determined by the level of training and development nor by the training technique but by the type of training and development employees are exposed to, and by the competence employees develop as a result of training and development. We recommend that training and development programmes be focused on competence building in employees. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Competence; Development; Performance; Training	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749100085	Comparative performance of the limited information techniques in a two-equation structural model	Adepoju A.A.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adepoju, A.A., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The samples with which we deal in practice are rather small, seldom exceeding 80 observations and frequently much smaller. Thus, it is of great interest to inquire into the properties of estimators for the typical sample sizes encountered in practice. The performances of three simultaneous estimation methods using a model consisting of a mixture of an identified and over identified equations with correlated error terms are compared. The results of the Monte Carlo study revealed that the Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) and the Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) estimates are similar and in most cases identical in respect of the just-identified equation. The Total Absolute Biases (TAB) of 2SLS and LIML revealed asymptotic behavior under (upper triangular matrix), P1, while those of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) exhibited no such behavior. For both upper and lower triangular matrices (P1 and P2), 2SLS estimates showed asymptotic behavior in the middle interval. The OLS is the only stable estimator with a stable behavior of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as its estimates increase (decrease) consistently for equation 1 (equation 2) for P1 (for P2). © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Estimator; Identification; Monte Carlo; Mutual correlation; Random deviates	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749100545	Performance of the estimators of linear regression model with autocorrelated error terms which are also correlated with the geometric trended regressor	Olaomi J.O.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olaomi, J.O., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Assumptions in the classical normal linear regression model include that of lack of autocorrelation of the error terms and the zero covariance between the explanatory variable and the error terms. This paper is channeled towards understanding the performance of estimators of the parameters of the linear regression models when the above two assumptions are violated. The study used the Monte-Carlo method to investigate the performance of five estimators: OLS, CORC, HILU, ML and MLGRID in estimating the parameters of a single linear regression model in which the geometric explanatory variable is also correlated with the autoregressive error terms. The finite sampling properties of Bias, Variance and RMSE were used in evaluating the estimators. The results show that all estimators are adversely affected as autocorrelation coefficient (ρ) is close to unity. The estimators rank as follows in descending order of performance: OLS, MLGRID, ML, CORC and HILU as ρ increases while as significant level (α) decreases the ranking is MLGRID, ML, OLS, CORC and HILU. The estimators conform to the asymptotic properties of estimates considered. This is seen at all levels of autocorrelation and at all significant levels. The estimators' rank in decreasing order in conformity with the observed asymptotic performance as follows: HILU, OLS, ML, MLGRID, and CORC. The results suggest that OLS should be preferred when autocorrelation level is relatively mild (ρ = 0.4) and the geometric regressor is significantly correlated at 5% with the autocorrelated error terms. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Autocorrelated error terms; Correlation; Estimators; Geometric trended regressor; Monte-Carlo experiment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749102027	Impact of share capitalization on bank profitability in Nigeria	Aburime U.T., Uche C.U.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	19	3	None	Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	Aburime, U.T., Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Uche, C.U., Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	This paper is an empirical analysis of the impact of share capitalization on bank profitability in Nigeria. Analyzing data captured from 98 banks in 479 observations over the 1989-2004 period, results of the empirical estimations suggest that it was only during the 1989-1991 estimation period that share capital amount and status had significant effect on bank profitability in Nigeria. Therefore, upward regulations of the minimum quantum of bank share capital in Nigeria in 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2004, geared towards minimizing distress in the Nigerian banking industry, were inappropriate strategies. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Bank; Capital; Distress; Profitability; Regulation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749102149	Effects of environmental variables on poultry performance and pond water quality in an integrated poultry/fishery farming	Falayi F.R., Ogunlowo A.S., Alatise M.O.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	4	None	Agricultural Engineering Department, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Falayi, F.R., Agricultural Engineering Department, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ogunlowo, A.S., Agricultural Engineering Department, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Alatise, M.O., Agricultural Engineering Department, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	The need to find alternative but productive means of managing animal waste in the modern day agriculture waste cannot be over emphasised. One important means of managing these wastes is through conversion to important use either as animal feeds or as manures. Fish farming can be combined with poultry, animal husbandry and irrigation practices, which can lead to higher production and net profits. This practice is called integrated fish farming or integrated aquaculture. The integration of animal husbandry, especially poultry, with fish farming in a small scale results in the production of organic manure for the fertilization of the fish pond to increase the production of the natural food organism (planktonic algae) to be eaten by the fish. In some cases, the poultry wastes are used as direct food by some fish without supplementary feedings, such species include Nile Tilapia and catfish. An integrated poultry/fishery housing unit was designed and constructed such that poultry droppings were made to drop into the ponds directly and used as feed for clarias gariepinus. The set-up was made of four concrete ponds on which three wooden battery cages were mounted except the fourth pond which served as the control. The ponds were stocked with twenty (20) juvenile clarias garipinus each. There were four treatments and 3 replicates, fish in pond 1, two and three were fed with droppings from one broiler, two broilers and three broilers respectively. While fish in ponds 4 were fed with the fish concentrate. A total of 6 birds (4 weeks old) and 80 juvenile clarias gariepinus were used. This experiment lasted for 6 months. During this period, the environmental parameters were monitored and the effect of poultry waste on the development of the fish was analysed. There were remarkable differences in the microclimate inside and outside the building. The birds were well protected from harsh environmental conditions and a uniform development was recorded. Pollution resulting from the use of poultry droppings adversely affected the development of the fish. Increase in the volume of droppings led to increase in the Bio-Chemical oxygen demand and Chemical Oxygen demand of the pond water which consequently led to a decrease in the dissolved oxygen. Water turbidity also increased with increased droppings. Other water parameters like conductivity, chloride and pH values were within acceptable values suggested in literatures. The system has shown the possibility of effective poultry waste management technique which ensured that nothing is wasted and waste handling problem is grossly reduced. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Droppings; Fishery; Integrated; Pond; Poultry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53849091665	Effects of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzeneboronic acid as an additive on electrochemical performance of propylene carbonate-based electrolytes for lithium ion batteries	Wang B., Qu Q.T., Xia Q., Wu Y.P., Li X., Gan C.L., van Ree T.	2008	Electrochimica Acta	54	2	10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.070	Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan road, Shanghai 200433, China; Guotai Huarong Chemical New Materials Co. Ltd., Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa	Wang, B., Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan road, Shanghai 200433, China; Qu, Q.T., Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan road, Shanghai 200433, China; Xia, Q., Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan road, Shanghai 200433, China; Wu, Y.P., Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan road, Shanghai 200433, China; Li, X., Guotai Huarong Chemical New Materials Co. Ltd., Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China; Gan, C.L., Guotai Huarong Chemical New Materials Co. Ltd., Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China; van Ree, T., Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa	The effects of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzeneboronic acid (BA) as a new film-forming additive have been theoretically and experimentally studied for a graphite (CMS) electrode in propylene carbonate-based (PC) electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. Calculation based on the density functional theory (DFT) method suggests that the energy of the LUMO (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of BA is lower than that of PC, consistent with the results of cyclic voltammograms that BA is reduced before PC. SEM, FT-IR and XPS measurements show that the reduced products of BA contribute in part to the effective SEI film on the graphite electrode surface. Discharge-charge measurements indicate that the addition of BA can effectively prevent the decomposition and the co-intercalation of PC, and lithium ions can reversibly intercalate into and deintercalate from the graphite electrode. These results show that addition of BA improves the electrochemical performance of graphite in PC-based electrolyte. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzeneboronic acid; Cycleability; Film-forming; Lithium ion batteries; Solid electrolyte interface (SEI)	Acids; Carbon; Density functional theory; Electric discharges; Electrolysis; Electrolytes; Graphite; Graphite electrodes; Ions; Lithium; Lithium alloys; Lithium compounds; Molecular orbitals; Probability density function; Propylene; 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzeneboronic acid; Cycleability; Film-forming; Lithium ion batteries; Solid electrolyte interface (SEI); Electrochemical electrodes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53849133763	Evaluation of seven rapid HIV tests to detect HIV-exposure and seroreversion during infancy	Sherman G.G., Driver G.A., Coovadia A.H.	2008	Journal of Clinical Virology	43	3	10.1016/j.jcv.2008.07.010	Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X20, Newclare, 2112, Johannesburg, South Africa	Sherman, G.G., Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa; Driver, G.A., Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Coovadia, A.H., Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X20, Newclare, 2112, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Failure to determine the HIV status of all pregnant women impedes progress in preventing and treating paediatric HIV because vertically exposed infants are not identified for prophylaxis, early HIV diagnosis and care. Objectives: To assess the performance of rapid HIV tests in comparison to a laboratory-based HIV ELISA test for determining HIV-exposure and excluding HIV infection during infancy. Study design: Seven rapid HIV tests were evaluated on 2266 stored samples from 116 HIV-exposed infants of known HIV status at four ages during infancy. The HIV ELISA for each sample was the standard against which rapid results were assessed to establish HIV-exposure. Results: Rapid tests did not perform uniformly during infancy. For detecting HIV-exposure the sensitivity of most rapid tests to 3 months of age approached that of an HIV ELISA however only Determine maintained this sensitivity (99.7%) throughout infancy. For excluding HIV infection (i.e. for correctly identifying HIV-uninfected infants) the specificity of all rapid tests except Determine exceeded that of the HIV ELISA from 7 months of age. Conclusions: The use of rapid tests in infancy could improve identification and care of HIV-exposed infants. Further evaluation under field conditions is required before rapid tests can be incorporated into evidence-based diagnostic algorithms. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Human immunodeficiency virus; Infants; Prevention of mother to child transmission; Rapid test; Seroreversion	article; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; infancy; infant; laboratory test; major clinical study; performance; priority journal; sensitivity and sensibility; serodiagnosis; virus detection; virus identification; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53949114420	Performance trends of an air-cooled steam condenser under windy conditions	van Rooyen J.A., Kröger D.G.	2008	Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power	130	2	10.1115/1.2771567	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	van Rooyen, J.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Air-cooled steam condensers (ACSCs) are increasingly employed to reject heat in modern power plants. Unfortunately, these cooling systems become less effective under windy conditions and when ambient temperatures are high. A better understanding of the fundamental air flow patterns about and through such ACSCs is essential if their performance is to be improved under these conditions. The present numerical study models the air flow field about and through a particular ACSC. The performance of the fans is modeled with the aid of a novel numerical approach known as the "actuator disc model." Distorted air flow patterns that significantly reduce fan performance in certain areas and recirculatory flows that entrain hot plume air are found to be the reasons for poor ACSC performance. It is found that the reduction in fan performance is the main reason for the poor ACSC performance while recirculation of hot plume air only reduces performance by a small amount. Copyright © 2008 by ASME.	Air-cooled steam condensers; Distorted air flow; Performance; Recirculation; Windy conditions	Air; Condensers (liquefiers); Cooling; Cooling systems; Electric power plants; Flow patterns; Numerical analysis; Power plants; Steam power plants; Air-cooled steam condensers; Distorted air flow; Performance; Recirculation; Windy conditions; Steam condensers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53949121173	Evaluation of a detailed radiation heat transfer model in a high temperature reactor systems simulation model	van Antwerpen H.J., Greyvenstein G.P.	2008	Nuclear Engineering and Design	238	11	10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.02.020	School for Mechanical Engineering, Northwest University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Postgraduate School for Nuclear Engineering, North-West University, South Africa	van Antwerpen, H.J., School for Mechanical Engineering, Northwest University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Greyvenstein, G.P., Postgraduate School for Nuclear Engineering, North-West University, South Africa	Radiation heat transfer is a major mode of heat transfer in high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTRs) because of the high operating temperatures. It is, however, a difficult phenomenon to calculate in full detail due to its geometrical complexity. One has to use either a numerical method or complex analytical view factor formulae. Except the difficulty of view factor calculation, a vast number of calculation elements are required to consider all interacting surfaces around a cavity. A common approximation in systems simulation codes is to connect only directly opposing surfaces with a view factor of one. The accuracy of this approximation was investigated with a finite volume, two-dimensional axial-symmetric reactor model implemented in the systems simulation code Flownex. A detailed radiation model was developed and also implemented in the Flownex reactor model. This paper also describes the analytical formulae for view factor calculation in this detailed radiation heat transfer model. The HTR-10 and the 268 MW version of the PBMR were used as case studies in which Loss-of-Flow events without SCRAM were simulated. In these simulations, the time to reach recriticality was used as an indicator of heat removal effectiveness. With the HTR-10, other non-linear phenomena in the reactor core constrained the solution process, so that the number of radiation elements had no effect on solution time, while with the 268 MW PBMR DLOFC, the use of a detailed radiation model increased solution time with 30%. With both the HTR-10 and the PBMR, the radiation model had negligible effect on the total heat resistance from the reactor, as indicated by the time elapsed until recriticality. For system simulation codes that focus on transient response of a plant, it is not considered worthwhile to use a detailed radiation model, as the gain in accuracy does not justify the increased solution time or the implementation and verification effort. © 2008 H.J. van Antwerpen.	None	Codes (symbols); Fuel tanks; Gas cooled reactors; Heat exchangers; Heat resistance; Heat transfer; Heating equipment; High temperature reactors; Numerical methods; Polynomial approximation; Radiation; Thermoanalysis; Two dimensional; A-Plant; Analytical formulas; Case studies; Finite volumes; Flownex; Geometrical complexity; Heat removal; High temperature; High-temperature gas-cooled reactors; Non-linear phenomenon; Operating temperatures; Radiation heat transfer; Radiation modeling; Reactor modelling; Reactor systems; Solution processing; Solution time; System simulations; Systems simulation; Transient responses; View factor; Modal analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54049094330	Evaluation of the inhibitive effect of some plant extracts on the acid corrosion of mild steel	Oguzie E.E.	2008	Corrosion Science	50	11	10.1016/j.corsci.2008.08.004	Electrochemistry and Materials Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Oguzie, E.E., Electrochemistry and Materials Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 2 M HCl and 1 M H2SO4 by extracts of selected plants was investigated using a gasometric technique at temperatures of 30 and 60 °C. The studied plants materials include leaf extracts Occimum viridis (OV), Telferia occidentalis (TO), Azadirachta indica (AI) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) as well as extracts from the seeds of Garcinia kola (GK). The results indicate that all the extracts inhibited the corrosion process in both acid media by virtue of adsorption and inhibition efficiency improved with concentration. Synergistic effects increased the inhibition efficiency in the presence of halide additives. Inhibition mechanisms were deduced from the temperature dependence of the inhibition efficiency as well as from assessment of kinetic and activation parameters that govern the processes. Comparative analysis of the inhibitor adsorption behaviour in 2 M HCl and 1 M H2SO4 as well as the effects of temperature and halide additives suggest that both protonated and molecular species could be responsible for the inhibiting action of the extracts. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	A. Acid solution; A. Mild steel; C. Acid corrosion; C. Acid inhibition	Acids; Adsorption; Concentration (process); Corrosion; Corrosion prevention; Electrochemical corrosion; Steel; A. Acid solution; A. Mild steel; Acid corrosions; Acid medias; Activation parameters; Adsorption behaviours; Azadirachta indica; C. Acid corrosion; C. Acid inhibition; Comparative analysis; Corrosion inhibitions; Corrosion processes; Effects of temperatures; Halide additives; Inhibition efficiencies; Inhibition mechanisms; Inhibitive effects; Kinetic; Leaf extracts; Mild steels; Molecular species; Plant extracts; Protonated; Synergistic effects; Temperature dependences; Extraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54049158499	Effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of oreochromis niloticus fingerlings	Ogunji J.O., Kloas W., Wirth M., Neumann N., Pietsch C.	2008	Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition	92	4	10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00745.x	Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053,	Ogunji, J.O., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Kloas, W., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Wirth, M., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Neumann, N., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Pietsch, C., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to access the effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Seven feeds formulated to contain 36% protein and 20 kJ g)1 gross energy (dry matter basis), were prepared by replacing fish meal with magmeal. Fifteen fingerlings (initial average weight 2.0 ± 0.1 g) stocked per experimental tank were fed in triplicates at 5% body weight in two portions per day (a level previously established). Growth and food conversion ratio were adequate and comparable without any significant differences (p < 0.5) between feeding groups. Mean values for haematocrit and plasma glucose were not significantly different (p < 0.05) among the feeding groups. Fish group fed control diet (containing highest inclusion level of fish meal and without magmeal) gave the lowest haemoglobin concentration (5.96 ± 0.22 g dl)1). This value was significantly different from other feeding groups. Stressful conditions in fish and in mammals are associated with decreased growth, haematocrit (packed cell volume) and haemoglobin values, increased whole blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) and plasma cortisol concentrations. No such physiological changes were observed in this study. Results suggest that feeding O. niloticus fingerling with magmeal diets did not cause any form of physiological stress. Magmeal can be used as a good alternative protein source in tilapia diets. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Fishmeal; Housefly maggot meal; Oreochromis niloticus; Stress response	Mammalia; Musca domestica; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia; hemoglobin; hydrocortisone; animal; animal disease; animal food; article; blood; blood analysis; cichlid; diet; glucose blood level; growth, development and aging; hematocrit; house fly; larva; metabolism; randomization; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Glucose; Cichlids; Diet; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Houseflies; Hydrocortisone; Larva; Random Allocation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54149083020	Effect of mathematical games on Nigerian students' performance in mathematics in secondary schools in Port Harcourt Metropolis	Adaramola O.M., Alamina J.I.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	2	None	Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Adaramola, O.M., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Alamina, J.I., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	The study investigated the effect of mathematical games on Nigerian students' performance in mathematics in secondary schools in Port Harcourt.. The design of the study was Pretest, Posttest Control Group Design. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) JSS1 students were involved in the experimental study. This number was made up of Ninety (90) boys and Ninety (90) girls from three schools purposively chosen from the Co-educational Federal schools, State schools and Government Approved Private Schools in Port Harcourt metropolis, for a good representation of the schools. From these schools, subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups i.e 60 students from each school. Two instruments were used in data collection. One was the pretest, which was used to establish the pretest mean scores, standard deviation and variance of the two groups used for study. This formed the basis for comparison with the posttest. The posttest was a parallel or an equivalent test to the pretest, and was used to determine the difference in achievement of students exposed to mathematical games and those not. The two groups were taught at different lesson times in their respective schools. The statistical tools used for the study were Mean, Standard Deviation, Variance, non-independent t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the use of mathematical games was more effective than the use of traditional lecture method in teaching mathematics. From the findings recommendations on how to improve students' performance in mathematics were made. The implications of the findings were also considered. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54249117675	Male broiler performance and nocturnal feeding under constant 8-h or 16-h photoperiods, and various increasing lighting regimens	Lewis P.D., Danisman R., Gous R.M.	2008	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	38	3	None	Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Lewis, P.D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Danisman, R., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	This paper describes the responses of two genotypes of male broilers to constant 8- and 16-h photoperiods, and to an abrupt transfer from 8 to 16 h at 10, 15 or 20 d. Body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency were not significantly different at any stage during the 35 d study. Mortality and the incidence of Sudden Death Syndrome were similar for all lighting groups at 35 d. When these data were pooled with previously reported data for female broilers, growth and feed conversion efficiency post 21 d and through to depletion for constant 8-h and birds transferred from 8 to 16 h at 20 d were significantly superior to constant 16-h birds. Constant 8-h birds ate about half their feed during the dark period, whilst 16-h birds consumed no more than 10%. Birds which had been started on 8 h and transferred to 16 h at 10, 15 or 20 d reduced their rate of nocturnal feeding when changed to the longer photoperiod, however, they still consumed more feed in the 8-h dark period than birds that had always been given 16 h illumination. Cobb and Ross genotypes responded similarly to all lighting treatments. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Broiler growth; Nocturnal feeding; Photoperiod	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54249128457	Evaluation of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases: General principles	Banoo S., Bell D., Bossuyt P., Herring A., Mabey D., Poole F., Smith P.G., Sriram N., Wongsrichanalai C., Linke R., O'Brien R., Perkins M., Cunningham J., Matsoso P., Nathanson C.M., Olliaro P., Peeling R.W., Ramsay A.	2008	Nature Reviews Microbiology	6	SUPPL. 11	10.1038/nrmicro1523	Medicines Control Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Malaria and other Vector-borne and Parasitic Diseases, World Health Organization-Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Division of Microbiology Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, NY, United States; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Tulip Group of Companies, Goa, India; US Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland; UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Banoo, S., Medicines Control Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Bell, D., Malaria and other Vector-borne and Parasitic Diseases, World Health Organization-Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines; Bossuyt, P., Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Herring, A., Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Mabey, D., Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Poole, F., Division of Microbiology Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, NY, United States; Smith, P.G., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sriram, N., Tulip Group of Companies, Goa, India; Wongsrichanalai, C., US Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Linke, R., Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland; O'Brien, R., Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland; Perkins, M., Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland; Cunningham, J., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Matsoso, P., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Nathanson, C.M., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Olliaro, P., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Peeling, R.W., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Ramsay, A., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	[No abstract available]	None	African trypanosomiasis; article; blood analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; gold standard; human; infection; information processing; informed consent; lumbar puncture; malaria; medical research; patient safety; point of care testing; practice guideline; prediction; prevalence; priority journal; quality control; reproducibility; sample size; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Communicable Diseases; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Quality Control; Research Design; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54249128967	The scintigraphic evaluation of the pulmonary perfusion pattern of dogs hospitalised with babesiosis	Sweers L., Kirberger R.M., Leisewitz A.L., Dormehl I.C., Killian E., Naudé F.	2008	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	79	2	None	Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; AEC Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Sweers, L., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Kirberger, R.M., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Leisewitz, A.L., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Dormehl, I.C., AEC Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Killian, E., Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Naudé, F., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The possibility of coagulopathy in Babesia canis rossi infections in the canine patient has been suggested in the literature, but minimal work has been done to evaluate the clinicopathological nature of it in further detail. Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) has not yet been implicated in canine babesiosis (CB), but may also be one of the causes of the sudden dyspnoea and tachypnoea that are frequently seen in complicated CB patients. The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the scintigraphic pulmonary perfusion pattern in hospitalised dogs with babesiosis in an attempt to ascertain whether a scintigraphic pattern consistent with clinically relevant PTE does indeed occur in these patients. The study consisted of a normal control group of 9 mature healthy Beagle dogs (group 1) and a Babesia group with 14 dogs of a variety of breeds that were naturally infected with Babesia (group 2). Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy was performed after making thoracic radiographs and performing a blood gas analysis in both groups. The scintigraphic images were visually inspected for changes suggestive of PTE, but not a single dog in group 2 had pleural-based, wedge-shaped perfusion defects which would have resulted in a high probability for clinically relevant PTE. The scintigraphic pulmonary perfusion pattern demonstrated was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 1.00).	Canine babesiosis; Pulmonary perfusion; Pulmonary thromboembolism; Scintigraphy	macrosalb tc 99m; animal experiment; animal model; article; Babesia; babesiosis; blood gas analysis; breeding line; controlled study; disease association; dog disease; female; image analysis; image display; lung embolism; lung perfusion; lung scintiscanning; male; nonhuman; probability; prospective study; thorax radiography; veterinary medicine; Animals; Babesia; Babesiosis; Blood Gas Analysis; Case-Control Studies; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Male; Pulmonary Embolism; Radiography, Thoracic; Radionuclide Imaging; Babesia; Babesia canis rossi; Canis familiaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54249166637	Review of impacts affecting Eskom due to loss of I&C know-how, engineering capacity and vendor constraints	Viljoen J., Veldman J.J.	2008	VGB PowerTech	88	9	None	Generation Technology Department, Eskom, Johannesburg, South Africa	Viljoen, J., Generation Technology Department, Eskom, Johannesburg, South Africa; Veldman, J.J., Generation Technology Department, Eskom, Johannesburg, South Africa	Over the last few years. Eskom has experienced a significant turnover of staff leading to an extreme skill shortage. In an attempt to counteract these threats, Eskom has been devcloping a number of strategies, targeting the various issues. These include adopting a more standardised approach, the use of more stringent policies and procedures, introducing knowledge management principles, providing a centralised oversight function, and implementing advanced information management solutions. This paper will discuss some of Eskom's recent experiences, as well as some of the proposed strategies to deal with them.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54349120831	Evaluation of breast cancer awareness among women presenting with newly diagnosed breast disease at Universitas Hospital (Bloemfontein, South Africa)	Matatiele P.R., Van den Heever W.M.J.	2008	South African Family Practice	50	4	None	School of Health Technology, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Matatiele, P.R., School of Health Technology, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van den Heever, W.M.J., School of Health Technology, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background: This study aimed at assessing breast cancer awareness among women presenting with newly diagnosed breast disease at Universitas Hospital in Bloemfontein, South Africa. The breast cancer awareness of the women, in turn, was related to their screening practices and the stage of breast cancer at presentation. Recommendations to address the clinical implications of the findings of this study were then suggested. Methods: Reports of data on the number of breast cancer awareness campaigns held and the number of people reached during the period April to June 2006 were acquired from the main campaign organiser, CANSA. Data were also obtained by means of interviewer- administered structured questionnaires, from consenting women (n = 56) presenting with newly diagnosed breast disease at Universitas Hospital during the period May 2006 to April 2007. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of the Free State. Results: Despite aggressive nationwide public education on breast cancer and on the benefits of screening by CANSA breast cancer awareness, the examination and screening practices of women presenting with newly diagnosed breast disease at the Universitas Hospital were generally low. Most of the women interviewed presented with advanced breast cancer (stage 2 and 3), and reported that their healthcare professionals never initiated clinical breast examinations or mammograms. Conclusion: This study has revealed low breast cancer awareness among women presenting with newly diagnosed breast disease at the Universitas Hospital, and hence low rates of self- and clinical examinations of the breast and low mammographic screening rates. This may be attributed to a general lack of awareness of the rising incidence of breast cancer in the Free State among both the public and healthcare professionals.	None	adult; article; awareness; breast cancer; breast examination; breast self examination; cancer incidence; cancer screening; cancer staging; controlled study; female; health education; human; information dissemination; major clinical study; mammography; South Africa; structured questionnaire; university hospital; women's health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54449098133	The use of an indirect impact quick-stop mechanism during the turning of α-titanium BT5 alloy	Dahunsi O.A., Awopetu O.O.	2008	International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials	3	02-Jan	10.1504/IJMMM.2008.017626	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Dahunsi, O.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Awopetu, O.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	This paper studies the use of an indirect impact quick stop mechanism whose design, construction and mode of operation is relatively simpler in the chip root analysis of α-titanium alloy BT5 in a semi-finish turning operation. The quick-stop was used over a cutting speed range 2 120 m/min, but only micrographs for cutting at 60 m/min were presented, however, the mechanism attained a minimum withdrawal speed of about 3.2 mm/s and an average speed (estimated from the plotted graph) of about 11 m/s. Metallographic analysis of the chip roots presented pronounced Built-Up-Edge (BUE) and segmented chip formation features but the grains varied largely in appearance and shapes. The various chip segments also varied in sizes in contrast to the segments of stainless steel whose chips are usually segmented too. © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.	BUE; Built-Up-Edge; Chip root analysis; Metallographic analysis; Segmented chip; Semi-finish; Titanium; Withdrawal speed	Cutting; Metallography; Turning; Chip root analysis; Segmented chip; Withdrawal speed; Titanium alloys	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54449101622	Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent	Wall D.H., Bradford M.A., St. John M.G., Trofymow J.A., Behan-Pelletier V., Bignell D.E., Dangerfield J.M., Parton W.J., Rusek J., Voigt W., Wolters V., Gardel H.Z., Ayuke F.O., Bashford R., Beljakova O.I., Bohlen P.J., Brauman A., Flemming S., Henschel J	2008	Global Change Biology	14	11	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01672.x	Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand; Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Institute of Soil Biology, Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Institute of Ecology, University of Jena, Jena 07743, Germany; Department of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Kenya Methodist University, Kaaga Campus, Meru, Kenya; Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; Centralno-Chernozemnyj Reserve, Zapovednoe, Russian Federation; MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center, Lake Placid, FL 33852, United States; Laboratoire MOST Centre IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR SeqBio, Montpellier, France; Gros Morne National Park, Rocky Harbour, NL A0K 4N0, Canada; Gobabeb Training and Research Centre, Box 953, Walvis Bay, Namibia; Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom; Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice 252 43, Czech Republic; B.C. Ministry of Forests, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada; Inuvik Research Centre, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Canada; Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Institute of Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 182, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation; Centro Universitário do Leste de Minas Gerais, Coronel Fabriciano 35170-056, Brazil; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute, CIAT, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Institute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlândia, CP 593, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Brazil; Department of Forest Resources, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2B5, Canada; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00931-1910, Puerto Rico	Wall, D.H., Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Bradford, M.A., Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; St. John, M.G., Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand; Trofymow, J.A., Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada; Behan-Pelletier, V., Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; Bignell, D.E., Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Dangerfield, J.M., Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Parton, W.J., Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Rusek, J., Institute of Soil Biology, Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Voigt, W., Institute of Ecology, University of Jena, Jena 07743, Germany; Wolters, V., Department of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Gardel, H.Z., Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Ayuke, F.O., Kenya Methodist University, Kaaga Campus, Meru, Kenya; Bashford, R., Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; Beljakova, O.I., Centralno-Chernozemnyj Reserve, Zapovednoe, Russian Federation; Bohlen, P.J., MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center, Lake Placid, FL 33852, United States; Brauman, A., Laboratoire MOST Centre IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR SeqBio, Montpellier, France; Flemming, S., Gros Morne National Park, Rocky Harbour, NL A0K 4N0, Canada; Henschel, J.R., Gobabeb Training and Research Centre, Box 953, Walvis Bay, Namibia; Johnson, D.L., Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; Jones, T.H., Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom; Kovarova, M., Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice 252 43, Czech Republic; Kranabetter, J.M., B.C. Ministry of Forests, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada; Kutny, L., Inuvik Research Centre, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Canada; Lin, K.-C., Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Maryati, M., Institute of Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia; Masse, D., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 182, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Pokarzhevskii, A., Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation; Rahman, H., Institute of Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia; Sabará, M.G., Centro Universitário do Leste de Minas Gerais, Coronel Fabriciano 35170-056, Brazil; Salamon, J.-A., Department of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Swift, M.J., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute, CIAT, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya; Varela, A., Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Vasconcelos, H.L., Institute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlândia, CP 593, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Brazil; White, D., Department of Forest Resources, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2B5, Canada; Zou, X., Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00931-1910, Puerto Rico	Climate and litter quality are primary drivers of terrestrial decomposition and, based on evidence from multisite experiments at regional and global scales, are universally factored into global decomposition models. In contrast, soil animals are considered key regulators of decomposition at local scales but their role at larger scales is unresolved. Soil animals are consequently excluded from global models of organic mineralization processes. Incomplete assessment of the roles of soil animals stems from the difficulties of manipulating invertebrate animals experimentally across large geographic gradients. This is compounded by deficient or inconsistent taxonomy. We report a global decomposition experiment to assess the importance of soil animals in C mineralization, in which a common grass litter substrate was exposed to natural decomposition in either control or reduced animal treatments across 30 sites distributed from 43°S to 68°N on six continents. Animals in the mesofaunal size range were recovered from the litter by Tullgren extraction and identified to common specifications, mostly at the ordinal level. The design of the trials enabled faunal contribution to be evaluated against abiotic parameters between sites. Soil animals increase decomposition rates in temperate and wet tropical climates, but have neutral effects where temperature or moisture constrain biological activity. Our findings highlight that faunal influences on decomposition are dependent on prevailing climatic conditions. We conclude that (1) inclusion of soil animals will improve the predictive capabilities of region- or biome-scale decomposition models, (2) soil animal influences on decomposition are important at the regional scale when attempting to predict global change scenarios, and (3) the statistical relationship between decomposition rates and climate, at the global scale, is robust against changes in soil faunal abundance and diversity. © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing.	Climate decomposition index; Decomposition; Litter; Mesofauna; Soil biodiversity; Soil carbon; Soil fauna	biodiversity; decomposition; grass; leaf litter; mineralization; soil carbon; soil organic matter; Animalia; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54549096830	The impact of ART (anti-retrovial treatment) scale-up on health systems de-strengthening in sub-Saharan Africa: Justice and justification	Nixon S., Veenstra N.	2008	Medicine and Law	27	3	None	Health Economics and HIV/ADIS Research Divison (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; University of Toronto, Department of Physical Therapy, Toronto, ON, Canada	Nixon, S., Health Economics and HIV/ADIS Research Divison (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, University of Toronto, Department of Physical Therapy, Toronto, ON, Canada; Veenstra, N., Health Economics and HIV/ADIS Research Divison (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	The scale-up of anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is unquestionably a positive development. To be successful, however, scale-up must be understood as more than the technical delivery of pills. A central dimension of the challenge involves the health systems through which services are delivered. Part 1 of this article explores how the scale-up of ART could impact on health systems in sSA. We conclude that the current expansion of access to ART potentially involves an approach to health delivery that runs counter to many aims of health system strengthening. Part 2 addresses the question of whether this impact is justified. We argue that the potential erosion of health systems strengthening in the region is justified, provided simultaneous efforts are undertaken to optimize the possibility for realizing the "AIDS transition". We discuss these simultaneous efforts, drawing on recent research to illustrate the emerging scenario in sSA. In Part 3, we identify lessons that may inform scale-up of ART in sSA in ways that, at least, minimize detrimental effects and, ideally, serve to strengthen health systems in the region. We discuss the value of solidarity as a guiding principle for ART scale-up, followed by concrete lessons for moving forward. © YOZMOT 2008.	ART scale-up; Health system strengthening; HIV/AIDS; Sub-Saharan Africa	antiretrovirus agent; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; microbicide; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa; article; drug cost; health care access; health care availability; health care delivery; health care organization; health care planning; health care policy; health care system; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection control; maternal care; patient compliance; patient counseling; patient education; primary medical care; public health service; sexual transmission; social discrimination; social justice; vertical transmission; Africa South of the Sahara; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Health Manpower; Health Services Needs and Demand; HIV Infections; Humans; Public Health Administration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949098904	Comparative evaluation of the binding properties of two species of khaya gum polymer in a paracetamol tablet formulation	Adenuga Y.A., Odeku O.A., Adegboye T.A., Itiola O.A.	2008	Pharmaceutical Development and Technology	13	6	10.1080/10837450802179338	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adenuga, Y.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Odeku, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adegboye, T.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Itiola, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A study was made of the comparative effects of polymers obtained from two species of khaya tree - Khaya senegalensis and Khaya grandifoliola - as binding agents in a paracetamol tablet formulation. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using the tensile strength (T), brittle fracture index (BFI) and friability (F) of the tablets while the drug release properties of the tablets were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times. The tensile strength, disintegration and the dissolution times of tablets increased with the increase in binder concentration while F and BFI decreased. K. senegalensis gum produced tablets with stronger mechanical properties with less tendency to laminate, and longer disintegration and dissolution times than K. grandifoliola gum. The results suggest that the polymer gum from K. senegalensis will be more appropriate as a binding agent than the gum from K. grandifoliola when higher mechanical strength and slower release profiles of tablets are desired. Copyright © Informa UK, Ltd.	Binding agent; Drug release properties; Khaya grandifoliola; Khaya gum polymer; Khaya senegalensis; Mechanical properties; Tablets	adhesive agent; Khaya gum polymer; paracetamol; polymer; unclassified drug; article; brittle fracture index; comparative study; concentration response; correlation analysis; drug formulation; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; Khaya grandifoliola; Khaya senegalensis; parameter; priority journal; tablet; tablet disintegration; tablet disintegration time; tablet friability; tablet property; tensile strength; tree; viscosity; Acetaminophen; Algorithms; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Excipients; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactose; Meliaceae; Plant Gums; Starch; Tablets; Tensile Strength; Viscosity; Water	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949105749	Genetic evaluation of growth traits in crosses between two ecotypes of Nigerian local chicken	Momoh O.M., Nwosu C.C.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	10	None	Department of Animal Breeding and Physiology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2373, Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria	Momoh, O.M., Department of Animal Breeding and Physiology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2373, Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria; Nwosu, C.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria	Genetic evaluation of the Nigerian local heavy chicken ecotype (HE) and its F1 crosses with the light ecotype (LE); HE X LE as the main cross (MCX) and LE X HE as the reciprocal cross (RCX) was carried out at the Poultry Farm of the Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The objective of the study was to provide estimates of heritability of some growth traits and the genetic correlations between them in HE and its crosses under improved management. A total of 214 pedigree hatched day old chicks of HE, 190 day old chicks of MCX and 185 day old chicks of RCX from a total of 15 sires were used in the study. Body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (DG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured at 4-weekly intervals in all the genetic groups. Heritability estimates and genetic correlation between the traits were obtained. Body weight in HE, MCX and RCX were on the average lowly to moderately heritable. Heritability estimates of daily gain were generally low in HE and RCX with a range of h2 = 0.04 ± 0.13 to 0.12 ± 0.14. feed conversion ratio had moderate h2 estimate in all the genetic groups. In all the groups, genetic correlation estimates between body weight and body weight gain were high, positive and highly significant (P &lt; 0.001). The low to moderate heritability of growth traits in the Nigerian local heavy chicken ecotype and its crosses as well as the variations in additive genetic effect reflect genetically unimproved populations.	Genetic correlations; Heritability; Main crossbred; Reciprocal crossbred	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949118686	Preparation and evaluation of mucinated sodium alginate microparticles for oral delivery of insulin	Builders P.F., Kunle O.O., Okpaku L.C., Builders M.I., Attama A.A., Adikwu M.U.	2008	European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics	70	3	10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.021	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Material Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Un	Builders, P.F., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Material Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Kunle, O.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Material Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Okpaku, L.C., School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, United Kingdom; Builders, M.I., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Attama, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Adikwu, M.U., Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Effective oral insulin delivery remains a challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, insulin-loaded microparticles for oral delivery were prepared with mucin and sodium alginate combined at different ratios using a novel method based on polymer coacervation and diffusion filling. Some physical characteristics of the various insulin-loaded microparticles such as particle size, morphology and compressibility indices were determined. The microparticles were filled into hard gelatin capsules and the in vitro insulin release as well as the blood glucose reduction after oral administration to diabetic rabbits were determined. The microparticles formed were generally multi-particulate, discrete and free flowing. Before insulin loading, microparticles were round and smooth, becoming fluffier, less spherical and larger with rough and pitted surface after insulin loading. The insulin content of the microparticles increased with increase in their sodium alginate content. The various insulin-loaded microparticles prepared with the mucinated sodium alginate when encapsulated exhibited lag time before insulin release. The time taken to reach maximum insulin release from the various formulations varied with the mucin-sodium alginate ratio mix. The mean dissolution time of insulin from the microparticles prepared with sodium alginate, mucin, sodium alginate: mucin ratios of 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3 was 11.21 ± 0.75, 3.3 ± 0.42, 6.69 ± 023, 8.52 ± 0.95 and 3.48 ± 0.65 (min.), respectively. The percentage blood glucose reduction for the subcutaneously administered insulin was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than for the formulations. The blood glucose reduction effect produced by the orally administered insulin-loaded microparticles prepared with three parts of sodium alginate and one part of mucin after 5 h was, however, equal to that produced by the subcutaneously administered insulin solution, an indication that it is an effective alternative for the delivery of insulin. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Blood glucose reduction; Insulin release; Microparticles; Mucin; Oral administration; Sodium alginate	alginic acid; drug carrier; gelatin; glucose; insulin; microparticle; mucin; polymer; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; coacervation; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; diffusion; drug effect; drug release; drug solubility; drug synthesis; evaluation; glucose blood level; nonhuman; particle size; rabbit; Administration, Oral; Alginates; Animals; Blood Glucose; Capsules; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Gelatin; Glucuronic Acid; Hexuronic Acids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insulin; Mucins; Particle Size; Rabbits; Solubility; Surface Properties; Technology, Pharmaceutical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949129736	Evaluation of toasted sunflower (Helianthus annus) seed meal in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings	Akintayo I.A., Obasa S.O., Alegbeleye W.O., Bangbose A.M.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	10	None	Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agricultu	Akintayo, I.A., Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Obasa, S.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Alegbeleye, W.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bangbose, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A feeding trial was designed and carried out to assess the growth, nutrient utilization heamatological profile and yield of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus fed graded levels of toasted sunflower seed meal based diets. One hundred and fifty (150) fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (13.08±0.1g) were fed with five iso-nitrogenous diets containing 40% crude protein. The toasted sunflower seed meal (TSFSM) protein replaced fishmeal meal in the diets in the following proportions: Diet TSFI (0% TSFSM), Diet TSF2 (25%TSFSM), Diet TSF3 (50% TSFSM), Diet TSF4 (75% TSFSM), and Diet TSF5 (100% TSFSM). At the end of the trial, the mean weight gain of fish was highest in diet TSF1 (103.47g), and lowest in diet TSF5 (24.54g), with a significant difference (p<0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in mean weight gain (MWG) of fish fed diet TSF1 (and fish fed diet TSF2. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best in fish fed dietTSF1 (1.18) but not significantly different (P>0.05) from fish fed diet TSF2 (1.28). The highest apparent net protein utilization (APP-NPU) of 25.00% was recorded in fish fed diet TSF1. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) than others, while the lowest value of 15.00% was recorded in fish fed diet TSF5. Heamatological parameters such as pack cell volume (PCV), heamoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) decreased as toasted sunflower seed meal increased in diet. PCV was higher (35.00mg/dl) significantly in fish fed TSF1 than the value of (31.00mg/dl) in fish fed diet TSF4. It was therefore observed that toasted sunflower seed meal protein can favourably replace 25% of fishmeal protein in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.	Fishmeal; Growth response; Heamatological profile; Iso-nitrogenous; Nutrient utilization; Protein	Clarias gariepinus; Helianthus; Helianthus annuus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949129852	Evaluation of adenoidal obstruction in children: Clinical symptoms compared with roentgenographic assessment	Orji F.T., Ezeanolue B.C.	2008	Journal of Laryngology and Otology	122	11	10.1017/S0022215108001916	Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria	Orji, F.T., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ezeanolue, B.C., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: Obstructive adenoid enlargement is commonly implicated as the major cause of chronic nasal obstruction in children. Although clinical assessment is considered essential, there is little consensus over its reliability. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between graded symptomatology assessment and roentgenographic assessment of adenoidal obstruction. Method: Symptoms assessed included snoring, mouth-breathing and obstructive breathing during sleep. Each symptom was rated on a four-point scale (absent = zero, mild = one, moderate = two and severe = three). We summed the ratings for each child to obtain the symptomatology score. We used an adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio parameter to classify roentgenographic assessment into minimal, moderate or marked obstruction. Results: Sixty-four children, 42 boys and 22 girls, aged one to 12 years were enrolled. The clinical symptomatology scores correlated significantly with the roentgenographic ratings of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction (r = 0.419; p = 0.001). The correlation was significant at roentgenographic ratings of minimal obstruction (p < 0.05) and gross obstruction (p < 0.001). Both the symptomatology score and the roentgenographic rating showed significant correlations with patient age (r = -0.657, p < 0.01 and r = -0.340, p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Clinical rating of adenoidal symptoms in children provides a reasonably reliable assessment of the presence and severity of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction. This technique of assessment is easy to use and is particularly valid when obstruction is either minimal or gross. © 2008 JLO (1984) Limited.	Adenoid; Adenoidectomy; Radiography	adenoidal obstruction; article; child; clinical feature; controlled study; disease severity; female; human; major clinical study; male; nose obstruction; radiography; rating scale; Adenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nasopharyngeal Diseases; Nasopharynx; Observer Variation; Predictive Value of Tests; Severity of Illness Index; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Snoring; Statistics as Topic	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949152248	Human resource systems in Kenya: A case study of hotel human resources performance	Onyango F.E., Okech R.N.	2008	Cornell Hospitality Quarterly	49	4	10.1177/1938965508326390	Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya	Onyango, F.E., Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Okech, R.N., Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya	A study of 160 managers and employees in four hotels in Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya, found that functionally flexible human resource systems in conjunction with differentiation strategies are associated with high organizational performance, whereas numerically flexible human resource systems and cost-reduction strategies are linked with low organizational performance. Functionally flexible human resources systems emphasize mutual obligations between management and workers. By contrast, numerically flexible human resources systems are based on a straight work-for-hire relationship, in which employment is subject to unilateral termination at any time by employee or employer. The research also found that the independent hotels pursued numerically flexible human resource systems in conjunction with cost-reduction strategies, whereas the chain hotels applied functionally flexible human resource systems and differentiation-focus strategies. © 2008 Cornell University.	Human resource systems; Kenya; Mombasa hotels; Nairobi hotels	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55149118711	Enhancing laparoscopic performance with the LTS3E: a computerized hybrid physical reality simulator	Soyinka A.S., Schollmeyer T., Meinhold-Heerlein I., Gopalghare D.V., Hasson H., Mettler L.	2008	Fertility and Sterility	90	5	10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.077	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Pawana Hospital, Somatane Phata, Tal-Ma	Soyinka, A.S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Osun State, Nigeria; Schollmeyer, T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Meinhold-Heerlein, I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Gopalghare, D.V., Pawana Hospital, Somatane Phata, Tal-Maval, Dist-Poona, India; Hasson, H., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Mettler, L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany	Objective: To determine the value of this simulator in acquiring basic laparoscopic skills and to evaluate the correlation between the frequency of trials and performance. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Patient(s): Twenty-five in-training gynecological endoscopists and 15 medical students. Intervention(s): A demonstration of 10 laparoscopic skill tasks was shown to participants before administration of a pretest. Voluntary rounds of further trials were encouraged thereafter. The post-tests were administered 5 days later. Assessments were conducted by the same independent supervisor. Main Outcome Measure(s): Improvements in overall scores and relative performance mean scores were compared using the independent t test. The comparison of various trial groups' mean was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Result(s): There were significantly better post-test scores in all tasks for both groups compared to the pretest scores. There was no statistical difference between the overall relative training outcomes of both groups. There was a significant difference in group mean scores between the group of trainees who performed five or more rounds of trials and those who performed two to three trials. Conclusion(s): The LTS3e simulator contributes to the acquisition of laparoscopic skills in less experienced surgeons. Performance improves progressively with practice. © 2008 American Society for Reproductive Medicine.	endoscopy skills; Laparoscopy; LTS3e; simulator models	adult; article; endoscopy; female; human; human experiment; laparoscopy; male; medical student; normal human; priority journal; skill; stimulation; task performance; training; Adult; Clinical Competence; Computer Simulation; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Cross-Sectional Studies; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Female; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; Humans; Laparoscopy; Male; Motor Skills; Task Performance and Analysis; User-Computer Interface; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55149125393	Evaluation of the quality of informed consent in a vaccine field trial in a developing country setting	Minnies D., Hawkridge T., Hanekom W., Ehrlich R., London L., Hussey G.	2008	BMC Medical Ethics	9	None	10.1186/1472-6939-9-15	Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Minnies, D., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hawkridge, T., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hanekom, W., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ehrlich, R., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; London, L., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hussey, G., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement for research involving human participants. However, few studies have evaluated the process, particularly in Africa. Participants in a case control study designed to identify correlates of immune protection against tuberculosis (TB) in South Africa. This study was in turn nested in a large TB vaccine efficacy trial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of consent in the case control study, and to identify factors that may influence the quality of consent. Cross-sectional study conducted over a 4 month period. Methods. Consent was obtained from parents of trial participants. These parents were asked to complete a questionnaire that contained questions about the key elements of informed consent (voluntary participation, confidentiality, the main risks and benefits, etc.). The recall (success in selecting the correct answers) and understanding (correctness of interpretation of statements presented) were measured. Results. The majority of the 192 subjects interviewed obtained scores greater than 75% for both the recall and understanding sections. The median score for recall was 66%; interquartile range (IQR) = 55%-77% and for understanding 75% (IQR = 50%-87%). Most (79%) were aware of the risks and 64% knew that they participated voluntarily. Participants who had completed Grade 7 at school and higher were more likely (OR = 4.94; 95% CI = 1.57 - 15.55) to obtain scores greater than 75% for recall than those who did not. Participants who were consented by professional nurses who had worked for more than two years in research were also more likely (OR = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.35-5.07) to obtain such scores for recall than those who were not. Conclusion. Notwithstanding the constraints in a developing country, in a population with low levels of literacy and education, the quality of informed consent found in this study could be considered as building blocks for establishing acceptable standards for public health research. Education level of respondents and experience of research staff taking the consent were associated with good quality informed consent. © 2008 Minnies et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	BCG vaccine; adolescent; adult; article; BCG vaccination; comprehension; developing country; education; female; health services research; human; informed consent; mother; normal human; nurse attitude; quality control; questionnaire; recall; research ethics; South Africa; tuberculosis; case control study; cross-sectional study; educational status; ethics; evaluation; lung tuberculosis; male; standard; Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Comprehension; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Informed Consent; Male; Mental Recall; South Africa; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249084212	Packaged foods, consumption pattern and impact on the environment in Zaria, Nigeria	Odunze I.I., Mohammed A.Z., Ike E., Onuigbo P.E., Shuaibu-Imodagbe E.M.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	04-Mar	None	Home and Rural Economics, Samaru College of Agriculture/Division of Agricultural Colleges (DAC), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Sama	Odunze, I.I., Home and Rural Economics, Samaru College of Agriculture/Division of Agricultural Colleges (DAC), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mohammed, A.Z., Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ike, E., Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Onuigbo, P.E., Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Shuaibu-Imodagbe, E.M., Samaru College of Agriculture/DAC, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Packaged foods, consumption pattern and impact on the environment was studied in Zaria, Nigeria (Long. 7°30'-7°50'E and Lat. 11°00'-11°50'N). Convenient (packaged) foods are easier to prepare, save time, easy to store, reduce wastage and makes the task of food preparation by housewives, workers and students easier. For example in urban homes, women simply do not have the time to spend in shop queues or cooking time for breakfast meals in particular. Therefore, the pre-packaged, pre-priced goods available even in supermarket shops are a tremendous time saving device; thus providing convenience to the household. This study therefore aims to determine food materials commonly preferred by consumers in Zaria area as convenience foods, consumers preferred food packaging materials and food packaging material more commonly seen littering the Zaria environment. The study was therefore conducted using survey method, and interviews were employed for the non-literates in the sample areas. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample population of the institutions and business sector in Zaria. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance [ANOVA] procedure for means, standard deviations and tests of significance at P>0.05. Results showed that among reasons adduced by respondents for patronizing packaged food products include convenience, cost, quantity and disposability. Convenience (28.2%) was rated highest as reason for patronizing packaged food products, and consumers' prefer plastic food packaging materials to metal, glass or paper. Attributes that least influenced consumers' choice of package food products patronized in Zaria include colour (6.0%) and physical shape of the package (5.7%). This would suggest that food products that are well protected and the package can be re-used/recycled and have acceptable nutritional information clearly written on the package and the ease with which the packaging can be opened are attributes mostly driving packaged food products patronage in Zaria. However, consumers' food pattern is tilting towards packaged food product in Zaria and calls for further governmental quality control measures to promote consumers good health. Plastic waste food packaging materials do not degrade easily in the environment and constitute risk to health and environmental beauty.	Consumption; Environment; Food; Packaging; Zaria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249096486	Performance of high protein maize variety and soil nutrient changes with fortified organic fertilizer	Ayoola O.T., Makinde E.A., Ande O.T.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	04-Mar	None	Farming Systems Research and Extension Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Federal College of Agriculture, I.A.R and T, Moor Plantation, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Land and	Ayoola, O.T., Farming Systems Research and Extension Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Makinde, E.A., Federal College of Agriculture, I.A.R and T, Moor Plantation, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ande, O.T., Land and Water Resources Management Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Enriching manure with nutrients from limited quantity of inorganic fertilizer could combat the deficiency of late and low supply of nutrients. The growth and yield of high protein green maize (ART-98-SW1) was assessed using organic fertilizer made from municipal waste and cow dung at 5 t/ ha as well as organic fertilizer + urea (i.e. 2.5 t ha-1 municipal waste and cow dung + 100 kg ha-1 urea). These were compared with performance with inorganic NPK fertilizer and no fertilizer control. Maize growth significantly (P = 0.05) increased with application of the N-enriched organic fertilizer. The plants were comparable in height and leaf area with fertilizer application. Fertilization of maize gave significantly (P = 0.05) higher grain yields. Organic fertilizer alone gave yields of 2.68 t ha-1. The unfertilized control plants had an average yield of 1.47 t ha-1.Yield (3.78 t ha-1) obtained from the organic fertilizer + urea was statistically the same with yield (3.70 t ha-1) got from inorganic fertilization. Organic fertilizer + urea increased soil N, P and K contents by 25, 1 and 62%, respectively. It also increased soil Ca and Mg contents by 2 and 8%, respectively. Organic fertilizer at 2.5 t ha-1 with 100 kg/ha urea can be applied to maize. It gives a comparable yield as inorganic fertilizer and increases the soil N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents.	Cow dung; Growth; Maize; Soil nutrients; Yield	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249096499	Lansat images for assessment of the impact of land use and land cover changes on the Barekese catchment in Ghana	Boakye E., Odai S.N., Adjei K.A., Annor F.O.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	21	4	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana	Boakye, E., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana; Odai, S.N., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana; Adjei, K.A., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana; Annor, F.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana	This paper describes assessment of the land use and land cover changes in the Barekese catchment of Ghana. The Barekese catchment forms part of the Offin River catchment which flows through the catchment before eventually feeding into the Barekese reservoir. Because of the economic importance of the reservoir, the Barekese catchment has been earmarked and reserved for the protection and development of the water resource. However increasing siltation in the reservoir has been attributed to land use and land cover changes in the catchment due to encroachment. LandSat TM images of 1973, 1986 and 2000 were analyzed using Erdas Imagine software and ArcGIS. A total of five broad land use and land cover classes were identified and mapped for 1973, 1986 and 2000. These were forest (close), open forest, grasslands, water bodies and open areas/towns. The results of the analysis showed that between 1973 and 2000, forest decreased by about 43%, open forest decreased by about 32%, while grassland and open areas/towns increased by about 700% and 1000%, respectively. The study identified population growth, timber logging and lack of proper education as causes of the changes in land use and land cover in the catchment area. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Barekese catchment; Ghana; Land cover change; Land use change; LandSat TM image	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249101047	Impact of land use on the biodiversity integrity of the moist sub-biome of the grassland biome, South Africa	O'Connor T.G., Kuyler P.	2009	Journal of Environmental Management	90	1	10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.10.012	Centre for African Ecology, School of A.P.E.S., University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	O'Connor, T.G., Centre for African Ecology, School of A.P.E.S., University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kuyler, P., Centre for Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	South Africa's moist grassland harbours globally significant biodiversity, supplies essential ecosystem services, supports crop and livestock agriculture, forestry and settlement, yet is poorly conserved. Ongoing transformation and limited opportunity for expanding the protected area network require instead that biodiversity conservation is 'mainstreamed' within other land uses. This exercise sought to identify the relative compatibility of 10 land uses (conservation, livestock or game ranching, tourism/recreation, rural settlement, dryland cropping, irrigated cropping, dairy farming, plantation forestry, and urban settlement) with maintaining biodiversity integrity. This was assessed using 46 indicators for biodiversity integrity that covered landscape composition, structure, and functioning. Data was integrated into a single measure per land use through application of the analytic hierarchy process, with supporting information gained from interviews with experts. The rank order of importance amongst indicators was landscape structure, functioning and composition. Consistent differences among land uses for all three categories revealed two clear groupings. Conservation, livestock or game ranching had the lowest impact and retained substantial natural asset, while that for tourism/recreation was intermediate. All other land uses had a severe impact. Impact on biodiversity integrity depended mainly on the extent of transformation and fragmentation, which accounted for the greatest impact on habitats and species, and impairment of landscape functioning. It is suggested that a strategic intervention for maintaining biodiversity integrity of moist grassland is to support livestock or game ranching and limit ongoing urban sprawl. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Agriculture; Analytic hierarchy process; Biodiversity indicator; Ecosystem functioning; Forestry; Landscape; Livestock	analytical hierarchy process; biodiversity; bioindicator; biome; ecological impact; ecosystem function; ecosystem service; grassland; land use; article; conservation biology; controlled study; cropping system; dairying; environmental impact; environmental protection; grassland; habitat fragmentation; irrigation (agriculture); land use; landscape ecology; livestock; nonhuman; plantation; recreation; residential area; rural area; South Africa; species diversity; tourism; urban area; Agriculture; Animals; Biodiversity; Birds; Climate; Conservation of Natural Resources; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Environment; Forestry; Insects; Mammals; Poaceae; Soil; South Africa; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249105452	Science and technology policy in South Africa: Past performance and proposals for the future	Kaplan D.	2008	Science, Technology and Society	13	1	10.1177/097172180701300104	Department of Economics, Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Kaplan, D., Department of Economics, Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	This article provides a high-level review of the performance of the S&T system in South Africa. All the indicators suggest that, at a high level, performance has not been strong. This is despite the fact that more resources have been devoted to S&T and that there has been extensive policy experimentation. The argument advanced is that the key factor explaining this weak performance is poor provision of skilled labour. The article critically examines the recent OECD review of S&T in South Africa in this light. Finally, the article examines the proposed future direction of S&T policy in South Africa as reflected in the twenty-year plan of the Department of Science and Technology. The plan is highly ambitious, considerably expanding the scope of S&T policy and projects. While it recognises the critical importance of increasing high-level skills for innovation, it fails to give adequate recognition to the fact that this will take time. Accordingly, new projects will need to be undertaken after, and not contemporaneously with, the expansion in the supply of skills.	None	Performance; Science and Technology; South Africa; Technology Policy; future prospect; innovation; OECD; science and technology; skilled labor; technological development; technology policy; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249105728	Assessment of the socio-economic impacts of quarrying and processing of limestone at Obajana, Nigeria	Busuyi A.T., Frederick C., Fatai I.A.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	6	4	None	School of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Mining Engineering, School of Eng. and Eng. Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria	Busuyi, A.T., School of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Frederick, C., School of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fatai, I.A., Department of Mining Engineering, School of Eng. and Eng. Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria	The persistent high rise in the price of building materials and constant importation of cement in Nigeria requires speedy development of cement factories in country. This research was carried out to assess the socio-economic impacts of quarrying and processing of limestone at Obajana, Nigeria. In order to assess the socio-economic impacts of the operations on the community, questionnaires were distributed to both the staff of the company and the community. The data derived from the questionnaires were subjected to both statistical analysis and chi-square method. The results gotten indicated that the lifestyles of the people are still below high standard with only 7% of the respondents earning above N40,000:000 (forty thousand naira monthly) and majority earn less than N20,000:00 (twenty thousand naira monthly). Also the level of education within the community is poor and there is higher percentage of non-literacy level. The operation has little or no environmental impacts on the community yet due to the fact that the operations/production has not commenced fully. This situation may change in the nearest years to come. When this happen, this work will serve as baseline data for any socio-economic assessment on Obajana. However, recommendations were made on how to improve the literacy level of the community and other impacts.	Limestone; Obajana; Quarrying and processing; Socio-economic	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249114640	Evaluation of earth-ball (Icacina manni) as energy replacement for maize in the diets of rats	Umoren U.E., Ukam V.E., Akpet S.O., Udoekong E.C.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	04-Mar	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Production, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Ukam, V.E., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Production, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria; Akpet, S.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Production, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria; Udoekong, E.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Eighty weanling male albino rats of Wistar strain 21±2 days old were used in a study to determine the replacement value of differently processed Icacina manni tuber meal for maize in their diets. Five dietary treatments in which maize was replaced with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% Icacina tuber meal were formulated. The rats were randomly allotted to the five treatments with twenty rats per treatment of four rats per diet in a randomized complete block two-treatment factor analysis of variance. Results showed that daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing level of Icacina meal in 0, 24 and 48 hours fermented samples. Rats fed 72 hours fermented ration did not differ (p > 0.05) in feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency up to the 50% level of replacement, from those on the control diet. Mortality was highest in the unfermented sample at even the least replacement level (25%). Serum parameters of differently processed Icacina meal diets examined at same level of replacement (75%), revealed that serum glucose and cholesterol were low compared to the control diet. The serum enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) were higher (p < 0.01) in animals fed the unfermented sample than those on the control and other three fermented Icacina diets. It was concluded that fermented sun-dried Icacina tuber meal could replace maize in rat diets up to 75% without any adverse effects on performance.	Diets; Energy; Icacina manni; Maize; Rats; Replacement	Animalia; Icacina; Rattus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249118431	Evaluation of the nutritive value of quality protein maize on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits	Omage J.J., Agubosi O.C.P., Bawa G.S., Onimisi P.A.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	2	10.3923/pjn.2009.106.111	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Omage, J.J., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Agubosi, O.C.P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Onimisi, P.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Quality protein maize (QPM) was used to substitute normal maize variety in intensive rabbit study in attempt to reduce the cost of production. Thirty-six weaner rabbits with age ranging between 6-8 weeks and weighing between 225-300g were assigned to six treatment groups in a completely randomized design; six rabbits per treatment were individually caged and fed. The ration involved a percent replacement of normal maize with Quality protein maize at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 % levels of inclusion across the treatments. The control diet involves a 0% level of QPM supplemented with synthetic lysine. Water and feed was provided adlibitum throughout the study period of 56 days. Feed intake, water consumption, weight gain and mortality were recorded. Results showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in total feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, water consumption, mortality rate, feed cost/kg weight gain. However, there was significant difference (P < 0.001) in feed cost/ kg feed across the treatments. Carcass characteristics showed significant difference (P < 0.05) with no established trends in live weight, length of small and large intestines, liver, legs and tail. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in carcass weight, dressing percentage, heart, shoulder, loin, thigh, lungs, kidneys, spleen and head. The results indicated that feeding QPM to rabbits without lysine supplementation could sustain rabbits without affecting their performance, health and reduced cost of production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Cost (#/kg gain); Normal maize; Performance; Quality protein maize; Rabbits	lysine; animal food; article; carcass; controlled study; cost control; fluid intake; food intake; maize; meat industry; mortality; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein intake; rabbit meat; weight gain; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249120938	Probabilistic risk assessment of the environmental impacts of pesticides in the Crocodile (west) Marico catchment, North-West Province	Ansara-Ross T.M., Wepener V., Van Den Brink P.J., Ross M.J.	2008	Water SA	34	5	None	Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Wageningen University, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands	Ansara-Ross, T.M., Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Wepener, V., Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Van Den Brink, P.J., Wageningen University, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Ross, M.J., Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa	External agricultural inputs, such as pesticides, may pose risks to aquatic ecosystems and affect aquatic populations, communities and ecosystems. To predict these risks, a tiered approach was followed, incorporating both the PRIMET and PERPEST models. The first-tier PRIMET model is designed to yield a relatively worst-case risk assessment requiring a minimum of input data, after which the effects of the risks can be refined using a higher tier PERPEST model. The risk assessment initially depends on data supplied from local landowners, pesticide characteristic, application scheme and physical scenario of the environment under question. Preliminary results are presented, together with ecotoxicological data on several frequently-used pesticides in a section of the Crocodile (west) Marico Water Management Area (WMA) in South Africa. This area is historically known to have a high pesticide usage, with deltamethrin, aldicarb, parathion, cypermethrin and dichlorvos being the main pesticides used. Deltamethrin was indicated as having the highest probability of risks to aquatic organisms occurring in the study area. Cypermethrin, parathion, dichlorvos, carbaryl, bromoxynil, linuron, methomyl and aldicarb were all indicated as having possible risks (ETR 1-100) to the aquatic environment. Pesticides posing no risk included fenamiphos, abamectin, pendimethalin, captan, endosulfan, alachlor, bentazone and cyromazine (ETR<1). The pesticides posing a possible risk to the aquatic ecosystem were evaluated further to determine their effects on 8 grouped endpoints using the PERPEST effect model. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin were again noted as posing the greatest risk and clear effects were eminent for aquatic insects and macro-crustaceans, followed by micro-crustaceans and rotifers. High percentages of clear effects on insects were also observed for carbaryl, parathion and dichlorvos. Linuron was indicated as having minimal clear effects on community metabolism, macrophytes and phytoplankton classes, while lesser clear effects of bromoxynil occurred on periphyton communities. Application of both the lower-tier PRIMET and higher-tier PERPEST models showed similar trends in that they both ranked the top 5 pesticides in the same order of risk. This approach offers a significant improvement over the presently-used simulation models or use of safety factors. It is therefore especially useful in developing countries such as South Africa, where pesticide environmental risk information is scarce. Although these models were effectively used in this study, it still has to be validated further under South African conditions.	Aquatic ecosystem; Pesticides; Risk-assessment model	Agricultural chemicals; Aquaculture; Biochemistry; Catchments; Developing countries; Ecology; Ecosystems; Environmental impact; Herbicides; Insecticides; Pesticides; Population statistics; Probability; Risk management; Risks; Safety factor; Water management; Abamectin; Alachlor; Aldicarb; Application schemes; Aquatic ecosystem; Aquatic ecosystems; Aquatic environments; Aquatic insects; Aquatic organisms; Bentazone; Bromoxynil; Carbaryl; Cypermethrin; Deltamethrin; Dichlorvos; Ecotoxicological; Effect models; Endosulfan; Environmental risks; External-; Fenamiphos; Input datums; Linuron; Macrophytes; Methomyl; Pendimethalin; Periphyton communities; Probabilistic risk assessments; Simulation models; South Africa; Study areas; Tiered approaches; Risk assessment; aquatic ecosystem; catchment; ecotoxicology; environmental impact; environmental risk; metabolism; pesticide; risk assessment; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Alligator; Crustacea; Hexapoda; Rotifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249126424	Landsat images for assessment of the impact of land use and land cover changes on the Barekese catchment in Ghana	Boakye E., Odai S.N., Adjei K.A., Annor F.O.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	22	2	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Boakye, E., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Odai, S.N., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Adjei, K.A., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Annor, F.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	This paper describes assessment of the land use and land cover changes in the Barekese catchment of Ghana. The Barekese catchment forms part of the Offin River catchment which flows through the catchment before eventually feeding into the Barekese reservoir. Because of the economic importance of the reservoir, the Barekese catchment has been earmarked and reserved for the protection and development of the water resource. However increasing siltation in the reservoir has been attributed to land use and land cover changes in the catchment due to encroachment. LandSat TM images of 1973, 1986 and 2000 were analyzed using Erdas Imagine software and ArcGIS. A total of five broad land use and land cover classes were identified and mapped for 1973, 1986 and 2000. These were forest (close), open forest, grasslands, water bodies and open areas/towns. The results of the analysis showed that between 1973 and 2000, forest decreased by about 43%, open forest decreased by about 32%, while grassland and open areas/towns increased by about 700% and 1000%, respectively. The study identified population growth, timber logging and lack of proper education as causes of the changes in land use and land cover in the catchment area. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Barekese catchment; Ghana; Land cover change; Land use change; LandSat TM image	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55349095487	On-farm evaluation of rainfed lowland rice varieties at Olokose village, Odeda, Ogun State, Nigeria	Oyekanmi A.A., Okeleye K.A., Okonji C.J.	2008	Journal of Agronomy	7	2	10.3923/ja.2008.192.196	Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Oyekanmi, A.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okeleye, K.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okonji, C.J., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A participatory variety selection trial was conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Olokose village to evaluate top crosses of Oryza sativa x Oryza sativa varieties developed for lowland agro-ecology under farmers' conditions and select desirable varieties for the ecology using the farmers participatory approach. The trial was conducted with thirteen lowland rice varieties planted in a randomized complete block design replicated in time. In the trial it was found that WITA 4 and WAS-161-B-6-B-B-1-B lowland rice varieties performed best with a grain yield of 7553 and 5000 kg ha-1, respectively. The heavy tillering and non-lodging characteristics of the varieties were prefened traits apart from their high yields. WITA 4 and WAS-161-B-6-B-B-1-B which recorded higher yields of 98.03 and 31.09% over Etunbe, the local variety that yielded 3814 kg ha-1, were preferred by most of the farmers. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Oryza sativa crosses; Participatory variety selection; Technical knowledge transfer; Top-bottom approach	Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55349140408	Path integral evaluation of a time-dependent oscillator in an external field	Ikot A.N., Ituen E.E., Essien I.E., Akpabio L.E.	2008	Turkish Journal of Physics	32	6	None	Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria	Ikot, A.N., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Ituen, E.E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Essien, I.E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Akpabio, L.E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria	The Lagrangian of a system describing the dynamical behaviour of a time-dependent harmonic oscillator is modified and then used to evaluate the Feynman path integral of the oscillator. The path integral of the time-dependent oscillator is shown to reduce to the time-independent within certain limits. © TÜBİTAK.	Green functions and harmonic oscillator; Path integral propagator	Oscillators (mechanical); Quantum theory; Dynamical behaviours; External fields; Feynman path integrals; Green functions and harmonic oscillator; Harmonic oscillators; Lagrangian; Path integral propagator; Path integrals; Oscillators (electronic)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55449093312	CD4 stabilization tubes provide improved accuracy of absolute CD4 T-cell counts compared to standard K3 EDTA tubes in human immunodeficiency virus immunologic monitoring in resource-poor settings	Shott J.P., Iga B., Makumbi F., Luswata C., Kagulire C., Nammanda J., Mills L.A., Serwadda D., Quinn T.C., Reynolds S.J.	2008	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	15	10	10.1128/CVI.00176-08	Clinical Monitoring Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NIAID/NIH - Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda	Shott, J.P., Clinical Monitoring Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NIAID/NIH - Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda; Iga, B., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda; Makumbi, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Luswata, C., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda; Kagulire, C., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda; Nammanda, J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda; Mills, L.A., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai District, Kalisizo, Uganda, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Serwadda, D., School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Quinn, T.C., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Reynolds, S.J., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States	CD4 stabilization tubes have the ability to ensure internal quality control in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) monitoring laboratory by maintaining accurate absolute CD4 T-cell counts for up to 6 days. Here, we assessed this technology for its use in an HIV clinical monitoring laboratory in a resource-poor setting in rural Uganda. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	CD4 antigen; edetic acid; accuracy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; comparative study; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; laboratory; major clinical study; male; nonhuman; priority journal; quality control; rural area; technology; tube; Uganda; CD4 lymphocyte count; evaluation; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; laboratory diagnosis; methodology; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Infections; Humans; Specimen Handling; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55549096688	Evaluation of Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423 as probiotics by using a gastro-intestinal model with infant milk formulations as substrate	Botes M., van Reenen C.A., Dicks L.M.T.	2008	International Journal of Food Microbiology	128	2	10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.09.016	Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Botes, M., Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; van Reenen, C.A., Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Dicks, L.M.T., Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423 produce bacteriocins with activity against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Both strains survived intestinal conditions simulated in a gastro-intestinal model (GIM) with infant milk formulations as substrate and prevented the growth of Listeria monocytogenes ScottA. The strains are inhibited by the antibiotics amoxicillin, cefadroxil, roxithromycin and doxycycline, anti-inflammatory medicaments containing meloxicam, ibuprofen and sodium diklofenak, and analgesics containing paracetamol, codeine phosphate and promethazine. Strain 423 is sensitive to vancomycin and does not contain genes encoding gelatinase, cell aggregation substance (AS), adhesion to collagen (Ace), enterococcus surface protein (Esp), Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis antigen (EfaAfs), cytolysin and non-cytolysin (β-hemolysin III). Genes encoding AS, cytolysin and non-cytolysin (β-hemolysin III) were amplified from the genome of strain ST4SA. Survival of strains ST4SA and 423 improved when used as combined cultures in the GIM and compared well with the survival of commercially available probiotics subjected to the same conditions. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA; Lactobacillus plantarum 423; Probiotics	acetylsalicylic acid; amoxicillin; bacterial protein; beta hemolysin iii; cefadroxil; cell aggregation substance; ciprofloxacin; codeine phosphate; collagen; cytolysin; diclofenac; dipyrone; doxycycline; Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis antigen; Enterococcus surface protein; gelatinase; hydrolase; ibuprofen; meloxicam; norfloxacin; paracetamol; piroxicam; prednisolone; promethazine; roxithromycin; unclassified drug; vancomycin; antibacterial activity; antibiotic sensitivity; article; artificial milk; bacterial gene; bacterial genome; bacterial growth; bacterial strain; bacterial survival; bacterium culture; controlled study; Enterococcus; enterococcus mundtii; enzyme activity; gene amplification; genetic code; Lactobacillus plantarum; Listeria monocytogenes; model; nonhuman; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiosis; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacteriocins; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Enterococcus; Food Microbiology; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Lactobacillus plantarum; Listeria monocytogenes; Models, Biological; Probiotics; Species Specificity; Enterococcus; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus mundtii; Lactobacillus plantarum; Listeria monocytogenes; Negibacteria; Posibacteria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55549100291	Hydrological impacts of flood storage and management on irrigation water abstraction in upper Ewaso Ng'iro River Basin, Kenya	Ngigi S.N., Savenije H.H.G., Gichuki F.N.	2008	Water Resources Management	22	12	10.1007/s11269-008-9257-5	Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0065, Nairobi, Kenya; Millennium Villages Project, Earth Institute at Columbia University c/o MDG Center, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Ngigi, S.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0065, Nairobi, Kenya, Millennium Villages Project, Earth Institute at Columbia University c/o MDG Center, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Savenije, H.H.G., Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands; Gichuki, F.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0065, Nairobi, Kenya, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	The upper Ewaso Ng'iro basin, which starts from the central highlands of Kenya and stretches northwards transcending different climatic zones, has experienced decreasing river flows for the last two decades. The Naro Moru sub-basin is used to demonstrate the looming water crisis in this water scarce river basin. The objective of the study was to show the extent of dry seasons' irrigation water abstractions on river flows, and to assess the hydrological impact of flood storage on temporal water distribution and irrigation water management. Decreasing river flows are attributed to over-abstraction mainly for irrigating horticultural crops. The number of abstractors has increased four times over a period of 10 years. The amount of water abstracted has also increased by 64% over the last 5 years. Moreover, the proportion of unauthorized abstractions has been increasing over the years, currently at about 80% and 95% during high and low flows respectively. This has resulted in alarming conflicts among various water users. The situation is aggravated by low irrigation efficiency (25-40%) and inadequate flood storage facilities. The paper analyzes over 40 years' observed river flow data and 5-year interval water abstraction monitoring records for 15 years. It assesses whether flood storage and management, can reduce dry seasons' irrigation water abstractions without significantly reducing river flows to affect the sustenance of natural ecosystems downstream. The results demonstrate that flood storage and management can reduce water abstraction and increase river flows during the dry seasons, without significantly reducing high flows to affect the downstream water users. However, socio-economic, hydrological and environmental implications should be considered if a sustainable river basin water resources management strategy is to be developed and implemented. The case study of Naro Moru sub-basin is representative of the situation in the other sub-basins, and hence can be taken as a pilot basin for developing an integrated water resources management strategy that will foster socio-economic development with minimal negative hydrological impacts in the water scarce upper Ewaso Ng'iro river basin. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Flood storage; Low river flows; River basin water resources management; River water withdrawals; Water conflicts	Abstracting; Curing; Digital signal processing; Drought; Evaporative cooling systems; Flow of water; Fusion reactions; Information management; Irrigation; Knowledge management; Management; Planning; Rivers; Strategic planning; Water; Water conservation; Water management; Water supply; Watersheds; Abstractors; Case studies; Different climatic zones; Dry seasons; Economic developments; Environmental implications; High flows; Horticultural crops; Hydrological impacts; Integrated water resources managements; Irrigation efficiencies; Irrigation water managements; Irrigation waters; Low flows; Low river flows; Natural ecosystems; Pilot basins; River basin water resources management; River basins; River flows; River water withdrawals; Storage facilities; Water abstractions; Water conflicts; Water crisis; Water distributions; Water resources managements; Water scarce; Water users; Water resources; flooding; horticulture; hydrological response; irrigation; resource scarcity; river flow; sustainability; water availability; water management; water use efficiency; Africa; East Africa; Ewaso Ngiro Basin; Kenya; Rift Valley; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55549133586	Substance use and sexual risk prevention in Cape Town, South Africa: An evaluation of the HealthWise program	Smith E.A., Palen L.-A., Caldwell L.L., Flisher A.J., Graham J.W., Mathews C., Wegner L., Vergnani T.	2008	Prevention Science	9	4	10.1007/s11121-008-0103-z	Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; S-109 Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States	Smith, E.A., Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States, S-109 Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Palen, L.-A., Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States; Caldwell, L.L., Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States; Flisher, A.J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Graham, J.W., Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States; Mathews, C., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wegner, L., University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Vergnani, T., University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Sexual behavior and substance use represent major threats to the health and well-being of South African adolescents, especially in light of the high prevalence of HIV infection in this population. However, there is currently a lack of evidence-based school programs designed to address health risk behaviors. The current study details the evaluation of HealthWise South Africa, a leisure, life skills, and sexuality education intervention for eighth and ninth grade students. We hypothesized that, compared to controls, HealthWise participants would have delayed sexual initiation, reduced rates of current sexual activity, increased use of and perceived access to condoms, and lower rates of lifetime and past use of multiple substances. Longitudinal data were analyzed using logistic regression of multiply imputed data. Results indicate that HealthWise was effective in increasing the perception of condom availability for both genders (OR=1.6). As compared to HealthWise participants, control participants also had steeper increases in recent and heavy use of alcohol (OR=1.4 [95% C.I.=1.1-1.8], 1.6 [1.2-2.2], respectively) and recent and heavy cigarette use (OR=1.4 [1.1-1.7], 1.4 [1.1-1.8], respectively). There were also several significant gender by treatment interactions, which are discussed. These results suggest that HealthWise is a promising approach to reducing multiple health risk behaviors among the population of school-going South African adolescents. © 2008 Society for Prevention Research.	Adolescence; Adolescent sexual behavior; Adolescent substance use; HIV prevention; Intervention; Sexual behavior; South Africa; Substance use	addiction; adolescent; article; child behavior; condom; evaluation; female; health promotion; human; male; school health service; social marketing; South Africa; unsafe sex; utilization review; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Condoms; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; School Health Services; Social Marketing; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders; Unsafe Sex	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55649101216	Effect of varying levels of salt (sodium chloride) on the performance characteristics of snails (Archachatina marginata)	Omole A.J., Ogbosuka G.E., Oredehin A.O., Osayomi J.O.	2008	Nutrition and Food Science	38	6	10.1108/00346650810920150	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria	Omole, A.J., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogbosuka, G.E., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oredehin, A.O., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Osayomi, J.O., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria	Purpose - Some snail farmers in Nigeria believe that inclusion of table salt (Nacl) in the diet of snails will have an adverse effect and result in mortality. Hence, this study aims to assess the effect of inclusion of common salt (Nacl) in the diet of the growing snail. Design/methodology/approach - Four dietary treatments of the same energy and protein values; Sa, Sb, Sc and Sd were formulated to contain 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 per cent Nacl, respectively. Each treatment was replicated thrice with 15 growing snails per replicate in a completely randomized design. The snails were reared in a cage of 12 compartments. Feed intake and weight gain were measured on a daily and weekly basis with the use of a sensitive weight scale. Shell length and width were measured by vernier caliper. An observation of mortality was made. The study lasted for six months. Findings - The results show that feed intake and weight gain were better in the diet containing 0.2 per cent salt than the control with 0 per cent salt inclusion. The feed was better utilized in all the treatments than in the control diet. The digestibility was also better in all the treatments than the 0 per cent salt inclusion. It was observed that no mortality was recorded in any of the treatments. Originality/value - The results establish that inclusion of salt up to 0.3 per cent in the diet of growing snails did not have an adverse effect on feed intake, weight gain and survivability as against the belief of some farmers that salt should not be included in the diet of snails.	Diet; Molluscs; Nigeria; Salt	Archachatina marginata; Gastropoda; Mollusca	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55649104553	Performance characteristics of weaned rabbit fed plantain peel as replacement for maize	Omole A.J., Ajasin F.O., Oluokun J.A., Obi O.O.	2008	Nutrition and Food Science	38	6	10.1108/00346650810920169	Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria	Omole, A.J., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ajasin, F.O., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oluokun, J.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obi, O.O., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria	Purpose - In the livestock industry in Nigeria, maize is a major source of energy and it is expensive because of competition between man and animal. Dry plantain peel of minimal cost was used to replace the maize fraction of the diet of rabbit in order to reduce cost. The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance characteristics of rabbit fed plantain peel. Design/methodology/approach - The feeding trial had five treatments, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in which the maize fraction in the diet was replaced at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent, respectively. Completely randomized designs were used and each treatment was replicated thrice with three rabbits per replicate. The parameters taken were feed intake and weight gain on a daily and weekly basis. Feed conversion ratio, total feed cost and cost per weight gain were calculated. Findings - The results show that there was no significant difference in the weight gain between the control diet (T1) and T3 (p &lt; 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was relatively similar in T1 and T4. The cost per weight gain reduced from N53.57 in the control diet to N33.39 in T3 (75 per cent replacement). Originality/value - In the livestock industry, maize is expensive because it serves as food for both man and animal. The results indicate that the feed cost of rabbit could be reduced by replacing the maize fraction of the diet with 75 per cent dry plantain peel.	Animal feed; Crops; Nigeria	Animalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55649120019	Evaluation of supplementary stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, bertoni) leaves and stevioside in broiler diets: Effects on feed intake, nutrient metabolism, blood parameters and growth performance	Atteh J.O., Onagbesan O.M., Tona K., Decuypere E., Geuns J.M.C., Buyse J.	2008	Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition	92	6	10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00760.x	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Laboratory for Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium	Atteh, J.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Onagbesan, O.M., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Tona, K., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Decuypere, E., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Geuns, J.M.C., Laboratory for Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Buyse, J., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium	A perennial schrub, stevia, and its extracts are used as a natural sweetener and have been shown to possess antimicrobial properties. Stevia contains high levels of sweetening glycosides including stevioside which is thought to possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Little is known about the nutritional value of the schrub in livestock. This study determined the potential use of the shrub as a prebiotic animal feed supplement in light of the recent ban on the use of antibiotics in animal feed and the role of its constituent stevioside in the effects of the shrub. Male Cobb broiler chicks were fed a basal broiler diet without antibiotic but with performance enhancing enzyme mix (positive control), a basal diet without antibiotic and enzymes (negative control), or diets in which 2% of the negative control diet was replaced with either dried ground stevia leaves or 130 ppm pure stevioside during 2 week starter and 2 week grower periods. Body weight gains, feed conversion, abdominal fat deposition, plasma hormone and metabolites and caecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in the broilers at 2 and 4 weeks of age. There was no significant effect of the treatments on feed intake during the starter period but birds fed diet supplemented with stevia leaves and stevioside consumed more feed (p &lt; 0.05) than those fed the positive control diet during the grower period. Weight gain by birds fed the positive control and stevioside diets was higher (p &lt; 0.05) than those fed other diets only during the starter period. Feed/gain ratio of birds fed the positive control and stevioside diets was superior (p &lt; 0.05) to others. There was no effect of the treatments on nutrient retention and water content of the excreta. Dietary stevia leave and stevioside decreased total concentration of SCFA and changed their profile in the ceca. There was no effect of the treatments on pancreas weight. Dietary stevia reduced blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and triiodothyronine (T3) but had no effect on non-esterified fatty acids. In contrast, stevioside only decreased T3. Both the stevia leaves and stevioside diets significantly increased abdominal fat content. It is concluded that dietary enzyme growth promoters are beneficial to the broilers only during the starter stage and that inclusion of stevia leaves or stevioside has no beneficial effect on the performance of broilers. © 2008 The Authors.	Blood parameters; Broiler chickens; Feed supplement; Growth; Stevia	antiinfective agent; fatty acid; glucoside; kaurane derivative; probiotic agent; stevioside; volatile fatty acid; animal; animal food; article; body composition; cecum; chemistry; chicken; drug effect; eating; growth, development and aging; male; metabolism; nutritional value; physiology; plant leaf; randomization; Stevia; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Composition; Cecum; Chickens; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Eating; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Glucosides; Male; Nutritive Value; Plant Leaves; Probiotics; Random Allocation; Stevia; Weight Gain; Animalia; Aves; Gallus gallus; Stevia rebaudiana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55749085253	Impact of reverse transcriptase resistance on the efficacy of TMC125 (etravirine) with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in protease inhibitor-naïve, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-experienced patients: Study TMC125-C227	Ruxrungtham K., Pedro R.J., Latiff G.H., Conradie F., Domingo P., Lupo S., Pumpradit W., Vingerhoets J.H., Peeters M., Peeters I., Kakuda T.N., De Smedt G., Woodfall B.	2008	HIV Medicine	9	10	10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00644.x	HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, 104 Rajdumri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Universidad de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa; University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto CAICI, Rosario, Argentina; HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, 104 Rajdumri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Tibotec BVBA, Mechelen, Belgium; Tibotec Inc., Yardley, PA, United States	Ruxrungtham, K., HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, 104 Rajdumri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Pedro, R.J., Universidad de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Latiff, G.H., Maxwell Centre, Durban, South Africa; Conradie, F., University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Domingo, P., Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Lupo, S., Instituto CAICI, Rosario, Argentina; Pumpradit, W., HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, 104 Rajdumri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Vingerhoets, J.H., HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, 104 Rajdumri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Peeters, M., Tibotec BVBA, Mechelen, Belgium; Peeters, I., Tibotec BVBA, Mechelen, Belgium; Kakuda, T.N., Tibotec Inc., Yardley, PA, United States; De Smedt, G., Tibotec BVBA, Mechelen, Belgium; Woodfall, B., Tibotec BVBA, Mechelen, Belgium	Objectives: TMC125-C227, an exploratory phase II, randomized, controlled, open-label trial, compared the efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) with an investigator-selected protease inhibitor (PI) in nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant, protease inhibitor-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients. Methods: Patients were randomized to TMC125 800 mg twice a day (bid) (phase II formulation; n = 59) or the control PI (n = 57), plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Results: In an unplanned interim analysis, patients receiving TMC125 demonstrated suboptimal virological responses relative to the control PI. Therefore, trial enrolment was stopped prematurely and TMC125 treatment discontinued after a median of 14.3 weeks. In this first-line NNRTI-failure population, baseline NRTI and NNRTI resistance was high and reduced virological responses were observed relative to the control PI. No statistically significant relationship was observed between TMC125 exposure and virological response at week 12. TMC125 was better tolerated than a boosted PI for gastrointestinal-, lipid- and liver-related events. Conclusions: In a PI-naïve population, with baseline NRTI and NNRTI resistance and NRTI recycling, TMC125 was not as effective as first use of a PI. Therefore the use of TMC125 plus NRTIs alone may not be optimal in PI-naïve patients with first-line virological failure on an NNRTI-based regimen. Baseline two-class resistance, rather than pharmacokinetics or other factors, was the most likely reason for suboptimal responses. © 2008 British HIV Association.	Etravirine; HIV; Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; Resistance	abacavir; amprenavir; antiretrovirus agent; atazanavir; didanosine; emtricitabine; etravirine; lamivudine; lopinavir; nelfinavir; proteinase inhibitor; ritonavir; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; tenofovir; zidovudine; adult; angioneurotic edema; area under the curve; article; bilirubin blood level; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; creatinine blood level; diarrhea; drug blood level; drug efficacy; drug eruption; drug induced headache; drug response; drug safety; drug substitution; drug tolerability; drug treatment failure; drug withdrawal; female; gastrointestinal disease; genotype; hepatobiliary disease; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; hyperbilirubinemia; hypercholesterolemia; jaundice; lipid blood level; loose feces; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; nausea; open study; patient compliance; phase 2 clinical trial; phenotype; plasma concentration-time curve; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; side effect; treatment duration; upper respiratory tract infection; virus load; virus mutation; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance, Viral; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyridazines; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55749086059	Market institutions and transaction costs influencing trader performance in live animal marketing in rural Ethiopian markets	Jabbar M., Benin S., Gabre-Madhin E., Paulos Z.	2008	Journal of African Economies	17	5	10.1093/jae/ejn004	International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2033 K. Street, Washington, DC 20006-1002, United States	Jabbar, M., International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Benin, S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2033 K. Street, Washington, DC 20006-1002, United States; Gabre-Madhin, E., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2033 K. Street, Washington, DC 20006-1002, United States; Paulos, Z., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2033 K. Street, Washington, DC 20006-1002, United States	In this paper, the hypothesis that performance of trading firms depends on their assets (physical, financial, human capital and social capital) and trading practices is tested with data from a sample of 131 live animal traders in 38 rural Ethiopian highland markets. Most traders used own capital as access to credit, especially formal credit, was limited. The livestock market was characterised by non-standardised products and lack of information in the public domain about supply, demand and prices. Consequently, livestock trading was largely a personalised business though brokers and regular buyers and sellers, a form of social capital, were sometimes used for gathering information, searching buyers/ sellers, price negotiation and contract enforcement. Business relationships with these intermediaries were principally based on trust, without strong ethnic, religious or family ties. Although most transactions were conducted in the physical presence of parties, contract violations were common, which were settled mainly through informal means as formal legal systems were either absent or time-consuming. Estimated costs and margins of most recent transactions showed low returns, and losses in some cases. Market levies, transport, travel and feeds were major items of variable cost, with some variation between cattle and small ruminants. Multiple regression analysis showed that traders' financial and human capital and trading practices such as use of brokers and regular suppliers and customers had varying effects on margins and costs of cattle and small ruminant trade. Unstable price, multiple taxes, non-transparent tax system, limited access to credit and weak demand for the quality of the products traded were perceived by traders as major problems of marketing. All the problems were amenable to public policy to improve the market environment and marketing efficiency. © The author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved.	None	agricultural market; agricultural trade; capital; livestock; regression analysis; tax system; trade performance; transaction cost; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55849126193	Effect of decorticated fermented prosopis seed meal (Prosopis africana) on growth performance of broiler chicken	Yusuf N.D., Ogah D.M., Hassan D.I., Musa M.M., Doma U.D.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	11	10.3923/ijps.2008.1054.1057	Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 033, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria	Yusuf, N.D., Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 033, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Ogah, D.M., Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 033, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Hassan, D.I., Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 033, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Musa, M.M., Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 033, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Doma, U.D., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria	Two hundred and forty 7 days old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were used to determine the growth rate and economic of broiler fed decorticated fermented Prosopis africana seed meal (DFPSM). Five experimental diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% DFPSM replacement levels for full fat soybean meal were fed to broiler for 8 weeks. The experiments were in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments, each replicated four times with 48 birds per treatment and 12 birds per replicate. The average live weight of broiler ranged from 2500-2850g in each dietary group and were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatment, similarly the growth rate and feed conversion ratio were also significantly affected by the dietary treatment (P < 0.05). The study indicate that 20% inclusion of DFPSM with soybean meal could be used in a broiler diet. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Animal protein; Broiler diet; Developing countries; Fermented Prosopis africana seed meal	Animalia; Aves; Glycine max; Prosopis; Prosopis africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55949105775	Integrating DEA-oriented performance assessment and target setting using interactive MOLP methods	Yang J.-B., Wong B.Y.H., Xu D.-L., Stewart T.J.	2009	European Journal of Operational Research	195	1	10.1016/j.ejor.2008.01.013	Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom; Management School, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Yang, J.-B., Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom, Management School, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China; Wong, B.Y.H., Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom; Xu, D.-L., Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom; Stewart, T.J., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) are tools that can be used in management control and planning. Whilst these two types of model are similar in structure, DEA is directed to assessing past performances as part of management control function and MOLP to planning future performance targets. This paper is devoted to investigating equivalence models and interactive tradeoff analysis procedures in MOLP, such that DEA-oriented performance assessment and target setting can be integrated in a way that the decision makers' preferences can be taken into account in an interactive fashion. Three equivalence models are investigated between the output-oriented dual DEA model and the minimax reference point formulations, namely the super-ideal point model, the ideal point model and the shortest distance model. These models can be used to support efficiency analysis in the same way as the conventional DEA model does and also support tradeoff analysis for setting target values by individuals or groups. A case study is conducted to illustrate how DEA-oriented efficiency analysis can be conducted using the MOLP methods and how such performance assessment can be integrated into an interactive procedure for setting realistic target values. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Data envelopment analysis; Minimax method; Multiple objective linear programming; Performance assessment; Tradeoff analysis	Communication channels (information theory); Data envelopment analysis; Decision theory; Dynamic programming; Industrial management; Linear programming; Linearization; Particle size analysis; Planning; Targets; Case studies; Dea models; Decision makers; Efficiency analysis; Equivalence models; Future performances; Ideal points; Management controls; MiniMax; Minimax method; Multiple objective linear programming; Multiple objective linear programmings; Performance assessment; Performance assessments; Reference points; Shortest distances; Target settings; Target values; Tradeoff analysis; Two types; Modal analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55949121913	Reversed chloroquines based on the 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one scaffold: Synthesis and evaluation for antimalarial, β-haematin inhibition, and cytotoxic activity	October N., Watermeyer N.D., Yardley V., Egan T.J., Ncokazi K., Chibale K.	2008	ChemMedChem	3	11	10.1002/cmdc.200800172	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	October, N., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Watermeyer, N.D., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Yardley, V., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Egan, T.J., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Ncokazi, K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	(Chemical Equation Presented) The synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antimalarial activity of resistance-reversing bifunctional dihydropyrimidone-chloroquinoline conjugates are reported herein. In vitro assay results indicate this class of compounds is highly active against both chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive strains of P. falciparum. © 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.	Dihydropyrimidinones; Drug design; Quinoline-containing antimalarials; Reversing agents; Sensitizers	antimalarial agent; chloroquine; hemoprotein; hemozoin; pyrimidine derivative; animal; article; biological model; chemical model; chemical structure; chemistry; drug antagonism; drug design; IC 50; metabolism; methodology; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; structure activity relation; synthesis; Animals; Antimalarials; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chloroquine; Drug Design; Hemeproteins; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Biological; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure; Pyrimidines; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55949127472	Performance evaluation of a hot-box reflector solar cooker using a microcontroller-based measurement system	Mukaro R., Tinarwo D.	2008	International Journal of Energy Research	32	14	10.1002/er.1441	School of Physics, Faculty of Agriculture and Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa; Physics Department, Bindura University of Science, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, ICTP, Italy; University of Kassel (ISET e.V), Witzenhausen, Germany	Mukaro, R., School of Physics, Faculty of Agriculture and Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, ICTP, Italy; Tinarwo, D., Physics Department, Bindura University of Science, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe, University of Kassel (ISET e.V), Witzenhausen, Germany	The performance of a low-cost compound box-reflector solar cooker designed and constructed by the department of Mechanical Engineering, at the University of Zimbabwe, was investigated and evaluated using a microcontroller-based measurement system over a period of 3 months. Solar radiation and temperature measurements are sent directly to the computer for monitoring and subsequent analysis using a spreadsheet program. The system is connected to the computer through the RS232 port. Temperature was measured by LM335 temperature sensors, whereas solar radiation was measured by a Kipp & Zonen CM3 thermopile-based pyranometer that was initially calibrated against the Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer. Peak temperatures of about 90°C for the food can be attained in about 5 h on a clear day in Bindura, Zimbabwe (18°S, 31°E). A standardized cooking power of 11W and an overall efficiency of 15% were found for this cooker. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Ambient temperature; Efficiency; Microcontroller; Performance evaluation; Pyranometer; Solar cooker; Solar radiation; Standardized cooking power	Ambient temperature; Microcontroller; Performance evaluation; Pyranometer; Solar cooker; Standardized cooking power; Electric batteries; Electromagnetic waves; Microcontrollers; Reflection; Solar equipment; Solar radiation; Sun; Temperature; Temperature measurement; Solar energy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55949130986	Genotype x environment interactions: Survival performance of six internationally sourced provenances of Azadirachta indica A. Juss in a degraded land in Kano, Nigeria	Yakubu I.	2008	Environmentalist	28	4	10.1007/s10669-007-9150-4	Geography Department, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria	Yakubu, I., Geography Department, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria	In order to prevent 'an impending neem failure', from the incidence of the twin problems of the neem scale insect infestations and neem dieback, six authenticated provenances (Allahabad, Karnataka, Jodphur, Madinipur, Mukkambu and Annur), from the natural range of the species in India, were collected and appraised for survival in a degraded land in Kano, Nigeria. Established in a completely randomised block design with four replications, the trial was conducted with a view to restrengthening and/or replacing the already weakened Local Land Race of the species in the study area. There was a statistically significant difference in the survival of the seven provenances. The established differences are between Allahabad 83% (6.40 SEM), Mukkambu 83% (6.40 SEM), Annur 76% (4.90 SEM), Jodphur 63% (15.09 SEM) and Madinipur 56% (6.73 SEM), on the one hand, and Karnataka 17% (1.91SEM) and the Local Land Race, with 13% (0.13 SEM), on the other hand. The research recommends Allahabad and Mukkambu 83% (6.40 SEM) based on this outstanding performance. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Azadirachta indica; Genotype; Kano; Land race; Provenance	dicotyledon; genotype-environment interaction; land degradation; performance assessment; pest outbreak; provenance; restoration ecology; survival; Africa; Asia; Eurasia; India; Kano [Nigeria]; Nigeria; South Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Azadirachta indica; Hemiptera; Hexapoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55949135802	Reproductive performance of rabbit does on concentrate to forage (Stylosanthes hamata) combinations	Iyeghe-Erakpotobor G.T., Adeosun Y.G., Sekoni A.A., Esievo L.O.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	11	None	National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1096, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria	Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G.T., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1096, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Adeosun, Y.G., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria; Sekoni, A.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1096, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Esievo, L.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1096, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria	iparous New Zealand White X California crossbred does were used to study the utilization of concentrate and Stylosanthes hamata (stylo) combinations by breeding does during pregnancy and lactation. The treatments comprised the following concentrate and stylo combinations (%) respectively: (1) 20:80, (2) 40:60, (3) 60:40 and (4) 80:20. The concentrate (22% CP and 2600kcal ME/kg) used was routinely fed to the rabbits. Concentrate and stylo were fed in the morning at 08.00 hour in separate feeders while clean water was supplied daily in earthen pots. The does were mated to intact bucks after a two weeks adjustment period. Results indicated total feed intake during pregnancy was higher for treatment 40:60 than 20:80. Feed intake was lower for 20:80 and 40:60 than 60:40 treatment. Total feed intake during lactation was higher for 20:80 and 40:60 treatments than 60:40 and 20:80 treatments. Relative feed intake increased during pregnancy but decreased during lactation with increase in concentrate level. Relative feed intake was 65-81% during pregnancy and 75-59% during lactation. Doe weight gain showed progressive increase during pregnancy and lactation with periods when does maintained their weight. Kindling rate was highest on 60:40 (90%) and lowest on 20:80 and 80:20 (45%) treatments. Litter size at birth, alive at birth, litter weights, kit weight at weaning and litter gain was similar for all treatments. Percent stillbirth was higher for 60:40 and 80:20 treatments than for 20:80 and 40:60 treatments while kit mortality was high for 60:40, 40:60 and 80:20. It is concluded from this study that does on 60:40 concentrate:stylo combination had overall better performance in terms of feed intake, kindling rate and litter size.	Concentrate; Kit mortality; Lactation; Litter size; Pregnancy; Stylosanthes	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Stylosanthes; Stylosanthes guianensis; Stylosanthes hamata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56049084663	Impact of body weight on performance of a weight-supported motor fitness test in men	Bishop P.A., Crowder T.A., Fielitz L.R., Lindsay T.R., Woods A.K.	2008	Military Medicine	173	11	None	Kinesiology Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0312, United States; Department of Physical Education, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, United States; Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands 7725, South Africa	Bishop, P.A., Kinesiology Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0312, United States; Crowder, T.A., Department of Physical Education, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, United States; Fielitz, L.R., Department of Physical Education, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, United States; Lindsay, T.R., Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Woods, A.K., Kinesiology Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0312, United States	The impact of body weight on test scores is a common issue in applied measurement. Dimensional analysis suggests that heavier participants are disadvantaged in weight-supported tasks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of body weight on performance scores for a military obstacle course. Three cohorts of male participants completed the Indoor Obstacle Course Test (IOCT). In cohort 1 (N = 2,191), height and weight were measured. In cohort 2 (N = 134), skinfold measurements were also performed. In cohort 3 (N = 44), all aforementioned measurements were performed, as well as upper- and lower-body tests for aerobic power, anaerobic power, muscular strength, and muscular endurance. The R2 between IOCT scores and body weight was 0.06 and that between IOCT scores and percentage of body fat was 0.08. All cohort analyses suggested that, for male subjects, body weight had only a small impact on the performance score distribution and the IOCT is fit for purpose as a fair repeatable system for assessment of physical performance. Copyright © by Association of Military Surgeons of U.S., 2008.	None	adult; aerobic capacity; anaerobic capacity; article; body fat; body height; body weight; cohort analysis; fitness; human; human experiment; male; motor performance; muscle exercise; muscle strength; outcome assessment; scoring system; skinfold thickness; Adult; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Exercise; Exercise Test; Humans; Male; Motor Activity; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Endurance; Physical Fitness; Statistics as Topic; Task Performance and Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56049105154	Contextual determinants and performance implications of information systems strategy planning within South African firms	Cohen J.F.	2008	Information and Management	45	8	10.1016/j.im.2008.09.001	School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Cohen, J.F., School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	While studies have shown the effect of context on IS planning as important, the incorporation of contextual factors has not been systematic and the categorization of factors has not been made explicit and some factors have only been superficially examined. My study examined the interrelationships amongst four domains of context and considered their influence on IS planning. The corresponding impact of planning on performance was also assessed. Data was collected from 116 South African companies and results revealed that the internal IS context mediated the effects of environmental and organisational level variables on IS planning practice. Results further showed that IS planning intensity and degree of integration with business planning was strongly influenced by managerial planning expertise, and had positive effects on business management's commitment to IS as well as on IS contribution to business performance. Results have important implications in organisational IS planning and performance. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Commitment; Context; Environment; IS performance; Planning expertise; Strategic IS planning; Strategy	Information retrieval systems; Regional planning; Strategic planning; Commitment; Context; Environment; IS performance; Strategic IS planning; Strategy; Planning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56049123222	Diet quality, intake and growth performance of South African Mutton Merino sheep on Triticum x Secale and Lolium multiflorum pastures at different grazing pressures	Van Niekerk W.A., Hassen A., Coertze R.J.	2008	Tropical Grasslands	42	1	None	Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Van Niekerk, W.A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Hassen, A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Coertze, R.J., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This study was undertaken to determine the influence of 3 grazing pressures [20 (HGP), 33 (MGP) and 50(LGP) g DM/kg LW/d] using South African Mutton Merino wether lambs, on qualitative and quantitative intake of Triticum x Secale cv. Pan266 (triticale) and Lolium multiflorum cv. Midmar (ryegrass) pastures as well as animal performance. Oesophageal samples at the start and end of the grazing period were analysed to determine diet quality in terms of nitrogen (N), ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM) concentrations. Intake and average daily live-weight gain were determined for each group. In both pastures, the ADF concentration was higher, while IVDOM concentration was lower at the end compared with the start of the grazing period. For triticale, HGP resulted in lower dietary N, and higher ash and NDF concentrations than MGP or LGP. The DOMI and ADG of lambs at HGP were lower than those on LGP. For ryegrass, dietary N was lower at HGP than LGP, while the NDF concentration was higher (P<0.05) at HGP or MGP than at LGP. However, ADG at HGP was lower than at LGP or MGP for each species. Intake of both pastures declined during the study. The overall diet quality on ryegrass pasture seems better than on triticale, as reflected in higher (P<0.05) N and lower NDF concentrations. Performance of lambs on ryegrass pasture was higher than on triticale pasture, through.	None	Animalia; Lolium; Lolium multiflorum; Ovis aries; Triticosecale; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56149089147	Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Versus Closed Treatment and Mandibulomaxillary Fixation of Fractures of the Mandibular Condylar Process: A Randomized, Prospective, Multicenter Study With Special Evaluation of Fracture Level	Schneider M., Erasmus F., Gerlach K.L., Kuhlisch E., Loukota R.A., Rasse M., Schubert J., Terheyden H., Eckelt U.	2008	Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	66	12	10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.107	Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klerksdorp, North West Province, Flamwood, South Africa; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Employee, Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Dresden, Germany; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany	Schneider, M., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Erasmus, F., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klerksdorp, North West Province, Flamwood, South Africa; Gerlach, K.L., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Kuhlisch, E., Employee, Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Dresden, Germany; Loukota, R.A., Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom; Rasse, M., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Schubert, J., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Terheyden, H., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; Eckelt, U., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany	Purpose: This randomized, clinical multicenter trial investigated the treatment outcomes of displaced condylar fractures, and whether radiographic fracture level was a prognostic factor in therapeutic decision-making between open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) versus closed reduction and mandibulomaxillary fixation (CRMMF). Patients and Methods: Sixty-six patients with 79 displaced fractures (deviation of 10° to 45°, or shortening of the ascending ramus ≥2 mm) of the condylar process of the mandible at 7 clinical centers were enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated to CRMMF (n = 30 patients) or ORIF (n = 36 patients) treatment. The following parameters were measured 6 months after the trauma. Clinical parameters included mouth opening, protrusion, and laterotrusion. Radiographic parameters included level of the fracture, deviation of the fragment, and shortening of the ascending ramus. Subjective parameters included pain (according to a visual analogue scale), discomfort, and subjective functional impairment with a mandibular functional impairment questionnaire. Results: The difference in average mouth opening was 12 mm (P ≤ .001) between both treatment groups. The average pain level (visual analogue scale from 0 to 100) was 25 after CRMMF, and 1 after ORIF (P ≤ .001). In 53 unilateral fractures, better functional results were observed for ORIF compared with CRMMF, irrespective of fracture level (condylar base, neck, or intracapsular head). Unexpectedly, the subjective discomfort level decreased with ascending level of the fracture. In patients with bilateral condylar fractures, ORIF was especially advantageous. Conclusion: Fractures with a deviation of 10° to 45°, or a shortening of the ascending ramus ≥2 mm, should be treated with ORIF, irrespective of level of the fracture. © 2008 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.	None	adult; article; bone pain; bone radiography; bone screw; clinical evaluation; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; follow up; fracture reduction; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; mandible condyle; mandible fracture; maxilla fracture; multicenter study; open reduction; osteosynthesis; prospective study; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; treatment duration; treatment outcome; visual analog scale; Decision Making; Fracture Fixation; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Jaw Fixation Techniques; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Range of Motion, Articular; Temporomandibular Joint; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56149097415	Evaluation of the effectiveness of three insecticides to control Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L)	Oke O.A.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	22	3	None	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Vegetable Evaluation Research Station, Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles	Oke, O.A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, Vegetable Evaluation Research Station, Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles	An experiment was conducted at the Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Seychelles from August to November 2007 to evaluate the effectiveness of three insecticides to control Diamondback Moth in Cabbage. The evaluated insecticides were Lufenuron, Baccilus thuringcinsis,and Teflubenzuron. Of the three tested insecticides Teflubenzuron was found to be most effective followed by Lufenuron while the least effective insecticide was Baccilus thuringcinsis. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc 2008.	Caterpillar; Emergence; Generation; Pesticide; Transplant; Treatment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56249111360	Feeding Acacia etbaica and Dichrostachys cinerea fruits to smallholder goats in northern Ethiopia improves their performance during the dry season	Yayneshet T., Eik L.O., Moe S.R.	2008	Livestock Science	119	42372	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.007	Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway	Yayneshet, T., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway, Department of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Eik, L.O., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; Moe, S.R., Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway	Acacia etbaica Schweinf. and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn. are among the common woody browse plants that naturally grow in many arid and semi-arid rangelands in sub Saharan Africa. An experiment was conducted to compare the voluntary dry matter intake, body weight gain, nitrogen balance, carcass composition and sensory attributes of goats supplemented with different levels of A. etbaica and D. cinerea fruits. Average initial body weight of the goats was 20.4 kg (± 0.8SE) and received one of the following fruit supplementation regimes for 120 days (on body weight basis, n = 4 goats per group): (1) Control, no supplement; (2) 0.5% of A. etbaica; (3) 0.5% of D. cinerea; (4) 1.0% of A. etbaica; (5) 1.0% of D. cinerea; (6) 1.5% of A. etbaica; (7) 1.5% of D. cinerea. All groups were allowed to graze/browse during the day. Compared to A. etbaica, D. cinerea fruits contained higher amounts of crude protein (182 vs 135 g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (11 vs 8.4 MJ/kg DM), and in vitro dry matter digestibility coefficient (0.7 vs 0.6). The concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF), sulphuric acid solubulized lignin, and tannin (soluble and condensed) were lower (P < 0.05) in D. cinerea than in A. etbaica fruits. A. etbaica fruits, however, contained higher amounts of Na, K, Fe, and Zn concentrations than D. cinerea fruits. Dry matter intake was markedly higher in supplemented groups than in the control group without supplement. Similarly, body weight gain in the control group was negative and lower (P < 0.05) than any of the supplemented groups. During the course of the experimental period (120 days) the group placed in the 1.5% D. cinerea fruit diet gained 2.6 kg whereas the control group lost 2.0 kg. Thus, the difference between these two groups was 4.6 kg, which suggests about 22.5% increment of the goats' initial body weight. N retention was negative for the control group and varied little among the remaining treatment groups. Dressing percent increased with increased level of either type of fruit supplement, the highest (51.8%) being achieved at the 1.5% D. cinerea level. There was no difference in bone tissue across treatment groups. D. cinerea fruit intake also resulted in juicy/watery flavor and tender carcass. D. cinerea fruits appeared to have no adverse effects when included at the highest level (1.5%) and could be collected and stored as dry season supplement to smallholder goats. This study shows that poor farmers can increase goat performance substantially through supplement feeding with wild fruits. Areas in Ethiopia originally set aside for provision of ecological services and biodiversity protection can also be used for wild fruit production and feeding of small stock. The effect of increasing D. cinerea fruits above the 1.5% body weight level should be a focus of future investigation. Further work on deactivation mechanism of tannins is required for A. etbaica fruits included at levels higher than 1.0%. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Body weight; Dry matter intake; Exclosure; Supplement; Tigray	Acacia; Acacia etbaica; Capra hircus; Dichrostachys cinerea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56249123263	Effect of virginiamycin and monensin supplementation on performance of multiparous Holstein cows	Erasmus L.J., Muya C., Erasmus S., Coertze R.F., Catton D.G.	2008	Livestock Science	119	42372	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.005	Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Livestock Business Division, Irene, 0062, South Africa; D. G. Catton Consultants, Irene, 0062, South Africa	Erasmus, L.J., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Muya, C., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Erasmus, S., Agricultural Research Council, Livestock Business Division, Irene, 0062, South Africa; Coertze, R.F., Agricultural Research Council, Livestock Business Division, Irene, 0062, South Africa; Catton, D.G., D. G. Catton Consultants, Irene, 0062, South Africa	This study was conducted to determine the effects of monensin or virginiamycin, or both on the performance of and some energy balance parameters in Holstein cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. The basal diet was a total mixed ration based on lucerne hay (38% of DM) and ground maize (34% of DM). The experimental treatments were (1) control diet (C); (2) control diet plus 15 ppm of monensin (M); (3) control diet plus 20 ppm of virginiamycin (V), and control plus M (15 ppm) plus V (20 ppm). Cows received 8 kg/d (as fed) of the experimental diets plus ad libitum Eragrostis curvula hay from 3 weeks prepartum and only the experimental diets from calving until 60 days postpartum. Cows were milked twice daily. Dry matter intake did not differ between treatments, but energy corrected milk production was increased (P < 0.10) by supplementing V + M (43.3 kg/d) when compared to treatments M (36.9 kg/d) and V (37.9 kg/d). Change in body weight tended (P = 0.11) to be lower for cows supplemented with V + M (- 8.1 kg/60 d) when compared to cows receiving the control diet (- 34.2 kg/60 d). Both treatments M and V respectively, decreased blood BHBA and treatment M increased blood glucose when compared to the control diet (P < 0.10). Results suggest a complimentary effect between the two additives monensin and virginiamycin when supplemented to early lactation cows. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Energy balance parameters; Lactating dairy cow; Monensin; Virginiamycin	Bos; Eragrostis; Eragrostis curvula; Medicago sativa; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56349099286	Development and evaluation of vegetable milk from Treculia africana (Decne) seeds	Onweluzo J.C., Nwakalor C.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	3	10.3923/pjn.2009.233.238	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Onweluzo, J.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwakalor, C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Treculia africana seed milks (TRASMS) were developed using two blanching treatments (water and 0.2 % NaHCo3) and five seed to solvent ratios (1:1 to 1:5). The developed milks were subjected to consumer acceptance test. The lower solvent TRASMS were most acceptable. Sensory, physico-chemical and microbiological properties of the four most acceptable TRASMS were compared with soymilk and a commercial vegetable milk-vitamilk using standard analytical methods. Blanching in alkali overtly affected the colour and taste scores of TRASMS. Water blanched TRASMS were preferred by taste panelists in terms of flavour, taste, mouth feel and overall acceptability. Sensory scores of TRASMS differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in all attributes from those of vitamilk. Blanching in alkali resulted in 6%-15% decrease in protein content, marginal (P &gt; 0.05) increase in pH and significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in total solids in comparison to blanching in water. Ether extract was lower by (1.32%-1.81%) in all TRASMS than codex standard. The levels of Calcium in TRASMS was low but iron (0.40-0.52 mg/100ml) and vitamin C (3.38-3.46 mg/100ml) were appreciably high when compared with the levels in dairy and human milk. The microbial load of TRASMS was below the acceptable limit for dairy milk. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Blanching; Milk substitute; Treculia africana (Decne) seeds; Vegetable milk	calcium; iron; protein; acidity; article; artificial milk; biotechnological procedures; breadfruit; breast milk; consumer attitude; controlled study; food analysis; food biotechnology; food color; food texture; human; nonhuman; physical chemistry; plant seed; protein content; soybean milk; taste preference; treculia africana; vegetable milk; Treculia africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56449085002	Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel tetrasubstituted thiophene analogues as anti-inflammatory agents	Molvi K.I., Sudarsanam V., Patel M.M., Haque N.	2008	Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry	23	6	10.1080/14756360701608692	School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India; Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat Vidayanagar, Mehsana Gujarat, India; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Molvi, K.I., School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Sudarsanam, V., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India; Patel, M.M., Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat Vidayanagar, Mehsana Gujarat, India; Haque, N., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	A new series of tetrasubstituted thiophene analogues (4a-4f, 5a-5f and 8a-8i) were designed incorporating the pharmacophoric features of COX-1 (as in fenamates), 5-LOX and the p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. The designed series was synthesized by nucleophilic addition of aryl/ aroylisothiocyanate and enamine (2) yielding the addition product l-(α-Carbomethoxy-β-aminothiocrotonoyl)-aryl/aroyl amines (3/7); which on reaction with substituted phenacyl bromides gave the targeted tetrasubstituted thiophene esters (4a-4f/8a-8i). The tetrasubstituted thiophenes esters (4a-4f) on hydrolysis with one equivalent of potassium hydroxide solution in methanol at room temperature gave corresponding acids (5a-5f). All the targeted compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenin-induced rat hind paw oedema model at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight using standard drugs mefanamic acid and ibuprofen. The compounds (4c, 4e, 4f, 5f, 8a- 8i) which gave reasonable protection to the inflamed paw, eliciting good or moderate comparable anti-inflammatory activity were selected for investigating their analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhing response test in albino mice at 10 mg/kg dose using standard drug ibuprofen and in order to arrive at possible mechanism of their anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro antioxidant nitric oxide radical scavenging assay at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 μg/mL were performed using standard drug ascorbic acid.	Analgesic activity; Anti-inflammatory activity; Antioxidant activity; COX-inhibitors; Tetrasubstituted thiophenes	2 (4 methoxyanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methoxylanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 chlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 anilino 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; antiinflammatory agent; ascorbic acid; ibuprofen; mefenamic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (2,4 dichlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (4 methoxybenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methoxyanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methoxycanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 chlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 anilino 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (2,4 dichlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (4 methoxybenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (4 methylbenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; thiophene derivative; unclassified drug; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; antioxidant activity; article; concentration response; controlled study; drug design; drug dose comparison; drug screening; drug synthesis; female; in vitro study; male; nonhuman; paw edema; priority journal; rat; writhing test; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Drug Design; Edema; Female; Male; Molecular Structure; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiophenes; Mus; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56449104032	Shock metamorphism of siliceous volcanic rocks of the El'gygytgyn impact crater (Chukotka, Russia)	Gurov E.P., Koeberl C., Reimold W.U., Brandstätter F., Amare K.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.391	Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 55b Oles Gontchar Street, Kiev 01054, Ukraine; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, South Africa; Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 417, A-1014 Vienna, Austria	Gurov, E.P., Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 55b Oles Gontchar Street, Kiev 01054, Ukraine; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brandstätter, F., Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 417, A-1014 Vienna, Austria; Amare, K., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	The 18-km-diameter El'gygytgyn crater is located on the Chukotka peninsula, northeastern Russia. It represents the only currently known impact structure formed in siliceous volcanics, including tuffs. The impact melt rocks and target rocks provide an excellent opportunity to study shock metamorphism of volcanic rocks. The shockinduced changes observed in porphyritic volcanic rocks from El'gygytgyn can be applied to a general classification of shock metamorphism of siliceous volcanic rocks. Strongly shocked volcanic rocks with phenocrysts converted to diaplectic quartz glass and partially melted feldspars as well as cryptocrystalline matrices are widespread in the El'gygytgyn crater. In particular, the following different stages of shock metamorphism are observed: (i) weakly to moderately shocked lavas and tuffs with phenocrysts and clasts of quartz and feldspars; (ii) moderately shocked volcanic rocks and tuffs with diaplectic glasses of quartz and feldspars; (iii) strongly shocked lavas and tuffs with phenocrysts of diaplectic quartz glass and fused glasses of feldspars in melted matrixes; and (iv) impact melt rocks and impact glasses. In addition, thin glassy coatings of voids in impact melt rocks have been observed. While the shock-induced changes of clasts of framework silicates in these volcanic rocks do not differ from respective changes in other crystalline rocks, the finegrained matrix of porphyritic rocks is converted into fused glass at the same shock pressures as feldspar minerals. No remnants of fine-grained quartz are preserved in matrix converted into fused glass by shock. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Chukotka; El'gygytgyn crater; Shocked rhyolite; Shocked volcanic rocks	classification; crater; feldspar; glass; impact structure; melt; quartz; rhyolite; shock metamorphism; Chukchi; Russian Federation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56549092926	Soil in suitability evaluation for irrigated lowland rice culture in southwestern nigeria: Management implications for sustainability	Olaleye A.O., Akinbola G.E., Marake V.M., Molete S.F., Mapheshoane B.	2008	Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis	39	19-20	10.1080/00103620802432824	Department of Soil Science and Resource Conservation, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho, South Africa; Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science and Resource Conservation, National University of Les	Olaleye, A.O., Department of Soil Science and Resource Conservation, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho, South Africa, Department of Soil Science and Resource Conservation, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa; Akinbola, G.E., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Marake, V.M., Department of Soil Science and Resource Conservation, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho, South Africa; Molete, S.F., Department of Soil Science and Resource Conservation, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho, South Africa; Mapheshoane, B., Department of Soil Science and Resource Conservation, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho, South Africa	Rice grows in all agro-ecological zones in Nigeria and it is largely grown by small-scale farmers. An investigation was conducted to assess the representative pedons used for rice cultivation in the southwestern part of Nigeria. The aims were to assess how suitable these lands are for rice cultivation and what constraints to continuous and sustained rice production occurs on these soils. Data (climate, soil, water, etc.) were collected from rain-forest agro-ecological zones (AEZ) in which these pedons are located. After laboratory analyses, the land qualities/characteristics (LQ/LC) of these pedons were compared with the land-use requirements (LUR) for cultivating lowland rice using two methods of evaluation (conventional/FAO approach and the parametric method). Results showed that the two methods rated the aggregate suitability of these pedons for rice between marginal (S3) and unsuitable (N1). Major constraints identified in these pedons are poor soil texture, which translates to poor water management coupled with suboptimal nutrient contents [i.e., available phosphorus (P), exchangeable potassium (K), and cation exchange capacity (CEC)], which may predispose rice plants to excessive iron (Fe2+) uptake (or bronzing or yellowing symptoms). Grain yields (GYs) collected from the farmers' field (1994 and 1995 cropping seasons) showed that in the current state of two of the soil series (Apomu and Matako), the GY of the two rice cultivars ranged between 0.61 and 2.13 t/ha and declines progressively across years in the two cropping seasons. The result suggests that in spite of good climate for irrigated lowland rice cultivation in SW Nigeria and indeed all Nigeria, special attention must be paid to the soils on which this crop is grown in terms of the soil texture, appropriate water management, and optimum contents of soil nutrients, especially available P, exchangeable K, and CEC. Thus for a sustained and continuous rice production on these soils, it is important that nutrient contents of the soil be augmented with fertilizer (organic and inorganic) coupled with appropriate water management. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Fetoxicity; Grain yields; Irrigated lowland; Land evaluation; Nigeria; Rice; Small-scale farmers	cation exchange capacity; cultivation; irrigation; land evaluation; land use; rice; soil texture; water management; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56549098400	Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) and soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars of varying growth habit in intercrop in sub-humid environments of Zimbabwe	Mudita I.I., Chiduza C., Richardson-Kageler S.J., Murungu F.S.	2008	Journal of Agronomy	7	3	10.3923/ja.2008.229.236	Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Mudita, I.I., Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chiduza, C., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Richardson-Kageler, S.J., Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Murungu, F.S., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	The objective of this study was to intensify soybean and maize production in smallholder production systems, where land is a limiting resource. Performance during growth and final yield in intercrop was evaluated for cultivars with different growth habits. Field experiments were undertaken at two sites, in two seasons (2002/03 and 2003/04) to evaluate the response of two soybeans (Storm-a determinate and Solitaire-an indeterminate cultivar) to intercropping with three maize cultivars (a semi-erectophile SC513, a planophile PAN413 and AC31; a dwarf cultivar). Treatments were laid in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Intercropping significantly increased Leaf Area Index (LAI), resulted in greater yields and income per unit land area than sole crops. In 2002/03, maize and soya bean cultivars did not significantly affect Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). However, the maize cultivar by soya bean cultivar interaction significantly (p<0.01) affected LER. Maize cultivar SC513 resulted in the highest LER with Storm but the lowest with Solitaire. It was concluded that SC513, a semi-erectophile intercropped with a determinate soya bean Storm cultivar might optimise yields without significant maize yield reduction. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Growth habit; Intercropping; Land equivalent ratio; Maize; Soybeans	Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56549124864	Evaluation of different strategies of intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) under small-holder production in sub-humid Zimbabwe	Mudita I.I., Chiduza C., Richardson-Kageler S., Murungu F.S.	2008	Journal of Agronomy	7	3	10.3923/ja.2008.237.243	Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Mudita, I.I., Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chiduza, C., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Richardson-Kageler, S., Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Murungu, F.S., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	This study compared in-row intercropping practiced by some small-holders in Chinyika in Zimbabwe with various options of strip intercropping with the aim of increasing crop diversification and stability of cereal based cropping systems. Other intercropping patterns studied include 1 maize: 1 soya bean; 2 maize: 5 soya bean; 4 maize: 4 soya bean and 5 maize: 2 soya bean rows. Both maize and soya bean were adversely affected by intercropping as shown by partial equivalent ratios (PLER). The adverse effect of competition was greater under low rainfall conditions, but irrigation and high rainfall tended to improve productivity of intercrop systems. Overall, results indicated that intercropping maize with soya bean was more efficient than sole cropping with regard to Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and income. Strip intercropping was more productive than in-row intercropping but is used by farmers because of perceived advantages of mechanical weeding. The results suggest that from a biological point of view, greater efficiency would be achieved by adopting a strip intercropping arrangement of 5 maize: 2 soya bean rows as a cropping pattern. This arrangement was more productive than sole cropping in a season with 426 mm of rainfall when all other intercropping treatments evaluated achieved LER <1.00. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Income; Intercropping; Land equivalent ratios; Maize; Soya bean	Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56649086532	Evaluation of biochemical and ultrasonographic measurements as indicators of undernutrition in cattle	Strydom S., Agenäs S., Heath M.F., Phillips C.J.C., Rautenbach G.H., Thompson P.N.	2008	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	75	3	None	Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Kungsangen Research Centre, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, United Kingdom; Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, QLD, Australia	Strydom, S., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Agenäs, S., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Kungsangen Research Centre, Uppsala, Sweden; Heath, M.F., Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, United Kingdom; Phillips, C.J.C., Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, QLD, Australia; Rautenbach, G.H., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Thompson, P.N., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Body condition scoring (BCS) gives an indication of the nutritional status of an animal and it is thus an invaluable management tool in domestic livestock systems. It is, however, subjective. This study aimed at identifying biochemical indicators which could be objectively used as an indicator of undernutrition in ruminants. Blood samples were collected from 50 cattle with BCS ≤1 and from 50 cattle with BCS ≥2.5, using a 0-5 scale, and analysed for albumin, urea, creatinine, fructosamine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, total serum protein and haematocrit. Rumpfat and ribfat thickness and marbling relative index were determined ultrasonographically in 15 of the low BCS group and 13 of the high BCS group. The laboratory measure with the best predictive ability for severe undernutrition was albumin, which correctly classified 94% of cattle, using a cut-off of 31.5 g/ℓ. In contrast to a previous study, our study did not find the fructosamine:albumin ratio to be an accurate test to indicate undernutrition in cattle. Ultrasonic measurement of subcutaneous rumpfat and ribfat proved to reliably predict undernutrition, but may, however be impractical for routine use under most field conditions.	Biochemical indicators; Body condition scoring; Cattle; Ultrasonography; Undernutrition	creatinine; fatty acid; fructosamine; plasma protein; serum albumin; adipose tissue; animal; animal disease; animal food; article; blood; blood analysis; body composition; body weight; cattle; cattle disease; echography; female; male; malnutrition; metabolism; methodology; nutritional assessment; nutritional status; physiology; urea nitrogen blood level; Adipose Tissue; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Composition; Body Weight; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Creatinine; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Fructosamine; Male; Malnutrition; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Serum Albumin; Animalia; Bos; Bovidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56649097498	Human population, urban settlement patterns and their impact on Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity	Tatem A.J., Guerra C.A., Kabaria C.W., Noor A.M., Hay S.I.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-218	Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds (NASCOP), P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom	Tatem, A.J., Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds (NASCOP), P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Guerra, C.A., Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds (NASCOP), P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Kabaria, C.W., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds (NASCOP), P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Noor, A.M., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds (NASCOP), P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; Hay, S.I., Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds (NASCOP), P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Background. The efficient allocation of financial resources for malaria control and the optimal distribution of appropriate interventions require accurate information on the geographic distribution of malaria risk and of the human populations it affects. Low population densities in rural areas and high population densities in urban areas can influence malaria transmission substantially. Here, the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) global database of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR) surveys, medical intelligence and contemporary population surfaces are utilized to explore these relationships and other issues involved in combining malaria risk maps with those of human population distribution in order to define populations at risk more accurately. Methods. First, an existing population surface was examined to determine if it was sufficiently detailed to be used reliably as a mask to identify areas of very low and very high population density as malaria free regions. Second, the potential of international travel and health guidelines (ITHGs) for identifying malaria free cities was examined. Third, the differences in PfPR values between surveys conducted in author-defined rural and urban areas were examined. Fourth, the ability of various global urban extent maps to reliably discriminate these author-based classifications of urban and rural in the PfPR database was investigated. Finally, the urban map that most accurately replicated the author-based classifications was analysed to examine the effects of urban classifications on PfPR values across the entire MAP database. Results. Masks of zero population density excluded many non-zero PfPR surveys, indicating that the population surface was not detailed enough to define areas of zero transmission resulting from low population densities. In contrast, the ITHGs enabled the identification and mapping of 53 malaria free urban areas within endemic countries. Comparison of PfPR survey results showed significant differences between author-defined 'urban' and 'rural' designations in Africa, but not for the remainder of the malaria endemic world. The Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) urban extent mask proved most accurate for mapping these author-defined rural and urban locations, and further sub-divisions of urban extents into urban and peri-urban classes enabled the effects of high population densities on malaria transmission to be mapped and quantified. Conclusion. The availability of detailed, contemporary census and urban extent data for the construction of coherent and accurate global spatial population databases is often poor. These known sources of uncertainty in population surfaces and urban maps have the potential to be incorporated into future malaria burden estimates. Currently, insufficient spatial information exists globally to identify areas accurately where population density is low enough to impact upon transmission. Medical intelligence does however exist to reliably identify malaria free cities. Moreover, in Africa, urban areas that have a significant effect on malaria transmission can be mapped. © 2008 Tatem et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; controlled study; endemic disease; geographic distribution; health survey; human; infection risk; malaria falciparum; morbidity; Plasmodium falciparum; population density; population risk; risk assessment; rural area; urban population; urbanization; Africa; audiovisual equipment; disease transmission; endemic disease; health; population density; risk factor; statistics; urban population; Africa; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Maps as Topic; Population Density; Risk Factors; Urban Population; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56749160093	Impacts of natural and anthropogenic multiple sources of pollution on the environmental conditions of Ondo State coastal water, Nigeria	Adebowale K.O., Agunbiade F.O., Olu-Owolabi B.I.	2008	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	7	4	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adebowale, K.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Agunbiade, F.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olu-Owolabi, B.I., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The pollution status of the coastal water of Ondo State, Nigeria was investigated and found to be stressed by pollutants from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Solids (total solids, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids), alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical and chemical oxygen demand were evaluated as measures of environmental pollution of the area. Also, some ionic and metal components were analysed. Principal component analysis and linear correlation model of the data revealed that the coastal water was negatively impacted by pollutants from related anthropogenic sources and natural sources and that atmospheric precipitation and tidal activities ensure the perfect mix of the pollutants across the site. Seawater intrusion and erosion of the soil into the coastal water are natural activities stressing the water that it may not support uses. The observed DO of the water system was high (mean value - 7.85mgO2/L) due to tidal agitation while the BOD also were lower than 3mgO2/L in most sites. However, the concentrations of chloride and sulphate in the water system were on the high side ranging from 13,074-17,366mg/L and 2,119 - 3,143mg/L respectively. The metal components investigated were beneficial to human health but exist in concentration too high for human consumption. Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were found to be anthropogenic metals from related sources in this coastal area having correlated positively and significantly with measures of organic matter and each other. There were also indications of natural contributions of Fe, Mn &amp; Cu from the soil of the coastal area. Therefore, there is a growing need to monitor and control the release of pollutant into the coastal water system of developing countries having been overlooked.	Anthropogenic activities; Metals; Ondo Coast; PCA; Pollution; Water quality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56749170890	Linking gene regulation and the exo-metabolome: A comparative transcriptomics approach to identify genes that impact on the production of volatile aroma compounds in yeast	Rossouw D., Næs T., Bauer F.F.	2008	BMC Genomics	9	None	10.1186/1471-2164-9-530	Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Centre for Biospectroscopy and Data Modelling, NOFIMA FOOD, Matforsk AS, Oslovegen 1, 1430 Ås, Norway	Rossouw, D., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Næs, T., Centre for Biospectroscopy and Data Modelling, NOFIMA FOOD, Matforsk AS, Oslovegen 1, 1430 Ås, Norway; Bauer, F.F., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background: 'Omics' tools provide novel opportunities for system-wide analysis of complex cellular functions. Secondary metabolism is an example of a complex network of biochemical pathways, which, although well mapped from a biochemical point of view, is not well understood with regards to its physiological roles and genetic and biochemical regulation. Many of the metabolites produced by this network such as higher alcohols and esters are significant aroma impact compounds in fermentation products, and different yeast strains are known to produce highly divergent aroma profiles. Here, we investigated whether we can predict the impact of specific genes of known or unknown function on this metabolic network by combining whole transcriptome and partial exo-metabolome analysis. Results: For this purpose, the gene expression levels of five different industrial wine yeast strains that produce divergent aroma profiles were established at three different time points of alcoholic fermentation in synthetic wine must. A matrix of gene expression data was generated and integrated with the concentrations of volatile aroma compounds measured at the same time points. This relatively unbiased approach to the study of volatile aroma compounds enabled us to identify candidate genes for aroma profile modification. Five of these genes, namely YMR210W, BAT1, AAD10, AAD14 and ACS1 were selected for overexpression in commercial wine yeast, VIN13. Analysis of the data show a statistically significant correlation between the changes in the exo-metabome of the overexpressing strains and the changes that were predicted based on the unbiased alignment of transcriptomic and exo-metabolomic data. Conclusion: The data suggest that a comparative transcriptomics and metabolomics approach can be used to identify the metabolic impacts of the expression of individual genes in complex systems, and the amenability of transcriptomic data to direct applications of biotechnological relevance. © 2008 Rossouw et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	fungal protein; protein AAD10; protein AAD14; protein acs1; protein bat1; protein YMR210W; transcriptome; unclassified drug; volatile organic compound; article; controlled study; fermentation; fungal genetics; fungal metabolism; fungal strain; gene control; gene expression; gene identification; gene overexpression; metabolomics; nonhuman; prediction; transcriptomics; wine; yeast; comparative study; DNA microarray; fungal gene; gene expression profiling; gene expression regulation; genetics; metabolism; metabolome; methodology; microbiology; multivariate analysis; odor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; time; Fermentation; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genes, Fungal; Industrial Microbiology; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Multivariate Analysis; Odors; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Time Factors; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56849087330	The performance and meat quality of Bonsmara steers raised in a feedlot, on conventional pastures or on organic pastures	Esterhuizen J., Groenewald I.B., Strydom P.E., Hugo A.	2008	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	38	4	None	Nutri-Feeds, P.O. Box, 22733, Bloemfontein 9313, South Africa; Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Nutrition and Food Science Unit, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Food Science Division, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Esterhuizen, J., Nutri-Feeds, P.O. Box, 22733, Bloemfontein 9313, South Africa; Groenewald, I.B., Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Strydom, P.E., Agricultural Research Council, Nutrition and Food Science Unit, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Hugo, A., Food Science Division, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The effects of production system (feeding regime and time on feed) on growth performance, yield and economics and the effects of feeding regime, pre-slaughter treatment and electrical stimulation on meat quality were evaluated. Sixty Bonsmara steers were divided into three treatment groups, viz. feedlot, organic pasture and conventional pasture feeding. The feedlot and conventional pasture groups received a diet consisting of the same components, while the organic group received a diet with approved organic components. Initial weight, final live weight, warm carcass weight, cold carcass weight, warm and cold dressing percentage, average daily gain (ADG), pH at one and 24 hours post mortem, intramuscular fat content of the loin and subcutaneous back fat thickness were measured. The effects of electrical stimulation, feeding regime and pre-slaughter rest (recovery days at the abattoir) on meat tenderness were also investigated. Feedlot cattle had significantly higher final weights, warm and cold carcass weights, warm and cold dressing percentage, ADG, intramuscular fat content and back fat thickness measurements than organic and conventional pasture cattle. Pre-slaughter resting of animals for a week at the abattoir had no effect on meat tenderness, but electrical stimulation showed a significant positive response. Growth and carcass results were used to calculate price and feed margin for the different production systems. Feedlot cattle showed a higher profit than conventional and organic pasture groups, mainly due to faster and more efficient growth. The organic pasture cattle showed higher profit than the conventional pasture cattle as a result of the premium paid for the organically produced meat. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Beef cattle; Feedlot; Meat quality; Organic; Production system; Profit margins	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56849088350	Technical and institutional evaluation of geray irrigation scheme in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia	Checkol G., Alamirew T.	2008	Journal of Spatial Hydrology	8	1	None	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Checkol, G.; Alamirew, T., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	The technical and institutional performance evaluation of Geray Irrigation Scheme was made in order to identify management practices for implementation to improve the system operation and the performance of the irrigation system. The evaluation was made based on the selected performance indicators such as conveyance efficiency, application efficiency, water delivery performance, and maintenance indicators. The availability of institutional and support services were also investigated through a questionnaire administered to beneficiary farmers and other stakeholders. The results obtained showed that the main and tertiary canal conveyance efficiencies were 92 and 82 percents respectively. Many of the secondary and tertiary canals are poorly maintained and many of the structures are dysfunctional. Application efficiency monitored on three farmers' plot located at different ends of a given secondary canal ranges from 44 to 57 percent. Water delivery performance was only 71% showing a very substantial reduction from the design of the canal capacity. Maintenance indicator evaluated in terms of water level change (31.9%) and effectiveness of the infrastructures showed that the scheme management was in a very poor shape. Dependability of the scheme evaluated in terms of duration and irrigation interval showed that the scheme is performing below the intended level. The 47% of the land initially planned for development is currently under irrigation while there is no change in the water supply indicating that the sustainability of the scheme is in doubt. The cooperative support services that had been rendered to the beneficiaries in the past four years were found to be minimal. Moreover, there were few indicators that show the production was market oriented. The evaluation clearly revealed the fact that conflict resolution remains to be the duty of the local community authorities and Water User Associations (WUA) has no legal right to enforce its bylaws. In conclusion, the overall technical adequacy of the scheme is rated very poor requiring tremendous mobilization of the community to sustainably manage it. Proper institutional setup needs to be in place, and WUA needs to be more empowered in order to enforce its by-laws.	Ethiopia; Irrigation institution; Irrigation performance; Support services	irrigation system; questionnaire survey; water management; water supply; Africa; Amhara; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56949097859	Subpixel monitoring of the seasonal snow cover with MODIS at 250 m spatial resolution in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: Methodology and accuracy assessment	Sirguey P., Mathieu R., Arnaud Y.	2009	Remote Sensing of Environment	113	1	10.1016/j.rse.2008.09.008	School of Surveying, University of Otago. PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; CSIR-NRE Earth Observation Research Group, Building 33, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; IRD-Great Ice, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres cedex, France	Sirguey, P., School of Surveying, University of Otago. PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Mathieu, R., School of Surveying, University of Otago. PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, CSIR-NRE Earth Observation Research Group, Building 33, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Arnaud, Y., IRD-Great Ice, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres cedex, France	This study describes a comprehensive method to produce routinely regional maps of seasonal snow cover in the Southern Alps of New Zealand (upper Waitaki basin) on a subpixel basis, and with the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The method uses an image fusion algorithm to produce snow maps at an improved 250 m spatial resolution in addition to the 500 m resolution snow maps. An iterative approach is used to correct imagery for both atmospheric and topographic effects using daily observations of atmospheric parameters. The computation of ground spectral reflectance enabled the use of image-independent end-members in a constrained linear unmixing technique to achieve a robust estimation of subpixel snow fractions. The accuracy of the snow maps and performance of the algorithm were assessed carefully using eight pairs of synchronic MODIS/ASTER images. 'Pixel-based' metrics showed that subpixel snow fractions were retrieved with a Mean Absolute Error of 6.8% at 250 m spatial resolution and 5.1% after aggregation at 500 m spatial resolution. In addition, a 'feature-based' metric showed that 90% of the snowlines were depicted generally within 300 m and 200 m of their correct position for the 500-m and 250-m spatial resolution snow maps, respectively. A dataset of 679 maps of subpixel snow fraction was produced for the period from February 2000 to May 2007. These repeated observations of the seasonal snow cover will benefit the ongoing effort to model snowmelt runoff in the region and to improve the estimation and management of water resources. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Image fusion; MODIS; Mountainous terrain; Snow; Spectral unmixing; Subpixel snow fraction	Agglomeration; Atmospherics; Conformal mapping; Data fusion; Fusion reactions; Hydraulic models; Image fusion; Maps; Optical projectors; Spectrometers; Water management; Water resources; Accuracy assessments; Atmospheric parameters; Comprehensive methods; End-members; Fusion algorithms; Iterative approaches; Linear unmixing; Mean absolute errors; Moderate resolution imaging spectro radiometers; MODIS; MODIS/ASTER; Mountainous terrain; New zealand; Regional maps; Robust estimations; Seasonal snow covers; Snowmelt runoffs; Spatial resolution.; Spatial resolutions; Spectral reflectances; Spectral unmixing; Sub pixels; Subpixel snow fraction; Topographic effects; Precipitation (meteorology); accuracy assessment; algorithm; alpine environment; environmental monitoring; mapping method; MODIS; pixel; snow cover; spatial resolution; Australasia; New Zealand; South Island; Southern Alps	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57049084462	Environmental impact prediction of air quality in a food processing environment	Chukwu O.	2008	International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation	1	3	10.1504/IJPTI.2008.021469	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Chukwu, O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	An impact study of food processing factory in Nigeria on air quality of its environment was studied using a factorial experiment. The effects of three primary air pollutants (by-products of the food processing): nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO2), carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) and sulphur (IV) oxide (SO2) on formation of acid rain also studied. These factors and their interactions in the predictive model showed significant impact on hydrogen ion concentration [H+], which is the key intrinsic parameter of acid rain. However, SO2 had higher detrimental influence than the other pollutants. Statistical analysis of the experimental data showed that the predictive model is adequate for obtaining optimum conditions. Validation of the model gave a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 between the measured and predicted values. Copyright © 2008 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Acid rain; Air quality; Environmental impact; Food processing industry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57049149645	Impact of the copper solvent extraction reagent LIX 984N on the growth and activity of selected acidophiles	Watling H.R., Perrot F.A., Shiers D.W., Grosheva A., Richards T.N.	2009	Hydrometallurgy	95	42433	10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.07.004	Parker Centre for Integrated Hydrometallurgy Solutions, CSIRO Minerals, PO Box 7229, Karawara, WA 6152, Australia; Laboratory of Chemical Thermodynamics, Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonossov State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Watling, H.R., Parker Centre for Integrated Hydrometallurgy Solutions, CSIRO Minerals, PO Box 7229, Karawara, WA 6152, Australia; Perrot, F.A., Parker Centre for Integrated Hydrometallurgy Solutions, CSIRO Minerals, PO Box 7229, Karawara, WA 6152, Australia; Shiers, D.W., Parker Centre for Integrated Hydrometallurgy Solutions, CSIRO Minerals, PO Box 7229, Karawara, WA 6152, Australia; Grosheva, A., Laboratory of Chemical Thermodynamics, Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonossov State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation; Richards, T.N., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	The effects of the copper extractant LIX 984N 20% v/v in Shellsol 2046 on the abilities of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans to catalyse copper extraction from a chalcopyrite concentrate and to oxidise ferrous ion to ferric ion were compared and the possible role of Acidiphilium cryptum in ameliorating the effects of the SX reagent was examined. The SX reagent up to 250 mg/L was found to have little impact on the extraction of copper from a chalcopyrite concentrate using At. ferrooxidans. In contrast, with S. thermosulfidooxidans, copper extraction was reduced to about one third in the presence of 50 mg/L SX reagent and at 250 mg/L SX reagent, was barely more than for an abiotic test. The SX reagent strongly inhibited ferrous ion biooxidation by several bacterial species in contrast to At. ferrooxidans. The presence of 50 mg/L SX reagent caused oxidation rates to drop to between 0 and 12% of those in controls in approximately 40-hour tests. The most toxic component of the SX reagent was found to be 4-nonylphenol. A. cryptum tolerated 250 mg/L SX reagent but did not utilise it as an energy source. Bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate was not enhanced significantly when A. cryptum was added to test inocula. It is proposed that A. cryptum utilises fungal biomass as an energy source in managed heaps with solution recycle via solvent extraction plants. While it shares the environment with iron- and sulfur-oxidising acidophiles, it does not contribute directly to copper extraction from sulfide minerals. Crown Copyright © 2008.	Acidiphilium; Acidithiobacillus; Bioleaching; Ferrous ion oxidation; Organic reagents; Sulfobacillus	Bioleaching; Biomass; Chemical oxygen demand; Copper; Copper compounds; Extraction; Ions; Iron; Oxidation; Phenols; Renewable energy resources; Solvent extraction; Solvents; Sulfide minerals; Sulfur; Acidiphilium; Acidithiobacillus; Ferrous ion oxidation; Organic reagents; Sulfobacillus; Rate constants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57049169698	The comparison of three β-agonists for growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot cattle	Strydom P.E., Frylinck L., Montgomery J.L., Smith M.F.	2009	Meat Science	81	3	10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.10.011	Animal Nutrition and Animal Products Institute (ANPI), Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa; Intervet a Part of Schering-Plough Corporation, 29160 Intervet Lane, Millsboro, DE 19966, United States; Biometry Unit, Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X519, Silverton 0127, South Africa	Strydom, P.E., Animal Nutrition and Animal Products Institute (ANPI), Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa; Frylinck, L., Animal Nutrition and Animal Products Institute (ANPI), Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa; Montgomery, J.L., Intervet a Part of Schering-Plough Corporation, 29160 Intervet Lane, Millsboro, DE 19966, United States; Smith, M.F., Biometry Unit, Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X519, Silverton 0127, South Africa	Forty-eight Bonsmara steers were assigned to three treatment groups and one control group consisting of 12 animals each. The control (C) received no β-agonist, while the three treatment groups received zilpaterol (6 ppm) (Z), ractopamine (30 ppm) (R) or clenbuterol (2 ppm) (Cl) for the last thirty days on feed. Growth performance (final 30 days), USDA quality and yield grades and meat quality (shear force, chemical, histological and biochemical) were compared for the three β-agonist and control groups. Animals responded negatively to Cl treatment during initial stages of supplementation, which was evident in lower feed consumption and initial growth rates. For carcass growth and yield, Cl had greater and more efficient growth rates, higher dressed out yields (proportional), lower USDA yield grades, and reduced marbling compared with C (P < 0.05). For meat quality measurements, the M. longissimus (LL) and M. semitendinosus (ST) were sampled. Cl had the greatest effect (P < 0.05) on WBSF, especially on the LL, followed by Z. Variation in tenderness and ageing effects corresponded with variation in calpastatin activity and myofibrillar fragmentation between treatment groups. While zilpaterol and ractopamine are currently the only products registered for cattle in different countries, it seems that zilpaterol has an advantage in carcass growth efficiency and yield without showing any adaptation problems for animals such as experienced by the more aggressive β-agonist clenbuterol. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	β-Agonist; Beef; Calpain; Drip loss; Myofibril fragment length; Tenderness	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57049185124	Evaluation of some physico-chemical properties of Shea-butter (Butyrospermum paradoxum) related to its value for food and industrial utilisation	Chukwu O., Adgidzi P.P.	2008	International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation	1	3	10.1504/IJPTI.2008.021466	Agricultural Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Chukwu, O., Agricultural Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Adgidzi, P.P., Agricultural Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	The physical and chemical properties of edible oils influence their suitability for use in food and other process industries. The aim of this study was to determine the physico-chemical properties and proximate composition of Shea-butter oil. Results obtained showed that Shea-butter has the following chemical properties: acid value (3.825), iodine number (43.27), peroxide value (12.85), saponification value (196.90) and unsaponifiable matter (6.23%). Other physico-chemical properties quantified were moisture content (1.37%), ash content (1.26%), total fat (75.03%), carbohydrate content (22.34%), refractive index (1.452), relative density (0.906) and melting point (27°C). These results showed that the physico-chemical properties and proximate composition of Shea-butter are comparable with the properties of groundnut oil which is widely used for cooking and industrial food processes. Copyright © 2008 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Chemical properties; Edible oil; Physico-chemical properties; Sheabutter	Arachis; Butyrospermum; Vitellaria paradoxa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149090323	Potential impacts of climate change on the climatically suitable growth areas of Pinus and Eucalyptus: Results from a sensitivity study in South Africa	Warburton M.L., Schulze R.E.	2008	Southern Forests	70	1	10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.1.5.515	School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Warburton, M.L., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Schulze, R.E., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Global average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.74°C over the most recent 100-year period. At a regional level in South Africa, detectable changes in both the rainfall and temperature patterns have occurred in the past 50 years. Climate change has become a reality that can no longer be ignored. Given the relatively long timescales of plantto-harvest rotations in the commercial production forestry sector in South Africa, and the significant investment implied, climate change has the potential to have substantial impacts on forestry productivity and profitability. Under climate change conditions the climatically optimum areas for specific forest species are hypothesised to shift, with optimum areas changing in extent and location between and within provinces. This paper focuses on the Eucalyptus and Pinus genera. From the ICFR Forestry Productivity Toolbox, climate criteria for three Pinus species plus one hybrid, and four Eucalyptus species plus one hybrid, were used in combination with gridded maps of present mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall to assess climatically optimum, moderate- and high-risk growth areas, as well as unsuitable growth areas over southern Africa. The temperature and rainfall variables were then perturbed through plausible ranges of projected future climates to determine the potential impacts of climate change on the climatically optimum, moderate and unsuitable growth areas of the Pinus and Eucalyptus families. For both families, rising temperatures may slightly increase the optimum growth area in Mpumalanga and the Eastern Cape, whereas in KwaZulu-Natal the area may reduce. The Pinus species showed less sensitivity to rising temperatures than eucalypts. The two hybrids exhibited less sensitivity than other species of their genera. The hybrid Pinus ExC emerged as least sensitive to increasing temperature. Declining rainfall concomitant with rising temperature will have an especially negative effect on total area of optimal growth. An increase in rainfall will, however, offset all negative impacts of temperature and increase total optimum growth area for both families. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Climate change; Eucalyptus; Pinus; Sensitivity analysis; Site suitability	Eucalyptus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149095641	Development of a water state index to assess the severity of impacts on and changes in natural water resources	Suridge A.K.J., Brent A.C.	2008	Water Science and Technology	58	8	10.2166/wst.2008.741	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Suridge, A.K.J., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lifecycle assessment (LCA) is a standardised methodology that is used to assess the impact of techno-economic systems on the natural environment. By compiling an inventory of energy and material inputs and environmental releases or outputs of a system, and evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with the inventory, one can make an informed decision regarding the sustainability of a techno-economic system in question. However, the current lifecycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodologies that form part of LCA studies do not effectively consider the impacts of techno-economic systems on ground and surface water resources in South Africa (and elsewhere). It is proposed that a microbiology based index method, similar to methods proposed for terrestrial resources, can establish the states of water resources for six classes of current economic exploitation: protected, moderate use, degraded, cultivated, plantation, and urban. It is further suggested that changes in these classes (and states) can be used meaningfully in LCIA methodologies to quantify the extent to which techno-economic interventions may alter natural water resources. Research is recommended to further improve the accuracy and reliability of the water state index. © IWA Publishing 2008.	16S rDNA; Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE); Environmental impact; Lifecycle assessment (LCA); Microbiology; Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Water resources	ground water; surface water; accuracy; article; biodegradation; environmental impact assessment; environmental protection; life cycle assessment; microbial diversity; nonhuman; reliability; South Africa; sustainable development; terrestrial surface waters; tillage; urbanization; water quality; water supply; Conservation of Natural Resources; Environment; Water	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149097075	Research note: Inclusion of lablab in maize and sorghum silages improves sheep performance	Ngongoni N.T., Mwale M., Mapiye C., Moyo M.T., Hamudikuwanda H., Titterton M.	2008	Tropical Grasslands	42	3	None	Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Ngongoni, N.T., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mwale, M., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mapiye, C., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Moyo, M.T., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Hamudikuwanda, H., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Titterton, M., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	An experiment was conducted to determine intake and liveweight gain of sheep fed maize, sorghum, lablab-maize and lablab-sorghum silages (20 and 40% lablab) in a completely randomised design with 6 treatments. The maize and sorghum were mixed with lablab before ensiling and the silages were fed to sheep for 21 days. Silage intake increased with increase in legume inclusion level (P<0.05). Intake of maize-based silages was higher than that of sorghum-based silages. While sheep fed the straight cereal diets lost weight, liveweight change improved as the level of lablab inclusion increased (P<0.05). The findings confirm that legume inclusion with maize and sorghum forages when ensiling improves silage intake and enhances ruminant animal performance. Long-term feeding experiments using a combination of cereals and legumes with different ruminant species are required to validate these preliminary findings.	None	Animalia; Bovidae; Lablab; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149105375	Clonal differences in log end splitting in Eucalyptus grandis in relation to age, parent performance, growth rate and wood density in two even-aged trials in Mpumalanga, South Africa	Malan F.S.	2008	Southern Forests	70	1	10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.1.7.517	Komatiland Forests (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 574, Sabie 1260, South Africa	Malan, F.S., Komatiland Forests (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 574, Sabie 1260, South Africa	This paper discusses the juvenile-mature correlation of log end splitting among Eucalyptus grandis clones from two trials and how differences in splitting relate to differences in wood density, pith-to-bark gradient and growth rate. Two approximately 20-year-old Eucalyptus grandis clonal trials at Bergvliet plantation were sampled. The first trial (Trial A) consisted of clones of eight ortets (genotypes) specifically selected for their widely different propensities to develop end splitting. The second trial (Trial B) consisted of 80 clones and one seedling control. From the latter trial 15 clones were selected in such a manner that they constituted three groups of clones representing a combination of high- and low-volume producers and, among the high-volume producers, clones exhibiting high and low propensities towards end splitting. The fourth group represented the seedling control. Trial A showed highly significant clonal differences in splitting, basic wood density, as well as its pith-to-bark gradient. No relationship of splitting with differences in growth rate, density or density gradient was found. The clones derived from the low- and high-splitting ortets maintained their general statuses as low and high splitters over a considerable period of time, but some of the individual clones did not reflect the performance of the ortets from which they were derived. Trial B revealed that clones classified as good-volume producers at the age of 65 months still outperformed the clones classified as low-volume producers approximately 15 years later. No significant differences in average wood density between the groups of clones studied was found, irrespective of differences in growth rate and degree of splitting, but trees from the slow-growing group of clones were significantly more variable across the radius in average wood density. The outcome of both trials confirmed results of many previous studies on this species, in that rapid and uniform growth has no significant detrimental effect on wood density or its rate of change across the radius of the tree. It may, in fact, be associated with increased uniformity from pith to bark with increasing age, sometimes resulting in slightly increased overall wood density. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Eucalyptus grandis; Growth stresses; Juvenile-mature correlation; Splitting; Wood density	Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus grandis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149116389	Perceptions, impact and management of asthma in South Africa: A patient questionnaire study	Green R., Davis G., Price D.	2008	Primary Care Respiratory Journal	17	4	10.3132/pcrj.2008.00027	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Green, R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Davis, G.; Price, D., Department of Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom	Introduction: A number of studies from around the world have indicated that asthma morbidity is still unacceptably high. In the AIRE study over one-third of children and half of the adults reported daytime symptoms at least once a week. This study was conducted to understand the impact (including the impact on health-related quality of life) of asthma on South African asthmatics. Materials and methods: General Practitioners (GPs) and pharmacists in South Africa were randomly identified from the Medical Association database. These individuals were approached and asked to recruit asthmatic patients to complete a questionnaire. The questionnaire inquired about symptoms, quality of life, complications, trigger factors, associated allergic conditions, medication used, medication preference, medication adherence and concerns about the condition. Results: 3347 respondents returned their demographic data but only 710 met the criteria for analysis, ie. had asthma and were presently on controller medication. Symptom analysis revealed that 21.4% of respondents were coughing on most days, 25.6% were wheezing on most days, and 22.8% were experiencing night-time symptoms on most days. Symptoms were exacerbated by exercise in 56.9%, while nocturnal wakening due to asthma occurred in 36.9% more than four times per week. Only 35.1% of respondents had not missed school or work in the preceding year. 45.4% of individuals worry about side effects of asthma therapy. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is under-treatment, inappropriate treatment and/or lack of patient education for asthma patients in South Africa. The data support the notion that poor therapy and/or poor patient adherence has an enormous impact on the health-related quality of life of South Africa's asthmatics. © 2008 General Practice Airways Group. All rights reserved.	Asthma	antiasthmatic agent; beclometasone dipropionate; budesonide; cromoglycate disodium; fenoterol plus ipratropium bromide; floradil; fluticasone propionate; fluticasone propionate plus salmeterol; inflammide; ipratropium bromide; ketotifen fumarate; salbutamol; salbutamol sulfate; symbicord; theophylline; unclassified drug; venteze; absenteeism; adult; aged; allergy; article; asthma; child; coughing; demography; disease exacerbation; drug utilization; exercise; female; general practitioner; human; major clinical study; male; patient compliance; perception; pharmacist; quality of life; questionnaire; risk factor; South Africa; symptomatology; wakefulness; wheezing; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost of Illness; Health Status; Humans; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149118064	Performance of exotic tree species planted for poverty alleviation in Lesotho	Pama M.M., Zwolinski J.	2008	Southern Forests	70	1	10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.1.4.514	Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Department of Forestry, PO Box 262, Leribe, Lesotho	Pama, M.M., Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa, Department of Forestry, PO Box 262, Leribe, Lesotho; Zwolinski, J., Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The people of Lesotho are among the poorest in the southern African region. The country is located in the Drakensberg mountains where winters are bitterly cold. Rural communities depend on woodfuels and cow dung for heating and cooking. Since the indigenous forest resources are insufficient, the people have engaged in planting fast-growing exotic species of trees for over 100 years. This study presents results from 86 permanent sampling plots established in woodlots in 1984. Overall, the survival of Pinus halepensis, P. pinaster, P. radiata, Eucalyptus macarthurii and E. rubida exceeded 80%. The greatest roundwood volume of 183 m3 ha-1 was produced in a 14-year-old P. radiata stand. Wood of branches and stumps would add to the total volume if trees are grown for woodfuels. Even higher volume production can be expected by better protecting woodlots from wild fires, animal grazing and timber theft. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Eucalyptus rubida; Pinus radiata; Poverty; Woodfuels; Woodlots	Animalia; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus macarthurii; Eucalyptus rubida; Pinus halepensis; Pinus radiata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57249090335	The effect of multilingual policies on performance and progression in reading literacy in South African primary schools	Howie S., Venter E., Van Staden S.	2008	Educational Research and Evaluation	14	6	10.1080/13803610802576775	University of Pretoria, South Africa	Howie, S., University of Pretoria, South Africa; Venter, E., University of Pretoria, South Africa; Van Staden, S., University of Pretoria, South Africa	South Africa's rich multicultural society is reflected by 11 official languages. The Language in Education policy stipulates that children should start learning at school in their home language until Grade 3. In most schools, the language of instruction for all subjects changes in Grade 4 from an indigenous African language to English, which means that more than 80% of South African pupils learn in a language different to their home language. This paper seeks to ascertain (a) to what extent South African pupils are proficient readers in the language in which they have received reading instruction for 4 years, (b) what differences in achievement become evident between pupils in Grade 4 and Grade 5, and (c) the relationship between South African pupils' performance in the test language and home language. Statistics from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2006 were applied to determine differences in achievement.	Assessment; International comparative studies; Reading literacy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349097741	The impact of Nigerian business environment on the survival of small-scale ceramic industries: Case study, South-Western Nigeria	Akinbogun T.L.	2008	Journal of Asian and African Studies	43	6	10.1177/0021909608096659	Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Industrial Design, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Akinbogun, T.L., Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Department of Industrial Design, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	The manufacturing sector at all levels is performing below-expectation in Nigeria. Many sectors, such as ceramic industry, glass industry and textile industry among others, are facing difficult times. The non-performance has been traced mainly to the unfavourable economic environment. A survey of small-scale ceramic enterprises established in south-western Nigeria from post-independence Nigeria of 1960 to 2004 was carried out in this study; their characteristics in terms of the facilities available for production, types of wares produced and current situation were examined. The study examined this against the business environment in Nigeria. It gave suggestions on how the necessary infrastructures and polices that enhance business environment could be harnessed to make small-scale ceramic production viable in Nigeria. © 2008 SAGE Publications.	Business-environment; Business-survival; Ceramics industry; Small-scale industries	business development; ceramics; glass; industrial production; small and medium-sized enterprise; survey; textile industry; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349105154	Growth and performance of Glycine max L. (Merrill) grown in crude oil contaminated soil augmented with cow dung	Njoku K.L., Akinola M.O., Oboh B.O.	2008	Life Science Journal	5	3	None	Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Njoku, K.L., Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Akinola, M.O., Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Oboh, B.O., Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	In an effort to enhance crop production in crude oil contaminated soils, the effect of the addition of cow dung on the growth and performance of Glycine max grown in soil contaminated with various concentrations of crude oil were investigated in this study. There was a general improvement on the growth, dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaf area and pod production of the crop by the addition of cow dung to crude oil polluted soil. The performance of the crop also improved as the period of study increased suggesting that the toxicity of crude oil to the crop reduced as the period of study increased. Statistical differences (P < 0.05) were noticed among the days of sampling for some of the growth and performance indices measured suggesting that the period of study affected the performance of such indices. The findings of this study show that addition of cow dung to crude oil contaminated soil makes such contaminated soils useful for agricultural activities.	Augmentation; Cow dung; Crude oil; Glycine max; Performance	Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349136739	Effect of dietary lysine to crude protein ratio on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens	Ng'ambi J.W., Maoba S.M., Norris D., Malatje M.S., Mbajiorgu C.A.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	1	10.1007/s11250-008-9148-z	Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	Ng'ambi, J.W., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Maoba, S.M., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Norris, D., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Malatje, M.S., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Mbajiorgu, C.A., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary lysine to crude protein ratio on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. In each experiment the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with different lysine to crude protein ratios. A complete randomized design was used in both experiments, the starter (1-21 days) and grower (22-42 days) experiments. The three starter diets, based on lysine to crude protein ratios, were L0 (0.055), L1 (0.066) and L2 (0.077), while grower diets were L3(0.047), L4(0.061) and L5(0.074). A quadratic type equation was used to determine ratios for optimum growth rate, feed conversion ratio, breast meat yield and breast meat nitrogen content. Dietary lysine to crude protein ratios of 0.066 and 0.077 supported optimum growth rate and feed conversion ratio, respectively, during the starter period. Dietary lysine to crude protein ratios of 0.073, 0.073, 0.069 and 0.079 supported optimum growth rate, feed conversion and breast meat yield and nitrogen content during the grower phase. Dietary lysine to crude protein ratio had no effect on diet intake and digestibility. The results indicate that at each phase a single dietary lysine to crude protein optimized both growth rate and feed conversion ratio. However, the ratio for optimum breast meat yield was lower than that for optimum growth rate and feed conversion ratio. These findings have implications on ration formulation for broiler chickens. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Breast meat nitrogen content; Breast meat yield; FCR; Growth rate; Lysine to crude protein ratio; Ross 308 broiler chickens	lysine; animal; animal food; article; body composition; caloric intake; chicken; dose response; drug effect; growth, development and aging; male; meat; nutritional requirement; physiology; protein intake; randomization; standard; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Chickens; Dietary Proteins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Energy Intake; Lysine; Male; Meat; Nutritional Requirements; Random Allocation; Weight Gain; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349149113	Performance of a novel human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 total nucleic acid-based real-time PCR assay using whole blood and dried blood spots for diagnosis of HIV in infants	Stevens W., Erasmus L., Moloi M., Taleng T., Sarang S.	2008	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	46	12	10.1128/JCM.00754-08	University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; 7 York Rd. Parktown, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa	Stevens, W., University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa, 7 York Rd. Parktown, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Erasmus, L., University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Moloi, M., University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Taleng, T., University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Sarang, S., University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa	The new Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test offers advanced automation for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA and DNA in dried blood spots (DBS) and whole blood. An analytical evaluation using an HIV-1 secondary standard yielded limits of detection of 514, 710, and 1,090 HIV RNA copies/ml for EDTA plasma, whole blood, and DBS, respectively. The precision and reproducibility of HIV-1 detection was equivalent for DBS and whole blood. Inclusivity was demonstrated for a reference panel of HIV-1 subtypes A to N. A clinical evaluation of the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test was performed at a center for routine diagnostics in Johannesburg, South Africa, using 1,013 clinical specimens from HIV-1 exposed children. The Amplicor HIV-1 DNA test v1.5 with the MagNApure DNA isolation procedure was used as the reference method. A total of 995 valid results for whole blood with both methods yielded 691 and 303 concordant negative and positive results for the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test, respectively. For the 800 valid DBS specimen results, 495 and 300 concordant negative and positive results were obtained, respectively. The resulting clinical specificities and sensitivities of the new test were 100% and 99.7% for whole blood and DBS, respectively. The new test was characterized by its robustness, enhanced automation, and improved sample throughput. The Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test will support early, reliable diagnosis of HIV in children in routine laboratory settings. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	article; blood; controlled study; DNA determination; DNA isolation; DNA virus; evaluation research; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nucleic acid analysis; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; South Africa; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Desiccation; DNA, Viral; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; RNA, Viral; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Specimen Handling; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349155767	The effect of probiotics supplementation on the growth performance of two strains of cockerels	Fatufe A.A., Matanmi I.O.	2008	Journal of Central European Agriculture	9	3	None	Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Fatufe, A.A., Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Matanmi, I.O., Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	In a 2 x 3 factorial design, two hundred and seven 3 weeks old black (Bovan Nera) and white (Gold line) cockerels were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments. The basal diet was based on maize, soybean meal, groundnut cake and wheat offal. Probiotics replaced the wheat offal in Diets I, II and III in proportion of 0, 0.05 and 0.1%. Probiotics contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Saccharomyces boulardii. Each diet was offered to 3 pens of 12 black cockerels each or 3 pens of 11 white cockerels each. Starting chicken of both strains responded non-significantly to increasing probiotics concentration in feed intake, body weight gain, and feed/gain ratio. A non-significant interaction occurred between strain and dietary probiotics concentration for all response criteria. The slope of regression of body weight changes depending on age was higher for white than black.	Cockerels; Performance; Probiotics; Slope of regression; Strain	Arachis hypogaea; Glycine max; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Saccharomyces; Saccharomyces boulardii; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349178497	Public sector reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: What can be learnt from the civil service performance improvement programme in Ghana?	Antwi K.B., Analoui F., Nana-Agyekum D.	2008	Public Administration and Development	28	4	10.1002/pad.503	University of Cape-Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Bradford Centre for International Development (BCID), University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; Office of the Head of Civil Service (OHCS), Ghana	Antwi, K.B., University of Cape-Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Analoui, F., Bradford Centre for International Development (BCID), University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; Nana-Agyekum, D., Office of the Head of Civil Service (OHCS), Ghana	This paper focuses on public sector management reform 'best-practice' case experience from Sub-Sahara African (SSA). Given that 'best-practice' is a relative concept and often debatable, the paper uses the Ghana Civil Service Performance Improvement Programme (GCSPIP) experience as rather a 'good-practice' case with the view to sharing the outcome and lessons to encourage collaborative-learning. It seeks to share the outcome and lessons learnt by the Ghana civil service reform with future public service reformers and to contribute to the literature. The paper concludes with an adaptable three-dimensional framework. The framework argues that successful future public service reform (PSR) should consider three broad issues: first, are the 'critical success factors', including wholehearted political leadership commitment; wholehearted bureaucratic leadership commitment; thoughtful synergistic planning/preparation; patience for implementation and evaluation; capacity to convince; neutralise and accommodate reform-phobias and critics; sustainable financial and technical resource availability and conscious nurturing of general public support. Second, is the need for reformers to appreciate the concerns of the public and the civil society scepticism of public 'institutions' and its 'operatives' and finally placing any reform programme in a country-specific context, including understanding its history, culture, politics, economy, sociology, ideology and values. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Civil service reform; Donors; Ghana Civil Service Performance Improvement Programme; International development partners; New public management; Public sector reform	best management practice; bureaucracy; civil service; civil society; leadership; public sector; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349188909	Impact of baseline health and community support on antiretroviral treatment outcomes in HIV patients in South Africa	Wouters E., Van Damme W., Van Rensburg D., Meulemans H.	2008	AIDS	22	18	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5562	Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium	Wouters, E., Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Van Damme, W., Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van Rensburg, D., Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Meulemans, H., Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	The importance of community support when scaling-up antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited settings is poorly understood. We assessed the impact of baseline health, patient characteristics and community support on ART outcomes at 6 and 12 months in a representative sample of 268 patients enrolled in the Free State public sector ART program (South Africa). Delayed ART initiation reduced ART response, whereas support from treatment buddies, community health workers and support groups significantly improved treatment outcomes.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; community; community care; drug response; female; health auxiliary; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; priority journal; social support; South Africa; treatment outcome; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Community Health Services; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Rural Health; Social Support; South Africa; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349198763	Effects of 12 hour calf withdrawal on conception rate and calf performance of Bos indicus cattle under extensive conditions	Escrivão R.J.A., Webb E.C., Garcês A.P.J.T.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	1	10.1007/s11250-008-9168-8	Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Escrivão, R.J.A., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Webb, E.C., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Garcês, A.P.J.T., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique	Fifty-two multiparous Brahman type cows with reproductive tract scoring (RTS) ≥4 at 45 days post-partum were randomly assigned to two groups of 26 cows each separated into an ad libitum suckling group (C) and treatment group (T). Calves in the T group were separated for 12 h during the night from 45 days post-partum to the onset of the breeding season. Body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW) were recorded 45 days post-partum, at the start of the breeding season, and at pregnancy diagnosis. Calves were weighed at calving and weaning. Weaning weights were corrected to 205 days. BW and BCS at the onset of the breeding season were similar (p>0.05) between the experimental groups. Calving to breeding intervals were 93±18 d and 99±22 d for T and C groups, respectively. Calving to conception intervals differed significantly between the groups (111±10 d for T and 133±19 d for C) and a similar result was obtained for the breeding to conception intervals (18±15 d for T and 31±19 d for C). Conception rates were 80% for the T group and 59% for the C group, which correlated better with BW than BCS at the onset of the breeding season. Weaning weights differed (p<0.05) between C and T groups. From 45 days post-partum to the onset of the breeding season, cows in the T group experienced a positive energy balance (3%) while those in the C group had a negative energy balance (-0.1%). It was concluded that 12 h calf separation at night increases the conception rates and improves the calf weaning weights of Bos indicus beef cattle under extensive production systems in sub-tropical conditions. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	BCS; Beef cows; BW; Calf removal; Reproduction; Weaning weight	animal; animal husbandry; article; body composition; breeding; cattle; energy metabolism; female; growth, development and aging; methodology; newborn; parity; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; puerperium; randomization; reproduction; season; time; weaning; weight gain; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Composition; Breeding; Cattle; Energy Metabolism; Female; Parity; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Random Allocation; Reproduction; Seasons; Time Factors; Weaning; Weight Gain; Bos; Bos indicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-5744226295	Urban consumer preferences and sensory evaluation of locally produced and imported rice in West Africa	Tomlins K.I., Manful J.T., Larwer P., Hammond L.	2005	Food Quality and Preference	16	1	10.1016/j.foodqual.2004.02.002	Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana	Tomlins, K.I., Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Manful, J.T., Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Larwer, P., Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Hammond, L., Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom	Parboiled rice produced in Ghana is of poor quality and is being overtaken by imported rice. This study sought to investigate consumer preference and relate sensory attributes with consumer acceptability of rice. The majority of consumers preferred imported raw and parboiled rice to that produced locally. Acceptability was influenced by location and gender. Individual preferences of consumers varied and four different segments of consumers with similar liking of the rice samples were identified. The largest three segments (86% of consumers) preferred the imported rice but differed in their preferences for the local rice. A niche segment (14%) mostly preferred traditional local rice. Regression models to predict consumer preference from the sensory panel scores were based on either brown colour of the cooked rice or unshelled paddy in the uncooked form. The models were suitable for three of the consumer segments representing 86% of the consumers. This suggests that while a sensory panel could be used to rapidly monitor consumer acceptability in product development, it was not valid for all consumers. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; Consumer acceptability; Ghana; Rice; Sensory evaluation	adult; Africa; aged; article; color; controlled study; female; food intake; food processing; food quality; gender; geography; human; male; monitoring; prediction; regression analysis; rice; scoring system; sensory analysis; statistical model; taste preference; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57449096189	Evaluation of the nutritional value of boiled Java plum beans in broiler chick diets	Ndyomugyenyi E.K., Kyarisiima C.C., Bareeba F.B., Okot M.W.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	12	None	Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Animal Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda	Ndyomugyenyi, E.K., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kyarisiima, C.C., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Bareeba, F.B., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Okot, M.W., Department of Animal Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda	In Uganda, the price of maize as the main source of energy in poultry feed is prohibitive due to its scarcity and competitiveness. Therefore, research is required to study the nutritional value of alternative energy feedstuffs such as Java plum (Syzygium cumini) beans (JPB). Chemical analysis and one feeding trial were conducted to assess the nutritional value of boiled Java plum beans (BJPB) in broiler chick diets. In the feeding trial, boiled Java plum bean meal (BJPBM) substituted maize meal (MM) by 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in broiler starter diets. The BJPB had dry matter (DM) content of 85.0±2.03%, nitrogen free extract (NFE) of 72.9±1.95%, calculated metabolisable energy (ME) of 13.3±0.25MJ/kg, crude protein (CP) of 4.23±0.48%, ether extract (EE) of 1.05±0.17%, crude fibre (CF) of 5.06±0.72%, ash of 1.75±0.11%, phosphorus (P) of 0.11±0.02% and calcium (Ca) of 0.05±0.01%. In the feeding trial, diets with BJPBM significantly (P < 0.05) depressed chick growth. Feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced above 25% replacement rate whereas feed efficiency did not change much. There was no mortality in the control treatment and at 25% boiled Java plum bean-maize replacement rate. The study showed that BJPBM cannot replace MM in broiler starter diets without deleterious effects on the birds. The boiling treatment did not improve the nutritional value of JPB.	Boiling treatment; Feedstuff; Maize; Poultry; Syzygium cumini; Uganda	Aves; Prunus domestica; Syzygium cumini; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57449101699	On-farm performance of Arsi-Bale goats in Ethiopia receiving different concentrate supplements	Guru M., Abebe G., Goetsch A., Hundessa F., Ebro A., Shelima B.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	12	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program, P. O. Box 15566, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States	Guru, M., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program, P. O. Box 15566, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Goetsch, A., American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States; Hundessa, F., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Ebro, A., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Shelima, B., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia	An experiment was conducted to compare effects of supplements based on different byproduct feedstuffs on on-farm performance of yearling Arsi-Bale goats in the Adami Tulu district of Ethiopia. The study was conducted during the main growing season (wet season) at the time when most grazing land is cultivated. A farmer research group (FRG) was formed in each of three villages. Each FRG consisted of nine farm households, with eight contributing three animals and one providing six. A barn with three pens was constructed at one farm in each village. One or two animals from each farm were allocated to three supplementation treatments. Animals received supplements and resided at night in the barn pens. Supplements, offered at 2.5% of body weight, consisted of 50% wheat bran, 1% salt, and 49% noug cake (N), formaldehyde-treated noug cake (F-N), or linseed meal (L). Initial body weight was 14.5 (SE = 0.18 kg). Average daily gain was greater for L than for N (P < 0.05) and F-N (P < 0.08) (100, 113, and 134 g/day for N, F-N, and L, respectively; SE = 6.6). The difference between the increase in estimated animal value due to supplementation and supplement cost was 51.87, 61.1, and 79.75 Ethiopian birr per animal for N, F-N, and L, respectively. In conclusion, based on average daily gain and the greater concentration of metabolizable energy in linseed meal vs. noug cake, energy appeared relatively more limiting to performance than protein. Supplementation of goats with available byproduct feedstuffs offers a means of achieving marketable body weight and profit with suboptimal grazing conditions.	Daily gain; Formaldehyde; Linseed meal; Noug cake; Wet season	Animalia; Capra hircus; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57449122062	The impact of cataract on time-use: Results from a population based case-control study in Kenya, the Philippines and Bangladesh	Polack S., Kuper H., Eusebio C., Mathenge W., Wadud Z., Foster A.	2008	Ophthalmic Epidemiology	15	6	10.1080/09286580802478716	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Cataract Foundation of the Philippines, Bacolod, Philippines; Rift Valley Provincial Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya; Child Sight Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Polack, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Kuper, H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Eusebio, C., Cataract Foundation of the Philippines, Bacolod, Philippines; Mathenge, W., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Rift Valley Provincial Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya; Wadud, Z., Child Sight Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Foster, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Purpose: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world, and is particularly common in low-income countries. Cataract is asserted to increase poverty through reduced productivity; however there is a lack of empirical data supporting this claim. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between visual impairment from cataract with time-use in adults (aged ≥ 50 years) in Kenya, Bangladesh, and The Philippines. Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted in three countries. Detailed time-use data were collected through interview from 139, 216 and 238 cases with visually impairing cataract and 124, 280 and 163 controls with normal vision in Kenya, Bangladesh and Philippines, respectively during 2005-2006. Results: Cases were substantially less likely than controls to participate in productive activities, including paid work and non-market activities (odds ratio [OR] across three countries is 0.2 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.3) and in leisure outside of the household (OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.9). Among cases, those with more severe visual impairment spent significantly less time on productive activities and leisure outside of the home, and more time on "no particular activity" (Kenya and Bangladesh) or leisure in the home (The Philippines). Cases were substantially more likely to require assistance in any activity than controls in Kenya (OR 9.8, 95% CI: 3.3, 29.8), Bangladesh (OR 8.6, 95% CI: 5.1-14.4) and the Philippines (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4-5.1). Conclusions: Cataract visual impairment restricts engagement in productive and leisure activities in this population of older adults in three different low income settings.	Cataract; Daily activities; Low-income countries; Time-use; Visual impairment	adult; aged; article; Bangladesh; cataract; daily life activity; disease association; female; household; human; interview; Kenya; leisure; lowest income group; major clinical study; male; Philippines; population based case control study; priority journal; visual impairment; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bangladesh; Blindness; Cataract; Female; Humans; Kenya; Male; Middle Aged; Philippines; Population Surveillance; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57549115964	Evaluation and treatment of coal fly ash for adsorption application	Bada S.O., Potgieter-Vermaak S.	2008	Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies	7	12	None	School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag X3 Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Bada, S.O., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag X3 Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Potgieter-Vermaak, S., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag X3 Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Many researchers had investigated fly ash as an adsorbent for the uptake of organic compounds from petrochemical waste effluents. The availability, inexpensive and its adsorption characteristic had made it an alternative media for the removal of organic compounds from aqueous solution. The physical property of South African Coal Fly Ash (SACFA) was investigated to determine its adsorption capability and how it can be improved. Chemical treatment using 1M HCl solution in the ratio of (1 g) fly ash to (2 ml) of acid was used and compared with untreated heat-treated samples. The chemically treated fly ash has a higher specific surface area of 5.4116 m2/g than the heat-treated fly ash with 2.9969 m2/g. More attention had to be given to the utilization of SACFA for the treatment of wastewaters containing organic compounds through the application of Liquid phase adsorption process that was considered as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly technology.	Adsorbent; Adsorption capacity; Characterization; Fly ash	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57649229021	Reference intervals in healthy adult Ugandan blood donors and their impact on conducting international vaccine trials	Eller L.A., Eller M.A., Ouma B., Kataaha P., Kyabaggu D., Tumusiime R., Wandege J., Sanya R., Sateren W.B., Wabwire-Mangen F., Kibuuka H., Robb M.L., Michael N.L., de Souza M.S.	2008	PLoS ONE	3	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0003919	U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand	Eller, L.A., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Eller, M.A., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Ouma, B., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Kataaha, P., Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda; Kyabaggu, D., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Tumusiime, R., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Wandege, J., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Sanya, R., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Sateren, W.B., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Kibuuka, H., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Robb, M.L., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Michael, N.L., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; de Souza, M.S., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand	Background: Clinical trials are increasingly being conducted internationally. In order to ensure enrollment of healthy participants and proper safety evaluation of vaccine candidates, established reference intervals for clinical tests are required in the target population. Methodology/Principal Findings: We report a reference range study conducted in Ugandan adult blood bank donors establishing reference intervals for hematology and clinical chemistry parameters. Several differences were observed when compared to previously established values from the United States, most notably in neutrophils and eosinophils. Conclusions/Significance: In a recently conducted vaccine trial in Uganda, 31 percent (n = 69) of volunteers screened (n = 223) were excluded due to hematologic abnormalities. If local reference ranges had been employed, 83% of those screened out due to these abnormalities could have been included in the study, drastically reducing workload and cost associated with the screening process. In addition, toxicity tables used in vaccine and drug trial safety evaluations may need adjustment as some clinical reference ranges determined in this study overlap with grade 1 and grade 2 adverse events.	None	carbon dioxide; hemoglobin; vaccine; article; blood donor; blood sampling; clinical chemistry; controlled study; drug safety; eosinophil; female; hematology; human; human experiment; male; mass screening; neutrophil count; normal human; reference value; screening test; thrombocyte count; Uganda; United States; volunteer; adolescent; adult; blood analysis; clinical trial; health; immunology; international cooperation; middle aged; Negro; statistics; Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Donors; Blood Specimen Collection; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Health; Hematology; Humans; International Cooperation; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Uganda; Vaccines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749087742	Health and safety management efforts as correlates of performance in the Nigerian construction industry	Idoro G.I.	2008	Journal of Civil Engineering and Management	14	4	10.3846/1392-3730.2008.14.27	Dept. of Building, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Idoro, G.I., Dept. of Building, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	This study investigates the level of efforts made by Nigerian contractors to maintain a healthy and safe work environment. The objectives are to determine the level of management efforts made by contractors on H&S and their correlation with H&S performance. To achieve these objectives, a field survey involving a sample of 40 contractors selected by stratified random sampling from the contractors registered with the Federation of Construction Industry of Nigeria was carried out. For the study, 6 H&S management variables and 7 H&S performance variables were selected. The H&S management variables are in compliance with H&S regulations, provision of H&S facilities, structures for managing H&S in head and site offices, provision of PPE and H&S incentives, while the H&S performance variables are respondents' assessment of the performance of structures for managing H&S in head and site offices, accident, injury, accident per worker, injury per worker and injury per accident rates. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed by mean and Spearman correlation test. The results reveal that contractors' efforts on structures for managing H&S on site are the best correlates of H&S performance, but their level is low. The levels of contractors' efforts in provision of PPE, compliance with H&S regulations are high, but these efforts are not correlates of H&S performance. The levels of contractors' efforts in structures for managing H&S in head office and provision of H&S incentives are low and they have low correlation with H&S performance. The study considers these results as indication that the management efforts made by Nigerian contractors to ensure a healthy and safe work environment are yet to have meaningful impact. It suggests increased efforts on local H&S regulations, structures for managing H&S in both head and site offices and provision of H&S incentives as measures for improving safety in the Nigerian construction industry.	H&S management efforts; Objective H&S performance measurement; Subjective H&S performance measurement	Accidents; Construction industry; Contractors; Employment; Human engineering; Management; Occupational risks; Office buildings; Statistical tests; Surveys; Accident rates; Field surveys; Health and safeties; Low correlations; Nigeria; Nigerians; On sites; Performance variables; Spearman correlations; Stratified random samplings; Work environments; Contracts	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749091332	Evaluation of the effects of malaria infection on serum lipid profile of patients attending two district hospitais in Enugu, Nigeria	Nwobodo N., Okonkwo P.O., Nwobodo E., Igwe S.A.	2008	Oriental Journal of Chemistry	24	2	None	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Phys	Nwobodo, N., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Okonkwo, P.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwobodo, E., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria; Igwe, S.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	A longstanding myth exists among the Igbos in the South-East of Nigeria, which associates malaria symptoms with intake of fatty meals. The rapidly growing malaria parasite requires large amounts of lipids for increase in surface area and volume of its internal membranes. We hypothesized that certain serum lipid fractions may favour the onset and/ or severity of malaria infection. Patients with clinically characterized frank malaria (n=30) attending two district hospitals were selected for this study. A corresponding number without any clinical or laboratory evidence of malaria infection was used as control. Serum lipid profile was determined in both malaria patients and control using standardized laboratory procedures. Presence of malaria parasite was confirmed by the thick blood film. Result showed a statistically significant difference between malaria patients and control in the HDL fraction only (P<0.05). This contrasted sharply with findings for the other serum lipid fractions. The HDL fraction may be implicated in the pathogenesis of malaria infection. Consequently, dietary habits may be playing a role in malaria onset and/or severity. We conclude that serum lipid lowering agents may be considered as part of the management protocol for treatment of malaria infection in the disease endemic zones.	Lipid lowering agents; Lipid metabolism; Lipid profile; Lipid transport; Malaria infection	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749118625	Zircon U-Pb strain chronometry reveals deep impact-triggered flow	Moser D.E., Davis W.J., Reddy S.M., Flemming R.L., Hart R.J.	2009	Earth and Planetary Science Letters	277	42371	10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.036	Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St, Ottawa, K1A 0E8, Canada; Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; iThemba labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Moser, D.E., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; Davis, W.J., Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St, Ottawa, K1A 0E8, Canada; Reddy, S.M., Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; Flemming, R.L., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; Hart, R.J., iThemba labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Large (&gt; 100 km) meteorite impact cratering events play important roles in surface and biosphere evolution, however, their potential for widespread ductile modification of the lithosphere has been difficult to assess, due partly to our inability to isotopically age-correlate deep mineral fabrics with surface records. We have integrated benchmark U-Pb zircon dating methods (ID-TIMS, SHRIMP) with new microstructural techniques (EBSD, μXRD) to demonstrate that crystal-plastic deformation can cause rapid out-diffusion of radiogenic Pb and accompanying trace element alteration in crystalline zircon. We have used this phenomenon to directly date fabric in Archean zircons and xenoliths of the lower crust of South Africa at 2023 ± 15 million years, coeval with the 2020 ± 3 million year old Vredefort cratering event at surface, with extent ≥ 20,000 km 2. Our findings indicate that regional exogenic fabrics, similar to high-temperature tectonic fabrics, exist in ancient crust. Moreover, our results establish that crystal-plastic deformation in the lithosphere can now be directly dated and linked to planetary evolution by zircon U-Pb strain chronometry. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	deformation; EBSD; geochronology; impact; planetary; tectonics; U-Pb dating; zircon	Archean; Deep impacts; EBSD; High temperatures; impact; Lower crusts; Meteorite impacts; Microstructural; Mineral fabrics; planetary; Planetary evolutions; South Africa; Tectonic fabrics; U-Pb dating; Zircon dating; Chemical elements; Deformation; Electron diffraction; Fabrics; Geomorphology; Lead; Lead alloys; Meteor impacts; Minerals; Plastic deformation; Silica; Silicate minerals; Tectonics; Trace elements; Zircon; Geochronology; crater; deformation; geochronology; high temperature; planetary evolution; SHRIMP dating; tectonics; trigger mechanism; uranium-lead dating; zircon	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749120271	Evaluation of the suitability of conophor oil for the production of alkyd resins and surface coatings	Asiagwu A.K., Omuku P.E., Okoye P.A.C., Olisa M.A., Ajiwe V.C.E.	2008	Oriental Journal of Chemistry	24	2	None	Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	Asiagwu, A.K., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Omuku, P.E., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Okoye, P.A.C., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Olisa, M.A., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Ajiwe, V.C.E., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	Oil was extracted from Tetraceripidum conophorum nut using solvent extraction method with hexane as solvent. The oil obtained was used to synthesize an alkyd resin, which in turn was utilized in the production of white gloss paints and varnishes. The IR and UV analysis of the oil showed the presence of C=C and C=O, while the Uv and IR examination of the resin revealed the presence of phthalic chain and C=O, C=C bond. The white gloss paint and varnishes produced had the right physical quality such as brushability and good drying time. The oil is a necessary raw material that can be used industrially in the production of essential materials.	Aklyd resins; Conophor oil; Surface coatings	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749181538	Comparative field evaluation of two rapid immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer)	Michel A.L., Simões M.	2009	Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology	127	42371	10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.025	Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; UTAD (Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro) and ACD (Associacao Ciencia para o Desenvolviment, Portugal	Michel, A.L., Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Simões, M., UTAD (Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro) and ACD (Associacao Ciencia para o Desenvolviment, Portugal	Panels of sera from African buffalo with confirmed bovine tuberculosis and from known uninfected controls were used to evaluate the performance of two commercial rapid chromatographic immunoassays (A and B) for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis. The sensitivity was 33% and 23%, respectively, while the specificity was determined at 90% and 94%, respectively. Overall the performance of both diagnostic tests under field conditions was not found sufficiently high to support their use in bovine tuberculosis management and control strategies in South African game reserves. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	African buffalo; Bovine tuberculosis; Immunodiagnosis; Rapid test	animal experiment; animal model; article; buffalo; controlled study; diagnostic test; immunoassay; Mycobacterium bovis; nonhuman; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; Syncerus caffer; tuberculosis; Animals; Animals, Wild; Antibodies, Bacterial; Buffaloes; Case-Control Studies; Immunoassay; Mycobacterium bovis; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Tuberculosis; Bovinae; Mycobacterium bovis; Syncerus caffer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749182163	Comparative evaluation of starches obtained from Dioscorea species as intragranular tablet disintegrant	Okunlola A., Odeku O.A.	2008	Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology	18	6	None	Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Okunlola, A., Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Odeku, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Starches form four Dioscorea species namely Dioscorea dumetorum (bitter yam), D. oppositifolia (Chinese yam), D. alata (water yam) and D. rotundata (white yam) have been evaluated as disintegrants in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations in comparison with official corn starch. The mechanical and drug release properties of the tablets were assessed. Tile results showed that the ranking of the effectiveness of the starches as intragranular disintegrant was water > white > corn > Chinese> bitter. The disintegrant concentration had significant (p < 0.001) effects on the disintegrant efficiency. The four experimental starches compared favorably and in some cases showed better efficiency as intragranular disintegrant than corn starch and could be further developed for use in commercial tablet formulation.	Corn starch; Crushing strength; Dioscorea; Disintegration time; Dissolution time; Friability; Yam	chloroquine; starch; water; article; bitter taste; Chinese; comparative study; controlled study; corn; Discorea alata; Discorea dumetorum; Discorea oppositifolia; Discorea rotundata; drug formulation; drug release; drug solubility; nonhuman; species difference; tablet disintegration; tablet formulation; yam	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749184301	'This is where we buried our sons': People of advanced old age coping with the impact of the AIDS epidemic in a resource-poor setting in rural Uganda	Seeley J., Wolff B., Kabunga E., Tumwekwase G., Grosskurth H.	2009	Ageing and Society	29	1	10.1017/S0144686X08007605	School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Seeley, J., School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Wolff, B., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabunga, E., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Tumwekwase, G., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Grosskurth, H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Much research on the impact of HIV and AIDS on older people fails to differentiate between age groups, and treats those aged from 50 years to the highest ages as homogeneous. The 'oldest old' or those aged over 75 years may be particularly vulnerable through declining health and independence as a result of the AIDS epidemic, which has forced some to take on roles that younger relatives would have performed had they lived. In this paper we describe the past and current experience of eight people in advanced old age living in rural Uganda who were informants for an ethnographic study of the impact of HIV and AIDS on households during 1991-92 and again in 2006-07. The aim of the study was to understand how they had coped with the impacts of the epidemic. From the eight case studies, it is concluded that family size, socio-economic status and some measure of good fortune in sustained good health enabled these people to live to an advanced age. While we recommend that targeted social protection is important in helping the poorest among the oldest, we suggest that sustaining respect for age and experience, and ensuring that older people do not feel discarded by family and society are as important as meeting their practical needs. © 2008 Cambridge University Press.	Impact of HIV and AIDS; Older people; Oldest old; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; elderly population; epidemic; human immunodeficiency virus; low income population; rural area; socioeconomic conditions; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749208710	Impacts of the EU-SA TDCA's reciprocal preferential tariff quotas on market access for cheese and wines	Mokoena M.R., Jooste A., Alemu Z.G.	2008	Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture	47	4	None	University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X15, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Mokoena, M.R., University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X15, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Jooste, A., University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Alemu, Z.G., University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Gravity model was used to analyse the impacts of the EU-SA TDCA'S reciprocal preferential tariff quotas on cheese and wine trade flows. The results showed that SA's cheese exports to EU and total cheese trade between the parties had declined during the implementation of cheese tariff quotas. SA's wine exports to EU and SA's wine imports from EU had also declined during the implementation of the wine tariff quotas. However, the effects were insignificant on SA's cheese imports from EU and total wine trade between the two parties. Trade diversion was detected on all wine trade flows, i.e. about 0.8% of exports, 2% of imports and 2.3% of the total trade were diverted during the wine tariff quota implementation. However, there was no proof of trade creation and diversion on both cheese imports and exports, except that there was a diversion of about 4.1% of the total cheese trade.	Cheese; EU-SA TDCA; Gravity model; Trade creation and diversion; Wine	European Union; modeling; quota system; tariff structure; trade agreement; trade flow; Africa; Eurasia; Europe; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57849090614	Evaluating performances at the 2007 cricket world cup	Barr G.D.I., Holdsworth C.G., Kantor B.S.	2008	South African Statistical Journal	42	2	None	Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town; Investec Securities, Cape Town, South Africa	Barr, G.D.I., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town; Holdsworth, C.G., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town; Kantor, B.S., Investec Securities, Cape Town, South Africa	In this paper we apply the methodology of Barr and Kantor (Barr & Kantor, 2003) to evaluate the batting and bowling performances of the cricketers in the 2007 cricket world cup. The earlier Barr and Kantor paper developed criteria for evaluating the performance of batsmen and hinted at the extension of the methodology to bowling performances as well; here we extend the methodology to bowling in a parallel way and analyse both the batting and bowling performances of the participants in the 2007 Cricket World Cup and provide a ranking of performance for a set of given risk tolerance levels. The paper then goes on to select a World cricket team based on this analysis. The methodology provides some insights into the extraordinary dominance of the Australian team in this tournament in both batting and bowling and provides some pointers as to how teams might hope to match the Australians in the future, at least strategically. The analysis implies that to match the Australians in the batting department, batsmen would have to first accept a higher risk of dismissal in return for a faster scoring rate and to match them in the bowling department they would have to accept a higher risk of conceding more runs in return for improved chances of taking wickets.	Cricket world cup 2007; Selection criterion; Strike rate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57849133054	Evaluation of artificial field infestation techniques with Striga hermonthica for resistance screening in maize (Zea mays L.)	Ibikunle O.A., Menkir A., Kamara A.Y., Ajeigbe H.A., Smith M.A.K.	2008	Maydica	53	2	None	Premier Seeds Nigeria Limited, Chikaji Industrial Estate, P.O. Box 1673, Zaria, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W.Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; De	Ibikunle, O.A., Premier Seeds Nigeria Limited, Chikaji Industrial Estate, P.O. Box 1673, Zaria, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W.Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Kamara, A.Y., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W.Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Ajeigbe, H.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W.Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Smith, M.A.K., Department of Crop Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Breeding for resistance to Striga can be done effectively under high and uniform artificial field infestation. To identify Striga tolerant/resistant maize genotypes, it is essential to artificially inoculate every hill of maize in the breeding nursery with Striga seeds. The present method of inoculation is expensive, time-consuming and labour-intensive. Two inoculation methods, covering the Striga seed with or without a layer of sand, were compared using two Striga susceptible, TZB-SR and 8338-1 and two Striga tolerant/resistant genotypes, Acr.97 TZL COMP.1-W and 9022-13 STR. The two methods of inoculation had no significant effects (P<0.05) on Striga emergence, host plant damage scores and grain yield. The genotypes exhibited significant differences (P<0.001) for Striga emergence counts, host plant damage scores and grain yield. Inoculating Striga seeds in the field without a layer of sand required less labour. These results suggest that the revised method that does not require covering with a layer of sand can be used for screening a large number of breeding lines for resistance to Striga within a short period of time.	Inoculation; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays	Striga; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57949084113	Coupled-channel evaluations of cross sections for scattering involving particle-unstable resonances	Fraser P., Amos K., Canton L., Pisent G., Karataglidis S., Svenne J.P., Van Der Knijff D.	2008	Physical Review Letters	101	24	10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.242501	School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131, Italy; Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN R3T 2N2, Canada; Advanced Research Computing, Information Division, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia	Fraser, P., School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Amos, K., School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Canton, L., Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131, Italy; Pisent, G., Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131, Italy; Karataglidis, S., Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Svenne, J.P., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN R3T 2N2, Canada; Van Der Knijff, D., Advanced Research Computing, Information Division, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia	How does the scattering cross section change when the colliding bound-state fragments are allowed particle-emitting resonances? This question is explored in the framework of a multichannel algebraic scattering method of determining nucleon-nucleus cross sections at low energies. Two cases are examined, the first being a gedanken investigation in which n+C12 scattering is studied with the target states assigned artificial widths. The second is a study of neutron scattering from Be8, a nucleus that is particle unstable. Resonance character of the target states markedly varies evaluated cross sections from those obtained assuming stability in the target spectrum. © 2008 The American Physical Society.	None	Resonance; Targets; Cross sections; Low energies; Multi channels; Scattering cross sections; Scattering methods; Target spectrums; Target states; Scattering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57949084196	In vitro pharmacological evaluation of three Barleria species	Amoo S.O., Finnie J.F., Van Staden J.	2009	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	121	2	10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.035	Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Amoo, S.O., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Finnie, J.F., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Van Staden, J., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Various parts of Barleria prionitis L. (Acanthaceae) are used in traditional medicine to treat infection-related ailments. A comparison of their activities and knowledge of their mechanisms of action are important for drug development and conservation. Aims of the study: This study investigated the antibacterial effects and underlying mechanisms of action of the anti-inflammatory activities of different parts of three Barleria species of South African origin. Materials and methods: Crude extracts of different parts of three Barleria species were investigated in vitro for their biological activity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the micro-dilution assay against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 assays. Results: All the extracts showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.059 to 6.25 mg/ml. Twelve out of 21 crude extracts evaluated showed good activity (>70%) in the COX-1 assay while 10 extracts showed good activity in the COX-2 assay. All the petroleum ether extracts (except B. prionitis stem) exhibited good inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in COX-1. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these plants as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Their anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anti-inflammatory; Antibacterial; Barleria species; COX-1; COX-2	Barleria albostellata extract; Barleria greenii extract; Barleria prionitis extract; cyclooxygenase 1; cyclooxygenase 2; petroleum ether; plant extract; unclassified drug; Acanthaceae; antibacterial activity; antiinflammatory activity; article; controlled study; dilution; drug activity; enzyme inhibition; Gram negative bacterium; Gram positive bacterium; in vitro study; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; plant stem; prostaglandin synthesis inhibition; South Africa; species difference; traditional medicine; Acanthaceae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Medicine, African Traditional; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Prostaglandins; South Africa; Acanthaceae; Barleria; Barleria prionitis; Negibacteria; Posibacteria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58049090543	Ecological thresholds in the Savanna landscape: Developing a protocol for monitoring the change in composition and utilisation of large trees	Druce D.J., Shannon G., Page B.R., Grant R., Slotow R.	2008	PLoS ONE	3	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0003979	Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa	Druce, D.J., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Shannon, G., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Page, B.R., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Grant, R., Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; Slotow, R., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa	Background: Acquiring greater understanding of the factors causing changes in vegetation structure - particularly with the potential to cause regime shifts - is important in adaptively managed conservation areas. Large trees (≥5 m in height) play an important ecosystem function, and are associated with a stable ecological state in the African savanna. There is concern that large tree densities are declining in a number of protected areas, including the Kruger National Park, South Africa. In this paper the results of a field study designed to monitor change in a savanna system are presented and discussed. Methodology/Principal Findings: Developing the first phase of a monitoring protocol to measure the change in tree species composition, density and size distribution, whilst also identifying factors driving change. A central issue is the discrete spatial distribution of large trees in the landscape, making point sampling approaches relatively ineffective. Accordingly, fourteen 10 m wide transects were aligned perpendicular to large rivers (3.0-6.6 km in length) and eight transects were located at fixed-point photographic locations (1.0-1.6 km in length). Using accumulation curves, we established that the majority of tree species were sampled within 3 km. Furthermore, the key ecological drivers (e.g. fire, herbivory, drought and disease) which influence large tree use and impact were also recorded within 3 km. Conclusions/Significance: The technique presented provides an effective method for monitoring changes in large tree abundance, size distribution and use by the main ecological drivers across the savanna landscape. However, the monitoring of rare tree species would require individual marking approaches due to their low densities and specific habitat requirements. Repeat sampling intervals would vary depending on the factor of concern and proposed management mitigation. Once a monitoring protocol has been identified and evaluated, the next stage is to integrate that protocol into a decision-making system, which highlights potential leading indicators of change. Frequent monitoring would be required to establish the rate and direction of change. This approach may be useful in generating monitoring protocols for other dynamic systems. © 2008 Druce et al.	None	article; conservation biology; controlled study; ecosystem restoration; environmental planning; environmental protection; landscape ecology; nonhuman; plant density; plant ecology; population size; savanna; species distribution; tree; animal; biodiversity; chemistry; ecosystem; elephant; environmental monitoring; environmental protection; evaluation; geography; health care quality; methodology; physiology; population density; South Africa; tree; Animals; Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Elephants; Environmental Monitoring; Geography; Population Density; Program Evaluation; South Africa; Trees	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58049114857	Evaluation of splicing efficiency in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with splicing-factor retinitis pigmentosa	Ivings L., Towns K.V., Matin M.A., Taylor C., Ponchel F., Grainger R.J., Ramesar R.S., Mackey D.A., Inglehearn C.F.	2008	Molecular Vision	14	None	None	Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, South Africa; CERA, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia	Ivings, L., Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Towns, K.V., Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Matin, M.A., Department of Statistics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Taylor, C., Department of Statistics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Ponchel, F., Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Grainger, R.J., Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ramesar, R.S., Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, South Africa; Mackey, D.A., CERA, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Inglehearn, C.F., Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom	Purpose: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is caused by mutations in a variety of genes, most of which have known functions in the retina. However, one of the most perplexing findings of recent retinal genetics research was the discovery of mutations causing dominant PP in four ubiquitously expressed splicing factors. The aim of this study was to use lymphoblast cell lines derived from RP patients to determine whether mutations in two of these splicing factors, PRPF8 and PRPF31, cause measurable deficiencies in pre-mRNA splicing. Methods: cDNA was prepared from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from RP patients bearing mutations in the splicing factor genes and controls, grown under a variety of conditions. Introns representing the U2 and U12 intron classes, with both canonical and noncanonical donor and acceptor sequences, were analyzed by real-time PCR to measure the ratio of spliced versus unspliced transcripts for these introns. In addition, plasmids encoding the retinal outer segment membrane protein-1 (ROM-1; exon 1 to exon 2) gene, both in the wild-type form and with mutations introduced into the splice donor sites, were transfected into cell lines. The spliced versus unspliced cDNA ratios were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Results: Splicing of four canonical U2 introns in the actin beta (ACTB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), PRPF8, and retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) genes was unaffected in PRPF8 mutant cells. However, the splicing efficiency of RPGR intron 9 was significantly decreased in PRPF31 mutant cell lines. In contrast, a consistent decrease in the splicing efficiency of all U12 and noncanonical U2 introns was seen in PRPF8, but not in PRPF31, mutant cells, with statistical significance for STK11 intron 3. Conclusions: In spite of the ubiquitous expression patterns of the genes implicated in splicing factor RP, no pathology has yet been documented outside the retina. The observed differences in splicing efficiency described herein favor the hypothesis that these mutations may have a subpathological effect outside the retina. These observations argue against a defect in some yet to be discovered additional function of these proteins and support the alternative hypothesis that this form of RP does indeed result from aberrant splicing of retinal transcripts. © 2008 Molecular Vision.	None	beta actin; complementary DNA; glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; guanosine triphosphatase regulator protein; messenger RNA precursor; outer membrane protein; premessenger ribonucleic acid processing factor 31; premessenger ribonucleic acid processing factor 8; regulator protein; retina outer segment membrane protein 1; unclassified drug; adult; article; canonical analysis; controlled study; enzyme regulation; female; gene function; gene mutation; gene sequence; genetic transfection; human; human cell; intron; lymphoblastoid cell line; male; mutant; pathogenesis; priority journal; retinitis pigmentosa; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; RNA splicing; RNA transcription; ubiquitination; Adult; Aged; Carrier Proteins; Cell Line; Eye Proteins; Female; Genes, Dominant; Humans; Introns; Lymphocytes; Male; Membrane Proteins; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Organ Specificity; Retinitis Pigmentosa; RNA Precursors; RNA Splicing; Transfection	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58049200662	The impact of a home visitation programme on household hazards associated with unintentional childhood injuries: A randomised controlled trial	Odendaal W., van Niekerk A., Jordaan E., Seedat M.	2009	Accident Analysis and Prevention	41	1	10.1016/j.aap.2008.10.009	University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, PO Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa	Odendaal, W., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Jordaan, E., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Seedat, M., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, PO Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa	Background: The continued high mortality and morbidity rates for unintentional childhood injuries remain a public health concern. This article reports on the influence of a home visitation programme (HVP) on household hazards associated with unintentional childhood injuries in a South African low-income setting. Methods: A randomised controlled trial (n = 211 households) was conducted in a South African informal settlement. Community members were recruited and trained as paraprofessional visitors. Four intervention visits were conducted over 3 months, focusing on child development, and the prevention of burn, poison, and fall injuries. The HVP, a multi-component intervention, included educational inputs, provision of safety devices, and an implicit enforcement strategy. The intervention effect (IE) was measured with a standardised risk assessment index that compared post-intervention scores for intervention and control households. Results: A significant reduction was observed in the hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances, as well as in hazards related to poisoning. Non-significant changes were observed for burn safety household practices and fall injury hazards. Conclusions: This study confirmed that a multi-component HVP effectively reduced household hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances and poisoning among children in a low-income South African setting. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Home visitation; Multi-component intervention; Paraprofessional home visitors; Randomised controlled trial; Unintentional childhood injuries	Hazards; Health risks; Paraffin waxes; Paraffins; Risk assessment; Risk management; Home visitation; Multi-component intervention; Paraprofessional home visitors; Randomised controlled trial; Unintentional childhood injuries; Health hazards; adolescent; article; child; child welfare; clinical trial; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dangerous goods; home accident; human; infant; mortality; newborn; preschool child; professional practice; randomized controlled trial; risk assessment; risk reduction; safety; South Africa; statistics; Accidents, Home; Adolescent; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Hazardous Substances; House Calls; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Risk Assessment; Risk Reduction Behavior; Safety; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149100167	The impacts of anthropogenic factors on the environment in Nigeria	Madu I.A.	2009	Journal of Environmental Management	90	3	10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.08.009	Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Madu, I.A., Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Generally speaking, there has been a consensus on the primary drivers of anthropogenic induced environmental degradation. However, little progress has been made in determining the magnitude of the impacts, particularly in developing countries. This creates a lacuna that needs to be filled up. The purpose of this study therefore is to ascertain the degree of anthropogenic induced environmental impacts in Nigeria. To achieve the aim, fossil fuel consumption was used as a surrogate for carbon dioxide emissions while the magnitude of the impacts was determined by regression statistics and the STIRPAT model. The results show that only three variables, namely population, affluence and urbanization, were statistically significant and that the regression model accounts for 60% of the variation in the environmental impacts. However, population and affluence, which have ecological elasticities of 1.699 and 2.709, respectively, are the most important anthropogenic drivers of environmental impacts in Nigeria while urbanization, with an elasticity of -0.570, reduces the effect of the impacts. This implies that modernization brings about a reduction in environmental impacts. The paper therefore makes a significant contribution to knowledge by successfully testing the STIRPAT model in this part of the world and by being the first application of the model at political units below the regional or nation states. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anthropogenic drivers; Ecological elasticity; Environment and development; Environmental impacts; Urbanization	anthropogenic effect; carbon dioxide; carbon emission; developing world; elasticity; environmental degradation; environmental impact; fossil fuel; modernization; nature-society relations; urbanization; Conservation of Natural Resources; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Human Activities; Humans; Nigeria; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Lacuna	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149116837	Evaluation of atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents for aflatoxin in maize	Atehnkeng J., Ojiambo P.S., Ikotun T., Sikora R.A., Cotty P.J., Bandyopadhyay R.	2008	Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment	25	10	10.1080/02652030802112635	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United St	Atehnkeng, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ojiambo, P.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Ikotun, T., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sikora, R.A., Department of Soil Ecosystem Phytopathology and Nematology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Cotty, P.J., Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Bandyopadhyay, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria	Aflatoxin contamination resulting from maize infection by Aspergillus flavus is both an economic and a public health concern. Therefore, strategies for controlling aflatoxin contamination in maize are being investigated. The abilities of eleven naturally occurring atoxigenic isolates in Nigeria to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize were evaluated in grain competition experiments and in field studies during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of inoculation of either grains in vials or ears at mid-silking stage in field plots, with the toxigenic isolate (La3228) or atoxigenic isolate alone and co-inoculation of each atoxigenic isolate and La3328. Aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower in the co-inoculation treatments compared with the treatment in which the aflatoxin-producing isolate La3228 was inoculated alone. Relative levels of aflatoxin B1 + B2 reduction ranged from 70.1% to 99.9%. Among the atoxigenics, two isolates from Lafia, La3279 and La3303, were most effective at reducing aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations in both laboratory and field trials. These two isolates have potential value as agents for the biocontrol of aflatoxin contamination in maize. Because these isolates are endemic to West Africa, they are both more likely than introduced isolates to be well adapted to West African environments and to meet regulatory concerns over their use throughout that region.	Aflatoxin; Competitive exclusion; Corn; Mycotoxin; West Africa	aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; Africa; article; Aspergillus flavus; biological control agent; controlled study; enzyme analysis; enzyme stability; food analysis; food contamination; fungal contamination; fungus isolation; inoculation; maize; Nigeria; priority journal; bacterial spore; biological pest control; chemistry; crop; drug antagonism; ecology; food control; maize; methodology; microbiology; Aspergillus flavus; Zea mays; Aflatoxin B1; Aflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; Crops, Agricultural; Ecology; Food Microbiology; Nigeria; Pest Control, Biological; Spores; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149117661	Evaluation and treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Enugu, Nigeria	Oji C., Chukwuneke F.	2008	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	12	2	10.1007/s10006-008-0106-8	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Oji, C., Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Chukwuneke, F., Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Introduction: Oral candidiasis is one of the common diseases seen in HIV/ AIDS patients. It is rare if CD4+ cell counts are above 500 μl. Outbreaks are more common as the count drops to 100 μl. It may be more difficult to treat when CD4+ cell counts fall below 50 μl. Materials and methods: A retrospective review of 112 HIV/AIDS patients with lesions in the mouth, head, and neck seen at the oral and maxillofacial surgery units of two public hospitals in eastern Nigeria was carried out between 2000 and 2003. The focus was on oral candidiasis patients. Twenty-nine of these patients, made up of 11 males and 18 females, had oral candidiasis. To compare the action of two drugs, namely, nystatin (a topical antifungal drug) and ketoconazole (a systemic antifungal drug), we treated 15 of the patients with nystatin in the first 2 years and the remaining 14 with ketoconazole in the following 2 years. Results and discussion: Amongst the 15 patients treated with topical drugs, 7 (46.7%) had complete remission, 2 (13.3%) had partial response, 4 (26.7%) remained stationary, and 2 (13.3%) died. Out of the 14 cases treated with systemic drugs, 11 (78.6%) had complete remission, 2 (14.3%) had partial response, and 1 (7.1%) died. © Springer-Verlag 2008.	Enugu; Evaluation; Nigeria; Oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS; Treatment	antifungal agent; ketoconazole; mouthwash; nystatin; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; AIDS related complex; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical trial; comparative study; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune deficiency; male; middle aged; thrush; topical drug administration; treatment outcome; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Ketoconazole; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Nystatin; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149120890	Nonfluoroscopic pressure colostography in the evaluation of genitourinary fistula of anorectal malformations: Experience in a resource-poor environment	Abdulkadir A.Y., Abdur-Rahman L.O., Adesiyun O.M.	2009	Pediatric Radiology	39	2	10.1007/s00247-008-1051-2	Department of Radiology, Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State 2340001, Nigeria; Paediatric Surgery Unit, Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Abdulkadir, A.Y., Department of Radiology, Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State 2340001, Nigeria; Abdur-Rahman, L.O., Paediatric Surgery Unit, Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Adesiyun, O.M., Department of Radiology, Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State 2340001, Nigeria	Background: Radiological imaging is paramount for defining the genitourinary fistulae commonly associated with anorectal malformations prior to definitive surgery. The imaging options are resource-limited in many parts of the world. Nonfluoroscopic pressure colostography after colostomy is a cheap method for the evaluation of anorectal malformations. Objective: To describe our experience with nonfluoroscopic pressure colostography in the evaluation of anorectal malformations in boys. Materials and methods: The study included 12 boys with anorectal malformation who had colostomy and nonfluoroscopic pressure-augmented colostography with water-soluble contrast medium between January 2006 and December 2007. Results: Patient ages ranged from 2 days to 1 year. The types of genitourinary fistula were rectovesical (7.7%) and rectourethral (92.3%). Oblique radiographs were of diagnostic value in all patients. The types of anorectal malformations were high, intermediate and low in 75%, 8.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Short-segment urethral constriction was a common feature of rectourethral fistula (75%, n=9). Conclusion: Our experience has shown that genitourinary fistulae associated with anorectal malformations can be demonstrated reliably by nonfluoroscopic pressure colostography with two oblique radiographs, providing an option in resource-poor settings where fluoroscopic equipment is scarce. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Anorectal malformation; Children; Colostography; Genitourinary fistula; Imperforate anus	diatrizoate; meglumine diatrizoate; anorectal malformation; article; bladder; clinical article; clinical feature; colostomy; controlled study; diagnostic imaging; genitourinary fistula; human; infant; male; newborn; nonfluoroscopic pressure colostography; priority journal; urethra stricture; urogenital tract malformation; Anal Canal; Contrast Media; Genitalia, Male; Humans; Image Enhancement; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pressure; Rectum; Resource Allocation; Urinary Fistula; Urogenital Abnormalities	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149181590	Faculty opinion as collection evaluation method: A case study of redeemer's university library	Oseghale O.	2008	Library Philosophy and Practice	2008	DEC.	None	Redeemer's University, Library, Redemption City, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria	Oseghale, O., Redeemer's University, Library, Redemption City, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria	Library users judge the quality of a collection by the extent to which it can meet their teaching, learning, and research requirements. University faculty must have a library collection that meets their curricular and accreditation needs. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 70 academic staff who participated in the study. Findings revealed that most respondents find useful material in the library occasionally, but that the collection needs to be strengthened in particular subject areas and in print serials. Faculty judgments about the library might become even more critical in an environment where they do not have any means of expressing their opinion. The study recommends that collection development librarians should consider, in consultation with teaching faculty colleagues, what the library can and should provide, and how this balance will relate to teaching, learning, and research needs of users.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149194498	Evaluation of the impact of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on Bactrocera invadens and five African fruit fly species	Mohamed S.A., Ekesi S., Hanna R.	2008	Journal of Applied Entomology	132	10-Sep	10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01350.x	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya	Mohamed, S.A., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Ekesi, S., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya; Hanna, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin	Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), a solitary koinobiont larval-prepupal endoparasitoid of fruit flies, was introduced into Kenya for testing and final release against the recently discovered invasive species, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White in Africa. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine host preference, host acceptability for oviposition and physiological suitability of B. invadens and five other indigenous tephritid fruit fly species -Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), Ceratitis rosa Karsch, Ceratitis fasciventris (Bezzi) and Ceratitis anonae Graham - for the development of D. longicaudata. Females of D. longicaudata visited all host-larval patches, and were also attracted to these hosts at comparable levels. Acceptability, successful development of parasitoid progenies and their sex ratio varied widely across hosts. C. capitata yielded the highest parasitoid numbers whereas B. invadens was the only host that yielded a female-biased sex ratio. Larvae of B. invadens, C. rosa, C. fasciventris and C. anonae mounted differential immune reaction towards D. longicaudata eggs. Although, the parasitoid performed poorly on the target host B. invadens, it was able to form new association with C. cosyra and C. capitata. The prospect of using this parasitoid in biological control of African indigenous fruit flies is discussed. © 2008 The Authors.	Bactrocera invadens; Ceratitis; New associations; Opiine; Tephritidae	biocontrol agent; endoparasite; fly; invasive species; sex ratio; wasp; Africa; Ceratitis; Ceratitis anonae; Ceratitis capitata; Ceratitis cosyra; Ceratitis fasciventris; Ceratitis rosa; Diachasmimorpha longicaudata; Tephritidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149279407	Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Nigerian infants and children	Falade C.O., Ogunkunle O.O., Dada-Adegbola H.O., Falade A.G., De Palacios P.I., Hunt P., Virtanen M., Oduola A.M., Salako L.A.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-246	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University College Hospital, Iba	Falade, C.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunkunle, O.O., Department of Pediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dada-Adegbola, H.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Falade, A.G., Department of Pediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; De Palacios, P.I., Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Hunt, P., Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Horsham, United Kingdom; Virtanen, M., Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Oduola, A.M., Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Salako, L.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Background. The six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is now considered the gold standard for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. There are few reports evaluating co-artemether in very young Nigerian infants and children. Results of the evaluation of the six-dose regimen in very young infants and children in Nigeria are presented in this report. Methods. As part of a larger African study, this open label, non-comparative trial, assessed the efficacy and safety of six-dose regimen of AL tablets in 103 Nigerian infants and children weighing between five and 25 kg suffering from acute uncomplicated malaria. Treatment was administered under supervision over three days with children as in-patients. 12-lead ECG tracings were taken pre-treatment and at day 3. Results. Ninety-three infants and children completed the study as stipulated by the protocol. Mean fever and parasite clearance times for the intent to treat population (ITT) were 24.9 h ± (1.28) and 26 h ± (4.14) and the corresponding figures for the per-protocol population (PP) were 19.24 h ± 13.9 and 25.62 h ± 11.25 respectively. Day 14 cure rates for the ITT and PP were 95.1% and 100% respectively while day 28 cure rates were 91.3% and 95.7% respectively. The overall PCR corrected day 28 cure rate was 95.1% for the ITT. The six-dose regimen of AL was well tolerated with no drug-related serious adverse events. Although six patients recorded a QTc prolongation of > 60 ms on D3 over D0 recording, no patient recorded a QTc interval > 500 ms. Conclusion. The six-dose regimen of AL tablets is safe and effective for the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in Nigerian infants and children weighing between five and 25 kg. Trial registration. NCT00709969. © 2008 Falade et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	amodiaquine; artemether plus benflumetol; fansidar; abdominal distension; anemia; anorexia; article; body weight; catarrh; child; clinical trial; clonus; coughing; diarrhea; drug dose regimen; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug screening; drug tolerability; electrocardiogram; eosinophilia; female; fever; gold standard; hepatomegaly; human; hyperreflexia; hypothermia; infant; insomnia; intravascular hemolysis; leukopenia; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; medical record; Nigeria; nose disease; open study; parasite; parasitemia; plasma clearance; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; population research; preschool child; QT interval; QT prolongation; rash; recurrent disease; registration; respiratory tract infection; splenomegaly; tablet; treatment outcome; vomiting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149377947	Corporate governance and firm performance in Africa: A dynamic panel data analysis	Kyereboah-Coleman A.	2008	Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics	32	2	None	Department of Banking and Finance, University of Ghana, Business School, Legon, Ghana; University of Stellenbosch, Business School, Cape Town, South Africa	Kyereboah-Coleman, A., Department of Banking and Finance, University of Ghana, Business School, Legon, Ghana, University of Stellenbosch, Business School, Cape Town, South Africa	The study examined the effect of corporate governance on the performance of firms in Africa by using both market and accounting based performance measures. Unique data from 103 firms drawn from Ghana, South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya covering the five year period 1997-2001 was used and analysis done within the dynamic panel data framework. Results indicate that the direction and the extent of impact of governance is dependent on the performance measure being examined. Specifically, our findings show that large and independent boards enhance firm value and that combining the positions of CEO and board chair has a negative impact on corporate performance. We also find that CEO's tenure in office enhances a firm's profitability whiles board activity intensity affects profitability negatively. The size of audit committees and the frequency of their meetings have positive influence on market based performance measures and that institutional shareholding enhances market valuation of firms. For enhanced performance of corporate entities, we recommend a clear separation of the positions of CEO and board chair and also to maintain relatively independent audit committees.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149387883	The performance of value stocks and growth stocks: The Hong Kong stock market 1981-2005	Bo L., Krige J.D.	2008	Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics	32	1	None	Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Bo, L., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Krige, J.D., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	This study finds that value stocks outperformed growth stocks in the case of the Hong Kong market over the period 1981 to 2005. It also finds that this is the case for the two sub-periods before and after the Asian financial crisis in 1997. Value stocks continued to outperform growth stocks after allowing for the firm size effect. The difference in return between value stocks and growth stocks increased when equally weighted portfolio returns were compared with value-weighted returns. The results were mixed when comparing risk adjusted returns using standard deviation as risk measure. The results of this study are in line with a number of international as well as South African studies.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149396526	The impact of collections strategy on the profitability of unsecured bank micro-loans	Kahn A., Ward M.	2008	Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics	32	3	None	Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Kahn, A.; Ward, M., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	This research examines bank collections strategy by comparing two micro-loan books; one using a behaviour based strategy, in which a client is encouraged to re-establish regular payments and the other using an arrears based strategy, where the client must repay missed instalments immediately. The results show that the collections outcome does not vary according to collections strategy. However, in contrast to industry best practice, behaviour based collections results in 3,37% more revenue when the loan is rehabilitated, and a 4,54% reduction in losses when the loan is written off. The study also finds that the cost of using a behaviour based collections strategy is lower.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149459606	Biotribological evaluation of artificial disc arthroplasty devices: Influence of loading and kinematic patterns during in vitro wear simulation	Grupp T.M., Yue J.J., Garcia Jr. R., Basson J., Schwiesau J., Fritz B., Blömer W.	2009	European Spine Journal	18	1	10.1007/s00586-008-0840-5	Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University, Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Munich, Germany; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Orthopedic Care Center, Aventura, FL, United States; 6o of Freedom, Cape Town, South Africa; Biomechanical Research Laboratory, Aesculap AG Research and Development, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany	Grupp, T.M., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany, Ludwig Maximilian University, Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Munich, Germany, Biomechanical Research Laboratory, Aesculap AG Research and Development, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany; Yue, J.J., Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Garcia Jr., R., Orthopedic Care Center, Aventura, FL, United States; Basson, J., 6o of Freedom, Cape Town, South Africa; Schwiesau, J., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Fritz, B., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Blömer, W., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany	Wear simulation is an essential pre-clinical method to predict the mid- and long-term clinical wear behavior of newly introduced devices for total disc arthroplasty. The main requirement of a suitable method for spinal wear simulation has to be the ability to distinguish between design concepts and allow for a direct comparison of predicate devices. The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of loading and kinematic patterns based on two different protocols for spinal wear simulation (ISO/FDIS 18192-1 (2006) and ASTM F2423-05). In vitro wear simulation was performed with six activ ® L lumbar artificial disc devices (Aesculap Tuttlingen, Germany). The applied kinematic pattern of movement was multidirectional for ISO (elliptic track) and unidirectional with a curvilinear shape for ASTM. Testing was done for 10 million cycles in the ISO loading mode and afterwards with the same specimens for 5 million cycles according to the ASTM protocol with a customized six-station servohydraulic spinal wear simulator (EndoLab Thansau, Germany). Gravimetrical and geometrical wear assessment, a slide track analysis correlated to an optical surface characterization, and an estimation of particle size and morphology were performed. The gravimetric wear rate for the first 10 million cycles was ISOinitial = 2.7 ± 0.3 mg/million cycles. During the ASTM test period (10-15 million cycles) a gravimetric wear rate of 0.14 ± 0.06 mg/million cycles was estimated. The wear rates between the ISO and ASTM driven simulations differ substantially (approximately 20-fold) and statistical analysis demonstrates a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) between the test groups. The main explanation of divergency between ISO and ASTM driven wear simulations is the multidirectional pattern of movement described in the ISO document resulting in a cross-shear stress on the polyethylene material. Due to previous retrieval observations, it seems to be very unlikely that a lumbar artificial disc is loaded with a linear wear path.Testing according to ASTM F2423-05 with pure unidirectional motion does not reflect the kinematics of TDA patients' daily activities. Based on our findings it seems to be more reliable to predict the clinical wear behavior of an artificial disc replacement using the ISO/FDIS 18192-1 method. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Lumbar total disc arthroplasty; Particle analysis; Pattern of movement; Wear simulation	polyethylene; arthroplasty; article; daily life activity; device; geometry; gravimetry; kinematics; lumbar spine; mechanical stress; methodology; morphology; particle size; priority journal; shear stress; simulation; Arthroplasty, Replacement; Biomechanics; Compressive Strength; Intervertebral Disk; Joint Prosthesis; Materials Testing; Polyethylene; Stress, Mechanical; Weight-Bearing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149469086	Performance of Eucalyptus dunnii as influenced by vegetation control when felled at nine years in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Little K.M.	2008	Southern Forests	70	3	10.2989/SF.2008.70.3.1.662	Institute for Commercial Forestry Research, PO Box 100281, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Little, K.M., Institute for Commercial Forestry Research, PO Box 100281, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	In 1997, a trial was initiated to determine the impact of eight vegetation control treatments on the growth of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden at a warm-temperate site in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa. The treatments included a Weedy and Weed-free check, a 1.2 m and a 2 m Row weeding, a Broadleaves treatment (only grasses controlled), a Grasses treatment (only broadleaves controlled), and the planting of sweet potato cuttings at 20 cm intervals, 1.5 m from the tree rows (16 667 cuttings ha-1). After planting, manual weeding was carried out to allow for the establishment of the sweet potato as a cover-crop for the suppression of weeds, after which the vines were either allowed to develop unrestricted across the plots (Sweet potato) or kept 0.6 m from around each tree (Sweet potato 1.2 m). The treatments, imposed from the time of planting, were maintained until canopy closure (14.5 months). Tree growth was monitored throughout the rotation and this, together with the cost of the various weeding operations during re-establishment, was used to make comparisons between the treatments. The dominant weed species on the site, Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (black wattle), resulted in the early (from three months after planting) and sustained suppression of tree growth in those treatments where it occurred (Weedy check and Broadleaves). This resulted in a significant reduction of 54% and 41%, respectively, in merchantable volume of these treatments when compared to the Weed-free check at rotation end (9.2 years). No significant differences in tree volume were detected between the Weed-free check and the five other treatments, although there were differences associated with their weeding costs (ranking for costs as follows: Sweet potato 1.2 m &gt; Sweet potato &gt; Weed-free check &gt; 2 m Row weeding &gt; 1.2 m Row weeding). In principle, the planting of sweet potatoes to aid as an inter- and cover-crop was successful (weed suppression, whilst not causing a reduction in tree volume), but innovative, cost-effective ways will need to be tested before they can be considered as a viable alternative to the use of herbicides. In contrast, the 1.2 m and 2 m Row weeding treatments provided a cost-effective alternative to the Weed-free check, together with the added benefit of reduced herbicide use. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Competition; Cover-crop; Ipomoea batatas; Merchantable volume; Vegetation management	Acacia; Acacia mearnsii; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus dunnii; Ipomoea batatas; Poaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149469926	Costs and performance of early hearing detection programmes in Lagos, Nigeria	Olusanya B.O., Emokpae A., Renner J.K., Wirz S.L.	2009	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	103	2	10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.001	Institute of Child Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United K	Olusanya, B.O., Institute of Child Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Emokpae, A., Massey Street Children's Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Renner, J.K., Department of Pediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria; Wirz, S.L., Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom	In line with global progress towards early detection of permanent congenital and early-onset hearing loss (PCEHL), the costs and performance of hospital-based and community-based infant hearing screening models were evaluated in Lagos, Nigeria. The protocol consisted of two-stage screening with transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and automated auditory brainstem response followed by diagnostic evaluation for all infants referred after the second-stage screening. The main outcome measures were referral rates at screening, cost per baby screened, cost per case detected and yield for PCEHL. First-stage referrals were 32.2% for universal and 31.7% for targeted screening in the hospital, compared with 14.3% and 15.2%, respectively for the community-based programme. Second-stage referrals ranged from 3.3% under hospital-based universal screening to 4.9% under community-based targeted screening. The highest yields of 27.4 and 22.5 per 1000 were recorded under community-based targeted and universal screening, respectively. Screening cost per child was lowest (US$7.62) under community-based universal screening and highest (US$73.24) under hospital-based targeted screening. Similarly, cost per child detected with PCEHL was lowest (US$602.49) for community-based universal screening and highest (US$4631.33) for hospital-based targeted screening. Community-based universal screening of infants during routine immunisation clinics appears to be the most cost-effective model for early detection of PCEHL in low-income countries. © 2008 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Cost-effectiveness; Early diagnosis; Hearing loss; Immunisation; Neonatal screening; Screening tests	article; community care; congenital deafness; cost effectiveness analysis; diagnostic procedure; early diagnosis; evoked brain stem auditory response; evoked otoacoustic emission; health care cost; health program; human; infant; lowest income group; major clinical study; Nigeria; patient referral; screening; Early Diagnosis; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; Female; Hearing Loss; Hearing Tests; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Neonatal Screening; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149472211	Performance of planted indigenous trees, Acacia galpinii and Faidherbia albida, in semi-arid Botswana	Walker K.P., Theron J.M., Moseki B.	2008	Southern Forests	70	3	10.2989/SF.2008.70.3.3.664	Malotwana Silvopastoral Farm, PO Box 2386, Mochudi, Botswana; Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag, UB 00704 Gaborone, Botswana	Walker, K.P., Malotwana Silvopastoral Farm, PO Box 2386, Mochudi, Botswana; Theron, J.M., Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Moseki, B., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag, UB 00704 Gaborone, Botswana	Two popular indigenous browse, shade and poles trees, Acacia galpinii and Faidherbia albida, were evaluated for survival and growth on-farm in Malotwana, Botswana, with a mean annual rainfall of 450 mm. The trial was a two species x three spacing factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design replicated five times. The three spacings were 5 m x 5 m, 6.3 m x 5 m and 8.3 m x 5 m. The study was conducted over 6.5 years. The results showed that A. galpinii is a promising poles, browse and shade species, while F. albida exhibited high mortality (67%) at 4.5 years (after below-average rainfall). The crown width of A. galpinii ranged from 5.86 ± 0.24 m at high density to 6.56 ± 0.25 m in low-density plots. The difference in crown width among densities was significant (p = 0.0406). Diameter at breast height ranged between 10.4 ± 0.68 cm at high density to 12.5 ± 0.64 cm in low-density plantings and was significantly different among spacings (p = 0.0003). Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Acacia galpinii; Faidherbia albida; Indigenous trees	Acacia; Acacia galpinii; Faidherbia albida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58249085342	Lipase-catalysed synthesis of esters of ferulic acid with natural compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant properties	Chigorimbo-Murefu N.T.L., Riva S., Burton S.G.	2009	Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic	56	4	10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.05.017	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Via Mario Bianco, 20131 Milano, Italy	Chigorimbo-Murefu, N.T.L., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Riva, S., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Via Mario Bianco, 20131 Milano, Italy; Burton, S.G., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa	Lipases from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435®), Candida rugosa, Chromobacterium viscosum and Pseudomonas sp. were used to perform transesterifications of vinyl ferulate with hydroxyl-steroids and p-arbutin. The antioxidant activity of the products was evaluated using the free radical 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical quenching antioxidant assays, and inhibition of the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, LDL. Arbutin ferulate was found to possess a 19% higher antiradical activity against the ABTS free radical than its precursor ferulic acid, and it also inhibited the oxidation of LDL more efficiently (by 10%) than its precursors. All of the biocatalytically synthesised products exhibited higher antioxidant activity than Trolox, the well known commercial benchmark antioxidant, and their precursor, ferulic acid. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antioxidant; Arbutin; Biocatalysis; Ferulic acid; Lipase	Anti-oxidants; Antioxidant; Antioxidant activities; Antioxidant properties; Antiradical activities; Arbutin; Biocatalysis; Candida antarctica; Candida rugosa; Density lipoproteins; Ferulate; Ferulic acid; Natural compounds; Pseudomonas sp.; Sulphonic acids; Synthesis of; Transesterifications; Esterification; Esters; Free radicals; Lipases; Organic acids; Oxidation; Quenching; Acids	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58249097234	Laboratory evaluation of Ethiopian local plant Phytolacca dodecandra extract for its toxicity effectiveness against aquatic macroinvertebrates	Karunamoorthi K., Bishaw D., Mulat T.	2008	European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences	12	6	None	School of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Karunamoorthi, K., School of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Bishaw, D., School of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mulat, T., School of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	In this study, we evaluated the toxicity effectiveness of berries crude extract of Endod [vernacular name (local native language, Amharic); Phytolacca dodecandra] against aquatic macroinvertebrates Baetidae (Mayflies) and Hydropsychidae (Caddisflies), under laboratory conditions. In Ethiopia, toxic plant, berries of Phytolacca dodecandra are being commonly used for washing clothes and to control fresh water snails. Macroinvertebrates are useful biological indicators of change in the aquatic ecosystems. The present study clearly revealed that the LC50 and LC90 values for berries crude extract of Phytolacca dodecandra against Baetidae were 181.94 and 525.78 mg/l and lethal doses (LC50 and LC90) required for Hydropsychidae were 1060.69 and 4120.4 mg/l respectively. The present investigation demonstrated that Baetidae was more susceptible than Hydropsychidae, even at shorter exposure period of 2 h. From our preliminary investigation the toxicity effectiveness of crude extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra has been clearly shown. In addition, it requires further explorations which address both the toxicity activity and the active principles that are responsible for its toxicity effectiveness. Ultimately, the release/ introduction of Phytolacca dodecandra plant berries extracts into the river/streams leads to disruption of food chain in the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, at this moment preserving the aquatic ecosystem is extremely essential and inevitable.	Aquatic ecosystem; Baetidae; Ethiopia; Hydropsychidae; Macroinvertebrates; Phytolacca dodecandra; Plant extracts; Toxicity	Phytolacca dodecandra extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; aquatic environment; article; chemical analysis; clothing; controlled study; environmental protection; Ethiopia; fly; laboratory test; LC 50; macroinvertebrate; nonhuman; Phytolacca dodecandra; snail; species difference; stream (river); synthesis; Animals; Fishes; Lethal Dose 50; Phytolacca dodecandra; Plant Extracts; Snails	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58249104035	Relationship between Total Lymphocyte count (TLC) and CD4 count among peoples living with HIV, Southern Ethiopia: A retrospective evaluation	Daka D., Loha E.	2008	AIDS Research and Therapy	5	None	10.1186/1742-6405-5-26	Faculty of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Daka, D., Faculty of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Loha, E., Faculty of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Background: CD4 count is a standard measure of immunodeficiency in adults infected with HIV to initiate and monitor highly active antiretroviral therapy; however, it may not be feasible in resource poor countries. There is a need to have another marker of immunodeficiency that is less resource demanding. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between total lymphocyte count and CD4 count in one of the resource poor countries, Ethiopia. Methods: This was a retrospective evaluation. A total of 2019 cases with total lymphocyte and CD4 counts from three hospitals (Yirgalem, Hossana and Arba-Minch) were included in the study. Pearson correlation, linear regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) were used. Result: For adults, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of TLC &lt; 1200 cells/mm3 to predict CD4 count &lt; 200 cells/mm3 were 41%, 83.5%, 87.9% and 32.5%, respectively. For subjects aged less than 18 years, these values were 20.2%, 87%, 82% and 27.1%, respectively. A TLC ≤ 1780 cells/mm3 was found to have maximal sensitivity (61%) and specificity (62%) for predicting a CD4 cell count of &lt; 200 cells/mm3. Meanwhile, a TLC ≤ 1885 cells/mm3 would identify only 59% of patients with CD4 count of &lt; 350 cells/mm3 (sensitivity, 59%; and specificity, 61%). The combined sensitivity and specificity for patients above 40 years of age was greater. Conclusion: Our data revealed low sensitivity and specificity of TLC as a surrogate measure for CD4 count. © 2008 Daka and Loha; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; correlation coefficient; correlational study; cytology; Ethiopia; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; linear regression analysis; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; male; prediction; priority journal; receiver operating characteristic; reference value; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58449089773	The impact of primary health care on malaria morbidity - Defining access by disease burden	O'Meara W.P., Noor A., Gatakaa H., Tsofa B., McKenzie F.E., Marsh K.	2009	Tropical Medicine and International Health	14	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02194.x	Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, CGMRC/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Ministry of Health, Kilifi, Kenya	O'Meara, W.P., Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Noor, A., KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Nairobi, Kenya; Gatakaa, H., Kenya Medical Research Institute, CGMRC/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Tsofa, B., Ministry of Health, Kilifi, Kenya; McKenzie, F.E., Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Marsh, K., Ministry of Health, Kilifi, Kenya	Objectives Primary care facilities are increasingly becoming the focal point for distribution of malaria intervention strategies, but physical access to these facilities may limit the extent to which communities can be reached. To investigate the impact of travel time to primary care on the incidence of hospitalized malaria episodes in a rural district in Kenya. Methods The incidence of hospitalized malaria in a population under continuous demographic surveillance was recorded over 3 years. The time to travel to the nearest primary health care facility was calculated for every child between birth and 5 years of age and trends in incidence of hospitalized malaria as a function of travel time were evaluated. Results The incidence of hospitalized malaria more than doubled as travel time to the nearest primary care facility increased from 10 min to 2 h. Good access to primary health facilities may reduce the burden of disease by as much as 66%. Conclusions Our results highlight both the potential of the primary health care system in reaching those most at risk and reducing the disease burden. Insufficient access is an important risk factor, one that may be inequitably distributed to the poorest households. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Access; Kenya; Malaria morbidity; Primary health care; Travel time	child health; disease control; health care; malaria; morbidity; travel time; article; child; disease surveillance; health care access; health care facility; hospital admission; hospital patient; human; infant; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; morbidity; newborn; outpatient care; preschool child; primary health care; rural health care; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Child, Preschool; Endemic Diseases; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Research; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Malaria; Primary Health Care; Residence Characteristics; Rural Health; Time Factors; Travel; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58449103798	Sport tourism event impacts on the host community: A case study of red bull big wave Africa	Ntloko N.J., Swart R.	2008	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	30	2	None	Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; 22 Devonshire Close, Parklands 7441, South Africa	Ntloko, N.J., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, 22 Devonshire Close, Parklands 7441, South Africa; Swart, R., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa	The focus of this article is on the management and social impacts of sport tourism events on the host community. This article specifically evaluates the Red Bull Big Wave Africa (RBBWA) event as a case study. Of cognisance is the host community's involvement, perceptions, attitudes and an understanding of costs and benefits linked to the event, at the same time providing a critical view on the management aspects of the event and impacts evident from the host community's point of view. Survey questionnaires, interviews and direct observations were carried out as methods of obtaining data. Altogether 200 residents, two community leaders and one organiser took part in the investigation. The results indicated the event has entertainment value; provides economic benefits in particular for local businesses; promotes community pride and act as regional showcase. On the other hand, the analysis indicated the event as causing minimal disruption to local residents including use of public facilities, mainly for residents in close proximity to the event. In addition, negative environmental impacts and social inequalities became evident. The article reflects a strong link between management and impact of events as a measure to maximise the positive impacts and minimise the negative impacts.	Event impacts; Host community; Sport tourism events	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58449104885	Prevalence of neck pain and headaches: Impact of computer use and other associative factors	Smith L., Louw Q., Crous L., Grimmer-Somers K.	2009	Cephalalgia	29	2	10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01714.x	Physiotherapy Division, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre of Allied Health Research, Joanna Briggs Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Division, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Smith, L., Physiotherapy Division, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Division, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Louw, Q., Physiotherapy Division, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Crous, L., Physiotherapy Division, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Grimmer-Somers, K., Centre of Allied Health Research, Joanna Briggs Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia	Headaches and neck pain are reported to be among the most prevalent musculoskeletal complaints in the general population. A significant body of research has reported a high prevalence of headaches and neck pain among adolescents. Sitting for lengthy periods in fixed postures such as at computer terminals may result in adolescent neck pain and headaches. The aim of this paper was to report the association between computer use (exposure) and headaches and neck pain (outcome) among adolescent school students in a developing country. A cross-sectional study was conducted and comprehensive description of the data collection instrument was used to collect the data from 1073 high-school students. Headaches were associated with high psychosocial scores and were more common among girls. We found a concerning association between neck pain and high hours of computing for school students, and have confirmed the need to educate new computer users (school students) about appropriate ergonomics and postural health. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Adolescents; Computers; Headaches; Neck pain; School	adolescent; adult; article; body posture; ergonomics; female; headache; high school student; human; human computer interaction; major clinical study; male; neck pain; Adolescent; Age Factors; Computers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; Headache; Humans; Male; Neck Pain; Posture; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Schools; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; South Africa; Sports; Students	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58449125010	Evaluation of a decentralised primary health care training programme	Mabaso S.S., van der Merwe M.M., Smith J.E.	2008	Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery	10	2	None	University of South Africa, Department of Health Studies, Pretoria, South Africa; University of South Africa (UNISA), Department of Health Studies, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Mabaso, S.S., University of South Africa, Department of Health Studies, Pretoria, South Africa; van der Merwe, M.M., University of South Africa (UNISA), Department of Health Studies, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Smith, J.E., University of South Africa (UNISA), Department of Health Studies, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	The effectiveness of the one-year training programme for Primary Health Care (PHC) nurses of the Limpopo Province required evaluation. The competencies were assessed of the learners, who had completed this PHC programme with decentralised experiential learning opportunities. Qualified PHC nurses should be competent to stand in for medical doctors, when required to do so. This implies that patients' lives might be at stake, depending on the PHC nurses' competencies. The researchers evaluated the participants' PHC nursing competencies whilst managing patients with hypertension, using a pre-tested checklist. Through stratified sampling, twelve newly qualified nurses of a PHC training programme from six health districts in the Limpopo Province, were interviewed to identify their perceptions of the training programme, problems encountered during and after their PHC training and their perceptions as to their abilities to stand in for medical doctors' in PHC clinics. The research results show that the PHC training programme was effective as the participants were competent in most items tested, although it became evident that more attention should be given to history taking. Interviewees expressed their satisfaction with the PHC training programme but identified problems in rendering PHC services due to shortages of medication and equipment. The interviewees reportedly felt confident to stand in for doctors when required to do so in PHC clinics.	Clinical training; Experiential learning; Health assessment; Limpopo Province; Primary Health Care (PHC) training programme	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58449129069	Evaluation of antiasthmatic and anticough effects of a medicinal plant used in ivorian pharmacopoeia: Combretum molle [Évaluation de l'activité antiasthmatique et antitussive de Combretum molle, plante médicinale de la pharmacopée ivoirienne]	Yeo D., N'Guessan J.D., Sea T., Coulibaly Y.A., Djaman A.J., Tako N.A., Yavo J.C., Guede-Guina F.	2008	Phytotherapie	6	6	10.1007/s10298-008-0347-6	Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Laboratoire de Neurosciences, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa	Yeo, D., Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; N'Guessan, J.D., Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Sea, T., Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Coulibaly, Y.A., Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Djaman, A.J., Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Tako, N.A., Laboratoire de Neurosciences, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Yavo, J.C., Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa; Guede-Guina, F., Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Cocody-Abidjan, South Africa	In this work, we studied the inhibitory effects of Combretum molle extract on respiratory disturbances and coughs. Injection of 3.33 mg/kg and 7.14 mg/kg of Combretum molle had no effect on a rabbit's breathing. Injection of acetylcholine (0.2 ml; 714.10-3 mg/kg) induced a percentage estimated at -100%. But a combined injection of acetylcholine and increasing doses of Combretum molle reduced this percentage from -100% to -20 ± 0.5%. We also studied the inhibitory effects of the crude extract on coughs. Guinea pigs which were not treated produced 10.25 ± 0.95 in 10 minutes. But treating the guinea-pigs with 3 mg/kg of crude extract resulted in 8.25 ± 0.45 coughs for 10 min. With 30 mg/kg, however, coughing was reduced to 4.5 ± 0.25. We could therefore conclude that the extract presents some inhibitory effects on coughing and bronchial contraction induced by acetylcholine. © 2008 Springer Verlag.	Bronchial contraction; Combretum molle; Cough; Inhibition and breathing	acetylcholine; antiasthmatic agent; antitussive agent; combretum molle extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; article; breathing; bronchospasm; Combretum molle; coughing; dose response; drug dose increase; drug effect; drug screening; guinea pig; medical literature; medicinal plant; nonhuman; rabbit; respiratory failure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58549097097	Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic study of the Vredefort impact structure and the Johannesburg Dome, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa-Implications for the apparent polar wander path of the Kaapvaal Craton during the Mesoproterozoic	Salminen J., Pesonen L.J., Reimold W.U., Donadini F., Gibson R.L.	2009	Precambrian Research	168	42433	10.1016/j.precamres.2008.09.005	Laboratory of the Solid Earth Geophysics, Division of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Museum of Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, United States; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Salminen, J., Laboratory of the Solid Earth Geophysics, Division of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Pesonen, L.J., Laboratory of the Solid Earth Geophysics, Division of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Reimold, W.U., Museum of Natural History (Mineralogy), Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Donadini, F., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, United States; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	New paleomagnetic and rock magnetic results are presented for various pre-, syn- and post-impact lithologies from the region of the 2023 ± 4 Ma, originally ca. 250 km diameter, Vredefort impact structure, on the Kaapvaal Craton of South Africa. After removal of a viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) component, the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) component from 16 Vredefort Granophyre and pseudotachylitic (PT) breccia samples (D = 18.3°, I = 54.8°, α95 = 8.1°) was isolated and a paleomagnetic pole at 25.1°N and 43.5°E (A95 = 10.6°) obtained. Since, such a ChRM component was isolated also from the Archean Basement rocks of the Vredefort Dome, we consider its nature as a primary component of the impactites proven. The pole falls onto the Paleoproterozoic part of the apparent polar wander path of the Kaapvaal Craton. Rock magnetic analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the pseudotachylitic breccia and Granophyre samples contain two distinct magnetite phases: one ultra-small (micrometer-size), and one altered and larger (&gt;50 μm) phase. The ultra-small magnetite is interpreted as the carrier of the ChRM and the larger grains as the carriers of the VRM component. Additionally, rock magnetic and petrophysical data reveal unusually high Koenigsberger ratios (Q values) in all pre-impact lithologies, in some Vredefort impactite samples, and in the much younger (1.1 Ga) Anna's Rust Sheet (ARS) gabbro samples. As the high Q values, which had also been reported by previous studies of Vredefort lithologies, are now also seen in samples from the Johannesburg Dome, a direct link to the Vredefort impact can be ruled out. This is also supported by the hysteresis data of this study. As the observed magnetization is rather hard and shows multiple components of remanent magnetization, we exclude lightning as a cause for all observed high Q values (except in case of ARS gabbros). It is instead suggested that the cause of the high Q values could be related to the high temperatures of the rocks that were uplifted by the impact event from a mid-crustal original setting, and to fluid circulation within the two domes that made the rocks vulnerable to acquire high thermochemical remanence. Moreover, paleomagnetic analysis of the rocks around the ARS gabbro intrusion in the northern part of the Vredefort structure revealed the presence of either a shallow north or a shallow south direction, which is tentatively related to emplacement of the Umkondo large igneous province. Analysis of all rocks, including the Vredefort impactites, yields occasionally distinct great circle paths towards these shallow directions. A likely explanation for this overprint direction is the heating caused by now eroded ARS-type gabbro in the area, or by regional, ca. 1.1-1.0 Ga orogenic effects. No evidence of Karoo-type (0.18 Ga) overprint is seen. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Kaapvaal; Koenigsberger ratio; Paleomagnetism; Paleoproterozoic; Vredefort impact	Archean; craton; magnetite; magnetization; paleomagnetism; polar region; Proterozoic; Africa; Gauteng; Johannesburg; Kaapvaal Craton; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Anna	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58549111084	Structural evaluation of column-height controls at a toe-thrust discovery, deep-water Niger Delta	Kostenko O.V., Naruk S.J., Hack W., Poupon M., Meyer H.-J., Mora-Glukstad M., Anowai C., Mordi M.	2008	AAPG Bulletin	92	12	10.1306/08040808056	Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX 77025, United States; Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Shell Petroleum Development Company	Kostenko, O.V., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX 77025, United States; Naruk, S.J., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX 77025, United States; Hack, W., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Poupon, M., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Meyer, H.-J., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Mora-Glukstad, M., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Anowai, C., Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, P.M.B. 2418, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Mordi, M., Dajo Oil Limited, Nigeria	Industry discoveries to date in the deep-water toe-thrust play have limited column heights and lack any unequivocal thrust-fault-dependent hydrocarbon columns. The causes of the limited success are controversial, the main issue being whether the encountered columns are caused by leaking thrust faults or other causes. The controversy is in large part caused by the presence of no-seismic-image zones that, even on three-dimensional (3-D) prestack-migrated data, obscure the possible thrust cutoffs. We use dipmeter, seismic, stratigraphic, and fluid pressure data to construct an integrated geometrically and kinematically balanced cross section through a recent toe-thrust discovery in which a prominent no-seismic-image zone on the southwest flank of the Alpha structure appeared to be a thrust fault zone holding about 100 m (328 ft) of thrust-fault-dependent oil column. To constrain the structure within the unimaged forelimb, dip panels and fold axial surfaces were constructed from dipmeter data recorded in both a vertical hole and a sidetrack well through the no-seismic-image zone. Stratigraphic tops from both wells were projected through the no-seismic-image zone using the dip panels and axial surfaces, maintaining the observed stratigraphic thicknesses. These data and analyses tightly constrain potential fault locations and offsets within the no-data zone. The resulting structural model shows that the no-seismic-image zone in the forelimb is not a thrust but instead an overturned limb without any fault offset of the pay section. The results show that the trapped hydrocarbons are confined completely within the four-way dip closure, and that the trap's potential is not limited by the thrust faults' seal capacities. In addition, top-seal analyses show that top-seal integrity is not a limiting factor for hydrocarbon column heights at the present time and has not been a limiting factor throughout the geological history of the structure. Taken together, these observations indicate that the column heights are most likely controlled by access to charge instead of trap integrity, consistent with an observed lack of thermogenic hydrocarbons in nearby four-way dip closures. These conclusions imply that where sufficient access to thermogenic charge is present, there may be additional thrust-fault-dependent hydrocarbon columns. Copyright © 2008. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.	None	Cross sectioning; Deep waters; Fault locations; Fault offset; Fluid pressures; Image zones; Niger Delta; Oil column; Seal integrity; Structural evaluation; Thrust faulting; Earthquakes; Hydrocarbons; Model structures; Organic compounds; Seismology; Stratigraphy; Three dimensional; fault zone; fluid pressure; geometry; hydrocarbon exploration; hydrocarbon reservoir; integrated approach; oil field; prestack migration; seismic data; three-dimensional modeling; thrust fault; Africa; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58749111475	Impact of HIV infection and Kaposi Sarcoma on human herpesvirus-8 mucosal replication and dissemination in Uganda	Johnston C., Orem J., Okuku F., Kalinaki M., Saracino M., Katongole-Mbidde E., Sande M., Ronald A., McAdam K., Huang M.-L., Drolette L., Selke S., Wald A., Corey L., Casper C.	2009	PLoS ONE	4	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0004222	Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Academic Alliance for AIDS Care in Africa, Kampala, Uganda	Johnston, C., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Orem, J., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Okuku, F., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kalinaki, M., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Saracino, M., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Katongole-Mbidde, E., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Sande, M., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Academic Alliance for AIDS Care in Africa, Kampala, Uganda; Ronald, A., Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Academic Alliance for AIDS Care in Africa, Kampala, Uganda; McAdam, K., Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Huang, M.-L., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Drolette, L., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Selke, S., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Wald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Corey, L., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Casper, C., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States	Introduction: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the leading cause of cancer in Uganda and occurs in people with and without HIV. Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) replication is important both in transmission of HHV-8 and progression to KS. We characterized the sites and frequency of HHV-8 detection in Ugandans with and without HIV and KS. Methods: Participants were enrolled into one of four groups on the basis of HIV and-KS status (HIV negative/KS negative, HIV positive/KS negative, HIV negative/KS positive, and HIV positive/KS positive). Participants collected oral swabs daily and clinicians collected oral swabs, anogenital swabs, and plasma samples weekly over 4 weeks. HHV-8 DNA at each site was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 78 participants collected a total of 2063 orals swabs and 358 plasma samples. Of these, 428 (21%) oral swabs and 96 (27%) plasma samples had detectable HHV-8 DNA. HHV-8 was detected more frequently in both the oropharynx of persons with KS (24 (57%) of 42 persons with KS vs. 8 (22%) of 36 persons without, p = 0.002) and the peripheral blood (30 (71%) of 42 persons with KS vs. 8 (22%) of 36 persons without, p<0.001). In a multivariate model, HHV-8 viremia was more frequent among men (IRR = 3.3,95% CI = 1.7-6.2, p<0.001), persons with KS (IRR= 3.9, 95% CI = 1.7-9.0, p = 0.001) and persons with HIV infection (IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0-2.7, p = 0.03). Importantly, oral HHV-8 detection predicted the subsequent HHV-8 viremia. HHV-8 viremia was significantly more common when HHV-8 DNA was detected from the oropharynx during the week prior than when oral HHV-8 was not detected (RR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.8-5.9 p<0.001). Genital HHV-8 detection was rare (9 (3%) of 272 swabs). Conclusions: HHV-8 detection is frequent in the oropharynx and peripheral blood of Ugandans with endemic and epidemic KS. Replication at these sites is highly correlated, and viremia is increased in men and those with HIV. The high incidence of HHV-8 replication at multiple anatomic sites may be an important factor leading to and sustaining the high prevalence of KS in Uganda. © 2009 Johnston et al.	None	virus DNA; adult; article; controlled study; DNA determination; endemic disease; epidemic; female; Herpes virus infection; human; Human herpesvirus 8; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; incidence; Kaposi sarcoma; major clinical study; male; oral biopsy; oropharynx; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; quantitative analysis; sex difference; Uganda; viremia; virus detection; virus replication; adolescent; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kaposi sarcoma; metabolism; methodology; middle aged; mucosa; multivariate analysis; virology; virus replication; Human herpesvirus 8; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Herpesvirus 8, Human; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Multivariate Analysis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Uganda; Virology; Virus Replication	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849086675	Performance of broilers fed raw bambarra groundnut [Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc] offal diets supplemented with lysine and or methionine	Ukpabi U.H., Amaefule K.U., Amaefule O.M.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	12	10.3923/ijps.2008.1177.1181	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agricultu	Ukpabi, U.H., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; Amaefule, K.U., Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Amaefule, O.M., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria	One hundred and twenty 3-week old Anak broilers were used to evaluate the performance, feed cost and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients of raw Bambarra Groundnut Offal (BGO) diets supplemented with lysine and or methionine. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with each treatment replicated three times. Five treatment diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The inclusion level of the bambarra groundnut offal in diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 was 20%. Diet 1 (control) had no BGO, lysine or methionine supplementation while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with lysine, methionine, lysine + methionine and no supplementation, respectively. Parameters measured were final live weight, daily weight gain, feed intake, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), feed cost and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients. Results showed that broilers fed diet 4 supplemented with lysine+methionine had improved FCR (2.05) and PER (2.37) than broilers fed other diets and was consistently similar to the control diet in all parameters measured. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences among the broilers fed the various diets in feed cost indices measured, except cost per kg feed. Broilers fed diet 4 supplemented with lysine and methionine had the highest apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (59.39%) while broilers fed diet 5 without amino acid supplementation had the lowest (52.78%). The conclusion was that raw bambarra groundnut offal should be supplemented with lysine and methionine to improve broiler FCR, PER, digestibility coefficient of CP and reduce feed cost. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Bambarra groundnut offal; Broilers; Lysine; Methionine; Performance	Arachis hypogaea; Vigna subterranea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849114080	Comparative study of the impact of past pregnancy outcome on future fertility	Orji E.O.	2008	Singapore Medical Journal	49	12	None	Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Perinatology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun, Nigeria	Orji, E.O., Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Perinatology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun, Nigeria	Introduction: The impact of previous pregnancy outcome on future fertility in Nigeria has not been appreciated, hence the continued neglect of the adoption of safe motherhood measures in this subregion. The objective of this study was to compare the past pregnancy outcomes among fertile and infertile patients in a Nigerian population. Methods: An institutional-based comparative case-controlled study of past pregnancy outcomes among infertile and fertile women was conducted. The data was managed using Epi-Info and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: 708 patients consisting of 472 pregnant women (fertile) and 236 infertile women were investigated. Infertile women were at a significant risk of having an adverse pregnancy outcome, such as induced abortion (p-value is 0.0001), postabortal sepsis (p-value is 0.0001), postpartum infection (p-value is 0.001), manual removal of the placenta (p-value is 0.0005) and prolonged unsupervised labour (p-value 0.0001), compared to pregnant fertile women. Logistic regression analysis of variables at 95 percent confidence intervals showed that the adjusted odds ratio for prolonged labour, prolonged rupture of membranes, postabortal sepsis and postpartum infection still remained significant. Conclusion: Previous mismanaged pregnancies impacted negatively on future fertility. Efforts should be directed towards the prevention of unplanned pregnancies. Motherhood must be made safer in planned pregnancies by prevention of complications, and aggressive and prompt treatment of any complication if and when it occurs.	Fertility; Future fertility; Mismanaged pregnancy; Past pregnancy outcome; Pregnancy outcome	article; comparative study; controlled study; female; female fertility; female infertility; hospital based case control study; human; induced abortion; labor; major clinical study; manual placental delivery; membrane rupture; Nigeria; pregnancy outcome; pregnant woman; puerperal infection; sepsis; Abortion, Criminal; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849119153	Effects of dietary energy level and tanniferous Acacia karroo leaf meal level of supplementation at finisher stage on performance and carcass characteristics of ross 308 broiler chickens in South Africa	Ng'ambi J.W., Nakalebe P.M., Norris D., Malatje M.S., Mbajiorgu C.A.	2009	International Journal of Poultry Science	8	1	None	Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	Ng'ambi, J.W., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Nakalebe, P.M., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Norris, D., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Malatje, M.S., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Mbajiorgu, C.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	The study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary energy level and tanniniferous Acacia karroo leaf meal level of supplementation at finisher stage on performance and carcass characteristics of male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty, 21 days old male and female broiler chickens were assigned to twelve treatments with three replications of ten birds in a 2 (sex) x 3 (dietary energy level) x 3 (tanniniferous Acacia karroo leaf meal level) factorial, complete randomized design. Supplementation with Acacia karroo leaf meal had no effect on diet intake, digestibility and live weight of broiler chickens. However, supplementation with 9 and 12 g of Acacia karroo leaf meal per kg DM feed reduced fat pad weights in male broiler chickens by 26 and 29% points, respectively. Similarly, supplementation with 9 and 12 g of Acacia karroo leaf meal per kg DM feed reduced fat pad weights in female chickens by 26% points. These reductions were achieved without any significant reduction in feed intake and digestibility. However, the physiological explanation for this effect is not clear and it, thus, merits further investigation. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Acacia karroo; Digestibility; Fat pad; Nitrogen retention; Ross 308 broiler chickens	Acacia; Acacia karroo; Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849128160	Diclofenac Potassium Attenuates Dysmenorrhea and Restores Exercise Performance in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea	Chantler I., Mitchell D., Fuller A.	2009	Journal of Pain	10	2	10.1016/j.jpain.2008.08.006	Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Chantler, I., Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mitchell, D., Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fuller, A., Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	We assessed the efficacy of diclofenac potassium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in alleviating menstrual pain and restoring exercise performance to that measured in the late-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Twelve healthy young women with a history of primary dysmenorrhea completed, in a random order, laboratory exercise-testing sessions when they were in the late-follicular (no menstruation, no pain) phase of the menstrual cycle and when they were experiencing dysmenorrhea and receiving, in a double-blinded fashion, either 100 mg of diclofenac potassium or placebo. We assessed the women's leg strength (1-repetition maximum test), aerobic capacity (treadmill walking test), and ability to perform a functional test (task-specific test). Compared with placebo, diclofenac potassium significantly decreased dysmenorrhea on the day of administration (Visual Analog Scale, P < .001 at all times). When receiving placebo for menstrual pain, the women's performance in the tests was decreased significantly, compared with when they were receiving diclofenac potassium for menstrual pain (P < .05) and compared with when they were in the late-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (P < .05 for treadmill test, P < .01 for task-specific test and 1-repetition maximum test). Administration of diclofenac potassium for menstrual pain restored exercise performance to a level not different from that achieved in the late-follicular phase of the cycle. Perspective: In women with primary dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain, if untreated, decreases laboratory-assessed exercise performance. A recommended daily dose of a readily available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac potassium, is effective in relieving menstrual pain and restoring physical performance to levels achieved when the women were in the late-follicular (no menstruation, no pain) phase of the menstrual cycle. © 2009 American Pain Society.	Menstrual pain; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; physical performance	cataflam d; diclofenac potassium; placebo; unclassified drug; aerobic capacity; article; clinical article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; drug efficacy; dysmenorrhea; exercise; female; follicular phase; human; leg; muscle strength; task performance; treadmill exercise; visual analog scale; walking; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Double-Blind Method; Dysmenorrhea; Exercise; Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Physical Endurance; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849134329	Long-term impacts of pasture irrigation with treated sewage effluent on shallow groundwater quality	Gwenzi W., Munondo R.	2008	Water Science and Technology	58	12	10.2166/wst.2008.583	Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Tropical Resources Ecology Program, University of Zimbabwe, P. O Box MP167, Mt Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Po Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gwenzi, W., Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, WA, Australia, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Po Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Munondo, R., Department of Biological Sciences, Tropical Resources Ecology Program, University of Zimbabwe, P. O Box MP167, Mt Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe	The study investigated the effects of 26 years of effluent irrigation on chemical and bacteriological quality of shallow (&lt;3.0m) groundwater. Annual loading rates for N and P exceeded pasture requirements, while trace metals were either lower or higher than guideline limits. Effluent irrigation removed TN (44-71%), TP (80%), Cr (96%) and coliform bacteria (87-99.9%) while Zn, Cu and Cd removal was negligible probably due to their enhanced mobility. Analysis of groundwater samples from effluent-irrigated and non-irrigated control sites showed that effluent irrigation increased the levels of all measured parameters compared to the control. Average groundwater quality parameters from effluent-irrigated sites compared to the control were: pH (6.1 vs. 5.7), EC (0.71 vs. 0.53d m-1), concentrations (mg L-1) for TP (2.3 vs. 0.3), DP (1.0 VS. 0.1), TN (15.1 VS. 2.5), NH4-N (2.6 VS. 0.5), No3-N (4.1 VS. 1.3), Zn (0.4 VS. 0.05), Cu (0.13 vs. 0.02), Cd (0.05 vs. 0.01) and Cr (0.06 vs. 0.03). Across effluent-irrigated sites, FC and TC were 25 and 288cfu/100ml, respectively, versus nil for the control. Overall, effluent irrigation led to groundwater contamination by N, P, trace metals and coliform bacteria, which could threaten the long-term sustainability of the practice. ©IWA Publishing 2008.	Effluent irrigation; Groundwater; Loading rates; Wastewater	Bacteriological quality; Control sites; Effluent irrigation; Enhanced mobility; Groundwater contamination; Groundwater quality; Guideline limits; Loading rate; Loading rates; Long-term sustainability; Measured parameters; Sewage effluents; Shallow groundwater; Trace metal; Bacteriology; Chromium; Coliform bacteria; Effluents; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Hydrogeology; Irrigation; Metal recovery; Sewage; Trace analysis; Trace elements; Wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Water quality; Zinc; Quality control; coliform bacterium; groundwater pollution; irrigation; irrigation system; pasture; sewage; sustainability; trace metal; waste treatment; water quality; Agriculture; Colony Count, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Feces; Fresh Water; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Metals, Heavy; Nitrates; Nitrogen; Phosphates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sewage; Soil; Solubility; Time Factors; Trace Elements; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Purification; Water Supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849165400	Preoperative evaluation and triage of women with suspicious adnexal masses using risk of malignancy index	Enakpene C.A., Omigbodun A.O., Goecke T.W., Odukogbe A.-T., Beckmann M.W.	2009	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research	35	1	10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00869.x	University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Enakpene, C.A., University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Omigbodun, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Goecke, T.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany; Odukogbe, A.-T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Beckmann, M.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Aims: To test the accuracy of risk of malignancy index (RMI) in preoperative prediction of malignancy and treatment of adnexal masses. Methods: A total of 302 women with ultrasound diagnosed adnexal masses, and serum measurement of cancer-associated antigen CA-125 levels, were studied. They all had surgical exploration between October 2001 and September 2005 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany. The RMI was based on menopausal status, ultrasound morphology of adnexal masses and absolute level of serum CA-125. A cut-off of 250 was chosen as the threshold for determining the type of surgical operations (laparotomy versus laparoscopy) and the skill of the surgeons (gynecological oncologist versus general gynecologist). The data obtained were analyzed for baseline characteristics using χ2 test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). P &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant. The various testing methods were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Results: The best individual performance was found in RMI at a cut-off of 250 with a sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 74.3%, positive predictive value of 71.3% and negative predictive value of 90%. When RMI was used to triage patient treatment, 81.5% of patients who had laparoscopy had histological diagnosis of benign ovarian tumor and 7.5% had malignant tumor. In contrast, 74.4% of patients who had laparotomy had histological diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumor and 16% had benign tumor. Conclusion: Risk of malignant index is a reliable, cheap, readily available and cost-effective method of preoperative discrimination of benign from malignant adnexal masses. It is also helpful in triaging patients to different treatment groups. © 2008 The Authors.	Preoperative evaluation; Risk of malignancy index; Suspicious adnexal masses; Triage	CA 125 antigen; adnexa disease; adnexal mass; adolescent; adult; aged; article; benign tumor; controlled study; emergency health service; female; Germany; histopathology; human; human tissue; laparoscopy; laparotomy; major clinical study; malignant neoplastic disease; menopause; ovary tumor; physician; preoperative evaluation; risk assessment; risk of malignancy index; sensitivity and specificity; ultrasound; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Algorithms; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Triage; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59049083724	Monitoring adherence and defaulting for antiretroviral therapy in 5 east African countries: An urgent need for standards	Chalker J., Andualem T., Minzi O., Ntaganira J., Ojoo A., Waako P., Ross-Degnan D.	2008	Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care	7	4	10.1177/1545109708320687	Center for Pharmaceutical Management, Management Sciences for Health, 4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, National University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, MA, United States	Chalker, J., Center for Pharmaceutical Management, Management Sciences for Health, 4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, United States; Andualem, T., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Minzi, O., Department of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ntaganira, J., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, National University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Ojoo, A., Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Waako, P., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Ross-Degnan, D., Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, MA, United States	Objectives: A cross-sectional survey was performed in 24 systems of care providing antiretroviral medications in Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda to examine current practices in monitoring rates of treatment adherence and defaulting. Results: Only 20 of 48 facilities reported routinely measuring individual patient adherence levels; only 12 measured rates of adherence for the clinic population. The rules for determining which patients were included in the calculation of rates were unclear. Fourteen different definitions of treatment defaulting were in use. Facilities routinely gather potentially useful data, but the frequency of doing so varied widely. Conclusions: Individual and program treatment adherence and defaulting are not routinely monitored; when done, the operational definitions and methods varied widely, making comparisons across programs unreliable. There is a pressing need to determine which measures are the most feasible and reliable to collect, the most useful for clinical counseling, and most informative for program management. © 2008 Sage Publications.	adherence; antiretroviral medications; defaulting; East Africa	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; Africa; article; child; epidemiology; health care quality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; patient compliance; questionnaire; standard; statistics; treatment outcome; virology; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Health Care Surveys; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Patient Compliance; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59049093597	The impact of abandoned pastoral settlements on plant and nutrient succession in an African savanna ecosystem	Muchiru A.N., Western D., Reid R.S.	2009	Journal of Arid Environments	73	3	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.018	African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Collaborative Conservation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States	Muchiru, A.N., African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Western, D., African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya; Reid, R.S., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Collaborative Conservation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States	We detail the impact of abandoned traditional settlements (or bomas) on plant and nutrient succession in the Amboseli ecosystem, southern Kenya, over the course of a century. Plant and soil data were sampled on and around abandoned settlements. The term, 'onsite', refers to the area within the perimeter fence, 'offsite' to the area up to 200 m beyond the fence. Herbaceous standing biomass onsite increased in the course of succession to peak at twice offsite levels within two decades. Biomass remained elevated for six decades then dropped to the background levels at the limit of sampling distance. Plant species richness onsite increased rapidly in the course of succession, then stabilized on older bomas. Species composition changed throughout succession, with pioneer herbs and grasses giving way to boma-edge species and woody vegetation later in succession. Soil nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen, magnesium and phosphorus, were highly elevated on abandoned settlements. The various nutrients declined at different rates during the course of plant succession. Potassium, phosphorus and magnesium levels remained at twice offsite levels for over a century, creating islands of high fertility and high plant biomass in the savanna landscape. We conclude that the perturbation caused by shifting nomadic settlements creates localized nutrient and plant diversity hotspots in savanna ecosystems that remain distinct from the surrounding savanna for decades, possibly centuries. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biomass; Nutrient hotspots; Pastoralism; Patch dynamics; Species richness; Wildlife	abandoned land; biomass; pastoralism; patch dynamics; plant; savanna; soil nutrient; species richness; succession; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Poaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59349089045	The Roodekraal Complex as a constraint on the size of the Vredefort impact crater, South Africa	de Waal S.	2008	South African Journal of Geology	111	42403	10.2113/gssajg.111.2-3.305	Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; PO Box 21167, Windhoek, Namibia	de Waal, S., Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, PO Box 21167, Windhoek, Namibia	The volcanic Roodekraal Complex, situated about 40 km from the proposed center of the ∼2.02 Ga Vredefort cratering event, overlies the rocks of the Pretoria Group with an angular unconformity. The unsheared basal contact of the Roodekraal Complex, a succession of alkaline basic lava intruded by diorite sills, defines an ∼2.05 Ga palaeosurface and as such constrains the size of the transient Vredefort crater to a maximum of ca. 80 km in diameter. A group of concentric thrust and normal faults with listric characteristics, the Ensel Thrust System, probably represents the expected normal faults that caused collapse of the transient crater rim during the modification stage of the cratering event. A series of semi-concentric thrust faults of the order of 200 km diameter and centered on the point of impact may define the total size of the Vredefort astrobleme (taken to be the entire area of impact-induced deformation). The indicated diameters of the transient and final craters agree well with those suggested by recent numerical models. © 2008 September Geological Society of South Africa.	None	astrobleme; crater; cratering; normal fault; numerical model; paleosurface; thrust fault; unconformity; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59349120977	Development and quality evaluation of low-cost, high-protein weaning food types: Prowena and Propalm from soybean (Glycine max), groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and crayfish (Macrobrachium spp)	Omueti O., Jaiyeola O., Otegbayo B., Ajomale K., Afolabi O.	2009	British Food Journal	111	2	10.1108/00070700910932002	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria	Omueti, O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Jaiyeola, O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Otegbayo, B., Department of Food Science and Technology, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Ajomale, K., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Afolabi, O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria	Purpose: The objective of this study is to develop two nutrient-dense and acceptable weaning foods - Prowena and Propalm - using high-protein food ingredients: crayfish (Macrobachium spp), soybeans (Glycine max) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) to enrich the sole starch based weaning food locally known as "ogi". Design/methodology/approach: The weaning food mixture was formulated by mixing yellow maize ogi flour, soyflour, groundnut meal and crayfish flour for Prowena (PROW) while palm oil was added to the mixture for Propalm (PROP). PROW and PROP were compared with the commercial weaning food Nutrend (NUTR) and the traditional weaning food, yellow maize gruel, or ogi (YOG), in terms of energy, nutrients and sensory scores. Findings: Chemical analysis showed that PROW contained 2.71 per cent moisture, 22.95 per cent protein, 5.86 per cent fat, 3.75 per cent fibre, 62.39 per cent carbohydrate, 4.31 per cent ash and 3.75 kcal of energy, while PROP had 2.78 per cent moisture, 21.99 per cent protein, 8.86 per cent fat, 3.89 per cent fibre, 59.29 per cent carbohydrate, 4.77 per cent per cent ash and 3.78 kcal of energy. The sensory evaluation showed that both PROW and PROP were equally acceptable as NUTR and more acceptable than YOG in terms of taste, flavour and texture (p<0.05). However, there was no significance difference (p>0.05) in acceptability of PROW, PROP, NUTR and YOG in terms of colour. Originality/value: The paper shows that the two weaning foods would be suitable for the commercial market to increase the protein intake and to combat protein energy malnutrition (PEM) amongst infants. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Baby foods; Infants; Nutrition; Product development	Arachis hypogaea; Astacoidea; Glycine max; Macrobrachium; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59449084522	Reliability of community-based data monitoring in the Olifants River estuary (South Africa)	Carvalho A.R., Williams S., January M., Sowman M.	2009	Fisheries Research	96	42403	10.1016/j.fishres.2008.08.017	UCT University of Cape Town, Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU), South Africa; UEG State University of Goiás, UEG/UnUCET, Laboratory of Ecological Research and Public Science, Brazil; Av. Dona Elvira 150/904-B, Santa Maria de Nazare, Anapolis/GO, CEP 75.113-360, Brazil	Carvalho, A.R., UCT University of Cape Town, Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU), South Africa, UEG State University of Goiás, UEG/UnUCET, Laboratory of Ecological Research and Public Science, Brazil, Av. Dona Elvira 150/904-B, Santa Maria de Nazare, Anapolis/GO, CEP 75.113-360, Brazil; Williams, S., UCT University of Cape Town, Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU), South Africa; January, M., UCT University of Cape Town, Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU), South Africa; Sowman, M., UCT University of Cape Town, Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU), South Africa	The promulgation of new fisheries policies and laws in South Africa in the late 1990s has provided opportunities for historically disadvantaged communities to access resources that were unequally distributed in the past. The Marine Living Resources Act of 1998, is one such piece of legislation that aims to create more equitable access to marine resources. However, research suggests that post-apartheid policy and legal reform in the fisheries sector have neglected artisanal fishers. This sector is still restricted in their access to fisheries resources, and their input into management, particularly with regard to their role as partners in the assessment, monitoring and management of resources, has been largely overlooked. In this paper, the analysis of information generated by a community-based monitoring program in a gillnet fishery on the Olifants River (Western Cape, South Africa) confirms the value of involving local fishers in the collection and analysis of data related to their fishing activities. Results demonstrated that: (1) Fisheries data collected by community-based monitors are reliable and can make a useful contribution to management decisions; (2) 63% of the target species captured are mature fish and the resource appears to be sustainably exploited; and (3) the incidental catch is negligible. Furthermore, the results provide useful information that might influence government policy proposals to implement a total ban on gillnetting in all South African estuaries. © 2008.	Co-management; Community monitoring; Estuary; Olifants River; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59449110080	Comparison of T-SPOT. TB assay and tuberculin skin test for the evaluation of young children at high risk for tuberculosis in a community setting	Nicol M.P., Davies M.-A., Wood K., Hatherill M., Workman L., Hawkridge A., Eley B., Wilkinson K.A., Wilkinson R.J., Hanekom W.A., Beatty D., Hussey G.	2009	Pediatrics	123	1	10.1542/peds.2008-0611	School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom; Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Nicol, M.P., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Davies, M.-A., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, K., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Hatherill, M., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Workman, L., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Hawkridge, A., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Eley, B., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Wilkinson, K.A., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom; Wilkinson, R.J., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom, Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Hanekom, W.A., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Beatty, D., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Hussey, G., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa	OBJECTIVE. We wished to compare the sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (T-SPOT.TB; Oxford Immunotec, Oxford, United Kingdom) and the tuberculin skin test for the detection of tuberculosis infection in very young children being evaluated for active tuberculosis in a rural community setting. METHODS. Children with a history of exposure to tuberculosis and children presenting to a local clinic or hospital with symptoms suggesting tuberculosis were admitted to a dedicated case verification ward. T-SPOT. TB testing was performed, and children were evaluated with a clinical examination, a tuberculin skin test, chest radiographs, and cultures of induced sputum and gastric lavage specimens. The diagnosis was determined by using a clinical algorithm. RESULTS. A total of 243 children (median age: 18 months) were recruited, of whom 214 (88%) had interpretable T-SPOT.TB results. Children ≥12 months of age were more likely than younger children to have positive T-SPOT. TB results, whereas tuberculin skin test results were unaffected by age. The sensitivity of the T-SPOT. TB was no better than that of the tuberculin skin test for culture-confirmed tuberculosis (50% and 80%, respectively) and was poorer for the combined group of culture-confirmed and clinically probable tuberculosis (40% and 52%, respectively). For the 50 children clinically categorized as not having tuberculosis, the specificity of both the T-SPOT.TB and the tuberculin skin test was 84%. CONCLUSIONS. For young children presenting in a community setting after exposure to tuberculosis or with symptoms suggesting tuberculosis, T-SPOT. TB cannot be used to exclude active disease. The sensitivity of this assay may be impaired for very young children. Copyright © 2009 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.	Children; Enzyme-linked immunospot assay; Mantoux test; T-SPOT.TB; Tuberculosis	gamma interferon; article; child; childhood disease; clinical examination; controlled study; enzyme linked immunospot assay; female; human; human tissue; infant; infection risk; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; preschool child; priority journal; rural population; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; stomach lavage; symptom; thorax radiography; tuberculin test; tuberculosis; virus detection; age; comparative study; demography; diagnostic test; enzyme immunoassay; evaluation; isolation and purification; metabolism; methodology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; risk factor; standard; tuberculosis; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Infant; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59449111110	Effect of quantitative feed restriction on broiler performance	Khetani T.L., Nkukwana T.T., Chimonyo M., Muchenje V.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	3	10.1007/s11250-008-9200-z	Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Khetani, T.L., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Nkukwana, T.T., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Chimonyo, M., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Muchenje, V., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance of broilers. A total of 270 unsexed broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments: with no feed restriction (T1), one week (T2) and two (T3) weeks of feed restriction from 22 days of age and then fed ad libitum until the age of 42 days. Treatments were replicated three times with 30 birds per replicate. Birds were fed with starter, grower and finisher diets. The feed consumed and body weights were recorded every week from the third to the sixth week. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed for each week. At Week 6, body weights of T3 birds were similar (P∈>∈0.05) to those of T1 and T2 birds. There were also no treatment effects on the ADG at Week 6. In addition, no treatment effects (P∈>∈0.05) were observed on ADFI at each stage of growth. Since ADFI and FCR were similar among the three groups, it was concluded that feed restriction by limiting the time to eat was not successful. There was also no evidence of compensatory growth in the restricted groups. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Average daily gain; Compensatory growth; Feed conversion efficiency	adaptation; animal; animal food; article; caloric intake; caloric restriction; chicken; growth, development and aging; metabolism; newborn; physiology; randomization; time; weight gain; Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Feed; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Caloric Restriction; Chickens; Energy Intake; Random Allocation; Time Factors; Weight Gain; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59549101414	Performance of growing indigenous goats fed diets based on urban market crop wastes	Katongole C.B., Sabiiti E.N., Bareeba F.B., Ledin I.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	3	10.1007/s11250-008-9193-7	Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden	Katongole, C.B., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Sabiiti, E.N., Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Bareeba, F.B., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Ledin, I., Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden	The effect of feeding diets including market crop wastes (sweet potato vines (Ipomoea batatas) and scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum)) on growth and digestibility was studied using 32 indigenous intact growing male goats. Adding elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), maize bran and Leucaena leucocephala leaves, four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets (Sweet potato vines, Solanum, Mixed and Control) were formulated. After the growth trial, 12 goats were randomly selected for a digestibility trial with the same diets, and 8 goats for a feed preference test comparing the market wastes and elephant grass. Crude protein (CP) intake was highest (P∈<∈0.05) for the Control (48 g/day) and lowest for the Sweet potato vines diet (23 g/day). Average daily gain was between 11.0 and 14.2 g/day, and similar between diets. The DM and CP digestibilities of the diets were 0.56 and 0.56 (Control), 0.62 and 0.56 (Mixed), 0.59 and 0.49 (Sweet potato vines), and 0.54 and 0.45 (Solanum), respectively. Faecal and urinary N excretions were highest in goats fed the Sweet potato vines and Solanum diets. Eggplant wastes were the least (P∈<∈0.05) preferred. On average the goats spent 5% of their 8-hour time eating eggplant wastes, 34% on sweet potato vines and 36% on elephant grass. Growth performance and N retention were low due to the low intake of feed, especially eggplant wastes. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Feed preference; Ipomoea batatas; Solanum aethiopicum; Urban market crop wastes	nitrogen; vegetable protein; animal; animal food; article; aubergine; chemistry; digestion; feces; goat; growth, development and aging; maize; male; metabolism; nutritional value; pearl millet; physiology; plant leaf; protein intake; randomization; sweet potato; Uganda; urine; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Feces; Goats; Ipomoea batatas; Male; Nitrogen; Nutritive Value; Pennisetum; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Random Allocation; Solanum melongena; Uganda; Weight Gain; Zea mays; Capra hircus; Ipomoea batatas; Leucaena leucocephala; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Solanum; Solanum aethiopicum; Solanum melongena; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59749085513	The impacts of watershed management on land use and land cover dynamics in Eastern Tigray (Ethiopia)	Alemayehu F., Taha N., Nyssen J., Girma A., Zenebe A., Behailu M., Deckers S., Poesen J.	2009	Resources, Conservation and Recycling	53	4	10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.11.007	Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Melca Mehaber, PO Box 110533, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium	Alemayehu, F., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Melca Mehaber, PO Box 110533, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Taha, N., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Nyssen, J., Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Girma, A., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Zenebe, A., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Behailu, M., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Deckers, S., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Poesen, J., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium	Integrated watershed management (IWSM) was implemented to address issues of poverty and land resource degradation in the 14,500 ha upper Agula watershed, in semi-arid Eastern Tigray (Ethiopia), an area known for poverty and resource degradation caused by natural and man-made calamities. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of IWSM and determine the land use and cover dynamics that it has induced. The change in land use and cover was assessed by integrating remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Two sets of aerial photographs (taken in 1965 and 1994 at scale of 1:50,000) and Landsat ETM+ image (taken in 2000 with 30 m resolution) were used to produce the land use/land cover map and assess land use change. The results reveal significant modification and conversion of land use and cover of the watershed over the last four decades (1965-2005). A significant portion of the watershed was continuously under intensively cultivated (rainfed) land. The area under irrigation increased from 7 ha to 222.4 ha post-intervention. The area under dense forest increased from 32.4 ha to 98 ha. The study further shows that IWSM decreased soil erosion, increased soil moisture, reduced sedimentation and run off, set the scene for a number of positive knock-on effects such as stabilization of gullies and river banks, rehabilitation of degraded lands. IWSM also resulted in increased recharge in the subsurface water. This study reconfirms the importance of IWSM as a key to improve the land cover of watersheds, as a contribution to poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihood. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Catchment management; Geographic information system (GIS); Integrated watershed management; Land use and cover change; Remote sensing; Soil and water conservation	Catchment management; Geographic information system (GIS); Integrated watershed management; Land use and cover change; Soil and water conservation; Catchments; Conservation; Degradation; Dynamics; Erosion; Geographic information systems; Groundwater; Information systems; Land use; Landforms; Management; Photography; Remote sensing; Runoff; Soil mechanics; Soil moisture; Soils; Urban planning; Water conservation; Water management; Water resources; Watersheds; Soil conservation; catchment; forest cover; GIS; land degradation; land use change; Landsat; poverty alleviation; recharge; remote sensing; satellite imagery; sedimentation; soil conservation; soil erosion; soil moisture; sustainability; watershed; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tigray	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59749091289	Economic evaluation of the proposed road between gobabis and grootfontein, namibia	Pienaar W.J.	2008	South African Journal of Economics	76	4	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00220.x	Department of Logistics, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Pienaar, W.J., Department of Logistics, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa	First, a cost-benefit analysis is presented of reconstructing the existing road section between Gobabis and Otjinene in Namibia. Second, a cost-benefit analysis is presented of constructing a new direct road link between Otjinene and Grootfontein, coupled with the above-mentioned road upgrading between Gobabis and Otjinene as one project. The proposed link will shorten the existing route from Gobabis via Windhoek to Grootfontein by approximately 300km. The following economic indicators are shown in the two cost-benefit analyses: (i) Net Present Value, (ii) Benefit/Cost Ratio, and (iii) Internal Rate of Return. Third, the general economic impact that construction and operation of the entire road will have on non-road users within Namibia is evaluated. This analysis is divided into two parts: The first part deals with the once-off income-multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment in the road, while the second part addresses the recurring income accelerator effect that usage of the road is expected to have within Namibia. © Journal compilation © 2008 The Economic Society of South Africa.	Cost-benefit analysis; Economic evaluation; Income accelerator; Regional multiplier; Road-user benefits	cost-benefit analysis; economic impact; investment; transportation economics; Africa; Namibia; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59749097626	The impact of exchange rate movements on employment: The economy-wide effect of a rand appreciation	Ngandu S.N.C.	2009	Development Southern Africa	26	1	10.1080/03768350802640180	Centre for Poverty, Employment and Growth, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Ngandu, S.N.C., Centre for Poverty, Employment and Growth, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	There has been some debate on the impact of exchange rate volatility and levels in South Africa. This is a particular concern as South Africa needs to dramatically expand sustainable employment and at the same time raise value-added in its production of goods and services. These are not necessarily complementary objectives for a mineral-exporting economy. Using a computable general equilibrium model, with the appreciation induced by a commodity price boom, this paper analyses the possible impact of an appreciation of the rand on employment. The intention is to identify the impact on both aggregate employment and sectoral output. Although the economy does well as a result of the commodity boom, the results indicate the potential for 'Dutch Disease' - type effects. Almost all traded sectors are negatively affected, while the non-traded sectors experience a boost as a result of the appreciation.	None	commodity price; computable general equilibrium analysis; currency market; economic impact; employment; exchange rate; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59749104398	Geophysical and hydrogeological evaluation of rising groundwater level in the coastal areas of Lagos, Nigeria	Oyedele K.F., Ayolabi E.A., Adeoti L., Adegbola R.B.	2009	Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment	68	1	10.1007/s10064-008-0182-x	Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Oyedele, K.F., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeoti, L., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Adegbola, R.B., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The paper reports the change in groundwater level observed in 30 wells in ten locations in southern Nigeria. Borehole data confirmed the electrical resistivity soundings which indicated the presence of topsoil, medium sand, sand, clayey sand and coarse sand. In some cases, there was little apparent change in the rate of groundwater rise, but from the data obtained it can be concluded that in the years 2000-2004 the average yearly rise was 0.3 m while between 2004 and 2007 it rose on average by 0.5 m. This rise in groundwater level has serious implications for both existing structures and the nature of the foundations for future building. The electrical resistivity survey was found to be a helpful tool in detailing the morphology of the groundwater surface and is recommended for ongoing monitoring. © Springer-Verlag 2008.	Coastal aquifers; Electrical soundings; Geoelectric sections; Groundwater level	Aquifers; Coastal zones; Electric resistance; Groundwater; Groundwater resources; Sand; Underground reservoirs; Clayey sands; Coastal aquifers; Coastal areas; Electrical resistivities; Electrical soundings; Existing structures; Geoelectric sections; Groundwater level; Hydrogeological; On-going monitoring; Hydrogeology; borehole geophysics; coastal aquifer; electrical resistivity; groundwater; hydrogeology; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Lagos [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59849092365	The impact of community based rehabilitation as implemented by community rehabilitation facilitators on people with disabilities, their families and communities within South Africa	Chappell P., Johannsmeier C.	2009	Disability and Rehabilitation	31	1	10.1080/09638280802280429	CBR Education and Training for Empowerment (CREATE), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Chappell, P., CBR Education and Training for Empowerment (CREATE), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Johannsmeier, C., CBR Education and Training for Empowerment (CREATE), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Purpose. To find out the impact of community based rehabilitation (CBR) as implemented by mid-level rehabilitation workers known as community rehabilitation facilitators (CRFs) on people with disabilities (PWD), their families and the communities in South Africa. Method. A qualitative research design was used with an emphasis on participatory methods with PWD and their family members. Data collection took the form of individual interviews, focus groups and transects walks in both urban and rural settings within six provinces of South Africa. Results. Although CRFs work with individuals, groups, families and the community, they appear to have had a stronger impact on individuals with disabilities rather than the community at large. Various gaps were also identified and were related to the poor recognition of the scope of practice of CRFs as well as to individual CRFs abilities to carry out certain tasks. Conclusions. Although the results suggest that CRFs have had a positive impact, there are still a number of issues that need to be addressed. These include proper support of CRFs and intersectoral collaboration between government departments to ensure the future of CBR in South Africa.	Community based rehabilitation; Mid-level rehabilitation workers; South Africa	Community Health Services; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disabled Persons; Focus Groups; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Patient Participation; Professional-Patient Relations; Self Efficacy; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59849117172	Fe mineralogy of rocks from the Vredefort impact structure investigated with Mössbauer spectroscopy	Bharuth-Ram K., Hart R.J., Gunnlaugsson H.P.	2008	Hyperfine Interactions	186	42372	10.1007/s10751-008-9854-y	IThemba Labs, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark	Bharuth-Ram, K., IThemba Labs, Somerset West 7129, South Africa, School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Hart, R.J., IThemba Labs, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Gunnlaugsson, H.P., Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark	The Vredefort impact structure in South Africa is the largest and oldest remnant impact structure on Earth. Observations from above the crater reveal lower than average magnetic field intensities, but the rocks in the crater have been shown to possess much higher magnetic intensities than the regional average that varies on a centimeter scale. Various mechanisms, including the presence of single domain magnetite structures, have been proposed for this anomaly. Mössbauer spectroscopy has been applied to study the Fe-mineralogy of samples from near the centre of the Vredefort crater. Transmission Mössbauer measurements on bulk and microtomics sections of samples showed that the magnetic minerals were magnetite and hematite, and we suggest that oxidation of olivine during the impact is responsible for the magnetic properties of the rocks. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Fe mineralogy; Impact structure; Magnetic field intensities; Mössbauer spectroscopy; Vredefort impact structure	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59949097757	Safety evaluation of the aqueous extract of Leonotis leonurus shoots in rats	Maphosa V., Masika P.J., Adedapo A.A.	2008	Human and Experimental Toxicology	27	11	10.1177/0960327108099533	Department of Livestock and Pastures, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; ARDRI, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Nigeri	Maphosa, V., Department of Livestock and Pastures, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Masika, P.J., ARDRI, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, ARDRI, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Adedapo, A.A., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	The aqueous extract from Leonotis leonurus (L) R.Br. (Lamiaceae) shoots was evaluated in female rats for its acute, sub acute, and chronic toxicity together with hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes. In the acute toxicity test, the extract caused death in animals receiving 3200 mg/kg dose. The extract also caused significant (P < 0.05) changes in red blood cells, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, platelets, white blood cells and its differentials at doses of 1600 mg/kg in sub-acute toxicity and in as low as 200 mg/kg in chronic toxicity. In biochemical parameters, the extract caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the levels of urea and creatinine at 1600 mg/kg dose and a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in urea, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, glutamine transference gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alanine transminase in the 400 mg/kg dose in chronic toxicity. Changes were also noted in body weights, but no significant changes were observed in the levels of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride). Clinico-pathologically, starry hair coat, respiratory distress, and mortality were recorded. The extract also caused various histopathological changes in the organs. The study concluded that farmers need to exercise caution in the use of the plant for medicinal purposes. © 2008 SAGE Publications.	Hematology; Histopathology; Leonotis leonurus; Rats; Serum chemistry; Toxicity	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; bilirubin; chloride; creatinine; gamma glutamyltransferase; globulin; hemoglobin; leonotis leonurus extract; plant extract; potassium; protein; sodium; unclassified drug; urea; acute toxicity; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; bilirubin blood level; body weight; chemical analysis; chloride blood level; chronic toxicity; controlled study; creatinine blood level; erythrocyte count; female; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; hematocrit; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; hemoglobin determination; histopathology; Leonotis leonurus; Leonurus; leukocyte count; mean corpuscular volume; mortality; nonhuman; potassium blood level; priority journal; rat; respiratory distress; sodium blood level; thrombocyte count; toxicity testing; urea blood level; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood Cell Count; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Female; Lamiaceae; Nigeria; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Plant Poisoning; Plant Shoots; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Animalia; Lamiaceae; Leonotis leonurus; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60049099358	Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on reproductive performance of sheep	Mekoya A., Oosting S.J., Fernandez-Rivera S., Tamminga S., Tegegne A., Van der Zijpp A.J.	2009	Livestock Science	121	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.003	Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Mekoya, A., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Oosting, S.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Fernandez-Rivera, S., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tamminga, S., Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Tegegne, A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Van der Zijpp, A.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Two successive experiments were conducted to investigate the long-term effects of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on reproductive performance of Ethiopian Menz sheep. Forty ewes and 40 rams ranging in weight and age between 16-20 kg and 14-15 months respectively were fed a teff straw basal diet and supplemented with two levels of Sesbania (0, and 95% of supplementary protein provided by Sesbania and the rest being provided by concentrates) for 7 months. In experiment 1 (mating period), 4 paired female-male groups (diet of the male with or without Sesbania, and diet of the female with or without Sesbania) consisting of 20 animals each were formed and assigned for mating. Ewes that were mated and did not return to heat in subsequent cycles during the 70 days mating period continued in experiment 2 receiving similar supplementary diets (concentrate alone or Sesbania) for the study of pregnancy and lambing. During the mating period, males and animals supplemented with Sesbania were superior (P < 0.05) in daily feed nutrients intake, whereas daily body weight gain (ADG) was significantly different (P < 0.05) between treatments but not between sex groups. During pregnancy a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed only in nitrogen intake, and ADG of ewes did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Supplementation with Sesbania promoted an increase in testicular size by 13%. Except semen concentration, the other seminal characteristics were not significant (P < 0.05) between treatments. The average oestrus cycle length was 19 ± 4.6 days. Mean progesterone profile for cycling ewes on the day of oestrus was 0.4 ± 0.04 and ranged between undetectable levels to 0.75 ng/ml followed by a rise starting on day 4 (1.7 ± 0.16 ng/ml) through day 7 (2.5 ± 0.29 ng/ml) and day 10 (3.6 ± 0.47 ng/ml) to a peak of 3.9 ± 0.45 ng/ml (plateau phase) on day 14. Supplementation with Sesbania improved the proportion of ewes conceived by 17% over supplementation with concentrates. The average birth weight of lambs, and post partum dam weight of ewes was 1.97 kg and 18.6 kg respectively and differed significantly (P < 0.05) between treatments. We concluded that inclusion of Sesbania up to 30% in the diet of sheep as supplement before and during the period of mating and pregnancy improved testicular growth and semen quality in rams or reproductive performance of ewes without showing negative effects. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Conception rate; Menz sheep; Oestrus; Progesterone; Scrotal circumference; Semen quality	Animalia; Eragrostis tef; Ovis aries; Sesbania; Sesbania sesban	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60049101030	Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar at a point-of-use water treatment	Mtapuri-Zinyowera S., Midzi N., Muchaneta-Kubara C.E., Simbini T., Mduluza T.	2009	Journal of Applied Microbiology	106	3	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04054.x	Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute of Health Research, Causeway, Zimbabwe; Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Interventions, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Midzi, N., National Institute of Health Research, Causeway, Zimbabwe; Muchaneta-Kubara, C.E., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Simbini, T., Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Interventions, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mduluza, T., Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Aims: To determine the impact of natural sunlight in disinfecting water contaminated with cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using plastic containers. Methods and Results: Known quantities of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar cysts in sterile water were exposed to the sun. Containers were made of polyethylene terephthalate, eight painted black on one side, one not painted and another cut open at the top and the last was a high density polypropylene container. Viability testing was performed using vital and fluorescent dyes. The same assays were conducted under cloudy conditions. Thermal control tests were also performed using heat without ultra violet light from the sun. Results show that 99·9% of parasites was inactivated when water temperatures reached 56°C after sunlight exposure. Conclusion: Both solar radiation and heat produced by the sun have a synergistic effect in killing cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar when temperatures rise above 50°C, with complete death at 56°C, using painted 2-l PET containers. Significance and Impact of the Study: Solar disinfection system using PET containers painted black on one side can be used to disinfect water against Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using natural sunlight. © 2009 The Authors.	Drinking water at point-of-use; Protozoan parasites; Solar radiation; Treatment	drinking water; fluorescent dye; plastic; polyethylene terephthalate; polypropylene; water; bacterium; cyst; disinfection; drinking water; solar radiation; temperature effect; testing method; water temperature; water treatment; adolescent; article; child; container; controlled study; cyst (resting stage); density; disinfection; Entamoeba dispar; Entamoeba histolytica; Giardia duodenalis; heat; human; major clinical study; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite viability; preschool child; quantitative analysis; school child; solar radiation; sun; sun exposure; sunlight; thermal stimulation; ultraviolet radiation; vital stain; water contamination; water temperature; water treatment; Animals; Disinfection; Entamoeba histolytica; Fluorescent Dyes; Giardia lamblia; Spores, Bacterial; Sunlight; Water Microbiology; Water Purification; Water Supply; Entamoeba; Giardia intestinalis; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60149098281	Globalization and its impact on education with specific reference to education in South Africa	Moloi K.C., Gravett S.J., Petersen N.F.	2009	Educational Management Administration and Leadership	37	2	10.1177/1741143208100302	University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Education, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Higher and Adult Education, University of Johannesburg (UJ), Johannesburg, South Africa	Moloi, K.C., University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Education, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Gravett, S.J., Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Petersen, N.F., Department of Higher and Adult Education, University of Johannesburg (UJ), Johannesburg, South Africa	As globalization of the world economy continues unabated, a parallel growth of globalization of knowledge is also taking place. This latter trend is little affected by the boundaries between developed and less developed countries and is having a particular impact on trends in education. This article looks at the impact of globalization within the context of education in South Africa. It focuses on different perspectives of globalization and identifies key factors that may have an impact on education in South Africa. Finally, it argues that in order to respond to the dangers of marginalization posed by globalization it will be crucial to form, and be part of, new alliances and networks. These will both provide opportunities for sharing knowledge and skills and also build economic strength. © 2009 SAGE Publications.	Global economy; Globalization; Knowledge management; Poverty; Wealth	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60149111274	Numerical evaluation of high-order finite element time domain formulations in electromagnetics	Marais N., Davidson D.B.	2008	IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation	56	12	10.1109/TAP.2008.2007374	Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Marais, N., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Davidson, D.B., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	This paper compares three full-wave finite-element time-domain (FETD) formulations. The first is based on the vector wave equation; the others on Maxwell's equations, viz. the EBHD formulation that discretizes E, B, H and D and the EB formulation that discretizes only E and B. The latter two formulations use a combination of 1- and 2-form discretization to avoid an auxiliary mesh. A novel method for making the EBHD formulation operational is presented. Conditions for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)-like explicit operation are discussed. The formulations are compared numerically by solving a three-dimensional cavity and a rectangular waveguide using high-order field representations up to mixed fourth order. The error balance between time integration and field representation is investigated. Difficulties in making the EBHD formulation operational which have not previously been addressed in the literature are discussed and worked around. Novel numerical results show that the EBHD formulation has serious performance limitations. © 2008 IEEE.	Electromagnetic transient analysis; Finite element methods; High-order methods; Numerical analysis	Electromagnetism; Finite difference time domain method; Maxwell equations; Numerical methods; Three dimensional; Time domain analysis; Transient analysis; Transients; Wave equations; Discretization; Electro-magnetics; Electromagnetic transient analysis; Field representations; Finite difference time domains; Finite element methods; Finite element time domains; Fourth orders; High orders; High-order methods; Maxwell's equations; Novel methods; Numerical analysis; Numerical evaluations; Numerical results; Performance limitations; Time domains; Time integrations; Vector wave equations; Finite element method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60249088541	Generation of fragment-rich pseudotachylite bodies during central uplift formation in the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa	Lieger D., Riller U., Gibson R.L.	2009	Earth and Planetary Science Letters	279	42371	10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.031	Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; McMaster University, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ont. L8S 4K1, Canada; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Lieger, D., Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Riller, U., McMaster University, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ont. L8S 4K1, Canada; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Target rocks underlying the central portions of large terrestrial impact structures are characterized by the pervasive presence of fragment-rich pseudotachylite bodies. Debates regarding the formation of these bodies include the origin of pseudotachylitic melts, i.e., friction- versus shock-induced melting, melt mobility, causes of target rock fragmentation, and timing of fragmentation and melt emplacement with respect to stages of cratering. Comprehensive structural analysis of pre-impact mineral fabrics and properties of fragment-rich pseudotachylite in the Vredefort Dome suggests that melt is allochthonous and was emplaced at an advanced stage of cratering into tensional fracture zones within the crater floor. Both concentration of bending strains imparted on target rocks during central uplift formation and thermal stresses induced by the emplacement of allochthonous melt led to fragmentation of target rock. Tensional fracture zones formed in an overall dilational strain field towards the end of cratering, likely during collapse of the central uplift, and constitute low pressure zones, into which melt was forcefully drawn. Melt may have been drained from the overlying impact melt sheet or from sites within the crater floor and transported into fragment-rich dilation zones. Our field-based analysis failed to identify the presence of bona fide shear faults that could potentially have generated in situ frictional melts and fragments. Rather, target rock fragmentation and melt generation that resulted in fragment-rich pseudotachylite bodies are processes separated in space and time during cratering. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	central uplift; deformation; impact cratering; pseudotachylite; Vredefort impact structure	Bending strains; central uplift; Concentration of; Fracture zones; impact cratering; Impact melts; In-situ; Induced melting; Low pressure zones; Mineral fabrics; Pre impacts; pseudotachylite; Rock fragmentations; South Africa; Space and time; Strain fields; Vredefort impact structure; Deformation; Elasticity; Floors; Friction; Rocks; Strain; Structural analysis; Structural geology; Targets; Geomorphology; crater; deformation; emplacement; fracture zone; impact structure; pseudotachylite; strain; structural analysis; uplift; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60249099900	Corporate social and environmental reporting and the impact of internal environmental policy in South Africa	Mitchell C.G., Hill T.	2009	Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management	16	1	10.1002/csr.179	University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, Farmington, ME, United States; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Geography, School of Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, 270 Main Street, Farmington, ME 04938, United States	Mitchell, C.G., University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, Farmington, ME, United States, University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, 270 Main Street, Farmington, ME 04938, United States; Hill, T., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Geography, School of Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa	The paper investigates the development and use of corporate social and environmental reporting by businesses within a large municipality in South Africa. There is a strong call for improved CSR, and a greater degree of accountability and transparency by business. The survey was conducted through the use of interviews following a structured questionnaire with the Global Reporting Initiative used as an appropriate framework. This approach allowed us to determine the challenges businesses face in implementing a comprehensive CSR system in the South African context and why, other than companies which are part of a group, businesses are unable or unwilling to increase external reporting. We suggest that implementation of a comprehensive and externally controlled and certified standard, such as ISO 14001 would not only reduce environmental impacts, but facilitate increased CSR. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60249102973	Impact of recent evidence on use of hormone therapy in the South African private sector (2001-2005)	Podmore S.H., Botha J., Gray A., Esterhuizen T.	2008	South African Family Practice	50	6	None	Department of Therapeutics and Medicines Management, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medical Biostatistics, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Podmore, S.H., Department of Therapeutics and Medicines Management, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Botha, J., Department of Therapeutics and Medicines Management, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Gray, A., Department of Therapeutics and Medicines Management, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Esterhuizen, T., Department of Medical Biostatistics, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: The release of the results of the oestrogen plus progesterone therapy (EPT) arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in July 2002 started a worldwide process of reconsideration of the rationale behind hormone therapy (HT). This process was accelerated after the release of the results from the oestrogen-only (ET) arm of the same study. The results of the WHI reinforced the indications of HT to alleviate vasomotor symptoms and to prevent bone loss associated with early menopause, but refuted the possibility of cardioprotective effects and raised uncertainty around the risk of breast cancer for long-term users. In response, new guidelines and position statements were developed to aid healthcare practitioners and patients in various countries, including South Africa. The dissemination and penetration of all this information has been assessed in a number of countries, but the extent of its effect on the South African market is as yet unknown. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the use of HT in the South African private sector from 2001 to 2005. Methods: Monthly HT sales data for January 2001 to October 2005 were obtained from IMS Health (SA). Three successive periods were compared: (1) January 2001 to June 2002 (discontinuation of the WHI oestrogen plus progestogen arm), (2) July 2002 to February 2004 (termination of the WHI oestrogen only arm) and (3) March 2004 to October 2005. Results: Overall, sales of HT fell 6.9% between periods 1 and 2 and 14.6% between periods 2 and 3. The total sales of ET predominated; they were more than double those of EPT. For ET, the sale of conjugated equine oestrogen (CEE) preparations exceeded those of non-CEE ET preparations, while for EPT preparations the reverse was true. The decline in ET sales was mostly accounted for by the fall in sales of CEE, by 9.8% and 20.6% for the two periods respectively. There was an increase in sales of both low-dose CEE and non-CEE, although the magnitude of increase in the case of the latter was much greater. Throughout the entire study period, CEE 0.625 mg tablets were found to account for the greatest sales volumes. Private sector sales represented 74.4% of total national HT sales over this period. Conclusion: The release of the WHI findings resulted in a modest decrease in HT sales in South Africa, although it was less dramatic than sales reported elsewhere. The change in prescribing cannot be attributed to any single factor. Factors such as publicity, adherence to new guidelines, and pharmaceutical marketing may all have contributed. Guidelines need to be updated as the results of new research continue to be published. There is also a need to periodically review prescribing trends, and to assess compliance with evidence-based guidelines, in order to improve the quality of medicines use. The majority of prescriptions for HT in South Africa are written by general practitioners, rather than by specialists. It is thus imperative that guidelines be appropriately framed for this market, as well as interpreted and applied.	Hormone therapy (HT); South Africa; Women's Health Initiative	conjugated estrogen; estradiol; estrogen; gestagen; article; breast cancer; cancer risk; drug indication; drug marketing; drug research; general practitioner; health care personnel; heart protection; hormonal therapy; human; low drug dose; mass medium; medical specialist; menopause; organization and management; osteolysis; practice guideline; prescription; private practice; South Africa; vasomotor disorder	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60349097970	Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on post-weaning growth performance and sexual development of Menz sheep (Ethiopia)	Mekoya A., Oosting S.J., Fernandez-Rivera S., Tamminga S., Tegegne A., Van der Zijpp A.J.	2009	Livestock Science	121	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.012	Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Mekoya, A., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Oosting, S.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Fernandez-Rivera, S., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tamminga, S., Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Tegegne, A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Van der Zijpp, A.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Most supplementation experiments with fodder trees including S. sesban have been of short duration and focused mainly on feed intake and growth rate. Long-term studies regarding the effects of feeding S. sesban on reproductive performance of sheep particularly in both sexes are scanty. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of S. sesban on feed intake, post-weaning growth rate, and onset of puberty of male and female lambs. Sixty weaned female and 60 male Ethiopian highland sheep in weight and age ranging between 7.2 and 11.8 kg and 4 and 5 months respectively were evaluated for a period of 9 months supplemented with three levels of S. sesban (0, 47.5 and 95% of supplementary protein provided by S. sesban and the rest being provided by a mix of concentrates). Between sex groups male sheep, and among treatments animals fed with 47.5 and 95% Sesbania in the supplement had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher basal feed, supplement, and total feed intake than those supplemented with concentrate alone. Supplementation with Sesbania resulted in significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher DM, OM and N digestibility than supplementation with sole concentrates. Supplementation with 95% Sesbania elicited higher daily weight gain than supplementation with 47.5% Sesbania and sole concentrates over the growth period. The onset of puberty was at 265 (± 36) and 342 (± 45) days of age and puberty weight was 15.2 and 14.6 kg for ram and ewe-lambs respectively. Ram-lambs fed with 47.5% and 95% Sesbania in the supplement reached puberty by 34 and 21 days earlier and were 1.4 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed concentrates. Ewe-lambs supplemented with 47.5 and 95% Sesbania were faster (P &lt; 0.05) to attain puberty by 43 and 37 days than those supplemented with sole concentrates. The average scrotum circumference gain (SCF) until the onset of puberty was 0.5 (± 0.1) mm- d. Supplementation with Sesbania improved SCF gain but was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. Mean P4 (progesterone) concentrations during the first behavioural oestrus ranged from non-detectable levels to a peak of 4.32 ng/ml at mid-cycle without significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that inclusion of S. sesban as a supplement up to 30% of the ration improved feed intake, growth rate, onset of puberty and sexual development of male and female sheep without adverse effects. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Growth; Menz sheep; Onset of puberty; Sesbania sesban; Teff straw	Animalia; Eragrostis tef; Ovis aries; Sesbania; Sesbania sesban	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60349100666	National AIDS Commissions in Africa: Performance and emerging challenges	Morah E., Ihalainen M.	2009	Development Policy Review	27	2	10.1111/j.1467-7679.2009.00442.x	UNEP, UN-Habitat; UNAIDS Country Office, P.O. Box 30218-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Morah, E., UNEP, UN-Habitat; Ihalainen, M., UNAIDS Country Office, P.O. Box 30218-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	This article consolidates and expands on evidence on how National AIDS Commissions (NACs) in sub-Saharan Africa are measuring up to expectations that drove their rapid adoption across the continent. While their overall performance seems reasonably good, most NACs still lack adequate power and incentive structures to hold line ministries accountable, a key requirement for co-ordinating activities and mainstreaming HIV-AIDS across the public sector. Second-generation African NACs urgently need the authority and institutional stature to effectively co-ordinate the channelling of the larger funds now available through government bureaucracy. The evolution of the epidemic also imposes requirements different from those when the current NAC architecture was crafted. © 2009 Overseas Development Institute.	Africa; AIDS; HIV; NACs	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; bureaucracy; epidemic; human immunodeficiency virus; institutional framework; performance assessment; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60349104900	Performance of OptiMAL-IT® compared to microscopy, for malaria detection in Burkina Faso	Valéa I., Tinto H., Nikiema M., Yamuah L., Rouamba N., Drabo M., Guiguemde R.T., D'Alessandro U.	2009	Tropical Medicine and International Health	14	3	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02228.x	Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; IRSS-DRO, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre Muraz, 01 BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso	Valéa, I., Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Centre Muraz, 01 BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Tinto, H., IRSS-DRO, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Nikiema, M., Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Yamuah, L., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Rouamba, N., IRSS-DRO, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Drabo, M., IRSS-DRO, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Guiguemde, R.T., Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; D'Alessandro, U., Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	Objective: To compare the performance of OptiMAL-IT®, a rapid diagnostic test for malaria, with that of microscopy in Burkina Faso. Method: Finger-prick blood samples of 464 children attending hospital for suspected malaria were tested for malaria by microscopy and OptiMAL-IT®. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of OptiMAL-IT® were 98.7% (CI 95% = 97.6-99.8) and 96.2% (CI 95% = 94.3-98.1) respectively, with a high positive likelihood ratio (25.97). Conclusion: OptiMAL-IT® can be considered a good method to diagnose malaria in Burkina Faso, particularly in remote areas with little or no access to microscopy services. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Burkina Faso; Diagnosis; Malaria; Rapid test	blood; comparative study; malaria; microscopy; performance assessment; public access; sensitivity analysis; testing method; article; blood sampling; Burkina Faso; child; controlled study; diagnostic test; groups by age; hospital; human; infant; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria; microscopy; outcome assessment; preschool child; sensitivity and specificity; analytical equipment; blood; comparative study; enzyme assay; evaluation; methodology; microscopy; prediction and forecasting; Africa; Burkina Faso; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; biological marker; lactate dehydrogenase; Biological Markers; Child, Preschool; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Infant; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Malaria; Microscopy; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60349111330	Evaluation of resistance in selected cocoa genotypes to the brown cocoa mirid, Sahlbergella singularis Haglund in Nigeria	Anikwe J.C., Omoloye A.A., Aikpokpodion P.O., Okelana F.A., Eskes A.B.	2009	Crop Protection	28	4	10.1016/j.cropro.2008.11.014	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Bioversity International, URAD, Agropolis, France	Anikwe, J.C., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Omoloye, A.A., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Aikpokpodion, P.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Okelana, F.A., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Eskes, A.B., Bioversity International, URAD, Agropolis, France	The use of host-plant resistance is the most economic and ecologically sound option for the control of the most important insect pest of cocoa, Sahlbergella singularis leaving no deleterious side effects on the produce and the environment. 44 genotypes comprising 24 hybrids and 20 clones were assessed for antixenosis whereas 25 and 28 genotypes were tested for antibiosis and tolerance, respectively. The brown cocoa mirids showed significant non-preference for genotypes T65/7xT57/22, T65/7xT9/15, P7xPa150, T53/5xN38, T53/5xT12/11, T65/35xT30/13, F3 Amazon, T86/2xT16/17, T65/7xT53/8, T86/2xT65/35, T82/27xT16/17, T9/15, T12/5, T30/13, C77, T53/8, T53/5, EET59, Pa150, UF 676, Amaz15-15, BE 10, SPEC54 and Pa107. Mirid survival (antibiosis) was lowest in EET59 (28.7%) while it ranged from 52.2 to 67.8% in genotypes BE10, Amaz15-15, SPEC54, UF 676, P7xPa150, and Pa107. The indigenous clone N38 had the highest number of lesions of 12.2 in the field while EET59, IFC-5, Playa Alta, BE10, Amaz15-15 and SPEC54 had mirid lesions of 2.7, 3.3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5 and 5.5; respectively. However, in terms of recovery from mirid damage and dieback progression which were important parameters assessed in tolerance, Clones ICS1, EET59, BE 10, Amaz15-15, SPEC54 and Pa 102 showed highest rate of recovery from mirid damage and lowest dieback progression. Clones UF 676, C77, Pa150 and F3 Amazon also showed moderate recovery from mirid damage with mean scores of 1.2, 2.3, 1.6, 1.4, 1.7, 1.4 and 1.5, respectively. UF 676, C77, Pa150 and F3 Amazon performed moderately well in terms of tolerance. Some of these genotypes such as BE10, Amaz15-15, SPEC54, UF 676, P7xPa150, and Pa107 were very consistent in all mechanisms of resistance tested and therefore adjudged as resistant cocoa genotypes. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antibiosis; Antixenosis; Cocoa genotypes; Sahlbergella singularis; Tolerance	clone; cocoa; genotype; host plant; pest resistance; testing method; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Hexapoda; Miridae; Sahlbergella singularis; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60349123484	Individual efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in primi- and secundigravidae in rural Burkina Faso: Impact on parasitaemia, anaemia and birth weight	Gies S., Coulibaly S.O., Ouattara F.T., D'Alessandro U.	2009	Tropical Medicine and International Health	14	2	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02215.x	Epidemiology and Control of Parasitic Disease Unit, Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Epidemiology and Control of Parasitic Diseases Unit, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; UFR Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, South Africa; Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, South Africa; District Sanitaire Boromo, Burkina Faso, South Africa	Gies, S., Epidemiology and Control of Parasitic Disease Unit, Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium, Epidemiology and Control of Parasitic Diseases Unit, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Coulibaly, S.O., UFR Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, South Africa, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, South Africa; Ouattara, F.T., District Sanitaire Boromo, Burkina Faso, South Africa; D'Alessandro, U., Epidemiology and Control of Parasitic Diseases Unit, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	Objective : To assess the efficacy at individual level of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in primi- and secundigravidae in rural Burkina Faso. Methods : Data of 1441 women enrolled in a health centre randomized trial and delivering a live-singleton between September 2004 and October 2006 were analysed at individual level. Prevalence of peripheral and placental parasitaemia, anaemia (PCV <33%), low-birth weight (<2500 g; LBW), mean packed cell volume (PCV) and birth weight were compared in relation to the number of directly observed SP doses. Results : Two or more doses of SP significantly reduced the risk of placental parasitaemia [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.04, 95%CI = 0.003-0.60, P = 0.023] and anaemia at delivery (AOR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.18-0.52, P < 0.001). IPTp was associated with reduced risk of LBW in primigravidae (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.07-0.17, P < 0.001) but not secundigravidae (AOR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.26-1.91, P = 0.452). For each increment in number of SP doses mean PCV increased by 1.0% (95%CI = 0.4-1.7, P = 0.005) at 32 weeks gestation, by 1.2% (95%CI = 0.2-2.2, P = 0.025) at delivery and mean birth weight by 220 g (95%CI = 134-306 P < 0.001) in primigravidae and by 102 g (95%CI = 55-148, P = 0.001) in secundigravidae. Conclusion : The risk of malaria infection was significantly reduced by IPTp with SP in primi- and secundigravidae in rural Burkina Faso. The impact on clinical outcomes is lower and mainly limited to primigravidae for LBW. Incomplete uptake of IPTp-SP and limited effect in low risk groups together may substantially dilute the measurable impact of effective interventions. This needs to be taken into account when evaluating interventions at community level. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Birth weight; Burkina Faso; Intermittent preventive treatment; Malaria; Pregnancy; Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine	antianemic agent; fansidar; quinine; anemia; body mass; community care; disease prevalence; disease treatment; health risk; malaria; medicine; pregnancy; rural area; adult; anemia; article; birth weight; Burkina Faso; clinical trial; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; delivery; directly observed therapy; disease association; dose response; drug efficacy; drug intermittent therapy; female; gestational age; health care; hematocrit; human; low birth weight; major clinical study; malaria; parasitemia; pregnancy; prevalence; primigravida; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction; rural area; statistical significance; Adult; Anemia; Animals; Antimalarials; Birth Weight; Burkina Faso; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Malaria, Falciparum; Parasitemia; Placenta; Plasmodium falciparum; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Pyrimethamine; Sulfadoxine; Young Adult; Africa; Burkina Faso; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-6044230803	Monitoring current-voltage characteristics and energy output of silicon photovoltaic modules	Van Dyk E.E., Gxasheka A.R., Meyer E.L.	2005	Renewable Energy	30	3	10.1016/j.renene.2004.04.016	Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Van Dyk, E.E., Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Gxasheka, A.R., Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Meyer, E.L., Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Photovoltaic (PV) system designers use performance data of PV modules to improve system design and make systems more cost effective. The collection of this valuable data is often not done due to the high costs associated with data acquisition systems. In this paper, we report on the design of a low-cost current-voltage (I-V) measuring system used to monitor the I-V characteristics of PV modules. Results obtained from monitoring seven crystalline silicon modules between October 2001 and November 2002 are presented and discussed. Results obtained also show the value of being able to continuously monitor the current-voltage characteristics of PV modules. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Current-voltage characteristics; I-V monitoring system; Operational efficiency; Performance monitoring; Photovoltaic modules	Cost effectiveness; Crystallization; Data acquisition; Photovoltaic effects; Renewable energy resources; Silicon; Current-voltage (I-V) measuring systems; Data performance; Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Silicon photovoltaic modules; Current voltage characteristics; photovoltaic system	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60649093491	Examining the implementation of the mathematics strand of the Key Stage 3 Strategy: What are the bases of evaluation?	Venkat H., Brown M.	2009	British Educational Research Journal	35	1	10.1080/01411920802041665	University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; King's College London, United Kingdom; Marang Centre for Maths and Science Education, Education Campus, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa	Venkat, H., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, Marang Centre for Maths and Science Education, Education Campus, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa; Brown, M., King's College London, United Kingdom	This article presents findings from a comparative case study examining the implementation of the mathematics strand of the Key Stage 3 Strategy in two contrasting schoolsone using setting and whole-class teaching, the other incorporating mixed-ability grouping and individualised learning. A number of 'outcomes' of implementation are considered, including teachers' and students' experiences, changes in pedagogic practice and students' attainment. Whilst both schools achieved highly in relation to similar schools, higher attainment gains between Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 in the school using setting/whole-class teaching were associated with increasing student disaffection and dependence on teachers. In contrast, the attainment gains at the school using individualised learning were associated with increasing enthusiasm and independence. The mixed picture of outcomes and their complex interconnections suggest that evaluations of implementation resting on attainment-based outcomes are problematic in terms of longer-term aims of increasing the proportions of students choosing to study mathematics and developing the skills of independent learning.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60649112261	Evaluation of risk of rock fall accidents in gold mine stopes based on measured joint data	Stacey T.R., Gumede H.	2007	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	107	5	None	School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Stacey, T.R., School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Gumede, H., School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Rock fall accidents continue to be the main causes of fatalities in the mining industry. The occurrence of rock falls in supported stopes implies a failure of the support system. The failure of the support system in turn implies a failure in design. In this paper, ethical issues associated with engineering design are discussed, with particular relevance to stope support design. A risk approach is introduced that will allow designs to be carried out that are compatible with the acceptable risk defined by the mining company management. The implementation of this approach would overcome the ethical shortcomings of current support design practices. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2007.	None	Engineering designs; Ethical issues; Mining companies; Mining industries; Rock falls; Support designs; Support systems; Accidents; Risks; Stoping; Design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60649115420	Valuing the Guinea current large marine ecosystem: Estimates of direct output impact of relevant marine activities	Chukwuone N.A., Ukwe C.N., Onugu A., Ibe C.A.	2009	Ocean and Coastal Management	52	42433	10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.12.008	Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development Research, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Water Management Unit, Energy and Cleaner Production Branch, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, VIC Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Bioresources Development and Conservation programme (BDCP), Abuja, Nigeria; Interim Guinea Current Commission, 1 Akosombo Street, Airport Residential Area, Accra, Ghana	Chukwuone, N.A., Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development Research, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ukwe, C.N., Water Management Unit, Energy and Cleaner Production Branch, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, VIC Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Onugu, A., Bioresources Development and Conservation programme (BDCP), Abuja, Nigeria; Ibe, C.A., Interim Guinea Current Commission, 1 Akosombo Street, Airport Residential Area, Accra, Ghana	This study is a first step towards valuing the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME), one of the five world's most productive marine areas that are rich in fishery resources, petroleum production, and an important global region of marine biological diversity. The area is highly degraded and thus demands urgent attention to recover and sustain depleted fisheries; restore degraded habitats; and reduce land and ship-based pollutions. Achieving this goal would be a mirage if the actual value of the ecosystem's contribution to the society is not known. Valuation can help identify the main beneficiaries of conservation and the magnitude of benefits they receive, and help design measures to capture some of these benefits and contribute to financing of conservation. Hence this study used the direct output approach to estimate the value of relevant marine activities in the area. The result shows that the total value of output in GCLME when some outputs namely, marine fishery, offshore oil production, NTFP (periwinkle) and mining, are considered as $49,941.4 million. Among these uses, offshore oil production has the highest value accounting for 59.79% of the total estimate. These estimates provides sufficient evidence to show that GCLME provide enormous value and should be managed appropriately to sustain the gains if the economic development would be guaranteed especially considering that most countries in the GCLM depend on natural resources for their survival. Evolving a well defined property rights regime and an efficient governance system for management is recommended. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Ecosystems; Fisheries; Ocean currents; Offshore oil fields; Biological diversities; Design measures; Economic development; Fishery resources; Global regions; Governance systems; Large marine ecosystems; Marine areas; Marine fisheries; Offshore oil productions; Petroleum productions; Property rights; Total values; Offshore oil well production; anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; conservation; human activity; marine ecosystem; marine pollution; Africa; Guinea; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Catharanthus roseus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60749105089	The prevalence of hearing loss among schoolchildren with chronic suppurative otitis media in Nigeria, and its effect on academic performance	Olatoke F., Ologe F.E., Nwawolo C.C., Saka M.J.	2008	Ear, Nose and Throat Journal	87	12	None	Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Department of Surgery, Universi	Olatoke, F., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ologe, F.E., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, P.O. Box 6641, Ilorin, Nigeria; Nwawolo, C.C., Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Saka, M.J., Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria	We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of hearing loss among 1,500 Nigerian schoolchildren aged 9 to 15 years who had chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). We also attempted to ascertain the effect that this hearing loss had on their academic performance. The study population was drawn from three schools in different socioeconomic tiers - low (n = 300), medium (n = 400), and high (n = 800). Overall, CSOM was present in 35 of these children (2.3%) - 12 from the low-status school (4.0%), 11 from the middle-status school (2.8%), and 12 from the high-status school (1.5%); the overall difference in prevalence among the three schools was statistically significant (χ2 = 6.40; degrees of freedom [df] = 2; p = 0.04). In all, 52 ears were affected by CSOM; of these, 18 (34.6%) had a pure-tone average (PTA) within normal limits, 20 (38.5%) had a mild conductive hearing loss, and 14 (26.9%) had a moderate loss. All but 2 of 160 control ears (1.2%) had hearing thresholds within normal limits. The difference in PTAs across groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 114.89; df = 2; p&lt; 0.001). As for academic performance, cumulative average test scores were significantly lower in the CSOM patients than in the controls - χ2 = 14.57; df = 3; p = 0.002. At the higher end of the academic scale, scores of 66% and higher were obtained by 40.0% of patients and 51.3% of controls, and scores of 50 to 65% were achieved by 20.0% of patients and 37.5% of controls. At the lower end, scores of 40 to 49% were obtained by 31.4% of patients and 6.3% of controls, and scores of 39% and lower were obtained by 8.6% and 5.0%, respectively. We conclude that hearing loss was a significant sequela of CSOM in our study population and that it had an adverse effect on their academic performance. Children in the low socioeconomic group appeared to be more vulnerable. © 2009, Vendome Group, LLC. All rights reserved.	None	antibiotic agent; antihistaminic agent; academic achievement; adolescent; adverse outcome; article; auditory threshold; child; chronic suppurative otitis media; clinical feature; conduction deafness; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; hearing loss; high school; human; lowest income group; major clinical study; male; middle school; Nigeria; population research; population risk; prevalence; pure tone audiometry; school child; scoring system; socioeconomics; student; Achievement; Adolescent; Audiometry, Pure-Tone; Auditory Threshold; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hearing Loss, Conductive; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Otitis Media, Suppurative; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849086515	Chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis	Abara A.E., Obochi G.O., Malu S.P., Obi-Abang M.	2009	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	91	1	10.1080/02772240802015523	Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	Abara, A.E., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obochi, G.O., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Malu, S.P., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obi-Abang, M., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	A chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis was carried out in five randomly selected restaurants in Calabar. The results showed that both Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis soups have high caloric values and contain adequate levels of essential minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, and fat, which are needed for a variety of cellular functions in humans, and which would reduce the problem of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Caloric value; Gnetum africana; Minerals; Telferia occidentalis; Vitamins	Amines; Amino acids; Electric insulators; Minerals; Organic acids; Silica; Vitamins; Calabar; Caloric value; Cellular functions; Chemical evaluations; Gnetum africana; Telferia occidentalis; Nutrition; amino acid; gymnosperm; mineral; protein; vitamin; Gnetum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849092886	The impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers	Ligthelm A.A.	2008	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	11	1	None	Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, South Africa	Ligthelm, A.A., Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, South Africa	The retail sector forms a critical element of a community's economic and social welfare. It provides people with choices and services. These choices were until recently very limited in township areas. The pre-1994 retail landscape was dominated by small, often informal businesses offering basic household necessities to relatively low income earners. This has resulted in township residents' preference to shop outside townships, known as 'outshopping'. Rapid income growth of township residents since 1994 resulted in a substantial increase in consumer expenditure in these areas, known as 'in-bound shopping'. This lucrative emerging market forms the last retail frontier in South Africa and is being explored by national retailers, especially supermarket chains. This article is aimed at establishing the impact of shopping mall development in townships on the traditional small township retailers including spaza/tuck shops. The net balance sheet on the impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers clearly suggests a decline in the township retailers' market share. A change in small business model towards, inter alia, effective customer service with a small dedicated assortment of merchandise, satisfaction of emergency needs, selling in small units and extension of credit facilities may result in the survival of some small township retailers (albeit often at a smaller turnover).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849099359	Language and student performance in junior secondary science examinations: The case of second language learners in Botswana	Prophet R.B., Badede N.B.	2009	International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education	7	2	10.1007/s10763-006-9058-3	Mathematics and Science Education, University of Botswana, P/Bag 0022, Gaborone 0000, Botswana	Prophet, R.B., Mathematics and Science Education, University of Botswana, P/Bag 0022, Gaborone 0000, Botswana; Badede, N.B., Mathematics and Science Education, University of Botswana, P/Bag 0022, Gaborone 0000, Botswana	Teaching and testing in science in junior secondary schools in Botswana, takes place in English which is a second language for the majority of Batswana (Citizens of Botswana are called Batswana [sing. Motswana] and the national language is Setswana.) students and a third language for many. The understanding of textual material in science has been shown to be problematic for first language speakers, which means that difficulties in comprehension are likely to be even greater for second language readers. This study set out to test the hypothesis that improving the readability of junior certificate science examination questions would improve student achievement. Results show that changing certain readability factors, such as sentence length, simplified vocabulary and the removal of obscure information, brought about an improvement in achievement. The conclusion considers the implications of the study for the writers of examinations and other texts in science. © 2007 National Science Council, Taiwan.	Assessment; Botswana; Language policy; Medium of instruction; Science education	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849100248	Impact of ultrasound on dairy spoilage microbes and milk components	Cameron M., McMaster L.D., Britz T.J.	2009	Dairy Science and Technology	89	1	10.1051/dst/2008037	Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Cameron, M., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; McMaster, L.D., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Numerous reports in the literature suggest pasteurisation failures in the dairy industry as a possible cause for an end product with a poor quality. Ultrasonication offers the dairy industry a non-thermal alternative to pasteurisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ultrasonication as an alternative to heat pasteurisation. Ultrasound was found to eliminate spoilage and potential pathogens to zero or to levels acceptable by South African and British milk legislation, even when initial inoculum loads of 5× higher than permitted were present before treatment. Viable cell counts of E. coli were reduced by 100% after 10.0 min of ultrasonication. The data obtained also showed that viable counts of Pseudomonas fluorescens were reduced by 100% after 6.0 min and Listeria monocytogenes was reduced by 99% after 10.0 min. An infra-red based apparatus was used to analyse raw and pasteurised milk after an ultrasonic treatment. Ultrasonication did not lead to decreases in the protein or lactose content of both raw and pasteurised milk. Kjeldahl nitrogen determinations confirmed that ultrasonication had no detrimental effect on the total protein or casein content of pasteurised milk. This study indicated that ultrasonication lead to an increase in the fat concentration. This was explained by the larger surface area of the fat globules after ultrasonication, which led to an increase in light scattering as observed by the MilkoScan. Alkaline phosphatase and lactoperoxidase activities were also investigated as potential indicators of an effective ultrasonic treatment. Ultrasonication was, however, found to be ineffective in deactivating both enzymes used regularly by the dairy industry as indicators of effective thermal processes. © 2009 INRA EDP Sciences.	D-value; Microorganism; Milk; Protein; Ultrasound	Escherichia coli; Listeria monocytogenes; Pseudomonas fluorescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849102133	South African exporter performance: New research into firm-specific and market characteristics	May C., O'Neill C.	2008	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	11	1	None	Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; School of Management, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	May, C., Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; O'Neill, C., School of Management, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	The export marketing performance of any firm is influenced by a multitude of different factors. Given the multi-faceted nature of the export market, this research study investigated specific factors such as how firm-specific characteristics, product characteristics, market characteristics and export marketing strategies impact on the export marketing performance of South African manufacturing firms. Some of the findings of this research study indicated that firm size, investment commitment and careful planning, as firm-specific characteristics, had a significant influence on export marketing performance. The relationship between export experience and export marketing performance was insignificant. The degree of pricing adaptation and product adaptation had a significant effect on export marketing performance, while this was not the case with respect to the degree of promotion adaptation and distributor support.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849106681	Impact of industrial effluents on water, soils and plants in the Alakia industrial area of Ibadan, South West Nigeria	Awomeso J.A., Ufoegbune G.C., Oluwasanya G.O., Ademola-Aremu O.O.	2009	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	91	1	10.1080/02772240802074975	College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Awomeso, J.A., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ufoegbune, G.C., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oluwasanya, G.O., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ademola-Aremu, O.O., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Chemical analysis of the effluents of the industrial area in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, and their effect on three communities were evaluated. The degree of pollution was ascertained by determination of the concentration of 12 metals including Pb, Cu, Ni, K, Cd, Fe, Zn, Ca, Cr, Mn, Na, Mg, a specific nonmetal phosphorus, as well as chloride (Cl) and nitrates (NO3 -. The study established the presence of metals in concentrations higher than the recommended limits in effluent discharges in all the samples in the study area. © 2009 Taylor &amp; Francis.	Effluent; Industrial growth; Metals; Pollution; Radicals	Calcium; Chlorine compounds; Chromium; Industrial plants; Lead; Manganese; Manganese compounds; Metals; Nitrogen compounds; Phosphorus; Pollution; Sewage; Sodium; Wastewater treatment; Zinc; Concentration of; Effluent discharges; Industrial areas; Industrial effluents; Industrial growth; Nigeria; Radicals; Study areas; Effluents; chemical pollutant; concentration (composition); discharge; effluent; heavy metal; nitrate; Africa; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849126953	Toxicological evaluation of the effect of water contaminated with lead, phenol and benzene on liver, kidney and colon of Albino rats	Adeyemi O., Ajayi J.O., Olajuyin A.M., Oloyede O.B., Oladiji A.T., Oluba O.M., Adeyemi O., Ololade I.A., Adebayo E.A.	2009	Food and Chemical Toxicology	47	4	10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.023	Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Departmen	Adeyemi, O., Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria; Ajayi, J.O., Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Olajuyin, A.M., Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Oloyede, O.B., Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oladiji, A.T., Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oluba, O.M., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria; Adeyemi, O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria; Ololade, I.A., Department of Chemistry/Industrial Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Adebayo, E.A., Department of Chemistry/Industrial Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	The effect of water contaminated with phenol, benzene and lead on rats cellular system was investigated. Selected enzyme activity of the kidney and colon of rats was carried out. Standard enzyme assays were also conducted for selected liver enzymes such as alkaline and acid phosphatases, alanine and aspartate transaminases, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. Serum indices of liver and kidney function were also determined. The direct bilirubin of test rats were observed to be 3.2 ± 0.2 U/mol/l while that of control rat was 1.2 ± 0.003 U/mol/l. The total bilirubin of test rats was found to be 8.4 ± 0.8 U/mol/l while that of the control was 5.6 ± 0.5 U/mol/l. Generally, enzymes activity in the tissues of test rats were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower relative to control, while the enzyme activity of the serum of test rats was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than control. It could be inferred that experimental data suggest possible damage to the tissues and that consumption of polluted water may account for increasing cases of renal and hepatic failure among people in developing countries. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Bilirubin; Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; Phosphatases; Transaminases; Water	acid phosphatase; alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; benzene; bilirubin glucuronide; gamma glutamyltransferase; lead; phenol; water; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; colon; controlled study; enzyme activity; enzyme assay; experimental rat; gastrointestinal toxicity; kidney function; liver function; liver toxicity; male; nephrotoxicity; nonhuman; rat; tissue injury; water contamination; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Benzene; Bilirubin; Colon; Creatinine; Drinking; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lead; Liver; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Male; Phenol; Rats; Urea; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849127570	Correlating multiple Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic impact spherule layers between South Africa and Western Australia	Simonson B.M., Sumner D.Y., Beukes N.J., Johnson S., Gutzmer J.	2009	Precambrian Research	169	42373	10.1016/j.precamres.2008.10.016	Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1052, United States; Geology Department, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; Paleoproterozoic Mineralization Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Simonson, B.M., Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1052, United States; Sumner, D.Y., Geology Department, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Beukes, N.J., Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Johnson, S., Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1052, United States; Gutzmer, J., Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596 Freiberg, Germany, Paleoproterozoic Mineralization Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Well-studied successions in the Griqualand West Basin (South Africa) and the Hamersley Basin (Western Australia) that both straddle the Archean-Proterozoic boundary have been correlated on the basis of numerous lithostratigraphic similarities. Each succession hosts a minimum of three impact spherule layers, implying a minimum of three large impacts by extraterrestrial objects over a time span of about 140 million years. The occurrences of the youngest spherule layers in both basins in comparable stratigraphic positions in banded iron formations that have already been correlated suggest the youngest pair of layers were formed by a single impact. Close similarities in stratigraphic setting, age, and petrographic characteristics of the spherules, as well as the restriction of distinctive irregular melt particles to only these layers, suggest the oldest layers in the two basins were likewise formed by a single impact. In contrast, the middle layers on the two continents differ significantly in both their stratigraphic positions and the textures of the spherules, suggesting they are products of different impact events. These results suggest that using impact spherule layers to establish a global network of high-resolution stratigraphic markers for early Precambrian successions may be an achievable goal, but careful comparisons between potentially correlative layers will be necessary to achieve it. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Hamersley; Impact ejecta; Impact spherules; Neoarchean; Paleoproterozoic; Transvaal	Archean; lithostratigraphy; Proterozoic; spherule; Africa; Australasia; Australia; Griqualand West Basin; Hamersley Basin; Northern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Australia; Spherules	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849127577	The risk-adjusted performance of companies with female directors: A South African case	Msweli-Mbanga P., Mkhize H.	2007	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	10	2	None	School of Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Msweli-Mbanga, P., School of Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Mkhize, H., School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	The objective of this research was to examine the effects of female directors on the risk-adjusted performance of firms listed on the JSE Securities Exchange of South Africa (the JSE). The theoretical underpinning for the relationship between representation of female directors and the risk-adjusted performance of companies was based on institutional theory. The hypothesis that there is no difference between the risk-adjusted performance of companies with female directors and that of companies without female directors was rejected. Implications of the results are discussed and suggestions for future research presented.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60949093578	Founder centrality, management team congruence and performance in family firms: A Kenyan context	Kelly L., Lewa P.M., Kamaria K.	2008	Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship	13	4	None	Marshall Goldsmith School of Management, Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, United States; United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya	Kelly, L., Marshall Goldsmith School of Management, Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, United States; Lewa, P.M., United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kamaria, K., Marshall Goldsmith School of Management, Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, United States	Applying social network theory to family business, founder centrality has been generally shown to positively affect top-management-team congruence and, as a consequence, firm performance. This study applies social network and strategic leadership theory to an examination of founder centrality in family businesses. It focuses on family businesses in Kenya, and examines the impact of the founder's influence on management team congruence in the three strategic areas of culture, vision, and goals. The discussion considers the research findings in Kenya of a negative influence of founder centrality on management team congruence and firm performance. The study concludes with a presentation of some possible reasons for this dynamic in developing countries like Kenya, where family business is prevalent, and in which the founder plays a central role. © 2008 World Scientific Publishing Company.	Congruence; Family business; Founder centrality; Management team; Performance; Social networks; Strategic decision making; Strategic leadership theory; Strategic planning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60949700706	The impact of translation activities on the development of African languages in a multilingual society: Duramazwi reMimhanzi as a case-study	Mheta G.	2005	Lexikos	15	None	None	African Languages Research Institute, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mheta, G., African Languages Research Institute, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	The article examines the impact of translation activities on the development of African languages in the multilingual Zimbabwean society. It analyses Shona musical terms created through translation processes and strategies such as borrowing, coining, compounding and derivation. Focus is on the way this ongoing term-creation is contributing to improving or hindering the development of Shona. The importance of such processes and strategies are discussed in the broader context of empowering African languages. The article also offers recommendations on how best to produce systematized terminology in music and other specialized fields.	Borrowing; Coining; Compounding; Derivation; Development of African languages; Multilingual societies; Terminography; Terminology; Translation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349106603	Medical circumcision and manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A post intervention evaluation	Peltzer K., Kanta X.	2009	Culture, Health and Sexuality	11	1	10.1080/13691050802389777	Human Sciences Research Council, University of the Free State, Bloemfontien, South Africa; Impilo ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Human Sciences Research Council, University of the Free State, Bloemfontien, South Africa; Kanta, X., Impilo ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	The objectives of this study were first, to report the adverse events reported following male circumcision performed by medical professionals after a one-day training workshop; second, to report on the attitudes towards, beliefs surrounding and experiences regarding circumcision and initiation; and third, to assess the HIV-risk behaviour of young men attending initiation schools post medical circumcision. Initiates who had been medically circumcised by trained healthcare providers were examined and interviewed on the seventh day after circumcision and, in addition, focus-group discussions were conducted with initiates. Results indicate that of the 78 initiates physically examined on the seventh day after circumcision by a trained clinical nurse, seven (9%) adverse events (complications) were found. Initiates reported mixed attitudes towards combining medical circumcision with traditional initiation. The majority of the initiates (70%) felt that they could be stigmatized as a result of choosing medical rather than traditional circumcision and 20% thought that the relationship between medical and traditionally circumcised men was hostile. Prior to circumcision, most initiates (92%) had been sexually active and had engaged in HIV-risk behaviour. Focus-group discussions revealed that sexually active initiates, when asked about sex after circumcision, indicated they wished to abstain for a short period before resuming sexual activities with intended condom use being high. Findings are promising for efforts to up-scale integrated medical circumcision alongside traditional initiation into manhood.	Male circumcision; Sexual risk behaviour; South Africa; Xhosa	Adolescent; Adult; Attitude; Ceremonial Behavior; Circumcision, Male; Focus Groups; Gender Identity; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349118751	Impacts of fructification on biomass production and correlated genetic effects in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)	Seifert T., Müller-Starck G.	2009	European Journal of Forest Research	128	2	10.1007/s10342-008-0219-5	Department of Forest and Wood Science, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7062, South Africa; Section of Forest Genetics, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephan Center of Life and Food Sciences, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany	Seifert, T., Department of Forest and Wood Science, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7062, South Africa; Müller-Starck, G., Section of Forest Genetics, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephan Center of Life and Food Sciences, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany	For the period 2003-2006, fructification of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was recorded at the Kranzberg forest site in Southern Germany by employing a crane with access to the canopy of more than 266 trees. For each tree, stem diameter and growth parameters were assessed annually as well as biomass of cones and seeds, number of seeds per cone, and proportions of empty seeds for a total of 371 trees with cone crop. Genotypes at 19 enzyme coding gene loci of 110 trees were included in the study of correlations between morphological and genetic traits. Re-scaling the observed values for a virtual pure Norway spruce stand of 1 ha, cone biomass including winged seeds (oven-dried at 38°C) varied between 706.8 kg/ha in 2006 (average value per tree was 3.6 kg) and values close to zero in 2005. Corresponding values for vegetative biomass increment of the coning trees in 2006 were 9,273.0 kg/ha and 10.8 kg/tree. A significant higher biomass investment was determined for dominant trees in terms of absolute cone mass as well as in terms of cone mass relative to vegetative biomass and fructification frequency. No trade-off effects in decreased vegetative biomass growth were found in the fructification year, compared to trees that did not grow cones. Although the dominant trees invested proportionally considerable biomass in cones, they showed no significant reduction in vegetative biomass growth. In the following year no decrease in vegetative growth was detected. Based on logistic regressions and homogeneity tests, respectively, significant genetic effect became evident with respect to the gene loci AAP-B and AAT-C concerning fructification probability in the year with maximum generative biomass investment. These and closely related loci also have been found to be indicative for growth and viability, respectively, in other species. © pringer-Verlag 2008.	Allele; Canopy crane experiment; Coning; Fructification; Generative biomass; Genotype; Logistic regression; Norway spruce; Picea abies; Trade-off; Vegetative biomass	biomass allocation; canopy architecture; fruit production; genotype; growth rate; logistics; parameterization; regression analysis; stem; tree; vegetation structure; Bavaria; Central Europe; Eurasia; Europe; Germany; Kranzberg Forest; Picea abies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349151743	Mitigating the impact of HIV and AIDS on rural livelihoods in Southern Africa	Mutangadura G.B., Sandkjaer B.	2009	Development in Practice	19	2	10.1080/09614520802689477	United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Southern Africa Office, Lusaka, Zambia; UNECA, Sustainable Development Division, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mutangadura, G.B., United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Southern Africa Office, Lusaka, Zambia; Sandkjaer, B., UNECA, Sustainable Development Division, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A variety of interventions to mitigate the increasing impact of the HIV and AIDS epidemic on smallholder agricultural production and food security are currently implemented in sub-Saharan Africa. However, documentation and dissemination of such interventions is limited and patchy. Building on emerging experiences from the field, this article seeks to move beyond charting the impacts of HIV and AIDS on rural livelihoods to review existing mitigation policies and programmes, identify the challenges to mitigation, and provide suggestions for future mitigation strategies and policy priorities. The experiences cited in the article are mainly drawn from the hardest-hit regions in Southern and Eastern Africa, but they provide useful lessons for AIDS-affected rural communities in other contexts. The main conclusion is that, as current initiatives are to a large extent ad hoc and localised, there is a need for documentation, dissemination, and scaling up of existing interventions, as well as greater coherence and co-ordination in policies and programmes to extend their reach and make the most of limited resources.	Aid; Civil society; Labour and livelihoods; Social sector; Sub-Saharan Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; civil society; epidemic; food security; health impact; human immunodeficiency virus; policy implementation; rural society; strategic approach; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349173909	Evaluation of variation in susceptibility of three Ethiopian sheep breeds to experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica	Eguale T., Mekonnen G.A., Chaka H.	2009	Small Ruminant Research	82	1	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.017	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	Eguale, T., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Mekonnen, G.A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Chaka, H., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to determine the variation in susceptibility of three Ethiopian sheep breeds (Arsi, Horro and Menz) to experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica. Arsi and Menz breeds of 16 rams each and Horro breed of 14 rams aged between 6 and 8 months were randomly divided into two groups. All rams in the first groups of each breed were infected with 300 viable metacercariae of F. hepatica while those in the second groups were left as controls. Parameters used to assess the level of resistance was fluke egg count (EPG), change in live weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and percentage of adult flukes recovered 18 weeks after experimental infection. The overall mean EPG of Arsi, Horro and Menz sheep breeds was 416.6, 199.1 and 355.7 while the mean number of flukes recovered at the end of the experiment was 107.0 (34.7%), 67.2 (22.3%) and 68.6 (23%), respectively. Based on these factors Arsi breed is (p < 0.05) more susceptible to the effect of F. hepatica compared to other breeds. The EPG, change in live weight and PCV results showed that Horro breed demonstrated better resistance than the rest groups; nevertheless, in terms of adult parasite recovery, no significant difference (p > 0.05) between Horro and Menz breeds was seen. The present results are good indications for the existence of variation in susceptibility of these sheep breeds to infection with F. hepatica. Further studies on genetic basis of susceptibility differences needs to be carried out. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Arsi; Breeds; Fasciola hepatica; Horro; Menz; Resistance/susceptibility	Fasciola hepatica; Ovis aries; Trematoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61449107995	What contributes to the enhanced use of customer, competition and technology knowledge for product innovation performance?. A survey of multinational industrial companies' subsidiaries operating in China	Zhang J., Hoenig S., Di Benedetto A., Lancioni R.A., Phatak A.	2009	Industrial Marketing Management	38	2	10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.12.007	Department of Marketing, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Marketing, Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, 523 Alter Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States	Zhang, J., Department of Marketing, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; Hoenig, S., School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Di Benedetto, A., Department of Marketing, Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, 523 Alter Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States; Lancioni, R.A., Department of Marketing, Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, 523 Alter Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States; Phatak, A., Department of Marketing, Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, 523 Alter Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States	This study extends an emerging research area in knowledge management to new product development by empirically examining the factors associated with the use of different types of knowledge flows from various sources and product innovation performance (i.e., market success of new products) in the multinational companies' subsidiaries in China. The findings seem to indicate the vitality of considering a broad spectrum of knowledge management related variables such as a subsidiary's product development strategy, market conditions it faces, its knowledge capacity and knowledge support structure. Furthermore, we found that subsidiaries with better performance are generally excel in the use of competition knowledge flow, the development of moderate innovative products, communication among different functional departments or product development groups, the codification of knowledge, and a supportive culture. © 2008.	China; Knowledge flow; Knowledge management; Product innovation performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61449110163	Disease, predation and demography: Assessing the impacts of bovine tuberculosis on African buffalo by monitoring at individual and population levels	Cross P.C., Heisey D.M., Bowers J.A., Hay C.T., Wolhuter J., Buss P., Hofmeyr M., Michel A.L., Bengis R.G., Bird T.L.F., Du Toit J.T., Getz W.M.	2009	Journal of Applied Ecology	46	2	10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01589.x	Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, United States; Ecoleges, Environmental Consultants, PO Box 40091, The Village 1218, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Southern African Wildlife College, Private Bag X3015, Hoedspruit, 1380, South Africa; Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, South Africa; South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Veterinary Investigation Centre, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa; Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States	Cross, P.C., Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States, Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Heisey, D.M., US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, United States; Bowers, J.A., Ecoleges, Environmental Consultants, PO Box 40091, The Village 1218, South Africa, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Hay, C.T., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Southern African Wildlife College, Private Bag X3015, Hoedspruit, 1380, South Africa; Wolhuter, J., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, South Africa; Buss, P., South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Hofmeyr, M., South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Michel, A.L., Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bengis, R.G., Veterinary Investigation Centre, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa; Bird, T.L.F., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Du Toit, J.T., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States; Getz, W.M., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States	1. Understanding the effects of disease is critical to determining appropriate management responses, but estimating those effects in wildlife species is challenging. We used bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the African buffalo Syncerus caffer population of Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study to highlight the issues associated with estimating chronic disease effects in a long-lived host. 2. We used known and radiocollared buffalo, aerial census data, and a natural gradient in pathogen prevalence to investigate if: (i) at the individual level, BTB infection reduces reproduction; (ii) BTB infection increases vulnerability to predation; and (iii) at the population level, increased BTB prevalence causes reduced population growth. 3. There was only a marginal reduction in calving success associated with BTB infection, as indexed by the probability of sighting a known adult female with or without a calf (P = 0·065). 4. Since 1991, BTB prevalence increased from 27 to 45% in the southern region and from 4 to 28% in the central region of Kruger National Park. The prevalence in the northern regions was only 1·5% in 1998. Buffalo population growth rates, however, were neither statistically different among regions nor declining over time. 5. Lions Panthera leo did not appear to preferentially kill test-positive buffalo. The best (Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample size) AICc model with BTB as a covariate [exp(β) = 0·49; 95% CI = (0·24-1·02)] suggested that the mortality hazard for positive individuals was no greater than for test-negative individuals. 6. Synthesis and applications. Test accuracy, time-varying disease status, and movement among populations are some of the issues that make the detection of chronic disease impacts challenging. For these reasons, the demographic impacts of bovine tuberculosis in the Kruger National Park remain undetectable despite 6 years of study on known individuals and 40 years of population counts. However, the rainfall and forage conditions during this study were relatively good and the impacts of many chronic diseases may be a non-linear function of environmental conditions such that they are only detectable in stressful periods. © 2008 British Ecological Society.	Bovine tuberculosis; Detection; Disease; Population growth; Predator; Syncerus caffer	Akaike information criterion; bovine tuberculosis; cattle; census; demography; detection method; disease prevalence; host-pathogen interaction; mortality; national park; population growth; vulnerability; wildlife management; Africa; Kruger National Park; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bovinae; Panthera; Panthera leo; Syncerus caffer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61449152839	The environmental impacts of regional disparity in population and wealth distribution in Nigeria	Madu I.A.	2009	Environment, Development and Sustainability	11	2	10.1007/s10668-007-9109-0	Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu 4100001, Nigeria	Madu, I.A., Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu 4100001, Nigeria	The disparity in both population and wealth distribution in Nigeria by geo-political zones is well recognized. There is also the recognition that some of the environmental problems in certain sections of the country can be attributed to the imbalance in both population and wealth distribution. Hence the various agitations for environmental resource control in the country. What is lacking however is the research that shows the magnitude of the linkages between the disparity and the environmental degradation in regional context. This provides the basis for this research. To achieve the aim of the research, a STIRPAT model was employed as an analytical tool. The findings show that the southern geopolitical zones are generally more densely populated and wealthier than the northern zones. The south is also experiencing a higher degree of environmental resource degradation attributable to anthropogenic factors. Thus, there is congruence between population density, wealth distribution and environmental degradation in Nigeria. Therefore the achievement of sustainable environment and development in Nigeria requires deliberate policies to mitigate the impact of population concentration and wealth creation on the environment. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Environmental resource degradation; Geo-political zones; Living standards; Population distribution; STIRPAT model and wealth	anthropogenic effect; environmental degradation; environmental impact assessment; environmental policy; mitigation; population distribution; research; resource management; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61449209745	The combined impact of mine drainage in the Ankobra River Basin, SW Ghana	Akabzaa T.M., Jamieson H.E., Jorgenson N., Nyame K.	2009	Mine Water and the Environment	28	1	10.1007/s10230-008-0057-1	Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark	Akabzaa, T.M., Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jamieson, H.E., Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Jorgenson, N., Department of Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nyame, K., Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	This study assessed the combined effects of seven large-scale gold mines, one manganese mine, and scattered artisanal gold mining sites on the quality of water in the Ankobra Basin in a geologically complex terrain. Water samples from streams, boreholes, hand dug wells, and mine spoil were analysed. Scatter plots of trends among measured parameters were used to assess drainage quality and differential impacts. Drainage quality exhibits wide seasonal and spatial variations; the geology strongly influences the water chemistry. Areas with low pH (&lt;5.5), and high sulphate ions and trace ions are suggestive of acid mine drainage while sites with high pH (&gt;7.5), HCO3 -, subdued SO4 2-, and high trace ions are suggestive of sites where acid neutralization is effective. High metal sources are largely confined to mining operations in the Birimian formation with ores containing more than 2% sulphides. However, restricted high metal regimes are observed in drainage in the Tarkwaian formation associated with scatted sulphide-bearing dolerite dykes in the operational areas of the Tarkwa and Damang mines. Earlier studies disputed sulphides in the Tarkwaian formation until recently, when acid-generating dykes were discovered in operating pits. The most degraded waters emanate from the Prestea and Iduapriem mines, and to a lesser extent, the Nsuta mine sites, all mining Birimian rocks. The Tarkwa mine showed minimal metal loading. Zn, Cu, Ni, As, SO4, pH, and specific conductance are essential and adequate parameters in determining if acid drainage is taking place at these sites, and are recommended for routine mine environmental monitoring.	Ankobra River; Drainage; Ghana; Mine; Water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61549097533	Macroeconomic performance and inequality: Brazil, 1983-94	Bittencourt M.	2009	Developing Economies	47	1	10.1111/j.1746-1049.2009.00075.x	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Bittencourt, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	We examine how poor macroeconomic performance, mainly in terms of high rates of inflation, affected earnings inequality in the 1980s and early 1990s in Brazil. The results, based initially on aggregate time series, and then on sub-national panel time-series data and analysis, show that the extreme inflation, combined with an imperfect process of financial adaptation and incomplete indexation coverage, had a regressive and significant impact on inequality. The implication of the results is that sound macroeconomic policies, which keep inflation low and stable in the long run, should be a necessary first step of any policy package implemented to alleviate inequality in Brazil. © Journal compilation © 2009 Institute of Developing Economies.	Brazil; Financial adaptation; Indexation; Inequality; Inflation	financial system; inflation; macroeconomics; time series analysis; Brazil; South America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649092578	Study of heavy metal distribution in soils impacted with crude oil in southern Nigeria	Iwegbue C.M.A., Williams E.S., Isirimah N.O.	2009	Soil and Sediment Contamination	18	2	10.1080/15320380802545399	Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Crop/Soil Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	Iwegbue, C.M.A., Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Williams, E.S., Department of Crop/Soil Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Isirimah, N.O., Department of Crop/Soil Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	The study presents the levels and enrichment factors of heavy metals in soils of southern Nigeria that have received significant impact of crude oil spillage. The results revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the examined soils fitted into levels found in agricultural soils except for cadmium. Heavily impacted sites showed elevated levels of heavy metals compared to less impacted sites and background levels. The mean enrichment factors for Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn were 37.3, 2.8, 14.4, 14.0, 0.77, 5.4, and 1.27 for topsoil and 37.5, 1.30, 7.81, 1.59, 4.12, and 1.28 for subsoil, respectively. This clearly indicates that there is gradual build-up of heavy metals in these soils as a result of the oil spillage and related anthropogenic activities in this area. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Enrichment factor; Heavy metal; Niger Delta; Oil spillage; Soil contamination	Cadmium; Chromium; Crude petroleum; Lead; Manganese; Manganese compounds; Metals; Soils; Zinc; Agricultural soils; Anthropogenic activities; Background levels; Crude oil; Elevated levels; Enrichment factor; Heavy metals in soils; Metal distributions; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Oil spillage; Significant impacts; Soil contamination; Soil pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649093337	In vitro evaluation of the viability of vaginal cells (VK2/E6E7) and probiotic Lactobacillus species in lemon juice	Anukam K.C., Reid G.	2009	Sexual Health	6	1	10.1071/SH08037	Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A4V2, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria	Anukam, K.C., Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A4V2, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria; Reid, G., Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A4V2, Canada	Background: Women, especially in developing countries, most often bear the brunt of HIV infections. The continued lack of viable vaccines and microbicides has made some women resort to using natural products such as lemon or lime juice to avoid infection. Few in vitro studies have been done on the effect of lemon juice on vaginal cells and lactobacilli that constitute the major microbiota in healthy women. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of lemon juice on the viability of vaginal cells (VK2/E6E7) and vaginal Lactobacillus species. Methods: Vaginal cells were exposed to different concentrations (0-30%) of lemon juice at pH 2.3 and 4.5 for 10min. Viability was determined by staining the cells with propidium iodide and analysing them by flow cytometry. Lactobacillus organisms were dispensed into microplates with vaginally defined medium+peptone (VDMP) containing different concentrations of lemon juice ranging from 0 to 100%. Results: Lemon juice at pH 2.3 had a significant (P=0.03) toxic effect on the vaginal cell line used. At 30% concentration, the vaginal cells were practically non-viable, typified by a 95% loss of viability, whereas at pH 4.5 there was only 5% cell loss. Lemon juice had varying growth inhibitory effects on the Lactobacillus species tested. At pH 4.5 and using 10-30% lemon juice, there was a stimulatory growth effect on certain Lactobacillus species. Conclusions: Lemon juice (20-30%) at pH 2.3 was highly toxic to VK2/E6E7 cells, and at pH 4.5 there was no significant effect on the viability of the cells within 10min. Lemon juice above 10% at pH 2.3 was found to be detrimental to the growth of vaginal lactobacilli. Although lemon juice may be useful in other applications, its use in the vaginal region should be discouraged. © CSIRO 2009.	Bacteria; HIV; Lemon juice; Microbicides	propidium iodide; article; bacterial growth; cell viability; clinical evaluation; concentration response; controlled study; female; flow cytometry; growth inhibition; human; human cell; in vitro study; Lactobacillus; lemon juice; pH measurement; vagina flora; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Beverages; Cells, Cultured; Citrus aurantiifolia; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactobacillus; Species Specificity; Vagina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649094018	Routine delirium monitoring in a UK critical care unit	Page V.J., Navarange S., Gama S., McAuley D.F.	2009	Critical Care	13	1	10.1186/cc7714	Department of Anaesthetics, Watford General Hospital, Vicarage Road, Watford WD19 4DZ, United Kingdom; Department of Anaesthetics, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Private Bag X03, Mayville 4038, South Africa; Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BN, United Kingdom	Page, V.J., Department of Anaesthetics, Watford General Hospital, Vicarage Road, Watford WD19 4DZ, United Kingdom; Navarange, S., Department of Anaesthetics, Watford General Hospital, Vicarage Road, Watford WD19 4DZ, United Kingdom; Gama, S., Department of Anaesthetics, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Private Bag X03, Mayville 4038, South Africa; McAuley, D.F., Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BN, United Kingdom	Introduction: Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Using an assessment tool has been shown to improve the ability of clinicians in the ICU to detect delirium. The confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) is a validated delirium-screening tool for critically ill intubated patients. The aim of this project was to establish the feasibility of routine delirium screening using the CAM-ICU and to identify the incidence of delirium in a UK critical care unit. Methods: Routine CAM-ICU monitoring was implemented in a mixed critical care unit in January 2007 following a two-month educational and promotional campaign. Guidelines for the management of delirium were introduced. During a two-month prospective audit in September and October 2007, the daily CAM-ICU was recorded by the bedside nurse for consecutive level 2 and level 3 patients admitted to the mixed medical/ surgical critical care ward in a district general hospital. This was repeated in January 2008. Patient outcome was recorded. The records of an additional cohort of ventilated patients were reviewed retrospectively to determine compliance with routine CAM-ICU assessments. Results: Seventy-one patients were included in the observational cohort, with 60 patients in the retrospective cohort. In the prospective group it was not possible to assess for delirium with the CAM-ICU in nine patients due to persistent coma or inability to understand simple instructions. Excluding elective post-operative patients, the incidence of delirium was 45% in patients who could be assessed; in the 27 ventilated patients who could be assessed it was 63%. From the retrospective data compliance with the CAM-ICU assessment was 92%. The incidence of delirium in this retrospective group of ventilated patients who could be assessed was 65%. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that delirium screening is feasible in a UK ICU population. The high incidence of delirium and the impact on outcomes in this UK cohort of patients is in line with previous reports. © 2009 Page et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; aged; article; artificial ventilation; clinical assessment tool; cohort analysis; confusion assessment method for the ICU; controlled study; critically ill patient; delirium; feasibility study; female; high risk patient; human; incidence; intensive care; major clinical study; male; observational study; outcome assessment; patient monitoring; priority journal; retrospective study; United Kingdom; comparative study; critical illness; delirium; intensive care unit; mass screening; methodology; middle aged; prospective study; psychological aspect; Aged; Cohort Studies; Critical Illness; Delirium; Female; Great Britain; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649107506	Evaluation of larvicides in developing management guidelines for long-term control of pest blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) along the Orange River, South Africa	Palmer R.W., Rivers-Moore N.A.	2008	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	75	4	None	Nepid Consultants, P.O. Box 4349, White River, 1240, South Africa; Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	Palmer, R.W., Nepid Consultants, P.O. Box 4349, White River, 1240, South Africa; Rivers-Moore, N.A., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	PALMER, R.W. & RIVERS-MOORE, N.A. 2008. Evaluation of larvicides in developing management guidelines for long-term control of pest blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) along the Orange River. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 75:299-314 In 2000 and 2001 Orange River levels were higher than normal: associated serious outbreaks of blackfly had a substantial detrimental impact on the local economy. The poor control was attributed to the suspected development of larval resistance to temephos. A long-term solution to blackfly control, through the identification of a suitable replacement to temephos for use during high flow conditions, was proposed. This study, however, failed to identify or register a suitable larvicide for use during high flow conditions. Although permethrin was highly effective against blackfly larvae, it was rejected because of its detrimental impacts on non-target fauna. Various formulations of locally produced dry Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) were tested, but these were ineffective against blackflies. The study also confirmed that resistance to temephos has developed among Simulium chutteri in the middle and lower Orange River. The feasibility of "reversing" the resistance to temephos through the use of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was investigated, but the results were not favourable. Furthermore, PBO was highly toxic to blackflies and non-target organisms, and was not recommended for further testing. This means that B.t.i. currently remains the only symptomatic measure of treatment currently applied. Although resistance to B.t.i. has not been reported for blackflies elsewhere in South Africa, there is a need to remain vigilant and to implement an operational strategy that minimizes the risks of resistance developing.	Larvicide trials; Orange River; Pest blackflies; Resistance; Simuliidae	insecticide; temefos; animal; animal disease; article; Bacillus thuringiensis; biological pest control; epidemic; fly; growth, development and aging; insecticide resistance; larva; methodology; microbiology; pest control; physiology; prevalence; South Africa; treatment outcome; Animals; Bacillus thuringiensis; Disease Outbreaks; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Larva; Pest Control; Pest Control, Biological; Prevalence; Simuliidae; South Africa; Temefos; Treatment Outcome; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis; Diptera; Simuliidae; Simulium chutteri	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649120830	Impact of terrorism and security measures on global business transactions: Some international business guidelines	Jain S.C., Grosse R.	2009	Journal of Transnational Management	14	1	10.1080/15475770802698540	University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Standard Bank, Johannesburg, South Africa	Jain, S.C., University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Grosse, R., Standard Bank, Johannesburg, South Africa	Terrorism is likely to continue well into the future, presenting a new type of risk for companies that engage in international business transactions. Worldwide, government policymakers have introduced a variety of security measures to contain terrorism while trying not to reduce/distract global trade and investment. For international business (IB) scholars, this opens a new field of inquiry. This paper outlines different streams of research relative to terrorism, related security measures, and international business. Suggestions are made regarding the unique role that multinational enterprises can play in abating terrorism, for example, by taking steps to reduce global poverty and hatred, directly negotiating with terrorists, and developing new technology to counter terrorism.	Role of MNCs in countering terrorism; Security and global business; Terrorism	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61749084412	The impact of the positive Indian Ocean dipole on Zimbabwe droughts	Manatsa D., Chingombe W., Matarira C.H.	2008	International Journal of Climatology	28	15	10.1002/joc.1695	Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe; Geography Department, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho, Lesotho; University of the Western Cape, Department of Earth Sciences, Western Cape, South Africa	Manatsa, D., Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe; Chingombe, W., Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe, University of the Western Cape, Department of Earth Sciences, Western Cape, South Africa; Matarira, C.H., Geography Department, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho, Lesotho	A comparative study of the impact of the anomalous positive Indian Ocean SST gradient, referred to as the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal Mode (IODZM), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall variability for the period 1940-1999, is documented. Composite techniques together with simple and partial correlation analyses are employed to segregate the unique association related to IODZM/ENSO with respect to the Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall. The analysis reveals that the IODZM impact on the country's summer rainfall is overwhelming as compared to that of ENSO when the two are in competition. The IODZM influence remains high (significant above 99% confidence level), even after the influence of ENSO has been removed, while that of ENSO collapses to insignificance (even at 90% confidence level) when the IODZM contribution is eliminated. The relationship between ENSO and Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall seems to be sustained through El Niño occurring in the presence of positive IODZM events. However, when the co-occurring positive IODZM and El Niño events are removed from the analysis, it is apparently clear that ENSO has little to do with the country's rainfall variability. On the other hand, positive IODZM is mostly associated with the rainfall deficits, whether or not it co-occurs with El Niño. However, the co-occurrence of the two events does not necessarily suggest that El Niño influences droughts through the positive IODZM events. The El Niño event components during co-occurrence seem to be unrelated (at least linearly) to the droughts, while the positive IODZM events display a relatively strong relationship that is significant above the 95% confidence level. It thus becomes important to extend the study of this nature to cover the whole of southern Africa, so that the extent of the impact of the phenomena can be realized over the whole region. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society.	Drought prediction; Droughts; El Niño-Southern oscillation; Indian ocean dipole/Zonal Mode; Seasonal rainfall; Southern Africa	Atmospheric pressure; Drought; Nickel compounds; Ocean engineering; Oceanography; Co occurrences; Comparative studies; Confidence levels; Indian ocean dipole/Zonal Mode; Indian ocean dipoles; Influence of enso; Partial correlations; Rainfall variabilities; Seasonal rainfall; Southern Africa; Summer rainfalls; Zimbabwe; Rain; air-sea interaction; correlation; drought; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; rainfall; sea surface temperature; seasonal variation; Africa; Indian Ocean; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61749090431	The performance analysis of a solid adsorption solar refrigerator during collector cool-down and refrigerant evaporation/re-adsorption phases	Ogueke N.V., Anyanwu E.E.	2009	Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering	223	1	10.1243/09544089JPME217	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Ogueke, N.V., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Anyanwu, E.E., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Performance analysis of a solid adsorption solar refrigerator during the collector cool-down and refrigerant evaporation/re-adsorption phases is presented. The effects of the condenser pressure, evaporator pressure, and initial adsorbate concentration on the collector cool-down and refrigerant evaporation/re-adsorption were tested. The adsorbate concentration re-adsorbed increased from 55 to 98 per cent when the initial adsorbate concentration was dropped from 0.29 to 0.21 kg/kg, while the mass of ice produced increased from 0 kg of ice/kg of adsorbent to 0.4 kg of ice/kg of adsorbent for the same range of variation of initial adsorbate concentration. © IMechE 2009.	Adsorbate; Adsorption; Cool-down; Refrigeration; Solar	Adsorbates; Capillary tubes; Concentration (process); Refrigerants; Refrigerators; Solar refrigeration; Surface structure; Adsorbate concentrations; Adsorption phasis; Condenser pressures; Cool-down; Evaporator pressures; Performance analysis; Solar; Solid adsorptions; Adsorption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61749094806	Internalisation and firm performance: Evidence from estimates of efficiency in banking in Namibia and Tanzania	Okeahalam C.C.	2008	Journal of International Development	20	7	10.1002/jid.1455	BAR, AGH Group, Private Bag X9, Benmore 2010 Johannesburg, South Africa	Okeahalam, C.C., BAR, AGH Group, Private Bag X9, Benmore 2010 Johannesburg, South Africa	This paper assesses and compares the impact of internationalisation on the economic performance of firms in the banking sector in Namibia and Tanzania. With the aid of financial ratios and econometric analysis, measures of efficiency are used as proxies for overall economic performance and comparisons are made. In Namibia, the market is more concentrated than in Tanzania, all the foreign banks are fromone country, and they have had a presence in the country for a long time. In Tanzania, the market is less concentrated than in Namibia, foreign entry is from a number of countries and has been more recent. The study finds that in Namibia, all the foreign banks are larger but more inefficient than domestically owned banks. In Tanzania, foreign banks are more efficient than domestic banks. These results suggest that the generation of foreign entry and industry structure are significant determinants of positive spillovers of internationalisation. They also indicate that the type of foreign entrant, not, just foreign entry determines the impact on efficiency and the competitive landscape. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Banking; Competition; Effciency; Internationalisation; Namibia; Performance; Tanzania	banking; competition (economics); competitiveness; globalization; technical efficiency; Africa; East Africa; Namibia; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61849117968	Probing the Universe with cosmic rays using high performance computing	Potgieter M.	2008	South African Journal of Science	104	42686	None	Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Centre for High Performance Computing, CSIR Campus, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Mostersdrift, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Potgieter, M., Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, Centre for High Performance Computing, CSIR Campus, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa, Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Mostersdrift, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	I REPORT ON THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF the South African Centre for High Performance Computing carried out at the Unit for Space Physics at North-West University, Potchefstroom, during 2007/8. Background is given on the aims of the centre and the first three flagship projects that were selected in 2006 for computational-intensive tasks. The project in Computational Space Physics and Astrophysics, called 'Cosmic rays and us: From birth to death', is described in detail, and a summary given of research highlights so far.	None	cosmic ray; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61849157507	South African teachers' reflections on the impact of culture on their teaching of sexuality and HIV/AIDS	Helleve A., Flisher A., Onya H., Mukoma W., Klepp K.-I.	2009	Culture, Health and Sexuality	11	2	10.1080/13691050802562613	GLOBINF Centre for Prevention of Global Infections, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adolescent Health Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Research Centre of Health Promotion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Health Promotion Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa; Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Helleve, A., GLOBINF Centre for Prevention of Global Infections, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Flisher, A., Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adolescent Health Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Research Centre of Health Promotion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Onya, H., Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adolescent Health Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Health Promotion Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa; Mukoma, W., Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adolescent Health Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Klepp, K.-I., GLOBINF Centre for Prevention of Global Infections, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway	This paper aims to explore South African Life Orientation teachers' perception and practice of teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality in a cultural perspective. We aim to investigate how teachers respond to perceived cultural differences between the local community and the content of their teaching. Data were collected through interviews with teachers who taught students in grades 8 or 9 in public high schools. The teachers expressed differing viewpoints regarding the rationale for teaching about HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Many teachers saw teaching these topics as a response to declining moral standards, while others suggested that they were teaching issues that parents failed to address. The teachers were more concerned about young people's sexual behaviour than about preventing HIV/AIDS. They perceived that cultural contradictions between what was taught and local cultural values were an issue to which they needed to respond, although they differed in terms of how to respond. Some took an adaptive approach to try to avoid conflicts, while others claimed the moral neutrality of their teaching. Teaching about sexuality was perceived to be challenging in terms of language and communication norms. Teaching about HIV/AIDS was perceived as challenging because teachers often needed to convince students about the reality of AIDS.	HIV/AIDS; Prevention; Sex education; South Africa; Teachers	Adult; Cultural Characteristics; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Safe Sex; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61849180910	Contaminated land clean-up using composted wastes and impacts of VOCs on land	Williamson J.C., Akinola M., Nason M.A., Tandy S., Healey J.R., Jones D.L.	2009	Waste Management	29	5	10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.015	School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Williamson, J.C., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Akinola, M., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Nason, M.A., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Tandy, S., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Healey, J.R., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Jones, D.L., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom	This paper describes experiments that demonstrate the effects and potential for remediation of a former steelworks site in Wales polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Under field conditions, PAH-contaminated soil was composted in-vessel, with or without organic feedstocks, receiving forced aeration for 80 days followed by 4 months maturation. Treatments compared PAH removal in contaminated soil to contaminated soil mixed with three different organic waste mixes after composting and after composts were spread to land. After composting, PAH concentrations declined in all treatments, by up to 38%. Sixteen months after the composts were landspread and vegetation was established, only those containing contaminated soil with organic additions exhibited further PAH removal, by up to 29%. Composting resulted in a decline in the relative concentration of small PAHs, whereas the landspreading-vegetation phase saw a decline in the relative concentration of medium PAHs in two of the three composts exhibiting PAH removal. Under controlled glasshouse conditions, vegetated soil columns of differing depths were exposed to VOCs from beneath. VOC vapour affected both shoot and root growth and soil microbial activity; effects varied with distance from the VOC source. This work demonstrated that on-site remediation of aged PAH-contaminated land can be successfully initiated by in-vessel co-composting followed by land spreading and vegetation, within a practical timeframe. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Co-composting; Composted wastes; Contaminated lands; Contaminated soils; Field conditions; Forced aerations; Glasshouse conditions; In vessels; Landspreading; Organic feedstocks; Organic wastes; Relative concentrations; Root growths; Site remediations; Soil columns; Soil microbial activities; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Composting; Contamination; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Sewage; Soil pollution; Soil structure interactions; Soils; Vegetation; Volatile organic compounds; Waste treatment; Remediation; compost; contaminated land; PAH; soil pollution; volatile organic compound; waste management; Environmental Pollution; Environmental Remediation; Metallurgy; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Soil; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62049085455	Liana species richness, abundance and relationship with trees in the Bobiri forest reserve, Ghana: Impact of management systems	Addo-Fordjour P., Anning A.K., Larbi J.A., Akyeampong S.	2009	Forest Ecology and Management	257	8	10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.051	Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana	Addo-Fordjour, P., Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Anning, A.K., Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Larbi, J.A., Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Akyeampong, S., Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana	Forest management practices which may represent various forms of disturbance regimes could influence liana species richness, abundance and relationship with their hosts. The study sought to determine the impacts of three management systems, namely, the Selection, Tropical Shelterwood and Post Exploitation Systems (SS, TSS and PES respectively) on liana species richness, abundance and relationship with trees in the Bobiri forest reserve, Ghana. Lianas with dbh ≥ 2 cm found on trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were enumerated in 1 ha plot each in the SS, TSS and PES. All trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) within the plots that did not carry lianas were also enumerated. A total of 640 liana individuals belonging to 27 species, 22 genera and 13 families were identified in the management systems. Griffonia simplicifolia (Vahl ex DC.) Baill., Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. and Calycobolus africanus (G.Don) Heine were the abundant species in all the management systems. Unlike in SS, lianas in the TSS and PES were dominated by a few species. Larger diameter lianas were more abundant in the PES (32%) compared with the SS (18.3%) and the PES (13.1%). Liana diversity (H′) (species richness and abundance) was quantitatively higher in the SS (2.8) than the TSS (2.2) and the PES (2.0). The numbers of lianas carried by tree species differed significantly in the management systems (p &lt; 0.001 each). Liana infestation in the forest was high. The level of liana infestation did not reflect the extent of liana load per tree in the management systems. Larger trees carried significantly more liana individuals than smaller trees in the PES (p = 0.019, r 2 = 0.15). There was a positive significant relationship between host dbh and liana dbh in the PES (p &lt; 0.001, r 2 = 0.23) and TSS (p = 0.024, r 2 = 0.11). Tree diversity appeared to have influenced liana species richness and abundance. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Abundance; Bobiri forest; Impact; Lianas; Management systems; Relationship; Trees	Forestry; Potential energy; Potential energy surfaces; Abundance; Bobiri forest; Impact; Lianas; Management systems; Relationship; Trees; Management; abundance; diameter; ecological impact; forest management; species diversity; species richness; vine; Biodiversity; Energy; Forest Management; Forests; Ghana; Shelterwood; Trees; Africa; Ashanti; Bobiri Forest Reserve; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Calycobolus; Griffonia; Griffonia simplicifolia; Motandra guineensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62149107367	Neuropsychological status of bipolar I disorder: Impact of psychosis	Savitz J., Van Der Merwe L., Stein D.J., Solms M., Ramesar R.	2009	British Journal of Psychiatry	194	3	10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052001	Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology and Neurology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Institutes of Health, B15K, North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States	Savitz, J., Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Health, B15K, North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Van Der Merwe, L., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, South Africa; Stein, D.J., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Solms, M., Department of Psychology and Neurology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Ramesar, R., Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background The presence of schizotypal personality traits in some people with bipolar disorder, together with reports of greater cognitive dysfunction in patients with a history of psychotic features compared with patients without such a history, raises questions about the nosological relationship between bipolar disorder with psychotic features and bipolar disorder without psychotic features. Aims To test the impact of a history of DSM-IV-defined psychosis on the neuropsychological status of participants with bipolar disorder while statistically controlling for confounding factors such as mood, medication, alcohol misuse/dependence and childhood abuse, and to evaluate the impact of schizotypal personality traits (and thus potential vulnerability to psychotic illness) on the cognitive performance of people with bipolar disorder and their healthy relatives. Method Neuropsychological data were obtained for 25 participants with type I bipolar disorder and a history of psychosis, 24 with type I bipolar disorder but no history of psychosis and 61 unaffected relatives. Schizotypal traits were measured with the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA). Childhood trauma was measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Results The group with a history of psychosis performed significantly worse than the healthy relatives on measures of verbal working memory, cognitive flexibility and declarative memory. Nevertheless, the two bipolar disorder groups did not differ significantly from each other on any cognitive measure. Scores on the STA were negatively associated with verbal working and declarative memory, but positively associated with visual recall memory. Conclusions 'Psychotic' and 'non-psychotic' subtypes of bipolar disorder may lie on a nosological continuum that is most clearly defined by verbal memory impairment.	None	Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Cognition Disorders; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Family Health; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychotic Disorders; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62249098547	Coefficient shifts in geographical ecology: An empirical evaluation of spatial and non-spatial regression	Bini L.M., Diniz-Filho J.A.F., Rangel T.F.L.V.B., Akre T.S.B., Albaladejo R.G., Albuquerque F.S., Aparicio A., Araújo M.B., Baselga A., Beck J., Bellocq M.I., Böhning-Gaese K., Borges P.A.V., Castro-Parga I., Chey V.K., Chown S.L., De Marco Jr. P., Dobkin	2009	Ecography	32	2	10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05717.x	Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood Univ., Farmville, VA 23909, United States; Depto de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Univ. de Sevilla, c/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez no 2, ES-41012 Sevilla, Spain; Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Dept of Environmental Sciences, Inst. of Biogeography, Univ. of Basel, St.Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Depto de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucio, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Inst. fur Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Becherweg 13, DE-55099 Mainz, Germany; Depto de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. dos Acores, CITA A (Azorean Biodiversity Group), Terra Cha, PT- 9700-851 Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Acores, Portugal; Depto de Ecologia C/Darwin 2, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; Entomology Section, Forest Research Centre of Sabah, Sepilok, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Malaysia; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch Univ., Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; High Desert Ecological Research Inst., 15 S.W. Colorado Ave., Bend, OR 97702, United States; Area de Ecologia, Facultad de Biologia, Univ. de Salamanca, ES-37007 Salamanca, Spain; School of Geography, Univ. of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State St, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, United States; NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Dept of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374, United States; Dept of Biology, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada; Dept of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Depto de Ecologia y Sistematica Terrestre, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carr. Panamericana y Av. Periferico Sur s/n, San Cristobal de Chiapas 29290, Mexico; Depto de Biologia, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; IRD, DMPA, Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, FR-75005 Paris, France; Centro de Investigacion sobre Desertificacion (CIDE, CSIC), Apartado Oficial, ES-46470 Albal, Valencia, Spain; Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, United States; Center for Macroecology, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UNIFOB Global, Univ. of Bergen, NO-5015 Bergen, Norway; Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Bini, L.M., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Rangel, T.F.L.V.B., Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood Univ., Farmville, VA 23909, United States; Akre, T.S.B., Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Albaladejo, R.G., Depto de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Univ. de Sevilla, c/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez no 2, ES-41012 Sevilla, Spain; Albuquerque, F.S., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Aparicio, A., Depto de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Univ. de Sevilla, c/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez no 2, ES-41012 Sevilla, Spain; Araújo, M.B., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Baselga, A., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Beck, J., Dept of Environmental Sciences, Inst. of Biogeography, Univ. of Basel, St.Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Bellocq, M.I., Depto de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucio, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Böhning-Gaese, K., Inst. fur Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Becherweg 13, DE-55099 Mainz, Germany; Borges, P.A.V., Depto de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. dos Acores, CITA A (Azorean Biodiversity Group), Terra Cha, PT- 9700-851 Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Acores, Portugal; Castro-Parga, I., Depto de Ecologia C/Darwin 2, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; Chey, V.K., Entomology Section, Forest Research Centre of Sabah, Sepilok, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Malaysia; Chown, S.L., DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch Univ., Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; De Marco Jr., P., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Dobkin, D.S., High Desert Ecological Research Inst., 15 S.W. Colorado Ave., Bend, OR 97702, United States; Ferrer-Castán, D., Area de Ecologia, Facultad de Biologia, Univ. de Salamanca, ES-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Field, R., School of Geography, Univ. of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Filloy, J., Depto de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucio, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fleishman, E., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State St, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, United States; Gómez, J.F., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Hortal, J., NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Iverson, J.B., Dept of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374, United States; Kerr, J.T., Dept of Biology, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada; Kissling, W.D., Inst. fur Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Becherweg 13, DE-55099 Mainz, Germany; Kitching, I.J., Dept of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; León-Cortés, J.L., Depto de Ecologia y Sistematica Terrestre, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carr. Panamericana y Av. Periferico Sur s/n, San Cristobal de Chiapas 29290, Mexico; Lobo, J.M., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Montoya, D., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Morales-Castilla, I., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Moreno, J.C., Depto de Biologia, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; Oberdorff, T., IRD, DMPA, Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, FR-75005 Paris, France; Olalla-Tárraga, M.A., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Pausas, J.G., Centro de Investigacion sobre Desertificacion (CIDE, CSIC), Apartado Oficial, ES-46470 Albal, Valencia, Spain; Qian, H., Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, United States; Rahbek, C., Center for Macroecology, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Rodríguez, M.A., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Rueda, M., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Ruggiero, A., Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Sackmann, P., Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Sanders, N.J., Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Terribile, L.C., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Vetaas, O.R., UNIFOB Global, Univ. of Bergen, NO-5015 Bergen, Norway; Hawkins, B.A., Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	A major focus of geographical ecology and macroecology is to understand the causes of spatially structured ecological patterns. However, achieving this understanding can be complicated when using multiple regression, because the relative importance of explanatory variables, as measured by regression coefficients, can shift depending on whether spatially explicit or non-spatial modeling is used. However, the extent to which coefficients may shift and why shifts occur are unclear. Here, we analyze the relationship between environmental predictors and the geographical distribution of species richness, body size, range size and abundance in 97 multi-factorial data sets. Our goal was to compare standardized partial regression coefficients of non-spatial ordinary least squares regressions (i.e. models fitted using ordinary least squares without taking autocorrelation into account; "OLS models" hereafter) and eight spatial methods to evaluate the frequency of coefficient shifts and identify characteristics of data that might predict when shifts are likely. We generated three metrics of coefficient shifts and eight characteristics of the data sets as predictors of shifts. Typical of ecological data, spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of OLS models was found in most data sets. The spatial models varied in the extent to which they minimized residual spatial autocorrelation. Patterns of coefficient shifts also varied among methods and datasets, although the magnitudes of shifts tended to be small in all cases. We were unable to identify strong predictors of shifts, including the levels of autocorrelation in either explanatory variables or model residuals. Thus, changes in coefficients between spatial and non-spatial methods depend on the method used and are largely idiosyncratic, making it difficult to predict when or why shifts occur. We conclude that the ecological importance of regression coefficients cannot be evaluated with confidence irrespective of whether spatially explicit modelling is used or not. Researchers may have little choice but to be more explicit about the uncertainty of models and more cautious in their interpretation. © 2009 Ecography.	None	abundance; body size; data set; least squares method; macroecology; range size; regression analysis; species richness	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62249133727	The relationships among gender, strategic capabilities, and performance of small retail firms in Ghana	Boohene R.	2009	Journal of African Business	10	1	10.1080/15228910802701601	Department of Management, School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Boohene, R., Department of Management, School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	The study examines the direct and indirect effects of gender on business strategies, firm resources, business owners' skills, and performance of small firms in Ghana. Small businesses comprise about 90% of all enterprises and are recognized as a crucial and integral component of economic development aimed at sustained poverty reduction in Ghana. The ability of these firms to contribute to economic development is influenced by their business strategies, determined by the firm's resources and owner-manager's business skills. Structured questionnaires from 600 owner-managers of small retail shops in the Accra Metropolitan area were analyzed. Structural equation modeling using partial least-squares was used to examine the relationships between gender, business strategies, firm resources, business owners' skills, and performance. Results show that the gender of the owner-managers has a direct influence on business performance, resources, and skills; a partial influence on business strategies; and an indirect influence on performance through business strategies. The findings suggest that assistance programs aimed at addressing business performance should target gender differences to enhance women business owners' strategies, resources, and skills.	Gender; Ghana; Resources; Skills; Strategy	corporate strategy; economic development; firm ownership; gender issue; least squares method; metropolitan area; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62249134367	High performance liquid chromatography analysis of wine anthocyanins revisited: Effect of particle size and temperature	de Villiers A., Cabooter D., Lynen F., Desmet G., Sandra P.	2009	Journal of Chromatography A	1216	15	10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.038	University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS-TW), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	de Villiers, A., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Cabooter, D., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS-TW), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Lynen, F., Ghent University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Desmet, G., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS-TW), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Sandra, P., Ghent University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	The complex anthocyanin fraction of red wines poses a demanding analytical challenge. We have found that anthocyanins are characterised by extremely low optimal chromatographic velocities, and as a consequence generic HPLC methods suffer from limited resolving power. Slow on-column inter-conversion reactions, particularly between carbinol and flavylium species, are shown to occur on the same time scale as chromatographic separation, leading to increased plate heights at normal chromatographic velocities. In order to improve current routine HPLC separations, the use of small (1.7 μm) particles and high temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) were investigated. 1.7 μm particles provide better efficiency and higher optimal linear velocities, although column lengths of ∼20 cm should be used to avoid the detrimental effects of conversion reactions. More importantly, operation at temperatures up to 50 °C increases the kinetics of inter-conversion reactions, and implies significantly improved efficiency under relatively mild analysis conditions. It is further demonstrated using relevant kinetic data that no on-column thermal degradation of these thermally labile compounds is observed at 50 °C and analysis times of <2 h. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anthocyanins; Elevated temperature; HPLC; Small particles; Thermal degradation; Wine	Anthocyanins; Elevated temperature; HPLC; Small particles; Thermal degradation; Body fluids; Chromatographic analysis; Chromatography; Degradation; High pressure liquid chromatography; Liquids; Methanol; Particle size analysis; Thermal effects; Thermogravimetric analysis; Wine; High performance liquid chromatography; anthocyanin; methanol; article; chemical analysis; food analysis; high performance liquid chromatography; high temperature; particle size; priority journal; wine; Anthocyanins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Stability; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Particle Size; Plant Extracts; Temperature; Wine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62349083377	Impact of aciclovir on genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA in HSV-2/HIV-1 co-infected women: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in South Africa	Delany S., Mlaba N., Clayton T., Akpomiemie G., Capovilla A., Legoff J., Belec L., Stevens W., Rees H., Mayaud P.	2009	AIDS	23	4	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831db217	Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, France; Université Paris V, Centres de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers and Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 18512, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2038, South Africa	Delany, S., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 18512, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2038, South Africa; Mlaba, N., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clayton, T., Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Akpomiemie, G., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Capovilla, A., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Legoff, J., Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, France; Belec, L., Université Paris V, Centres de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers and Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rees, H., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mayaud, P., Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Several studies suggest that herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) may enhance HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aciclovir 400 mg twice daily for 3 months in 300 HSV-2/HIV-1 co-infected women not yet on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Participants were evaluated prerandomization and at monthly visits for 3 months. Primary outcomes were the detection and quantity of genital HIV-1 RNA at the month 3 (M3) visit. Analyses were also undertaken using data from all visits. The treatment effects on plasma HIV-1 RNA, CD4 + cell count and genital HSV-2 DNA were also assessed. Results: At M3 fewer women had detectable genital HIV in the aciclovir group compared to placebo, but this was not significant [61/132 (46%) vs. 71/137 (52%), risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-1.14; P = 0.36]. There was also little difference in quantity of HIV-1 RNA among shedders(+0.13 log 10 copies/ml, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.39) at M3. However, aciclovir significantly decreased the frequency of HIV-1 shedding over all visits [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.89]. Significant reductions in M3 plasma HIV-1 RNA (-0.34 log 10 copies/ml, 95% CI 0.15-0.54), genital HSV-2 DNA (8 vs. 20%, RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.73) and genital ulceration (8 vs. 18%, RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.84) were observed in the aciclovir group. Conclusion: HSV-2 suppressive therapy, by reducing HIV-1 plasma viral load and altering the pattern of genital HIV-1 shedding, may contribute to the reduction in sexual transmission of HIV-1 and may delay the requirement for HAART initiation. © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health|Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Aciclovir; Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2); HIV-1; Randomized controlled trial; South Africa; Suppressive therapy	aciclovir; placebo; virus DNA; virus RNA; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical trial; concurrent infection; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; disease course; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; female; genital herpes; genital ulcer; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; treatment outcome; virus transmission; Acyclovir; Adult; Antiviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cervix Uteri; DNA, Viral; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Middle Aged; RNA, Viral; Sexual Behavior; Specimen Handling; Treatment Outcome; Vagina; Virus Shedding; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62349092577	Performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 prepared by solid-state reaction	Chen Z., Zhu H., Ji S., Linkov V., Zhang J., Zhu W.	2009	Journal of Power Sources	189	1	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.001	Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Chen, Z., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; Zhu, H., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; Ji, S., South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Linkov, V., South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Zhang, J., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; Zhu, W., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China	LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was prepared through a solid-state reaction using various Ni precursors. The effect of precursors on the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was investigated. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 made from Ni(NO3)2·6H2O shows the best charge-discharge performance. The reversible capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is about 145 mAh g-1 and remained 143 mAh g-1 after 10 cycles at 3.0-5.0 V. The XRD results showed that the precursors and the dispersion methods had significant effect on their phase purity. Pure spinel phase can be obtained with high energy ball-milling method and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as precursor. Trace amount of NiO and Li2MnO3 phase were detected in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with manual-mixture method and using Ni(CH3COO)2·6H2O, NiO and Ni2O3 as precursors. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cathode materials; LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4; Lithium ion battery; Spinel	Ball milling; Cathodes; Lithium; Lithium alloys; Lithium batteries; Manganese; Nickel; Cathode materials; Charge-discharge performance; Dispersion methods; Electrochemical performance; High energies; LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub>; Lithium ion battery; Mixture methods; Phase purities; Reversible capacities; Solid-state reactions; Spinel; Spinel phase; Trace amounts; XRD; Manganese compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62449214951	Impact of intense, longitudinal retreatment with praziquantel on cure rates of schistosomiasis mansoni in a cohort of occupationally exposed adults in western Kenya	Black C.L., Steinauer M.L., Mwinzi P.N.M., Evan Secor W., Karanja D.M.S., Colley D.G.	2009	Tropical Medicine and International Health	14	4	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02234.x	Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Black, C.L., Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Steinauer, M.L., Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Mwinzi, P.N.M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Evan Secor, W., Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Karanja, D.M.S., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Colley, D.G., Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Objective: To investigate trends in the efficacy of praziquantel (PZQ) suggestive of the emergence of drug resistance against Schistosoma mansoni infection after 12.5 years of intense, repeated use in a small geographic area along the shores of Lake Victoria. Methods: As part of a longitudinal study, 178 men occupationally exposed to schistosomes were repeatedly tested for S. mansoni infection at 4- to 6-week intervals and treated with PZQ at each reinfection. We compared cure rates by year of study and examined factors associated with cure failure in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: Overall, the cure rate after a single dose of PZQ was 66%, ranging annually from 36% to 82%. In multivariate analysis, failure to cure after 1 PZQ dose was significantly associated with high intensity of infection and having fewer previous exposures to dying worms. Even after adjustment for these factors, treatments administered in 2006 were significantly more likely to result in cure failures than treatments administered in 2004, the year in which PZQ efficacy was highest. While cure rates varied over the course of 12 years, there was no consistent downward trend towards decreased efficacy over time. In years for which malacological data were available, periods of low PZQ efficacy coincide with high rates of S. mansoni infection in nearby snail populations. Conclusion: We did not find a pattern of cure failures consistent with development of clinical resistance to PZQ in our intensely treated cohort. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Drug resistance; Praziquantel; Schistosomiasis	praziquantel; drug; drug resistance; infectious disease; multivariate analysis; numerical model; occupational exposure; population structure; regression analysis; snail; adult; article; cohort analysis; disease transmission; drug efficacy; egg; human; Kenya; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; occupational exposure; parasite identification; parasite prevalence; repeated drug dose; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; single drug dose; snail; treatment failure; treatment outcome; Adult; Animals; Anthelmintics; Drug Resistance; HIV Infections; Humans; Liver Diseases, Parasitic; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Parasite Egg Count; Praziquantel; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Gastropoda; Schistosoma mansoni	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62449339139	Frequency-independent performance of elliptic profile tem horns	Malherbe J.	2009	Microwave and Optical Technology Letters	51	3	10.1002/mop.24109	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Malherbe, J., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The TEM horn with elliptic E-plane profile has been shown to give extremely wide bandwidth performance as far as VSWR and gain is concerned. In this article, the variation in radiation pattern versus frequency is explored, and it is shown that, dependant on choice, E-plane or H-plane radiation patterns that are virtually independent of frequency can be obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Elliptic profile; Frequency-independent properties; TEM horn	Elliptic profile; Frequency-independent properties; H planes; Radiation patterns; TEM horn; Wide-bandwidth performance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62549095843	Perceived impact of journalism on awareness and spectatorship as indices for sports development in Lagos State, Nigeria	Morakinyo E.O., Agu E.C.	2009	Anthropologist	11	1	None	Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Galaxy Television, Lagos, Nigeria	Morakinyo, E.O., Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Agu, E.C., Galaxy Television, Lagos, Nigeria	This study was designed to determine the perceived impact of journalism on awareness and spectatorship as indices of sports development in Lagos State of Nigeria. The purposive and random sampling techniques were adopted in selecting four hundred and eighty (480) respondents made up of sports journalists and stakeholders in the sports industry, descriptive research design with a self-structured questionnaire (r = b8) was used for data collection. The chi-square (χ2) was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05alpha level. The analysis revealed that the two variables were indices of sports development (Awareness -37.59, p&lt;0.05, 2df; Spectatorship - 12.47, p&lt;0.05, 2df). © Kamla-Raj 2009.	Awareness; Journalism; Perceived impact; Spectatorship; Sports development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62549135657	Mapping grazing-induced degradation in a semi-arid environment: A rapid and cost effective approach for assessment and monitoring	Thompson M., Vlok J., Rouget M., Hoffman M.T., Balmford A., Cowling R.M.	2009	Environmental Management	43	4	10.1007/s00267-008-9228-x	GeoTerraImage, P.O. Box 295, Persequor TechnoPark, Pretoria 0020, South Africa; Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Biodiversity Center, South African National Botanical Institute, Brumeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Thompson, M., GeoTerraImage, P.O. Box 295, Persequor TechnoPark, Pretoria 0020, South Africa; Vlok, J., Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Rouget, M., Biodiversity Center, South African National Botanical Institute, Brumeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa, Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Hoffman, M.T., Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Balmford, A., Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Cowling, R.M., Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Improved techniques for measuring and monitoring the state of biodiversity are required for reporting on national obligations to international and regional conservation institutions. Measuring the extent of grazing-related degradation in semi-arid ecosystems has proved difficult. Here we present an accurate and cost-effective method for doing this, and apply it in a South African semi-arid region that forms part of a globally significant biodiversity hotspot. We grouped structurally and functionally similar vegetation units, which were expert-mapped at the 1:50,000 scale, into four habitat types, and developed habitat-specific degradation models. We quantified degradation into three categories, using differences between dry and wet season values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the three succulent karoo habitats, and the difference between maximum and mean NDVI values for the subtropical thicket habitat. Field evaluation revealed an accuracy of 86%. Overall, degradation was high: 24% of the study area was modeled as severely degraded, and only 9% as intact. Levels of degradation were highest for bottomland habitats that were most exposed to grazing impacts. In sharp contrast to our methods, a widely used, broad-scale and snapshot assessment of land cover in South Africa was only 33% accurate, and it considerably underestimated the extent of severely degraded habitat in the study area. While our approach requires a multidisciplinary team, and in particular expert knowledge on the characteristics and spatial delimitation of vegetation types, it is repeatable, rapid, and relatively inexpensive. Consequently, it holds great promise for monitoring and evaluation programs in semi-arid ecosystems, in Africa, and beyond. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Land cover; Land degradation; Monitoring; Remote-sensing; Semi-arid ecosystems; South Africa	Cost-effective approaches; Cost-effective methods; Degradation models; Dry and wets; Evaluation programs; Expert knowledge; Field evaluations; Habitat types; Hot spots; Induced degradations; Land cover; Land degradation; Multi-disciplinary teams; Normalized difference vegetation indices; Semi-arid ecosystems; Semi-arid environments; Semi-arid regions; Sharp contrasts; South Africa; Spatial delimitations; Study areas; Vegetation types; Arid regions; Biodiversity; Cost effectiveness; Degradation; Landforms; Monitoring; Ocean habitats; Remote sensing; Vegetation; Ecosystems; biodiversity; cost-benefit analysis; environmental degradation; environmental impact assessment; environmental monitoring; grazing; mapping method; NDVI; remote sensing; semiarid region; vegetation type; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Geography; South Africa; Africa; Karoo; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62649112701	Evaluation of plantain peelings ash extract as coagulant aid in the coagulation of colloidal particles in low pH aqua system	Oladoja N.A., Aliu Y.D.	2008	Water Quality Research Journal of Canada	43	03-Feb	None	Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	Oladoja, N.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Aliu, Y.D., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	The use of plantain peelings ash extract (PPAE) as a coagulant aid in a low pH water was evaluated in the present studies. Plantain peelings were collected, washed, dried, and ashed in a furnace. The ash was extracted using deionized water, and the chemical composition was examined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Synthetic turbid water of varying turbidities (50, 100, 300 NTU) and varying pHs (2, 3, 4) were prepared by clay dispersion in deionized water. The optimum alum dosages for the coagulation of colloidal particles in different turbid waters of varying pHs were determined by method of continuous variation using the jar test procedure. The residual turbidities of the treated waters were determined, and the alum doses that gave the minimum residual turbidities were taken as the optimum dosage for the removal of colloidal particles. The use of PPAE as a coagulant aid with alum showed an improvement in the value of residual turbidities of the treated waters. Results obtained from the different studies showed that treated waters of lower residual turbidities were obtained from synthetic waters of higher initial turbidities and pHs. The pH of the treated water decreased with an increase in alum dosage, whereas an increase in the pH value was observed with the addition of PPAE as a coagulant aid. High correlation coefficient values (r2) were obtained when the changes in pH (i.e., ΔpH = pHf -pH) of the treated waters were correlated with alum and PPAE additions, and mathematical relationships were derived from the linear graph. Studies on the effect of flocculation time on residual turbidity showed that an optimum flocculation time of 30 minutes was attained, when alum was used alone, before redistribution and redispersion of the flocs was noticed. This phenomenon did not occur when PPAE was used as a coagulant aid. © 2008, CAWQ.	Alum; Ash; Coagulant; Plantain peel extract; Turbidity	Alum; Atomic absorption spectrophotometer; Chemical compositions; Clay dispersion; Colloidal particle; Correlation coefficient; Jar test; Linear graph; Mathematical relationship; pH value; Redispersions; Residual turbidity; Synthetic waters; Turbid water; Coagulation; Flocculation; Solvent extraction; Turbidity; Water absorption; Water treatment; Deionized water; ash; atomic absorption spectroscopy; chemical composition; coagulation; colloid; dispersion; flocculation; pH; plant extract; turbidity; water quality; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62649140526	Production and evaluation of some physicochemical parameters of peanut milk yoghurt	Isanga J., Zhang G.	2009	LWT - Food Science and Technology	42	6	10.1016/j.lwt.2009.01.014	School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Ministry of Education, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Isanga, J., School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Ministry of Education, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Zhang, G., School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Ministry of Education, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China	The peanut milk for yoghurt production was prepared by fortifying peanut milk (∼12 g/100 g total solids) with 4 g/100 g skimmed milk powder. The final product was subjected to physicochemical analysis using cow milk yoghurt (CMY) as a control throughout the study. Peanut milk yoghurt (PMY) had higher protein content, fat, water holding capacity and lower susceptibility to Syneresis than CMY. PMY had lower lactose level (1.73 g/100 ml) compared to CMY (4.93 g/100 ml). Generally both PMY and CMY had high mineral composition and contained high amounts of essential amino acids. PMY also contained a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids as compared to CMY. Therefore, in terms of fatty acid composition, PMY could be considered to be more health promoting than CMY. Sensory evaluation revealed that though PMY had better sensory texture scores than CMY, its sensory appearance, flavor and overall acceptability scores were lower than those of CMY. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cow milk yoghurt; Evaluation; Peanut milk yoghurt; Physicochemical parameters	Amines; Amino acids; Dairy products; Organic acids; Sugars; Water content; Water quality; Cow milk yoghurt; Essential amino acids; Evaluation; Fatty acid compositions; Mineral compositions; Overall acceptabilities; Peanut milk yoghurt; Physicochemical analysis; Physicochemical parameters; Protein contents; Saturated fatty acids; Sensory evaluations; Skimmed milks; Total solids; Unsaturated fatty acids; Water-holding capacities; Fatty acids; Arachis hypogaea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749083727	CD4 + T-cell count monitoring does not accurately identify HIV-infected adults with virologie failure receiving antiretroviral therapy	Moore D.M., Awor A., Downing R., Kaplan J., Montaner J.S.G., Hancock J., Were W., Mermin J.	2008	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	49	5	10.1097/QAI.0b013e318186eb18	Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Moore, D.M., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Awor, A., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Downing, R., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Kaplan, J., AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Montaner, J.S.G., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hancock, J., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Were, W., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Mermin, J., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda	Background: CD4 - T-lymphocyte (CD4) counts are widely used to monitor response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings. However, the utility of such monitoring in terms of predicting virologie response to therapy has been little studied. Methods: We studied participants aged 18 years and older who initiated ART in Tororó, Uganda. CD4 counts, CD4 percentages, and viral load (VL) were examined at 6-monthly intervals. Various definitions of immunologic failure were examined to identify individuals with VLs ≥ 50, ≥500, ≥1000, or ≥5000 copies per milliliter at 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment initiation. Results: One thousand sixty-three ART-naive persons initiated ART. The proportion of individuals with virologie failure ranged between 1.5% and 16.4% for each time point. The proportion with no increase in CD4 count from baseline did not differ between those with suppressed or unsuppressed VLs at 6, 18, and 24 months after ART initiation. No increase in CD4 cell counts at 6 months had a sensitivity of 0.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00 to 0.10] and a positive predictive value of 0.03 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.09) for identifying individuals with VL ≥ 500 copies per milliliter at 6 months. The best measure identified was an absolute CD4 cell count &lt;125 cells per microliter at 21 months for predicting VL ≥ 500 copies per milliliter at 18 months which had a sensitivity of 0.13 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.21) and a positive predictive value of 0.29 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.44). Conclusions: CD4 cell count monitoring does not accurately identify individuals with virologie failure among patients taking ART. Copyright © 2008 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Africa; Antiretroviral therapy; CD4 cell count; Virologie suppression	adult; aged; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; ethics; female; follow up; health care organization; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; immunology; informed consent; major clinical study; male; patient monitoring; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; treatment failure; treatment response; Uganda; virology; virus load; world health organization; CD4 lymphocyte count; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; antiretrovirus agent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749083911	Performance data of screening mammography at a dedicated breast health centre	Apffelstaedt J.P., Steenkamp V., Baatjes K.	2008	South African Medical Journal	98	12	None	Department of Surgery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, W. Cape, South Africa; Panorama, Western Cape, South Africa	Apffelstaedt, J.P., Department of Surgery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, W. Cape, South Africa; Steenkamp, V., Department of Surgery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, W. Cape, South Africa; Baatjes, K., Panorama, Western Cape, South Africa	Background. Mammographic screening has become part of routine health care. We present a first analysis of screening mammography in a dedicated breast health centre in Africa. Objective. To establish a performance benchmark and provide data for health care policy and funding decisions on screening mammography. Method. All mammography performed between January 2003 and August 2008 was entered into a prospective database. Mammography was performed exclusively by certified mammographers and double-read by experienced readers. Results. Outcomes were classified in a simplified classification system based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS). In 40-49-year-old women, 3 192 mammograms led to a recall rate of 4.7%, a biopsy rate of 1.9% and a cancer diagnosis rate of 3.8 per 1000 examinations, for women of 50 years and older, the corresponding figures were 4 446, 5.4%, 2.6% and 9.7 per 1 000. Of the cancers detected, 31% were in situ and, of the invasive cancers, 81% were node-negative. These figures were established by a dedicated surgeon-led team and fall within the range expected in organised screening programmes in resource-rich environments, providing a first benchmark for screening mammography in Africa.	None	adult; Africa; age distribution; article; breast biopsy; breast cancer; cancer incidence; cancer invasion; cancer screening; carcinoma in situ; female; human; mammography; women's health; Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Health Facilities; Humans; Mammography; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749086745	Development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-loop- mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of rift valley fever virus in clinical specimens	Le Roux C.A., Kubo T., Grobbelaar A.A., Van Vuren P.J., Weyer J., Nel L.H., Swanepoel R., Morita K., Paweska J.T.	2009	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	47	3	10.1128/JCM.01412-08	Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Center for International Collaborative Research, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillence, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa	Le Roux, C.A., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kubo, T., Center for International Collaborative Research, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan, Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Grobbelaar, A.A., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Van Vuren, P.J., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Weyer, J., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Nel, L.H., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Swanepoel, R., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Morita, K., Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Paweska, J.T., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillence, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa	This paper reports on the development and validation of a real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP) targeting the genomic large RNA segment of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). The set of six designed RT-LAMP primers identified strains of RVFV isolated in geographically distinct areas over a period of 50 years; there was no cross-reactivity with other genetically related and unrelated arboviruses. When testing serial sera and plasma from sheep experimentally infected with wild-type RVFV, there was 100% agreement between results of the RT-LAMP, a TaqMan-based real-time PCR, and virus isolation. Similarly, the assay had very high levels of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when testing various clinical specimens from humans and animals naturally infected with the virus during recent outbreaks of the disease in Africa. The detection of specific viral genome targets in positive clinical specimens was achieved in less than 30 min. As a highly accurate, rapid, and very simple nucleic acid detection format, the RT-LAMP has the potential to be used in less-well-equipped laboratories in Africa and as a portable device during RVF outbreaks in remote areas, and it can be a valuable tool for the differential diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	animal tissue; article; controlled study; histopathology; nonhuman; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; Rift Valley fever bunyavirus; sensitivity and specificity; sheep; virus detection; virus genome; virus isolation; Africa; Animals; DNA Primers; Humans; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Time Factors; Animalia; Arbovirus; Ovis aries; Rift Valley fever virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749128032	Effect of analyte properties on the kinetic performance of liquid chromatographic separations	de Villiers A., Lynen F., Sandra P.	2009	Journal of Chromatography A	1216	16	10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.101	University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	de Villiers, A., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Lynen, F., Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Sandra, P., Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Advances in modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have led to increased interest in the comparison of the ultimate performance limits of methodologies aimed at increasing the resolving power per unit time. Kinetic plot-based methods have proven invaluable in facilitating such evaluations. However, in bridging the gap between fundamental comparisons and the eventual practical applicability of kinetic performance data, the effect of analyte properties have thus far largely been neglected. Using pharmaceutical compounds as representative real-life analytes, it is demonstrated that noteworthy differences in the optimal kinetic performance of a chromatographic system are observed compared to data for common test compounds. For a given stationary phase particle size, higher optimal- and maximum plate numbers, corresponding to increased analysis times, are measured for pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, it is found that the optimal particle size/maximum pressure combination depends on the analyte under investigation, with the beneficial range of efficiencies for small particles shifted towards higher plate numbers for drug molecules. It is further demonstrated that the pH of the mobile phase plays a crucial role in determining the kinetic performance of pharmaceutical compounds. These data clearly indicate that data for test compounds do not reflect the performance attainable for pharmaceutical compounds and highlights the importance of using real-life samples to perform kinetic evaluations. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Analyte properties; Kinetic performance; Liquid chromatography; Pharmaceutical compounds	Analyte properties; Analytes; Chromatographic systems; Drug molecules; High-performance liquid chromatographies; Kinetic evaluations; Kinetic plots; Liquid chromatographic separations; Mobile phase; Per units; Performance datum; Performance limits; Pharmaceutical compounds; Resolving power; Small particles; Stationary phase; Body fluids; Chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography; High pressure liquid chromatography; Liquids; Optimization; Particle size analysis; Chromatographic analysis; phenol derivative; propyl paraben; analytic method; analytical equipment; article; drug determination; instrumentation; kinetics; liquid chromatography; measurement; particle size; pH; priority journal; Chromatography, Liquid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Solutions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62949135660	Late Quaternary dynamics of a South African floodplain wetland and the implications for assessing recent human impacts	Tooth S., Rodnight H., McCarthy T.S., Duller G.A.T., Grundling A.T.	2009	Geomorphology	106	42433	10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.11.009	Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Tooth, S., Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, United Kingdom; Rodnight, H., Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, United Kingdom; McCarthy, T.S., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa; Duller, G.A.T., Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, United Kingdom; Grundling, A.T., Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Knowledge of the long-term geomorphological dynamics of wetlands is limited, so currently there is an inadequate scientific basis for assessing anthropogenically induced changes and for developing conservation, remediation, and/or sustainable management guidelines for these fragile ecosystems. Along the upper Klip River, eastern South Africa, geomorphological and sedimentological investigations, geochronology, and remote sensing have been used to establish the late Quaternary dynamics of some internationally important floodplain wetlands, thus providing a reference condition against which to assess the extent of recent human impacts. Optically stimulated luminescence dating reveals that the wetlands have developed over at least the last 30 ky as a result of slow meander migration (&lt; 0.2 m y- 1), irregular cutoff events, and infrequent avulsions (approximately one every 3-6 ky) that have occurred autogenically as a natural part of meander-belt development. Following European settlement in the Klip valley (late nineteenth century), however, modifications to local flora and fauna, as well as the initiation of local wetland drainage schemes, have had major impacts. In particular, proliferation of exotic willows and associated debris jams, and the artificial excavation of a 1.2-km-long channel section across the wetlands have initiated an ongoing avulsion that is characterised by failure (gradual abandonment) of the main channel and rapid incision of a headcutting channel. Compared to the pre-settlement condition, little change in lateral migration activity has occurred, but this avulsion provides a clear example of anthropogenically accelerated change, occurring only ~ 1 ky after the last natural avulsion and in a part of the wetlands where avulsions have not occurred previously. Subsequent human interventions have included installing weirs in an attempt to control the resulting erosion and promote reflooding, but ongoing maintenance has been required. In areas that were not glaciated during the Quaternary, many other floodplain wetlands may be of similar antiquity, but the Klip River illustrates their sensitivity to direct and indirect human impacts. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Avulsion; Floodplain; Human impact; Meander; Quaternary; Wetland	anthropogenic effect; avulsion; floodplain; human activity; meander; Quaternary; wetland; Africa; Klip River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Salix	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62949189506	Effect of doe milking and supplementation using Dichrostachys cinerea pods on kid and doe performance in grazing goats during the dry season	Maphosa V., Sikosana J.L.N., Muchenje V.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	4	10.1007/s11250-008-9218-2	Matopos Research Station, P. Bag K 5137, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe Open University, P.O. Box 3550, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Maphosa, V., Matopos Research Station, P. Bag K 5137, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Sikosana, J.L.N., Matopos Research Station, P. Bag K 5137, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Muchenje, V., Zimbabwe Open University, P.O. Box 3550, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Effects of supplementation and milking of Matebele does four weeks pre-partum to weaning, on milk yield, kid birth weight and growth rate were studied. Forty does were divided into four treatments: supplemented and milked (SM), supplemented and not milked (SNM), not supplemented and milked (NSM); and not supplemented and not milked (NSNM). Supplemented goats were given 200 g/doe/day of Dichrostachys cinerea pods containing 19% CP. The study was carried out in September during time of feed unavailability and animals were grazed on rangelands for seven hours before being given the supplement. Fifty-six kids were born from all the experimental animals and 24 were singles whereas 32 were twins. Milk yield was higher (P<0.05) in supplemented than non-supplemented does. Although supplementation had no effect on kid birth weights, growth rates were higher (P<0.05) in the SNM group (103±10.1 g/day) than in the SM group (74±10.8 g/day). Among the non-supplemented groups, kids from milked does had higher (P<0.05) daily gains (85±10.9 g/day) than those from non-milked does (67±10.7 g/day). Weaning weights were higher (P<0.05) in SNM does (12.8±1.30 g/day) than in the SM does (10.2±1.17 g/day). Among kids from the non-supplemented does, those from milked does had superior (P<0.05) weaning weights (11.2±1.23 g/day) than those from non - milked does (9.2±1.27 g/day). Mortalities were also lowest in kids born from SNM does. It is concluded that pre-partum to weaning supplementation generally increases milk production which then increases kids growth rates and weaning weights, as well as reduce kid mortalities. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Doe performance; Goat milking; Kid performance; Matebele goat; Supplementation	animal; animal disease; animal food; animal husbandry; article; chemistry; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dairying; diet; female; goat; growth, development and aging; lactation; legume; milk; physiology; randomized controlled trial; season; suckling; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Dairying; Diet; Fabaceae; Female; Goats; Lactation; Milk; Seasons; Animalia; Capra hircus; Dichrostachys cinerea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62949233101	How gold deposition affects anatase performance in the photo-catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane	Carneiro J.T., Yang C.-C., Moma J.A., Moulijn J.A., Mul G.	2009	Catalysis Letters	129	42371	10.1007/s10562-008-9801-1	Catalysis Engineering, DelftChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, Netherlands; Project Au-TEK Catalysis, Advanced Materials Division, MINTEK, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, South Africa	Carneiro, J.T., Catalysis Engineering, DelftChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, Netherlands; Yang, C.-C., Catalysis Engineering, DelftChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, Netherlands; Moma, J.A., Project Au-TEK Catalysis, Advanced Materials Division, MINTEK, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, South Africa; Moulijn, J.A., Catalysis Engineering, DelftChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, Netherlands; Mul, G., Catalysis Engineering, DelftChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, Netherlands	Gold deposition on Hombikat UV100 was found to negatively affect the activity of this Anatase catalyst in selective photo-oxidation of cyclohexane. By ammonia TPD and DRIFT spectroscopy it was determined that the Au deposition procedure leads to a significant decrease in OH-group density (mol m -2 BET) on Hombikat, suggesting that the amount of surface OH-groups, rather than the presence or absence of Au, is determining the catalytic performance. The importance of surface OH-groups was demonstrated by comparing the performance of Hombikat (with and without Au deposition) to surface propoxylated TiO2, synthesized by a sol-gel method from titanium (IV) isopropoxide. The effect of the deposition recipe of noble metals on the surface composition of TiO2 should thus be taken into account in evaluating and explaining photocatalytic performance of TiO2 modified by noble metals (Au), in particular in non-aqueous phase reactions. © 2009 The Author(s).	Au; Cyclohexane; DRIFT; NH3; OH-group density; Oxidation; Photocatalysis; Sol-gel; TiO2; Titanium (IV) isopropoxide	Catalyst activity; Cyclohexane; Fullerenes; Gelation; Gels; Gold deposits; Photocatalysis; Precious metals; Sol-gel process; Sol-gels; Sols; Titanium; Titanium dioxide; Titanium oxides; Au; DRIFT; NH<sub>3</sub>; OH-group density; Sol-gel; TiO<sub>2</sub>; Catalytic oxidation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63049104608	Evaluation of dough sensory properties impacted by yeasts isolated from cassava	Boboye B., Dayo-Owoyemi I.	2009	Journal of Applied Sciences	9	4	None	Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Boboye, B., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Dayo-Owoyemi, I., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	This study is focused on isolating and identifying yeasts found in cassava as well as assessing the dough fermenting abilities of the isolates in term of leavening. A total of seven yeasts were isolated from the liquor of a four days fermented cassava. These are Geotrichum lactis, Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, Candida tropicalis, C. robusta, C. intermidia. Debaryomyces hansenii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. They were used to ferment wheat flour doughs in order to test the fermentative ability of the isolates. The fermented doughs were baked and organoleptic analysis was carried out using some physical parameters namely: leavening. texture, aroma, taste and appearance. The analysis showed that Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, Geotrichum lactis and Candida robusta were best in leavening the flour doughs. Each of these isolates scored between 55 and 60% in all the attributes tested. In the sensory attributes applied, statistical analysis using ANOVA (p<0.05) and Duncan Multiple Range Test showed tb4t about 71 and 80% of the tested isolates compared favourably with the commercial baker's yeasts STK Royal and Saf-instant used. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cassava yeasts; Fermentation; Flour dough; Sensory properties	Candida tropicalis; Debaryomyces hansenii; Duncan multiple range test; Flour doughs; Physical parameters; Sensory attributes; Sensory properties; Wheat-flour dough; Candida; Fermentation; Plants (botany); Yeast	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63049126904	Evaluation of use of herbal medicines among ambulatory hypertensive patients attending a secondary health care facility in Nigeria	Olisa N.S., Oyelola F.T.	2009	International Journal of Pharmacy Practice	17	2	10.1211/ijpp/17.02.0005	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olisa, N.S., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oyelola, F.T., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Objectives: The aim was to evaluate use of herbal medicine among hypertensive patients. Method: The study was carried out at a secondary health care facility in Maiduguri, Nigeria, between April and June 2007. Pretested questionnaires were administered to 500 ambulatory hypertensive patients attending the hypertension clinic after giving consent. Demographic data of respondents, information on reasons for use, sources of herbal medicines, co-administration with Allopathic agents, effects observed, steps taken when adverse effects were observed and reasons for discontinuation of herbal medicines were obtained. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and χ2 at a significance level of P &lt; 0.05. Key findings: One hundred and twenty respondents were found to be using herbal medicines. Increased age was associated with increased use of herbal medicines (P &lt; 0.05). Co-administration of herbal medicines with antihypertensive agents was done by 47.5% respondents, out of which herbs with antihypertensive activity were used by 33.33%. The majority of respondents, 71.15%, were using herbal medicines unbeknownst to their physicians. Clinically evident adverse effects due to co-administration of herbal medicines and allopathic agents were reported by 21.04% of the respondents. Side effects observed (3.79%), improvement in clinical conditions (3.03%), perceived inefficacy of the herbal medicine (1.52%) and instructions by the health care provider (21.15%) were reasons given for discontinuation of the herbal medicines. Reasons given for preferring herbal medicines were combinations of perceived failure of allopathic medicines (31.73%), relatively high cost of allopathic medicine (23.08%), socio-cultural practices/herbal knowledge (20.19%), poor accessibility to medical facilities (19.23%), safety concerns (9.62%) and uncaring attitudes of hospital staff when attending to respondents (6.73%). Conclusions: Herbal medicines were often co-administered with allopathic agents by hypertensive patients, and health care givers need to be vigilant and include questions about use of herbal medicines when taking a patient's drug medication history.	Herbal medicine utilisation; Hypertensive patients; Secondary care facility	antihypertensive agent; herbaceous agent; abdominal discomfort; Adamsonia digitata; adult; aged; allopathy; Aloe vera; ambulatory monitoring; antihypertensive activity; article; Azadirachta indica; basil; blood pressure regulation; Cassian alata; controlled study; correlation analysis; Cymbopogon citratus; diarrhea; drug cost; drug efficacy; drug eruption; drug indication; drug safety; drug utilization; dyspnea; erectile dysfunction; Garcinia kola; garlic; gastroenteritis; ginger; health care delivery; health personnel attitude; heart palpitation; heartburn; herbal medicine; human; Hyenia thebacia; hymenocardia acida; hypertension; jatropha curcas; leg cramp; liquid feces; major clinical study; Melia azedarach; Moringa oleifera; Nigeria; papaya; Piliostigma retinculatum; priority journal; self medication; tamarind; Ximenis Americana; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Antihypertensive Agents; Female; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Questionnaires; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63149102742	Two-year virologic outcomes of an alternative AIDS care model: Evaluation of a peer health worker and nurse-staffed community-based program in uganda	Chang L.W., Alamo S., Guma S., Christopher J., Suntoke T., Omasete R., Montis J.P., Quinn T.C., Juncker M., Reynolds S.J.	2009	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	50	3	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181988375	Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Chang, L.W., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Alamo, S., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Guma, S., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Christopher, J., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Suntoke, T., National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Omasete, R., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Montis, J.P., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Quinn, T.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Juncker, M., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	BACKGROUND: There is growing concern about the human resources needed to care for increasing numbers of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. We evaluated an alternative model, community-based, comprehensive antiretroviral program staffed primarily by peer health workers and nurses. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy during the first 10 months of program enrollment beginning in late 2003. Virologic, immunologic, clinical, and adherence data were collected. RESULTS: Of 360 patients started on treatment, 258 (72%) were active and on therapy approximately 2 years later. Viral load testing demonstrated that 86% of active patients (211/246 tested) had a viral load <400 copies per milliliter. The median CD4 increase for active patients was 197 cells per cubic millimeter (interquartile range, 108-346). Patients with either a history of antiretroviral use or lack of CD4 response were more likely to experience virologic failure. Survival was 84% at 1 year and 82% at 2 years. World Health Organization stage 4 was predictive of both not sustaining therapy and increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A community-based antiretroviral treatment program in a resource-limited setting can provide excellent AIDS care over at least a 2-year period. A comprehensive program based upon peer health workers and nurses provides an effective alternative model for AIDS care. © 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Adherence; Africa; Antiretroviral treatment; Community health services; Nurses; Program evaluation	antiretrovirus agent; efavirenz; lamivudine; lamivudine plus zidovudine; nevirapine; stavudine; tuberculostatic agent; zidovudine; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; antiviral therapy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; community health nursing; drug treatment failure; drug withdrawal; female; health care personnel; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; mortality; nurse; outcome assessment; patient compliance; priority journal; prognosis; retrospective study; Uganda; unspecified side effect; virus load; world health organization; community care; health care quality; manpower; nonbiological model; nurse; organization and management; peer group; standard; virology; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Community Health Services; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Models, Organizational; Nurses; Patient Compliance; Peer Group; Program Evaluation; Retrospective Studies; Uganda; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63249094695	Histological evaluation of the rats testis following admistration of a herbal tea mixture	Maina M.B., Garba S.H., Jacks T.W.	2008	Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology	3	6	10.3923/jpt.2008.464.470	Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Maina, M.B., Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Garba, S.H., Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Jacks, T.W., Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	This research was carried out as a preliminary study to determine the histological effect of a herbal tea mixture on the rat testis. A total of 25 adult male albino rats of the Wister strain were used, they were randomly divided into five groups of five rats each. Group I served as control, while rats in groups II-IV were administered 2, 4 and 8 g kg-1 body weight of the herbal tea, respectively for 28 days. Rats in group V were administered 8 g kg-1 of the herbal tea for 28 days and allowed to stay for 14 days post treatment to observe for reversibility, persistence or delayed occurrence of toxic effects. At the end of the experimental periods, the animals were sacrificed and the weights of the testes recorded, fixed and processed for routine histological technique. Administration of the herbal tea to rats showed a significant increase in body weights, but testicular weights were unaffected. Histological examination of the rat's testis revealed interstitial edema and congestion of blood vessels in the testes of the treated rats. Withdrawal of the herbal tea for 14 days showed a slight degree of recovery in the rats. These findings suggests that the histological organization of the testis can significantly be altered with continuous and increase use of the herbal tea mixture. Further studies to determine the effect of the tea on the morphometry, biometry and hormonal profile of the rat's testes following long term exposure will be useful. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Congestion; Interstitial edema; Rats; Tea; Testis	herbaceous agent; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; biometry; blood vessel occlusion; body weight; controlled study; dietary intake; edema; histopathology; long term exposure; male; morphometrics; nonhuman; rat; tea; testis; testis function; testis size; toxicity testing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63349100246	Equivalence of robust stabilization and robust performance via feedback	Ball J.A., Fang Q., Groenewald G.J., ter Horst S.	2009	Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems	21	1	10.1007/s00498-009-0037-4	Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123, United States; Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, United States; Department of Mathematics, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Ball, J.A., Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123, United States; Fang, Q., Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, United States; Groenewald, G.J., Department of Mathematics, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; ter Horst, S., Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123, United States	One approach to robust control for linear plants with structured uncertainty as well as for linear parameter-varying plants (where the controller has on-line access to the varying plant parameters) is through linear-fractional-transformation models. Control issues to be addressed by controller design in this formalism include robust stability and robust performance. Here robust performance is defined as the achievement of a uniform specified L 2-gain tolerance for a disturbance-to-error map combined with robust stability. By setting the disturbance and error channels equal to zero, it is clear that any criterion for robust performance also produces a criterion for robust stability. Counter-intuitively, as a consequence of the so-called Main Loop Theorem, application of a result on robust stability to a feedback configuration with an artificial full-block uncertainty operator added in feedback connection between the error and disturbance signals produces a result on robust performance. The main result here is that this performance-to-stabilization reduction principle must be handled with care for the case of dynamic feedback compensation: casual application of this principle leads to the solution of a physically uninteresting problem, where the controller is assumed to have access to the states in the artificially-added feedback loop. Application of the principle using a known more refined dynamic-control robust stability criterion, where the user is allowed to specify controller partial-state dimensions, leads to correct robust-performance results. These latter results involve rank conditions in addition to linear matrix inequality conditions. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2009.	Linear fractional transformations; Linear matrix inequalities; Multidimensional linear systems; Output feedback; Robust performance; Robust stabilization	Linear fractional transformations; Multidimensional linear systems; Output feedback; Robust performance; Robust stabilization; Access control; Applications; Block codes; Controllers; Delay control systems; Feedback; Fuzzy control; Linear control systems; Mathematical operators; Mathematical transformations; Robust control; Robustness (control systems); Speed control; Stability criteria; Stabilization; Switching systems; System stability; Uncertain systems; Linear matrix inequalities	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63449087905	Likelihood gradient evaluation using square-root covariance filters	Kulikova M.V.	2009	IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control	54	3	10.1109/TAC.2008.2010989	School of Computational and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa	Kulikova, M.V., School of Computational and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa	Using the array form of numerically stable square-root implementation methods for Kalman filtering formulas, we construct a new square-root algorithm for the log-likelihood gradient (score) evaluation. This avoids the use of the conventional Kalman filter with its inherent numerical instabilities and improves the robustness of computations against roundoff errors. The new algorithm is developed in terms of covariance quantities and based on the "condensed form" of the array square-root filter. © 2009 IEEE.	Gradient methods; Identification; Kalman filtering; Maximum likelihood estimation; Numerical stability	Block codes; Control theory; Convergence of numerical methods; Gradient methods; Kalman filters; Turbo codes; Condensed forms; Identification; Implementation methods; Kalman filtering; Log likelihoods; Numerical instabilities; Numerical stability; Round-off errors; Square roots; Square-root algorithms; Maximum likelihood estimation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63449089142	The impact of browsing-induced degradation on the reproduction of subtropical thicket canopy shrubs and trees	Sigwela A.M., Kerley G.I.H., Mills A.J., Cowling R.M.	2009	South African Journal of Botany	75	2	10.1016/j.sajb.2008.12.001	Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 7700, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Restoration Research Group, Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 7700, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa	Sigwela, A.M., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 7700, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Kerley, G.I.H., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 7700, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Mills, A.J., Restoration Research Group, Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Cowling, R.M., Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 7700, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa	The regeneration dynamics of South African subtropical thicket are poorly understood. This lack of knowledge hampers the development of appropriate restoration protocols in degraded landscapes. To address this we compared the magnitude of seed production and the frequency seedlings of canopy species in intact and browsing-degraded forms of Portulacaria afra-dominated thicket. Severe browsing had a negative impact on sexual reproduction of canopy species. Seed production for all species was lower in the degraded than the intact states of both vegetation types. In the case of seedlings, almost all individuals were associated with beneath-canopy microsites, irrespective of degradation status. Exceptions were P. afra, Putterlickia pyracantha and Grewia robusta. Of the 511 seedlings that we observed, 480 (94%) were found in the beneath-canopy microsite and 31 (6%) in the open. In both intact and degraded sites, there were significantly fewer seedlings (all species combined) in open microsites than would be expected on the basis of the aerial extent of this microsite. The results show firstly that preservation of remnant clumps of closed-canopy thicket in degraded landscapes is of paramount importance for restoration, and that for recruitment of a wide range of canopy species to occur outside of these remnant clumps, it is essential to restore closed-canopy conditions as speedily as possible. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Carbon credits; Portulacaria afra; Restoration; Seed production; Seedling establishment; Soil organic matter	browsing; canopy architecture; carbon dioxide; ecological impact; land degradation; landscape structure; recruitment (population dynamics); regeneration; restoration ecology; seed production; seedling establishment; sexual reproduction; shrub; soil organic matter; Grewia; Portulacaria afra; Putterlickia pyracantha; Pyracantha	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63449127156	Investigation of the validity of the kinetic plot method to predict the performance of coupled column systems operated at very high pressures under different thermal conditions	Cabooter D., Lestremau F., de Villiers A., Broeckhoven K., Lynen F., Sandra P., Desmet G.	2009	Journal of Chromatography A	1216	18	10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.079	Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Pfizer Global Research and Development, Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom; University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Pfizer Analytical Research Center (PARC), Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium	Cabooter, D., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Lestremau, F., Pfizer Global Research and Development, Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom; de Villiers, A., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Broeckhoven, K., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Lynen, F., Pfizer Analytical Research Center (PARC), Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Sandra, P., Pfizer Analytical Research Center (PARC), Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Desmet, G., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium	The present study investigates how strong the kinetic plot method is influenced by the changes in plate height, retention factor and apparent column permeability that arise under conditions of very high pressure. More precisely, the study investigates how well a set of performance measurements conducted on a single short column can be used to predict the performance of a long sequence of coupled columns. This has been investigated for the two practically most relevant thermal conditions, i.e., that of a forced-air oven and that of a still-air oven. Measuring column performance data for acetophenone and benzene on a series of coupled 3.5 μm columns that could be operated up to 1000 bar, it was found that the kinetic plot method provides accurate predictions of time versus efficiency for the still-air oven systems, over the entire range of investigated pressures and column lengths (up to 60 cm), provided k′ and Kv0 are evaluated at the maximal pressure. For the forced-air oven which leads to worse performances than the still-air oven, the kinetic plot prediction is less accurate, partly because the thermal conditions (near-isothermal) tend to vary if the number of coupled columns increases. The fact that the thermal conditions of the column wall might vary with the column length is an additional complexity making very-high pressure separations less predictable and harder to interpret and model. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Adiabatic conditions; Isothermal conditions; Kinetic plot method; Ultra high pressure; Validation	Adiabatic conditions; Isothermal conditions; Kinetic plot method; Ultra high pressure; Validation; Benzene; High pressure liquid chromatography; Ketones; Ovens; Stoves; Time series; Particle size analysis; acetophenone; benzene; accuracy; article; hyperbarism; performance measurement system; prediction; priority journal; temperature; validity; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Kinetics; Pressure; Temperature	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63449133492	Online condition monitoring of axial-flow turbomachinery blades using rotor-axial Eulerian laser Doppler vibrometry	Oberholster A.J., Heyns P.S.	2009	Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing	23	5	10.1016/j.ymssp.2009.01.001	Dynamic Systems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Oberholster, A.J., Dynamic Systems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Heyns, P.S., Dynamic Systems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The ability to monitor the vibration of blades online is of great importance to the structural health of turbomachinery. This paper focuses on the fixed reference frame or Eulerian implementation of laser Doppler vibrometry to perform this function. The way in which this measurement technique works is studied analytically and then a numerical simulation approach is proposed. Through experimental testing and finite element modeling, it is shown that this measurement approach is in principle viable for online blade condition monitoring when phase angles at reference frequencies are monitored, using non-harmonic Fourier analysis. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Eulerian laser Doppler vibrometry; Non-harmonic Fourier analysis; Online blade condition monitoring; Phase angle trends; Tracking laser Doppler vibrometry	Classifiers; Doppler effect; Fourier analysis; Fourier transforms; Harmonic analysis; Laser Doppler velocimeters; Lasers; Mines; Turbomachinery; Vibration measurement; Eulerian laser Doppler vibrometry; Non-harmonic Fourier analysis; Online blade condition monitoring; Phase angle trends; Tracking laser Doppler vibrometry; Condition monitoring	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63549102860	Morphology, ornaments and performance in two chameleon ecomorphs: is the casque bigger than the bite?	Measey G.J., Hopkins K., Tolley K.A.	2009	Zoology	112	3	10.1016/j.zool.2008.09.005	Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Measey, G.J., Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Hopkins, K., Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; Tolley, K.A., Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa	The evolution of ecomorphs within a species may represent either unique evolutionary events or multiple convergent events in similar environments. Functional studies of differing morphological traits of ecomorphs have been important to elucidate their role in adaptive radiations. The Cape dwarf chameleon, Bradypodion pumilum, has two ecomorphs: a large, brightly colored, ornate form found in closed habitats, and a small, dull form with reduced ornamentation found in open vegetation. The typical form is known to use casque size to communicate fighting ability, but it is unknown whether this is an honest signal and whether casque size is related to bite force. We show through a population genetic analysis that these ecomorphs are not separate genetic lineages but the result of multiple transitions between closed and open habitats. From measurements of ornamental and non-ornamental morphological characters and bite force in 105 chameleons, we find that bite force is significantly related to head size and is best predicted by head width. Bite force was reasonably predicted by casque height in ecomorphs from closed habitats, but not in those from open habitats. For size-adjusted data, open habitat males had wider heads, biting harder than closed habitat males. Our data suggest honesty in signaling for closed habitat ecomorphs, but for open habitat ecomorphs communication is different, a finding commensurate with the common framework for species radiations. © 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	Adaptive radiation; Bite force; Bradypodion pumilum; Combat; Conspecific signaling	aggression; animal; animal behavior; article; bites and stings; body size; classification; female; histology; lizard; male; physiology; skull; Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bites and Stings; Body Size; Female; Lizards; Male; Skull; Bradypodion pumilum; Chamaeleonidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63749127277	Performance evaluation of tillage tines operating under different depths in a sandy clay loam soil	Manuwa S.I.	2009	Soil and Tillage Research	103	2	10.1016/j.still.2008.12.004	Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Manuwa, S.I., Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	The study investigated the performance of three model tillage tools (tines). The experimental tillages were made from flat 8 mm plain carbon steel. They were designated T1, T5, and T20, corresponding to tine widths of 1, 5, and 20 cm respectively. Experiments were carried out in a soil bin filled with sandy clay loam soil at average moisture content 11.5% (dry basis) and 600 kPa average cone index. The plastic limit and liquid limit and plasticity index of the soil are 20%, 31% and 11% respectively. Tests were conducted at forward speeds of 0.28, 1.0, and 2.5 m/s. Depths of operation considered were 35, 70, 150, 200 and 250 mm. Draught measurements were made for the different tines and were also calculated using soil mechanics equation. There was reasonable agreement between measured and predicted draught forces. The effects of depth of operation on draught force of the tines were studied and evaluated. It was observed that draught increased at an increasing rate with depth; the relationship was a curvilinear one best fitted by exponential function. The soil disturbance created as a result was also evaluated and reported in this paper. The parameters used to define soil disturbance of a single tine were: ridge-to-ridge distance (RRD), maximum width of soil cut (WFS), maximum width of soil throw (TDW), after furrow depth (df), height of ridge (hr) and rupture distance (f). They all increased as the depth of operation of the tool increased but less proportionately. The critical depth of the tines was also estimated. The results of analysis of variance showed that tool type and operating depth significantly affected draught at 5% level of significance (p < 0.05) and that, there was interaction between the two factors. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Depth; Draught; Soil bin; Soil disturbance; Specific draught; Tines; Velocity	Depth; Draught; Soil disturbance; Specific draught; Tines; Agricultural machinery; Agriculture; Bins; Carbon steel; Clay minerals; Regression analysis; Soil mechanics; Soils; measurement method; performance assessment; sandy clay loam; soil depth; tillage	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63849123939	Exploring the impact of narrative arts activities on the self-concept of grade 9 learners in group context	Maree J.G., Pienaar P.A.	2009	International Journal of Adolescence and Youth	14	4	None	Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Groenkloof Campus, Groenkloof, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Maree, J.G., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Groenkloof Campus, Groenkloof, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Pienaar, P.A., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa	In this study we investigate the impact of a narrative arts learning programme on the self-concept of Grade 9 learners in the Life Orientation classroom. The programme was designed in response to a suggestion contained in the government guidelines for Life Orientation. The aims of narrative counselling were employed to allow the learners to tell their stories to themselves and others, and the arts component allowed the learners an opportunity to give visual substance to their individual and collective narratives. Brief video recordings were made of each group's interactions during the narrative arts episodes in order to compile an edited video overview of the process. The aims of positive psychology were embedded in the structure and design of the arts episodes and activities. © 2009 A B Academic Publishers.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63849169067	The power of double vision: Tradition and social intervention in African puppet performance	Kruger M.	2006	New Theatre Quarterly	22	4	10.1017/S0266464X06000510	Department of Drama, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Kruger, M., Department of Drama, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64049090810	Evaluation of raw and boiled velvet bean (Mucuna utilis) as feed ingredient for broiler chickens	Tuleun C.D., Patrick J.P., Tiamiyu L.O.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	5	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Fishery and Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Tuleun, C.D., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Patrick, J.P., Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Tiamiyu, L.O., Department of Fishery and Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Chemical analysis and a performance trial were carried out to determine the effect of boiling Mucuna utilis seeds on their proximate composition, minerals assay and amino acid profile, level of antinutritional factors and blood seral and haematological parameters of finisher broiler chickens. Four types of mucuna seed meal were prepared. Type 1 was prepared from raw seeds, types 2, 3 and 4 were from seeds soaked in water for 24 h and then boiled in water for 20, 40 and 60 min respectively. The four dietary treatments had 20% inclusion of the four types of mucuna seed meal respectively. A four week feeding trial was conducted using one hundred and twenty, five week old, broiler birds averaging 590 gm live weight. Results of the study show that raw mucuna seeds are a good source of nutrients. Increase in boiling time significantly (p<0.05) reduced the crude protein content, phosphorus, iron, selenium, methionine, cystine, lysi, isoleucine, alanine, tyrosine and threonine content. Concentration of antinutritional factors in the seeds were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Significant (p<0.05) improvements in feed: gain and protein efficiency ratios with a corresponding increase in mean daily weight gain were observed as the boiling time increased. At the end of the experiment, the haematological parameters revealed no significant differences among treatments in the levels of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Cell (RBC) counts, mean corpuscular volume (MHV) and Mean corpuscuscular Haemoglobin concentration (McHc). Similarly, albumin, globulin, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase estimated were found to be insignificantly varied with the exception of total protein. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Boiling; Mucuna seeds; Nutritive values and performance of broiler chickens	alanine; alanine aminotransferase; albumin; cysteine; globulin; iron; isoleucine; lysine; methionine; phosphorus; selenium; threonine; tyrosine; animal experiment; animal food; article; chicken; controlled study; erythrocyte count; fatty acid analysis; food analysis; food composition; food processing; heat treatment; hematocrit; hemoglobin determination; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein content; velvet bean; weight gain; Aves; Gallus gallus; Mucuna	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64049102537	Production and sensory evaluation of tigernut beverages	Sanful R.E.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	5	None	Department of Hotel, Catering and Institutional Management, Cape Coast Polytechnic, P.O. Box AD 50, Cape Coast, Ghana	Sanful, R.E., Department of Hotel, Catering and Institutional Management, Cape Coast Polytechnic, P.O. Box AD 50, Cape Coast, Ghana	The acceptability of roasted and non-roasted tiger nut beverages has been investigated. Forty panelists were used in the sensory evaluation study. The panelists compared the two beverages on the bases of mouth feel, texture, taste, aroma, consistency, appearance and general acceptability. Correlation analysis of the results showed that although the texture, aroma, appearance and consistency were important for consumers, mouth feel and taste were more important for the overall acceptance of the beverages. The mouth feel of the non-roasted tiger nut beverage was more acceptable than that of the roasted tiger nut beverage. The taste of the roasted tiger nut beverage, however, was more acceptable to the panelists than that of the non-roasted tiger nut beverage. General preference is given to the roasted tiger nut beverage. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Diet; Ghana; Tiger nut beverages	aroma; article; beverage; consumer; controlled study; Cyperus; food analysis; food quality; food texture; sensory evaluation; taste; taste preference	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64149113743	Tutorial classes - Why bother? An investigation into the impact of tutorials on the performance of economics students	Horn P.M., Jansen A.I.	2009	South African Journal of Economics	77	1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2009.01194.x	Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa	Horn, P.M., Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Jansen, A.I., Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa	The deteriorating performance of first-year economics students has become a concern at many South African universities. Addressing the issue requires an understanding of the factors influencing students' success. Studies analysing academic performance use the education production function approach. This approach identifies inputs that are crucial to learning and to achieving certain outputs. Factors that have been investigated in other studies include the impact of lecture attendance on performance, school-leaving exam (matriculation) results, particularly performance in mathematics, and the gender and age of students. This study adds to existing local empirical research by analysing the impact of the tutorial programme as an input. The case study investigates the tutorial programme for first-year economics students at Stellenbosch University using quantitative analysis. Results confirm what previous studies have found, namely that lecture attendance, gender, and matriculation results contribute positively to the performance of first-year economics students. The main finding of the paper is that tutorial attendance also contributes positively to academic performance. © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 The Economic Society of South Africa.	Academic performance; Economics; First-year students; Tutorial programme	economics; education; learning; performance assessment; student; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64149131946	The potential for predicted climate shifts to impact genetic landscapes of lizards in the South African Cape Floristic Region	Tolley K.A., Makokha J.S., Houniet D.T., Swart B.L., Matthee C.A.	2009	Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution	51	1	10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.017	Applied Biodiversity Research, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Tolley, K.A., Applied Biodiversity Research, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Makokha, J.S., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Houniet, D.T., Applied Biodiversity Research, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Swart, B.L., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Matthee, C.A., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is well-known for its floral diversity, yet also contains a rich herpetofauna with >180 species, 28% of which are endemic. Recent studies conducted on CFR lizards indicated that phylogeographic patterns show some congruency, and that the western CFR shows higher overall diversity in the form of population and/or clade turnover. Here, we combine mitochondrial sequence data from two published (Bradypodion spp. and Agama atra) and one new dataset (Pedioplanis burchelli) to investigate whether geographic patterns of genetic diversity could be influenced by predicted climatic changes. We utilised Bayesian methodology and spatial genetic landscapes to establish broad-scale patterns and show that the western CFR is a contact zone for several clades in all three taxa, supporting the hypothesis of phylogeographic congruence. Current levels of gene flow are virtually zero between the western and eastern CFR. In the east, gene flow between populations is negligible at present but was probably stronger in the past given the present lack of strong genetic structure. Bioclimatic modelling predicted that climatically suitable areas within the CFR will decline for Bradypodion spp. and P. burchelli, with areas high in clade turnover loosing more climatically suitable areas than areas with low clade turnover. The models also predict that loss of climatic suitability may result in highly fragmented and patchy distributions, resulting in a greater loss of connectivity. In contrast, A. atra does not show significant climatic suitability losses overall, although it may experience localised losses (and gains). This species is not predicted to loose suitability in areas of high clade turnover. Thus, the incorporation of genetic data into climatic models has extended our knowledge on the vulnerability of these species given the predicted threat of landscape change. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Burchell's sand lizard; Climate change; Dwarf chameleon; Phylogeography; Southern rock agama	mitochondrial DNA; Africa; animal; article; biological model; classification; climate; DNA sequence; gene flow; genetic variability; genetics; geography; lizard; molecular evolution; phylogeny; population genetics; Africa, Southern; Animals; Climate; DNA, Mitochondrial; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Flow; Genetic Variation; Genetics, Population; Geography; Lizards; Models, Genetic; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Agama; Agama atra; Bradypodion; Pedioplanis burchelli; Squamata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64349117780	Evaluation of the pharmaceutical quality of some quinine preparations sold in Nigeria	Nnamdi J.A., Arhewoh I.M., Okhamafe A.O., Enato E.F.O.	2009	Medical Principles and Practice	18	3	10.1159/000204349	Pharmacy Department, Delta State Hospital Management Board, Asaba, Nigeria; Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Benin City, Nigeria; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nig	Nnamdi, J.A., Pharmacy Department, Delta State Hospital Management Board, Asaba, Nigeria; Arhewoh, I.M., Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Benin City, Nigeria; Okhamafe, A.O., Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Benin City, Nigeria, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Enato, E.F.O., Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmaceutical quality of quinine preparations sold in Nigerian markets. Materials and Methods: The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of quinine tablets, as well as oral liquids and parenteral quinine preparations, were assessed according to British Pharmacopoeia (BP) and unofficial standards as recommended by the manufacturers. Results:Of the 6 brands of tablets assessed, 4 passed the uniformity of content test and 5 the disintegration test, but only 2 the dissolution test. The pH of 2 of the 6 brands of oral liquid preparations met BP standards, while only 1 oral liquid met the BP standard for percentage content. The assay further demonstrated that 4 brands of the parenteral preparations met BP standards for quinine content. All the parenteral preparations were found to be sterile. Conclusion: Quinine preparations sold in Nigeria varied considerably in their pharmaceutical quality. A strict check of the quality of brands of quinine by regulatory agencies and distributors before they are sold to the public is therefore recommended. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.	Oral liquids; Parenteral administration; Pharmaceutical quality; Quinine preparations; Tablets	quinine; article; drug dosage form; drug marketing; drug quality; drug solubility; drug synthesis; medical literature; Nigeria; physical chemistry; Administration, Oral; Antimalarials; Drug Industry; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Nigeria; Quality Control; Quinine; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549091054	Isolation of isomangiferin from honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) using high-speed counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography	de Beer D., Jerz G., Joubert E., Wray V., Winterhalter P.	2009	Journal of Chromatography A	1216	19	10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.056	Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany	de Beer, D., Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Jerz, G., Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Joubert, E., Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wray, V., Department of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Winterhalter, P., Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany	Isomangiferin was isolated from Cyclopia subternata using a multi-step process including extraction, liquid-liquid partitioning, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and semi-preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enrichment of phenolic compounds in a methanol extract of C. subternata leaves was conducted using liquid-liquid partitioning with ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:1:2, v/v). The enriched fraction was further fractionated using HSCCC with a ternary solvent system consisting of tert-butyl methyl ether-n-butanol-acetonitrile-water (3:1:1:5, v/v). Isomangiferin was isolated by semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC from a fraction containing mostly mangiferin and isomangiferin. The chemical structure of isomangiferin was confirmed by LC-high-resolution electrospray ionization MS, as well as one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Counter-current chromatography; Cyclopia subternata; Fabaceae; Isomangiferin; Mangiferin; NMR spectroscopy; Xanthones	Counter-current chromatography; Cyclopia subternata; Fabaceae; Isomangiferin; Mangiferin; NMR spectroscopy; Xanthones; Acetonitrile; Body fluids; Bubbles (in fluids); Chromatographic analysis; Chromatography; Electrospray ionization; Esters; Ethers; High performance liquid chromatography; High pressure liquid chromatography; Liquids; Methanol; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Organic solvents; Phenols; Solvent extraction; acetic acid ethyl ester; coumaric acid; eriocitrin; hesperidin; isomangiferin; luteolin; mangiferin; methanol; phenol derivative; scolymoside; unclassified drug; water; article; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; counter current chromatography; Cyclopia subternata; drug isolation; drug structure; electrospray mass spectrometry; extraction; heteronuclear multiple bond correlation; high performance liquid chromatography; medicinal plant; nonhuman; plant leaf; priority journal; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Countercurrent Distribution; Cyclopia Plant; Methanol; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Plant Extracts; Xanthones; Cyclopia subternata; Fabaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549099309	Nitrogen dynamics in land cleared of alien vegetation (Acacia Saligna) and impacts on groundwater at Riverlands nature reserve (Western Cape, South Africa)	Jovanovic N.Z., Israel S., Tredoux G., Soltau L., Le Maitre D., Rusinga F., Rozanov A., van der Merwe N.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	Jovanovic, N.Z., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Israel, S., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Tredoux, G., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Soltau, L., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Le Maitre, D., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Rusinga, F., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa, Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Rozanov, A., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; van der Merwe, N., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Woody invading alien plants, many of which are nitrogen-fixing legumes (Fabaceae family), are currently cleared in South African catchments to reduce water loss and preserve streamflow, and for the restoration of the ecosystem. This study tested the hypothesis that clearing invasive alien vegetation may disturb the vegetation-micro-organism-soil N cycling system by producing a large once-off input of fresh tree litterfall rich in N and by eliminating a large N sink. Three experimental plots were established at the Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa): a site invaded by Acacia saligna to be used as control; a site cleared of Acacia saligna; and a site with natural vegetation to be used as background. Nitrogen concentrations in soil and groundwater, volumetric soil water contents, root density and weather conditions were measured during 2007. Oxidised forms of nitrogen, in particular NO3-, were dominant in the system. Recharge and leachate were simulated with the HYDRUS-2D model and used as inputs into Visual MODFLOW to predict the spatial distribution of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) in groundwater. NOx levels in soil and groundwater were higher in alien-invaded areas compared to fynbos-covered land. A quick release of NOx into groundwater was observed due to high residual N reserves in the rooting zone, decreased evapotranspiration and increased recharge in the treatment cleared of alien vegetation. In the long run, high NOx concentrations in groundwater underlying cleared land will last only until all the excess nitrogen has been leached from the soil. A decrease in NOx concentration in groundwater can be expected thereafter. Clearing land of alien invasive legumes may therefore have a beneficial effect by reducing groundwater contamination from NOx and reducing water losses in catchments.	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve; Catchments; Contamination; Evapotranspiration; Forestry; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Hydrogeology; Leaching; Nitrogen; Nitrogen fixation; Runoff; Size distribution; Soil moisture; Underground reservoirs; Underwater soils; Vegetation; Water supply; Water treatment; catchment; concentration (composition); evapotranspiration; forest clearance; groundwater flow; groundwater pollution; hydrogeochemistry; hydrological modeling; hypothesis testing; introduced species; leachate; leaching; legume; nitrogen cycle; nitrogen fixation; nitrogen oxides; pollution control; recharge; restoration ecology; soil nitrogen; soil water; streamflow; Forestry; Geology; Ground Water; Land; Leaching; Natural Resources; Nitrate Groups; Nitrogen; Pollution; Reserves; Rivers; Soil Analysis; Transpiration; Water Quality; Water Treatment; Africa; Riverlands Provincial Nature Reserve; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape; Acacia; Acacia saligna; Fabaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549102881	Integrated monitoring of water allocation reform in South Africa	Anderson A.J., Mahlangu M.S., Cullis J., Swartz S.	2009	Water SA	34	6	None	Independent Researcher, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Management, LSE, Houghton Street, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Manager, Water Allocation Directorate, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag, X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Independent Researcher, University of Colorado at Boulder and Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa; GIS technician, Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa	Anderson, A.J., Independent Researcher, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Management, LSE, Houghton Street, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Mahlangu, M.S., Manager, Water Allocation Directorate, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag, X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Cullis, J., Independent Researcher, University of Colorado at Boulder and Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa; Swartz, S., GIS technician, Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa	South Africa faces significant inequities in the allocation of water for productive purposes. Water allocation is one component of a wider government mandate to address the inequities of the past. Water allocation reform is being implemented by the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), through the Water Allocation Reform (WAR) Programme. This paper presents an approach for determining indicators that can be used to monitor targets for WAR and for prioritising areas for specific WAR interventions. The approach integrates water use data with environmental, economic and equity data to provide a holistic picture of the progress and benefits of WAR. Limitations of the approach are discussed, specifically related to the data on which the indicators are based. The development of data for the equity indicator presents specific challenges which are discussed through examples from its application in four case study areas.	Equity; Indicators; Monitoring; South Africa; Water allocation reform	Department of water affairs and forestries; Equity; Indicators; Integrated monitoring; South Africa; Study areas; Water allocation reform; Water use; Agriculture; Water supply; Military operations; equity; resource allocation; water management; water planning; water use; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549104542	Monitoring natural organic matter and disinfection by-products at different stages in two South African water treatment plants	Mamba B.B., Krause R.W., Matsebula B., Haarhoff J.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 542, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Mamba, B.B., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Krause, R.W., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Matsebula, B., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Haarhoff, J., Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 542, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex organic material present in natural surface water. NOM can cause problems during water treatment - most notably the formation of toxic disinfection by-products. This study was undertaken in order to assess the effectiveness of some of the water treatment techniques employed by selected water supply companies in South Africa in dealing with NOM. Total organic carbon (TOC) and ultra violet (UV) absorbance at wavelength of 254 nm were measured and used to calculate specific ultra violet absorbance (SUVA), which was used to determine the changes in NOM concentration throughout the water treatment train. Other parameters measured include pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and conductivity. Water samples were collected from two water treatment plants in South Africa, namely Sedibeng (Balkfontein) and Midvaal. The overall TOC reduction after the water treatment processes was 33% and 30% at Midvaal and Sedibeng, respectively. SUVA values were generally low (&lt;2 ℓ{bullet operator}mg-1{bullet operator}m-1) indicating the presence of aliphatic compounds and less 'aromaticity' in NOM of the water samples. Water insoluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polyurethanes were then applied to the water to compare TOC reduction in addition to 'normal' water treatment processes, and were found to provide up to 19% additional TOC decrease, and UV absorbance reduction was up to 78%. Results obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis after chlorination, revealed that the water had the potential to form halomethane compounds with chloroform being the most dominant. Again, water-insoluble β-CD polyurethanes were applied to the water as a treatment to remove trihalomethanes (THMs) and were found to efficiently remove up to 95% of THMs formed during the disinfection step. The treatment processes studied have limited ability in dealing with NOM and are not individually effective in NOM removal. Results obtained indicate that the application of β-CD polyurethanes in addition to the water treatment processes may enhance NOM removal in water and significantly reduce the THMs formed.	β-cyclodextrin polyurethanes; Natural organic matter; Total organic carbon	Absorbance; Aliphatic compounds; Aromaticity; At wavelengths; Chemical-oxygen demands; Disinfection by-products; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries; Halomethane compounds; Natural organic matter; Natural surfaces; Organic materials; South Africa; Total organic carbon; Treatment process; Treatment techniques; Trihalomethanes; Ultra violets; Uv-absorbance; Water samples; Water treatment process; Biogeochemistry; Biological materials; Chemical oxygen demand; Chlorine; Chromatographic analysis; Data storage equipment; Disinfection; Fire hazards; Gas chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Organic carbon; Oxygen; Polymers; Polyurethanes; Projectiles; Turbidity; Water recycling; Water supply; Water treatment plants; Chemicals removal (water treatment); chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); disinfection; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; organic acid; organic carbon; pollutant removal; surface water; ultraviolet radiation; water supply; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549108514	Impact of style of processing on retention and bioaccessibility of β-carotene in cassava (manihot esculanta, crantz)	Thakkar S.K., Huo T., Maziya-Dixon B., Failla M.L.	2009	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	57	4	10.1021/jf803053d	Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB, 5	Thakkar, S.K., Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Huo, T., Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Maziya-Dixon, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Failla, M.L., Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States, Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States, Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, 325 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States	We previously demonstrated that the quantity of β-carotene (BC) partitioning in mixed micelles during simulated small intestinal digestion, i.e., the bioaccessibility, of boiled cassava is highly correlated with the BC content of different cultivars. However, cassava is also traditionally prepared by fermentation and roasting. These different methods of preparation have the potential to affect both the retention and bioaccessibility of BC. Here, we first compared retention of BC in boiled cassava, gari (fermentation followed by roasting), and fufu (fermentation followed by sieving and cooking into a paste) prepared from roots of three cultivars. BC content in unprocessed cultivars ranged from 6-8 μg/g wet weight, with cis isomers accounting for approximately one-third of total BC. Apparent retention of BC was approximately 90% for boiled cassava and fufu. In contrast, roasting fermented cassava at 195 °C for 20 min to prepare gari decreased BC content by 90%. Retention was increased to 63% when temperature was decreased to 165 °C and roasting was limited to 10 min. Processing was also associated with a decline in all-trans-BC and concomitant increase in 13-cis-BC. The efficiency of micellarization of all-trans and cis isomers of BC during simulated digestion was 25-30% for boiled cassava and gari and independent of cultivar. However, micellarization of BC isomers during digestion of fufu was only 12-15% (P < 0.05). These differences in retention and bioaccessibility of BC from cassava products prepared according to traditional processing methods suggest that gari and fufu may provide less retinol activity equivalents than isocaloric intake of boiled cassava. © 2009 American Chemical Society.	Bioaccessibility; Biofortification; Cassava; Fufu; Gari; In vitro digestion; Processing; Provitamin a carotenoids; Retention	beta carotene; article; bioavailability; cassava; chemistry; comparative study; digestion; fermentation; food handling; heat; methodology; micelle; plant root; beta Carotene; Biological Availability; Digestion; Fermentation; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Manihot; Micelles; Plant Roots; Gari; Manihot; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549122298	Budget and budgetary control for improved performance: A consideration for selected food and beverages companies in Nigeria	Akintoye I.R.	2008	European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences	None	12	None	Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, West Africa, Nigeria	Akintoye, I.R., Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, West Africa, Nigeria	Budget and Budgetary control, both at management and operational level looks at the future and lays down what has to be achieved. Control checks whether or not the plans are realized, and puts into effect corrective measures where deviation or shortfall is occurring. This study examines how budget and budgetary control can impact on the performance of the selected food and beverages companies in Nigeria, as considered in this study, being a sample of the entire population of the firms in the Nigerian Manufacturing Industry. We reviewed the performance of the Nigeria manufacturing industry in previous and recent times. We found out that the performance of this industry leaves much to be desired due to factors such as neglect of the industry due to over dependence on crude oil, epileptic power supply, collapsing infrastructures, unfavourable sectoral reforming among others and have resulted in low capacity utilization of the manufacturing industry. An empirical investigation was undertaken, using the simple correlation analytics technique specifically the Pearson product movement correlation coefficient. In most of he cases considered, established the presence of strong relationship between turnover as a variable of budget and performance indicators - EPS, DPS and NAS, of the selected food and beverages companies. Following our findings, we advise managers and business operators (not only in the manufacturing industry) to pay more attention to their budgetary control systems, for those without an existing budgetary control system, they should put one in place, and those with a dummy or passive budgetary control system, it is time they re-established a result-oriented budgetary control system as it goes a long way in repositioning the manufacturing industry from its creeping performance level to an improved high capacity utilization point. © EuroJournals, Inc. 2008.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549135729	Performance of a water defluoridation plant in a rural area in South Africa	Schoeman J.J.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	The fluoride concentration of a borehole water supply in a rural area (Madibeng Local Municipality, North West Province, South Africa) varies between 5 and 6 mg/ℓ. This water is therefore not suitable for potable purposes because the high fluoride concentration may cause mottling of tooth enamel in children and fluorosis in adults. Therefore, the fluoride concentration should be reduced to less than 1.5 mg/ℓ to make the water suitable for potable purposes. The activated alumina and reverse osmosis processes are both processes that can be very effectively applied for water defluoridation. The activated alumina process, however, is considered to be a more simple and robust process for water defluoridation, especially in a rural area. Therefore, the activated alumina process was selected for water defluoridation. An activated alumina plant was designed, constructed and commissioned in the rural area. Fluoride in the feed water is removed from 6 to 8 mg/ℓ to less than 1.5 mg/ℓ. No reduction in plant output was experienced over 6 service cycles. Therefore, it appears that fouling of the activated alumina should not be a problem. Plant output varied between 940 and 1 296 m3 to a fluoride breakthrough of approximately 2.0 mg/ℓ. No significant operational problems were experienced during commissioning and the plant is performing satisfactorily. Spent regenerant is disposed of into evaporation ponds. It was demonstrated that a 1st world technology could be effectively applied in a rural area with proper training and supervision of the operators. The capital and operational costs of the 200 m3/d defluoridation plant are estimated at approximately R1.2m. and R0.7/m3 treated water.	Activated alumina; Costs; Plant performance; Water defluoridation	Bore-hole waters; Defluoridation; Feed waters; Fluoride concentrations; In plants; NO reductions; Operational costs; Operational problems; Plant outputs; Plant performance; Service cycles; South Africa; Water defluoridation; Personnel training; Potable water; Reverse osmosis; Rural areas; Tooth enamel; Water supply; Activated alumina; aluminum oxide; concentration (composition); drinking water; fluoride; health risk; performance assessment; pollutant removal; rural area; water quality; water supply; water treatment; Africa; North West Province; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64649091129	Mulch tower treatment system Part I: Overall performance in greywater treatment	Zuma B.M., Tandlich R., Whittington-Jones K.J., Burgess J.E.	2009	Desalination	242	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.030	Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	Zuma, B.M., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Tandlich, R., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa, Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Whittington-Jones, K.J., Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Burgess, J.E., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	A mulch tower (MT) system for greywater treatment is introduced in this paper. Materials used to assemble the MT system included mulch, coarse sand, fine and coarse gravel. Limited removal efficiency of the MT system was demonstrated for alkalinity, total hardness, pH, Cl-, PO43-, NH4+, and SO42-, with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 7 to 12%. Intermediate removal efficiency was observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), NO3-, and S2- with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 24 to 28%. The highest removal efficiency was observed for the total suspended solids (TSS) with the estimated cumulative removal equal to 52%. Given the minute residence time in the MT system, the results obtained were promising and justify scale-up studies for potential on-site applications. The MT effluent did not meet hygienic norms with respect to the faecal coliform concentration (FC) and the total coliform concentration (TC), and further effluent treatment is required before any discharge or reuse of the treated greywater. Further research should focus on characterisation of the microbial community of the MT, and the fate of Cl-, PO43-, NH4+, and SO42-. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Greywater; Mulch tower; On-site treatment	Characterisation; Chemical-oxygen demands; Coarse gravels; Coliform concentrations; Greywater; Greywater treatments; Microbial communities; Mulch tower; On-site treatment; Removal efficiencies; Residence time; Scale-Up; Site applications; Total suspended solids; Treatment systems; Alkalinity; Buildings; Chemical oxygen demand; Effluent treatment; Effluents; Oxygen; Range finding; Removal; Telluric prospecting; Towers; Wastewater treatment; Water recycling; chemical oxygen demand; estimation method; fecal coliform; microbial community; mulch; removal experiment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64849087786	Effect of replacing maize with a mixture of rumen content and blood meal on the performances of growing rabbits: initial study with mash feed	Togun V.A., Farinu G.O., Ojebiyi O.O., Awotunde A.I.	2009	World Rabbit Science	17	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Togun, V.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Farinu, G.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Ojebiyi, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Awotunde, A.I., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	A total of 24 cross-bred male weaner rabbits, between 6-8 weeks of age, were fed diets which included a mixture (50:50) of rumen content (RC) and blood meal (BM), containing a crude protein content of 37.6% and crude fibre content of 9.0%, at 0 (control), 10 and 20% levels. The mixture replaced maize and maize bran in the control diet. The 3 experimental diets were restricted to 100 g daily in mash form for a period of 8 weeks to the individually housed rabbits. The inclusion of RC+BM mixture in diet 1 at 10% (RB1O) significantly (P<0.05) worsed final live weight, daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed: gain ratio, while its inclusion at 20% (RB2O) only reduced daily feed intake. Weight gain in controls, RB 10 and RB 20 was 483, 273 and 422 g, respectively. Kidney, spleen and lungs, but not the liver, were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatment. Carcass yield followed a similar response pattern as final live weight, since it was a product of the final live weight. However, left thigh muscle components were not affected by the dietary treatments. This preliminary study indicated that more research is necessary to reduce the negative effect on feed intake when RC-BM mixture (50:50 ratio) is included in growing rabbit diets, which was probably due to the presentation form applied. © WRSA, UPV, 2003.	Blood meal; Growing rabbits; Performance; rumen content	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65149083096	Transferability of management innovation to Africa: A study of two multinational companies' performance management system in Nigeria	Mamman A., Baydoun N., Adeoye B.	2009	Global Business Review	10	1	10.1177/097215090801000101	International and Comparative Management, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; School of E-Business and Quality Management, ETQM College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; KPMG Professio	Mamman, A., International and Comparative Management, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Baydoun, N., School of E-Business and Quality Management, ETQM College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Adeoye, B., KPMG Professional Services, 18A Temple Road, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria	Horwitz et al. (2006: 807) have argued that the debate regarding convergence/divergence perspectives in the cross-cultural diffusion of human resource management (HRM) practices is a somewhat simplistic one.™ The authors are of the view that because convergent similarity of HRM practice exists at a nominal level, the notions of hybridization and crossvergence are better in explaining HRM practices and their diffusion across countries. While the authors focused on exploring explanations of the differences in HRM practices, the article provocatively challenges researchers and experts to explore the question of whether Multinational Companies (MNCs) should adapt Human Resource Management Innovation (HRMI) and if so, why? And how? The main aim of this article is to investigate the following questions: (a) Given that MNCs transfer HRMI to developing countries, which policy should guide the transfer (polycentric or ethnocentric?); and (b) Given that host-country nationals (HCNs) are not passive recipients of HRMI, what are the implications of the policy (polycentric or ethnocentric) for MNCs? The result of our investigation and the review of literature suggest that the MNCs™ performance management (PM) policies are partially ethnocentric, but the practice, as perceived by some HCNs (employees), is polycentric. For example, some HCNs perceive some degree of nepotism and patronage in the system. Also, many felt that their line managers were biased against them. Similarly, a significant number of HCNs felt that their views are not taken into account during PM review and they do not receive feedback from their managers. The implications of the findings are then discussed.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249084958	Sensitivity of performance to capital structure	Akintoye I.R.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akintoye, I.R., Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study is borne out of the need to establish the presence or otherwise of the responsiveness of EBIT, EPS and DPS as performance indicators to turnover, which is a measure of leverage, with respect to selected Food and Beverages companies in Nigeria. We computed the degree(s) of Leverage(s) ratios - i.e the DOL, DFL, DCL, as well as the percentage change in DPS relative to percentage change in EBIT inorder to achieve our study's objective. Our results reveal that performance indicators used in our study are significantly sensitive to the capital structure, for most of the companies considered in our study. Our findings reveal the followings: • Most of the companies used have their EBIT, EPS and DPS sensitive to turnover, which is in support of the apriori expectation. • Results from Nigerian Bottling Company Plc, negate the apriori expectation, as an increase in its turnover in year 2004, does not result in a corresponding increase in its EBIT, let alone EPS and DPS, rather a loss of 44.9% was recorded. • Results from Nestle Nig. Plc, Cadbury Nig. Plc and 7-Up Bottling Co Plc, also support the apriori expectation of a positive relationship between performance indicators and turnover. We also discovered that shareholders in most of the companies considered enjoy double benefits of dividend declaration and wealth creation; hence, the study disputes the present dividend theory which believes that organizations shareholders either support dividend declaration or wealth creation and not the two. Our study shows that both dividend declaration and wealth creation could be relevant to shareholders. We therefore conclude based on our findings, that irrespective of the dividend policy adopted by an organization, the rate of change in capital structure is a major influence on what organisations behaviour is likely to be. In addition this study lend credence to developing a third school of thought in dividend theory, to provide a place for the relevance of both dividend declaration and wealth creation to shareholders as against the present dividend theory which provides for either, of these two schools.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249089602	Impact of decentralization and privatization on the quality of education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Nigerian experience	Uwakwe C.B.U., Falaye A.O., Emunemu B.O., Adelore O.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	7	1	None	Dept. of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Adult Educational, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Uwakwe, C.B.U., Dept. of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Falaye, A.O., Dept. of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Emunemu, B.O., Dept. of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adelore, O., Dept. of Adult Educational, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The paper examined the impact of decentralization and privatization on the quality of education in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with specific reference to Nigeria. The authors traced the antecedents of the evolution of educational policies in SSA, particularly in Nigeria. Decentralization and privatization as practiced by some countries in the sub-region were highlighted showing how they interplay with socio-economic and political scenarios, and the resultant impact on provision of quality of education. The authors remarked that these policies produced positive effects such as improved workers' welfare, community participation and widening access to education. On the other hand, unapproved and unregistered schools, while providing wider access to education for children in SSA do mortgage the quality and standard of education. The authors concluded that a sector-wide approach to resource mobilization and management in the education system, accountability in the areas of leadership, bureaucracies and best work practices would ensure quality control in the education sector of the SSA countries.	Decentralization; Privatization; Quality of education; Sub-Saharan Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249119288	Impact of food aid on food variety and dietary diversity of an elderly community in Sharpeville, South Africa	Oldewage-Theron W.H., Kruger R.	2009	Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging	13	4	10.1007/s12603-009-0027-8	Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Te Kura Hangarau o Kai-oranga-a-tangata, Massey University - Albany Campus, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore, Auckland, New Zealand	Oldewage-Theron, W.H., Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; Kruger, R., Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Te Kura Hangarau o Kai-oranga-a-tangata, Massey University - Albany Campus, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore, Auckland, New Zealand	Objective: The objective of this paper was to discuss the impact of a two-year food aid intervention programme on dietary diversity and adequacy of an elderly community. This project was undertaken amongst the elderly (n=300), voluntarily attending a day care centre in Sharpeville, South Africa. In a baseline study (2004) in this community the dietary diversity scoring (DDS) method revealed low dietary diversity (3.41) and food variety (4.77) scores (FVS), and a trend that higher scores resulted in a better mean nutrient adequacy ratio. An intervention study, implemented in 2005, aimed to improve the dietary diversity of this elderly community by providing breakfast and lunch five days a week at the care centre. The impact of this food aid was investigated by comparing the DDS, FVS and nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) before and after the intervention. Methods: The methods included socio-demographic, health, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), 24 hour-recall (24h-recall), anthropometric and biochemical measurements in 107 elderly people who regularly attended the care centre since 2004. Results: At baseline, the majority of respondents (n=82, 55.1%) were classified with low DDS utilizing 0-3 food groups compared to after the intervention, where 98.1% (n=105) was classified with a high dietary diversity utilizing all nine nutritious food groups. The mean individual DDS of 3.41 that improved to 8.5 after the intervention further supported this. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline (0.77±0.48) to 1.02±0.66 after the intervention, indicating improvement of the adequacy of the overall diet to meet the daily requirements for this elderly community. Conclusions: The results of this study represent the first demonstration that food aid proved to be an effective short term nutrition intervention that improved the level of dietary diversity. Other food-based approaches or nutrition education activities should be implemented simultaneously to improve self-sufficiency in such a community for long-term effectiveness in terms of nutrient inadequacy and dietary diversity.	Dietary diversity; Elderly; Food variety; Household food insecurity; Nutrient adequacy	aged; article; cereal; clinical assessment; community living; controlled study; day care; dietary intake; elderly care; feeding behavior; fruit; health program; human; legume; macronutrient; meat; nutrient content; nutritional requirement; nutritional status; priority journal; questionnaire; scoring system; South Africa; vegetable; Aged; Diet; Diet Surveys; Female; Food; Food Services; Humans; Male; Nutritive Value; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Social Welfare; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249119293	Modelling a buffered impact damper system using a spring-damper model of impact	Lil K., Darby A.P.	2009	Structural Control and Health Monitoring	16	3	10.1002/stc.238	Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom	Lil, K., Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Darby, A.P., Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom	This paper presents a simple, practical method of modelling non-destructive impacts macroscopically, where the impact force and post-impact motion of the impacting bodies are of primary concern. The main focus is use of the model for simulating the dynamics of impact dampers used to control the response complex structures. A spring-damper pair is used to model the contact surface between the damper mass and the structure. The key to such a model is the ability to define the contact surface spring stiffness and damping parameters, which does not relate to simple mechanical properties under high-rate loading. A method is developed to derive these parameters by making use of experimentally measured coefficient of restitution and contact time of an impact. The model is able to represent contact force and elastic deformation during an impact process. A simple structure, controlled by an impact damper, is used to compare theoretical and experimental results and demonstrate the validity of the resulting spring-damper model. The results demonstrate that the spring-damper model can be effectively used in situations where the impulse-momentum model fails. © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Impact; Impulsive loads; Passive damping; Structural dynamics	Coefficient of restitutions; Contact forces; Contact surfaces; Contact time; Damper models; Damping parameters; High rates; Impact; Impact dampers; Impact forces; Impact process; Impulsive loads; Non-destructive; Passive damping; Practical methods; Response complexes; Simple structures; Spring stiffness; Automobile seats; Dynamics; Mechanical properties; Model structures; Stiffness; Structural dynamics; Damping	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249120317	Evaluating the impact of the institutional repository, or positioning innovation between a rock and a hard place	Thomas G.	2007	New Review of Information Networking	13	2	10.1080/13614570802105992	Library Services, Rhodes University, South Africa	Thomas, G., Library Services, Rhodes University, South Africa	Repositories remain an innovative but marginalised technology largely because there is no consensus about an agreed set of Performance Indicators (PIs) that demonstrate their overall impact on the research enterprise of our universities. A successful institutional repository (IR) should be evaluated in terms of the extent to which the open access repository builds a critical mass of scholarly content which is sustained and available through active university community engagement and ongoing scholarly contributions (faculty, researchers and students) that, when managed efficiently and effectively, ultimately strengthen, promote and give visibility to the research enterprise of the institution, and bring benefit to broader society. However, librarians are grappling with what and how best to demonstrate 'institutional good' but without clear evidence, assessment is fed by perception based on limited information which leads to diminished impact and value of the facility, a tyranny described as being caught between a rock and a hard place. Using Illuminative Evaluation to design a series of quantitative and qualitative metrics, it is proposed that a distinction be made between significant and secondary PIs where the former gather evidence to demonstrate the overall effect or impact of the IR on the individual and collective research community.	None	Community engagements; Critical mass; Institutional repositories; Limited informations; Open access; Performance indicators; Research communities; Societies and institutions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249148413	Impact assessment of business process reengineering on organisational performance	Adeyemi S., Aremu M.A.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Adeyemi, S., Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Aremu, M.A., Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	In Nigeria, the changing dynamics of banking and other financial institutions market forced players at all levels to re-engineer their business organisations. The banking operations and functions which is intend to meet emerging challenges of bank consolidation, slashing operating cost, outsourcing, portfolio investment, payments and settlement system call for innovative banking practices through Business Process Re-engineering. This is to enable Nigerian banks to incorporate strategic innovative customer schemes in order to bridge the service gap inherent in Nigerian banking sector. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of reengineering on organizational performance and to uncover how business process reengineering can help organizations to effect innovative and strategic changes in the organisation. The data for this current investigation were obtained from primary source that was analysed through simple percentage analysis and regression analysis. The paper concludes that business process reengineering has become useful weapon for any corporate organisations that is seeking for improvement in their current organizational performance and intends achieve cost leadership strategy in its operating industry and environment. It recommended that reengineering process remains effective tools for organizations striving to operate as effectively and efficiently as possible and organizations are required to reengineer their business processes in order to achieve breakthrough performance and long term strategy for organizational growth and performance.	Business process; Business process reengineering; Information technology; Organisational performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249164083	Development and evaluation of weaning foods from pigeon pea and millet	Onweluzo J.C., Nwabugwu C.C.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	6	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Onweluzo, J.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwabugwu, C.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Weaning foods were formulated by complementing millet with pigeon-pea after sprouting and fermentation pre-treatments. Products were evaluated for composition and functional properties. Nutritional quality was evaluated by animal feeding experiment using 36 weanling male Wister rats (45-55g). Untreated composite, commercial weaning food (Cerelac) and casein diet served as controls. Sprouted pigeon pea and sprouted millet (SPSM) composite had high crude and true proteins which compared with protein of casein diet but differed (p ≤0.05) from the protein content of other diets. Calcium and iron in all formulated diets except SPSM compared with the levels in commercial diet. Viscosity was lower (p ≤0.05) in formulated diets (200-209cps) than in commercial control (303cps). Fermented pigeon-pea and fermented millet (SPFM) and sprouted pigeon-pea and fermented millet (SPFM) diets gave highest (p ≤0.05) weight gain (113.51g and 123.42g), PER (2.15 and 2.02), BV (70.7 and 76.2) and NPU (70.13 and 74.57), respectively thus suggesting their superiority over other diets. Diets FPSM and SPFM promoted growth better than other formulated diets. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Fermentation and sprouting; High energy density food; Protein-energy malnutrition; Unexploited legume and cereal; Weaning food	casein; animal experiment; article; cereal; controlled study; fermentation; food analysis; food composition; food processing; male; millet; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; pigeonpea; rat; viscosity; weaning; weight gain; Animalia; Cajanus cajan; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249181565	Production and evaluation of porridge-type breakfast product from Treculia africana and sorghum bicolor flours	Onweluzo J.C., Nnamuchi O.M.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	6	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Naukka, Nigeria	Onweluzo, J.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Naukka, Nigeria; Nnamuchi, O.M., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Naukka, Nigeria	Porridge-type breakfast products were prepared by blending boiled and fermented (24 h) Treculia africana and fermented (24 and 48 h) sorghum flours in 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 ratios. Products were evaluated for composition, functional properties and sensory acceptability. A commercial indigenous porridge-type product (Ogi dawa), served as the control. Products contained 14.24%-15.75% crude protein, 4.09%-6.00% ether extract and an average metabolizable energy of 1.8 KJ. Fermented Treculia africana products had higher (p≤0.05) soluble carbohydrate and water uptake than other products. The formulated products exhibited lower (p≤0.05) apparent viscosity than equal concentration of the control. Residual antinutrients, tannin, phytate, cyanide and lectin were generally low in the products. Blend of 50:50 boiled Treculia africana and fermented (24 h) sorghum product was least preferred. All blends of fermented Treculia africana products except 50:50 ratio had high (p<0.05) scores for mouthfeel, colour and appearance. All formulated products had higher nutrient density than the control. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	"Ogi-dawa"; Cereal-legume composites; Fermentation; Functional properties; Nutrient density; Porridge-type breakfast product; Sorghum bicolor; Treculia africana	article; breadfruit; controlled study; energy metabolism; fermentation; flour; food analysis; food composition; food processing; nutritional assessment; organoleptic property; protein content; solubility; sorghum; viscosity; Sorghum bicolor; Treculia africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249186432	On the estimation and performance of subset autoregressive integrated moving average models	Ojo J.F., Olatayo T.O.	2009	European Journal of Scientific Research	28	2	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Mathematical Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Ojo, J.F., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olatayo, T.O., Department of Mathematical Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Significant effort have been made in the study of the theory of subset autoregressive models and subset autoregressive moving average models; but less concerted effort have been made in the theory of subset autoregressive integrated moving average models. This study therefore focuses on the estimation and performance of subset autoregressive integrated moving average models. In this study, subset autoregressive integrated moving average models were compared with full autoregressive integrated moving average models. The parameters of these models were estimated using Marquardt algorithm and Newton-Raphson iterative method and the statistical properties of the derived estimates were investigated. An algorithm was proposed to eliminate redundant parameters from the full order autoregressive integrated moving average models. To determine the performance of the models, residual variance, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were adopted. Results revealed that the residual variance attached to the subset autoregressive integrated moving average models is smaller than the residual variance attached to the full autoregressive integrated moving average models. Subset autoregressive integrated moving average models performed better than the full autoregressive integrated moving average models. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009.	Akaike information criterion; Bayesian information criterion and residual variance; Marquardt algorithm; Newton-Raphson	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65349123000	Evaluation of loofah as a sorbent in the decolorization of basic dye contaminated aqueous system	Oladoja N.A., Aboluwoye C.O., Akinkugbe A.O.	2009	Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research	48	6	10.1021/ie801207a	Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria	Oladoja, N.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; Aboluwoye, C.O., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; Akinkugbe, A.O., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria	The hard fibrovascular network of the fruit of Luffa cylindrica, loofah, was used in a batch sorption system to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The effects of pH on the sorption of MB by loofah were studied using equilibrium isotherm experiment. The Langmuir sorption capacity (qm, mg/g) of the loofah increased with increase in pH. The Freundlich isotherm models favored the prediction of the theoretical sorption capacity more than the Langmuir isotherm models. The kinetics of the sorption process was studied at varying initial MB concentrations using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The pseudosecond-order kinetic model was found to fit the experimental data for the entire sorption period with high coefficient of determination (r2). The prospects of regenerating the loofah was studied using four different eluting solvents in batch desorption studies. The results of the batch desorption studies showed that both chemisorption and ion-exchange played prominent role in the sorption process. The elution curve obtained from the continuous desorption studies showed that the elution rate was very fast and high elution efficiency could be obtained with 0.1 M HCl as an eluting solvent. The IR analysis confirmed the presence of polar functional groups and established interactions between the MB molecules and these functional groups. © 2009 American Chemical Society.	None	Aqueous solutions; Aqueous systems; Basic dyes; Batch sorptions; Coefficient of determinations; Desorption studies; Elution curves; Equilibrium isotherms; Experimental datum; Freundlich isotherm models; Ir analysis; Langmuir isotherm models; Langmuir sorptions; Luffa cylindrica; Methylene blues; Polar functional groups; Pseudo first orders; Pseudo-second-order kinetic models; Sorption capacities; Sorption process; Adsorption isotherms; Chemisorption; Desorption; Dyes; Functional groups; Ion exchange; Kinetic theory; pH effects	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65349173593	Neurosurgery in nigeria - An evaluation of the perception of health personnel in a new centre and a comparison of the nigerian situation with that of other african states	Emejulu J.K.C.	2008	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	11	4	None	Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Emejulu, J.K.C., Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background: Neurosurgery has become endangered species in Nigeria. We have only 15 practising neurosurgeons for our population of 150million, giving a ratio of one neurosurgeon to 1 Omillion Nigerians. Of the 26 accredited medical schools, only 6 offer neurosurgery. This study is a preliminary evaluation of the perceptions about neurosurgery before the commencement of neurosurgical services in a tertiary health institution, and a comparison with the situation in other African countries. Methodology: A questionnaire designed after the 5-point Likert rating scale was distributed to doctors, nurses, final-year medical/nursing students, paramedics and administrative staff of the 350-bed health institution. The completed questionnaires that were returned, were collated and data analysis done. Results: Out of 200 questionnaires distributed, 164 were completed and returned. Most of the respondents were females 59.1%, and most were in the 20 30 year age group, 57.3%; more than 96% stated that they have heard of neurosurgery previously, but rated the available services in Nigeria as inadequate 50.6%, and quality of services as fair 39.6% or poor 36.6%, respectively. In their opinion, political and administrative lapses rather than funding are responsible for the poor state of affairs, culminating in unavailability of adequate manpower and facilities. Health policy changes and provision of facilities with manpower training were suggested by 78% of respondents as the solution to the problem. Most, however agree that neurosurgery has good prospects 78%, m the institution. Conclusion: Neurosurgical service in Nigeria is grossly inadequate both in availability and quality, and these have resulted from bad government policies. It is therefore of utmost necessity that services and training be urgently provided in this specialty, at least in the tertiary institutions in Nigeria.	Africa; Neurosurgeons; Population; Ratio; World	Africa; article; comparative study; education; female; health care delivery; health care policy; health personnel attitude; human; male; manpower; neurosurgery; Nigeria; questionnaire; Africa; Attitude of Health Personnel; Female; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Neurosurgery; Nigeria; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65449123866	Accelerating the health impact of the Gates Foundation	Black R.E., Bhan M.K., Chopra M., Rudan I., Victora C.G.	2009	The Lancet	373	9675	10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60886-2	Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Universidad Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil	Black, R.E., Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Bhan, M.K., All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Chopra, M., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Rudan, I., Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Victora, C.G., Universidad Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil	[No abstract available]	None	vaccine; article; child health; childhood disease; childhood mortality; diarrhea; financial management; funding; government; health care delivery; health care quality; health care system; health program; health service; lowest income group; malnutrition; maternal welfare; medical research; non profit organization; oral rehydration therapy; pneumonia; priority journal; Child; Child Mortality; Foundations; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Organizational Objectives; Research Support as Topic; Vaccination; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65449130102	Nutritional, microbiological and sensory evaluation of honey treated and untreated soft cheese	Belewu M.A., Morakinyo O.A.	2009	European Journal of Scientific Research	26	1	None	Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Belewu, M.A., Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Morakinyo, O.A., Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Chemical composition, sensory perception and microbial quality were determined in untreated {A (0%), B (sorghum treated), C (Fried cheese) and honey treated cheese samples D (5%), E (10%) and F (15%)} in a completely randomized design model. The results revealed highest crude protein content for treatment F (15% honey) represents an increase over Treatments A, B and C. Treatment A had the highest ash content while Treatment F had the least. When subjected to sensory perception, honey treated cheese samples ranked appreciably highest (P<0.05) for all the sensory parameters compared to the untreated samples. The honey treated cheese samples had a shelf life of at least 3 months. The presence of the antimicrobial factors of honey may be responsible for the low microbial levels of the honey treated cheese samples. At 15% level (Treatment F) there was no record of microbial detection indicating that honey may be useful for inhibiting microbial growth in cheese and other milk products that are less stable or require longer storage time than milk products. It was concluded that treatment of cheese sample with honey can help upscale the value (nutritive and sensory) of such cheese sample and reduce/discourage the growth or persistence of many microorganisms. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009.	Cheese; Chemical composition; Natural pure honey; Sensory and microbial qualities	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65449139504	Daily soil cover: A preliminary study of its impact on the landfill of municipal solid waste	Oni O.A.	2009	Journal of Applied Sciences Research	5	4	None	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ado Ekiti, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Prowork Ltd., 13 Newman Street, Southampton SO16 4FL, United Kingdom	Oni, O.A., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ado Ekiti, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, Prowork Ltd., 13 Newman Street, Southampton SO16 4FL, United Kingdom	The changes in the hydro-physical properties of a municipal solid waste (MSW) fill owing to an intermediate soil layer were studied. Key parameters, including dry density, drainable porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of waste samples with and without an intermediate soil layer were measured in conventional test cells under increasing overburden stresses. Ravelling of the soil grains (SG = 2.65) into the underlying waste layer, estimated to be up to 50%, appeared to increase the density of the waste fill, in effect, decreasing its permeability. The waste-only fill was more permeable than waste incorporating a soil cover; however, this reduced with increased vertical stress applied to the fills. The measured and calculated values of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the composite layered fill differed up to a factor of 100 at low vertical stresses. The moisture routing, undertaken with a modifie d Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model, suggests that the use of daily cover soil may reduce leachate drainage, thus increasing the degree of moisture saturation in waste fills. Further, waste fills with daily cover may drain leachate for a longer time and require closer spacing of basal drains. However, appropriate use of daily cover soil was found to benefit the sustainable practice of MSW landfilling. © 2009, INSInet Publication.	Cover soil; Density; Modified HELP model; Municipal solid waste; Saturated hydraulic conductivity; Simulation; Soil mechanics	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65449165286	Performance of clinical algorithms for HIV-1 diagnosis and antiretroviral initiation among HIV-1-exposed children aged less than 18 months in Kenya	Inwani I., Mbori-Ngacha D., Nduati R., Obimbo E., Wamalwa D., John-Stewart G., Farquhar C.	2009	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	50	5	10.1097/QAI.0b013e318198a8a4	Department of Paediatrics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Box 29720, Hospital Road, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Inwani, I., Department of Paediatrics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Box 29720, Hospital Road, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; Mbori-Ngacha, D., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Nduati, R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Obimbo, E., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Wamalwa, D., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; John-Stewart, G., Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Farquhar, C., Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	BACKGROUND:: Ninety percent of HIV-1-infected children live in sub-Saharan Africa. In the absence of diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy, approximately 50% die before 2 years. METHODS:: We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of clinical algorithms for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-1-exposed children aged less than 18 months. Children were identified with routine HIV-1 testing and assessed using 3 sets of criteria: (1) Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI), (2) World Health Organization Presumptive Diagnosis (WHO-PD) for HIV-1 infection, and (3) CD4 T-lymphocyte cell subsets. HIV-1 infection status was determined using DNA polymerase chain reaction testing. FINDINGS:: A total of 1418 children (median age 5.4 months) were screened for HIV-1 antibodies, of whom 144 (10.2%) were seropositive. Of these, 134 (93%) underwent HIV-1 DNA testing and 80 (60%) were found to be HIV-1 infected. Compared with HIV-1 DNA testing, sensitivity and specificity of the IMCI criteria were 19% and 96% and for WHO-PD criteria 43% and 88%, respectively. Inclusion of severe immune deficiency determined by CD4% improved sensitivity of IMCI and WHO-PD criteria to 74% and 84%, respectively; however, specificity declined to 43% and 41%, respectively. INTERPRETATION:: Diagnosis of HIV-1 infection among exposed children less than 18 months in a high-prevalence resource-limited setting remains a challenge, and current recommended algorithms have low sensitivity. This underscores the need for rapid scale-up of viral assays for early infant diagnosis. Copyright © 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Clinical algorithms; HIV-1; Infant diagnosis	antiretrovirus agent; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; age distribution; antiviral therapy; article; caregiver; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; classification algorithm; diagnostic accuracy; disease severity; DNA determination; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; infant; Kenya; major clinical study; male; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; serodiagnosis; T lymphocyte subpopulation; treatment outcome; virus diagnosis; world health organization; adult; algorithm; blood; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; prediction and forecasting; pregnancy; reproducibility; sensitivity and specificity; validation study; Adult; Algorithms; Anti-HIV Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Kenya; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65549089282	Towards a framework for measuring end to end performance of land administration business processes - A case study	Chimhamhiwa D., Molen P.v.d., Mutanga O., Rugege D.	2009	Computers, Environment and Urban Systems	33	4	10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2009.04.001	University of KwaZulu Natal, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; International Institute for Geo Information Management and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500AA Enschede, Netherlands	Chimhamhiwa, D., University of KwaZulu Natal, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Molen, P.v.d., International Institute for Geo Information Management and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500AA Enschede, Netherlands; Mutanga, O., University of KwaZulu Natal, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Rugege, D., University of KwaZulu Natal, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Land administration delivery problems, particularly in developing countries, are generally systemic and complex. Requests in land administration are mostly delivered through business processes that run across multiple organizations. Since the delivery challenges go beyond the capabilities of single organizations to solve alone, a multi organizational approach is suggested to detect, assess and improve LA processes. This paper presents a conceptual model for measuring end to end performance of land administration systems based on cross-organizational business processes. The model, which is constructed on six measurement dimensions, is built on a case study of subdivision processes in six urban municipalities, across three developing countries. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cross-organizational business processes, land administration; Performance measurement	Conceptual models; Cross-organizational business processes, land administration; Delivery problems; End-to-end performance; Multiple organizations; Performance measurement; Developing countries; administration; conceptual framework; developing world; land management; land use planning; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65549104467	Evaluation of three years of the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement) for trachoma control in five districts of Ethiopia hyperendemic for trachoma	Ngondi J., Gebre T., Shargie E.B., Adamu L., Ejigsemahu Y., Teferi T., Zerihun M., Ayele B., Cevallos V., King J., Emerson P.M.	2009	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	103	10	10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.11.023	The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; The Carter Center, P.O. Box 13373, Woreda 17, Kebele 19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ministry of Health, Prevention of Blindness Team, P.O. Box 1234, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; The F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Ngondi, J., The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA, United States, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Gebre, T., The Carter Center, P.O. Box 13373, Woreda 17, Kebele 19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Shargie, E.B., The Carter Center, P.O. Box 13373, Woreda 17, Kebele 19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Adamu, L., Ministry of Health, Prevention of Blindness Team, P.O. Box 1234, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ejigsemahu, Y., The Carter Center, P.O. Box 13373, Woreda 17, Kebele 19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teferi, T., The Carter Center, P.O. Box 13373, Woreda 17, Kebele 19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zerihun, M., The Carter Center, P.O. Box 13373, Woreda 17, Kebele 19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ayele, B., The Carter Center, P.O. Box 13373, Woreda 17, Kebele 19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cevallos, V., The F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; King, J., The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emerson, P.M., The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA, United States	Trachoma surveys were conducted at baseline in five districts of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia (7478 participants in 1096 households) and at 3-year evaluation (5762 participants in 1117 households). Uptake of SAFE was assessed with programme monitoring data and interviews, and children (1-6 years) were swabbed for detection of ocular Chlamydia. At evaluation, 23 933 people had received trichiasis surgery; 93% of participants reported taking azithromycin at least once; 67% of household respondents (range 46-93) reported participation in trachoma health education; and household latrine coverage increased from 2% to 34%. In children aged 1-9 years percentage decline, by district, for outcomes was: 32% (95% CI 19-48) to 88% (95% CI 83-91) for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF); 87% (95% CI 83-91) to 99% (95% CI 97-100) for trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI); and 31% increase (95% CI -42 to -19) to 89% decrease (95% CI 85-93) for unclean face; and in adults percentage decline in trichiasis was 45% (95% CI -13 to 78) to 92% (95% CI 78-96). Overall prevalence of swabs positive for ocular Chlamydia was 3.1%. Although there were substantial reductions in outcomes in children and adults, the presence of ocular Chlamydia and TF in children suggests ongoing transmission. Continued implementation of SAF