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Scopus	2-s2.0-10044280158	Chemical evaluation of the seeds of Milletia obanensis	Umoren U.E., Essien A.I., Ukorebi B.A., Essien E.B.	2005	Food Chemistry	91	2	10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.029	Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, A.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Ukorebi, B.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, E.B., Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	A study was conduced to evaluate the nutritional potential of Milletia obanensis "Odudu" as a possible food or feedstuff and to assess the effect of various processing methods on its nutritional quality. Results of proximate analysis showed that the raw seeds contained 26.7% crude protein, 23.5% ether extract, 3.47% crude fibre, 4.37% ash and 42.0% nitrogen free extract. The protein was well supplied with essential and non-essential amino acids, though the values were low when compared with popular seed legumes. Minerals were in fair supply: P 3.10, Mg 92.30, K 45.25 and Fe 2.20 mg/100 g. Processing methods significantly (p<0.05) affected the nutritional composition. While autoclaving, boiling and toasting (heat treatment) increased the protein content, it reduced the levels of anti-nutritional factors-phytate, tannins, oxalates, cyanogenic glycosides and (slightly) saponin. Thus, it was concluded that M. obanensis seeds, if properly processed, could serve as livestock feed or food for man. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Amino acids; Antinutritional factors; Chemical evaluation; Milletia obanensis; Nutritional potential; Processing methods	essential amino acid; ether; glycoside; iron; magnesium; mineral; nitrogen; oxalic acid; phosphorus; phytate; potassium; saponin; tannin derivative; vegetable protein; analytic method; animal food; article; ash; autoclave; biochemical composition; controlled study; cooking; food; food processing; heat treatment; heating; intermethod comparison; legume; livestock; milletia obanensis; nonhuman; nutritional value; plant; plant fiber; plant seed; protein content; statistical significance; Fraxinus; Millettia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10244219995	Studies of the chemical composition and protein quality evaluation of differently processed Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens seed flours	Agbede J.O., Aletor V.A.	2005	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	18	1	10.1016/j.jfca.2003.10.011	Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Agbede, J.O., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Aletor, V.A., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Differently processed seed flours of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens were characterized with respect to their proximate composition, gross energy, mineral and amino acid contents. The anti-nutrients typified by phytin, lectin, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), tannin and cyanide were also quantified and this was followed by protein quality evaluation with the rat. The result showed that C. ensiformis contained on the average: crude protein 24.2±2.2, ash 3.1±0.6 and ether extract 11.1±0.9 g/100 g DM while M. pruriens contained on the average: CP 25.7±1.4, ash 4.1±1.4 and EE 9.6±2.8 g/100 g DM. The gross energy varied from 1.65 to 2.07 MJ/100 g for C. ensiformis with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.74% while it varied from 1.66 to 2.07 MJ/100 g with a CV of 6.19% for M. pruriens due to processing. The seed flours contained a good array of amino acids but were low in cystine and methionine. Also the two flours contained appreciable levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P as well as some minor minerals such as Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. The levels of these minerals were higher in the raw flours and tended to be low, in most cases, in dehulled flours. Processing significantly reduced and in some cases eliminated the anti-nutrients quantified. The protein quality evaluation of the legume seeds clearly indicated their unsuitability even in the processed forms, as sole sources of dietary protein in human nutrition. However, given their high yield potentials these seeds could play valuable roles as supplemental nutrient sources to some farm products used in food formulation for man in most developing countries where hunger is endemic. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Anti-nutrients; Canavalia Ensiformis; Mucuna pruriens; Nutrient; Processing	calcium; copper; cyanide; cysteine; iron; lectin; magnesium; manganese; methionine; phosphorus; potassium; sodium; tannin; trypsin inhibitor; zinc; amino acid analysis; amino acid composition; article; Canavalia; chemical composition; chemical procedures; controlled study; cooking; flour; food composition; food processing; high performance liquid chromatography; nonhuman; plant seed; protein quality; statistical analysis; statistical significance; velvet bean; Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Fraxinus; Mucuna; Mucuna pruriens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10444240254	Exposure to 2,4-decadienal negatively impacts upon marine invertebrate larval fitness	Caldwell G.S., Lewis C., Olive P.J.W., Bentley M.G.	2005	Marine Environmental Research	59	5	10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.06.005	Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Dept. of Biodiv. and Conserv. Biol., Intl. Ocean Inst.-Southern Africa, Univ. of the W. Cape, South Africa, South Africa	Caldwell, G.S., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Lewis, C., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom, Dept. of Biodiv. and Conserv. Biol., Intl. Ocean Inst.-Southern Africa, Univ. of the W. Cape, South Africa, South Africa; Olive, P.J.W., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Bentley, M.G., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom	Diatoms liberate volatile, biologically active unsaturated aldehydes following cell damage, which negatively impact upon invertebrate reproductive processes such as fertilization, embryogenesis and larval survival. 2,4-Decadienal is frequently identified among the aldehydes produced and is one of the more biologically active. The majority of studies which have examined the toxic effects of diatom aldehydes to invertebrate reproduction have scored egg production and/or hatching success as indicators of biological impacts. There are very few studies which have dealt specifically with the impacts of diatom-derived aldehydes on larval fitness. Larval stages of the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Nereis virens and the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Psammechinus miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at sub 1 μg ml -1 concentrations suffered reduced survival over the incubation period (day 1-8 post fertilization) with detectable differences for the polychates at a concentration of 0.005 and 0.01-0.1 μg ml -1 for the echinoderms. Susceptibility of larval N. virens was investigated using stage specific 24 h exposures at 2,4-decadienal concentrations up to 1.5 μg ml -1. A clear stage specific effect was found, with earlier larval stages most vulnerable. Nectochaete larvae (9-10 d) showed no reduction in survival at the concentrations assayed. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry, was used to analyse fitness of larval P. miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μg ml -1. The degree and frequency of asymmetrical development increased with increasing 2,4-decadienal concentration. Equally, as FA increased larval survival decreased. These results provide further support for the teratogenic nature of 2,4-decadienal and its negative impact on invertebrate larval fitness. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Aldehyde; Algal toxins; Decadienal; Developmental abnormality; Fluctuating asymmetry; Larval bioassay; Larval fitness; Marine invertebrates	2,4-decadienal; Cell damage; Embryogenesis; Fertilization; Aldehydes; Cells; Marine biology; Radon; Toxicity; Radiation hazards; 2,4 decadienal; aldehyde derivative; unclassified drug; aldehyde; biogenic emission; diatom; fitness; fluctuating asymmetry; interspecific interaction; invertebrate; larval development; toxin; article; concentration (parameters); environmental exposure; environmental impact; invertebrate; larva; larval stage; nonhuman; survival rate; teratogenesis; Abnormalities; Aldehydes; Animals; Diatoms; Environmental Exposure; Female; Larva; Male; Polychaeta; Population Dynamics; Reproduction; Survival Analysis; algae; Arenicola; Arenicola marina; Asterias; Asterias rubens; Bacillariophyta; Echinodermata; Invertebrata; Nereis; Nereis virens; Polychaeta; Psammechinus miliaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10444282107	Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana	Mbaiwa J.E.	2005	Tourism Management	26	2	10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005	H. Oppenheimer Okavango Res. Centre, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana	Mbaiwa, J.E., H. Oppenheimer Okavango Res. Centre, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana	This paper draws on the dependency paradigm to explain the development of enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both primary and secondary data source, the study indicates that international tourists, foreign safari companies and investors dominate the tourism industry in the Okavango Delta. The foreign domination and ownership of tourism facilities has led to the repatriation of tourism revenue, domination of management positions by expatriates, lower salaries for citizen workers, and a general failure by tourism to significantly contribute to rural poverty alleviation in the Okavango region. Tourism as a result has a minimal economic impact on rural development mainly because it has weak linkages with the domestic economy, particularly agriculture. Because of its nature, tourism in the Okavango Delta cannot be described as being sustainable from a socio-economic perspective. In order to address problems of enclave tourism development and promote more inclusive and beneficial tourism development in the Okavango, there is need to adopt policies and strategies that will ensure that substantial amounts of tourism revenue are retained in the Okavango and Botswana. These strategies should also ensure that tourism development in the Okavango Delta has strong linkages with the rest of the economy in Botswana. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dependency paradigm; Enclave tourism; International and domestic tourism; Okavango Delta; Poverty; Sustainable development	international tourism; rural economy; socioeconomic impact; sustainable development; tourism development; Africa; Botswana; Eastern Hemisphere; Okavango Delta; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10644291886	Impact of preservation and different packaging conditions on the microbial community and activity of Kefir grains	Witthuhn R.C., Schoeman T., Cilliers A., Britz T.J.	2005	Food Microbiology	22	4	10.1016/j.fm.2004.09.001	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Schoeman, T., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Cilliers, A., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa	Kefir is a cultured milk product that is produced by a mixed acidic and alcoholic fermentation by microbes found within Kefir grains. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different packaging materials in their ability to retain the viability and activity of the grains over an extended storage period. The impact of the different packaging and storage conditions on the microbial community of the grains was also determined. Kefir grains were lyophilized, packaged in three different packaging materials, including low-density polyethylene film (LDPE), oriented polyester film (OPET), and methallized oriented polyester film (MOPET) and stored for 3 months at room temperature. Activity tests, including pH, titratable acidity (%TA), lactose and lactic acid content over a 10 and 18 h fermentation period were used to evaluate the acidification activity of the lyophilized grains. Selective media, morphology and physiological characteristics were used to obtain the enumeration values and to identify the microbes present in the packaged and stored grains. Overall, the best retention of the fermentation activity was found for the MOPET film. The OPET packaging film provided the best preservation of the microbial composition. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Fermentation; Kefir grains; Lactic acid bacteria; Packaging; Preservation	Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12144265481	Impact of African herbal medicines on antiretroviral metabolism	Mills E., Foster B.C., Van Heeswijk R., Phillips E., Wilson K., Leonard B., Kosuge K., Kanfer I.	2005	AIDS	19	1	None	Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mills, E., Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Foster, B.C., University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Van Heeswijk, R., Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Phillips, E., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Wilson, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Leonard, B., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kosuge, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	We examined the effects of two African herbal medicines recommended for HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral metabolism. Extracts from Hypoxis and Sutherlandia showed significant effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism and activated the pregnane X receptor approximately twofold. P-glycoprotein expression was inhibited, with Hypoxis showing 42-51% and Sutherlandia showing 19-31% of activity compared with verapamil. Initiating policies to provide herbal medicines with antiretroviral agents may put patients at risk of treatment failure, viral resistance or drug toxicity.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cytochrome P450 3A4; glycoprotein P; Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; nelfinavir; plant extract; pregnane X receptor; rifampicin; Sutherlandia extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; controlled study; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; enzyme activation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Hypoxis; priority journal; protein expression; treatment failure; virus resistance; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Fabaceae; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hypoxis; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; P-Glycoprotein; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Verapamil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344249998	Evaluation of microbial diversity of different soil layers at a contaminated diesel site	Maila M.P., Randima P., Surridge K., Drønen K., Cloete T.E.	2005	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation	55	1	10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.06.012	Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway	Maila, M.P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Randima, P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Surridge, K., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Drønen, K., Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Cloete, T.E., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, we evaluated the hydrocarbon removal efficiency and microbial diversity of different soil layers. The soil layers with high counts of recoverable hydrocarbon degrading bacteria had the highest hydrocarbon removal rate compared with soil layers with low counts of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Removal efficiency was 48% in the topsoil, compared with 31% and 11% at depths of 1.5 and 1 m, respectively. In the 1 and 1.5 m soil layers, there was no significant difference between total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal in nutrient amended treatments and controls. The respiration rate reflected the difference in the number of bacteria in each soil layer and the availability of nutrients. High O2 consumption corresponded positively with high TPH removal. Analysis of the microbial diversity in the different soil layers using functional diversity (community-level physiological profile, via Biolog) and genetic diversity using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rDNA revealed differences in, respectively, substrate utilisation patterns and DGGE profiles of 16S rDNA fragments. Microbial diversity as revealed by DNA fragments was lower in the highly contaminated soil layer (1.5 m) than in the topsoil and at 1 m. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Biodegradation; Biodiversity; Contamination; Hydrocarbons; Nutrition; Soils; Microbial diversity; Nutrients; Respiration rate; Soil layers; Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH); Bacteria; biodegradation; diesel; hydrocarbon; soil microorganism; soil pollution; species diversity; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344270876	In-vitro evaluation of khaya and albizia gums as compression coatings for drug targeting to the colon	Odeku O.A., Fell J.T.	2005	Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology	57	2	10.1211/0022357055362	Dept. of Pharmaceut./Indust. Pharm., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sch. of Pharm. and Pharmaceut. Sci., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom	Odeku, O.A., Dept. of Pharmaceut./Indust. Pharm., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fell, J.T., Sch. of Pharm. and Pharmaceut. Sci., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom	Khaya and albizia gums were evaluated as compression coatings for target drug delivery to the colon using indometacin (a water insoluble drug) and paracetamol (a water soluble drug) as model drugs. The core tablets were compression-coated with 300 and 400 mg of 100% khaya gum, 100% albizia gum and a mixture of khaya and albizia gum (1:1). Drug release studies were carried out in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) for 2 h, Sorensen's buffer (pH 7.4) for 3 h and then in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 6.8) or in simulated colonic fluid for the rest of the experiment to mimic the physiological conditions from the mouth to colon. The results indicated that khaya and albizia gums were capable of protecting the core tablet in the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine, with albizia gum showing greater ability than khaya gum. The release from tablets coated with the mixture of khaya and albizia gums was midway between the two individual gums, indicating that there was no interaction between the gums. Studies carried out using rat caecal matter in phosphate-buffered saline at pH 6.8 (simulated colonic fluid) showed that the gums were susceptible to degradation by the colonic bacterial enzymes, leading to release of the drug. The results demonstrate that khaya gum and albizia gum have potential for drug targeting to the colon.	None	albizia gum; bacterial enzyme; indometacin; khaya gum; paracetamol; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; cecum; colon; controlled study; drug coating; drug degradation; drug manufacture; drug mixture; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; drug targeting; in vitro study; intestine flora; intestine fluid; male; nonhuman; pH; rat; small intestine; stomach; tablet; Acetaminophen; Adhesives; Albizzia; Animals; Cecum; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Colon; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Excipients; Indomethacin; Male; Meliaceae; Nigeria; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344276549	Evaluation of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa	Stevens W., Wiggill T., Horsfield P., Coetzee L., Scott L.E.	2005	Journal of Virological Methods	124	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.009	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Wiggill, T., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Horsfield, P., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Coetzee, L., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	We compared the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay (bioMerieux) combined with the manual NucliSens miniMag extraction methodology to the Roche Cobas Ampliprep/Standard Amplicor Monitor methodology (Roche Diagnostics) for HIV-1 RNA quantitation in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa. Plasma samples (284) from HIV sero-positive patients at different stages of infection were analyzed. The distribution of results was typical of the clinical samples received at the laboratory where 20% have viral load results &lt;400 copies/ml (2.6 log) and 18% have viral load results &gt;750 000 copies/ml (5.8 log) using the Roche Amplicor Monitor standard assay. All statistical analyses were performed using log10-transformed values for all the variables in the analyses, i.e. log10EasyQIU/ml, and log10RNA (log 10 copies/ml, Amplicor). Roche values were converted from RNA copies per ml to IU/ml by multiplying the Roche value by 0.51. HIV RNA levels quantitated by the NucliSens EasyQ assay correlated significantly with those of the Roche Cobas Amplicor Monitor assay (r = 0.874, p &lt; 0.0001). Reproducibility of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in the log 6 IU range yielded CV variance of 1.3-2.84% for two well-trained technologists. In addition, a retrospective evaluation of the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in 102 runs (2448) samples was conducted in the laboratory over a 4-month interval. Factors considered during this evaluation included time taken to perform the assay, volume requirements, number of required repeats, potential for contamination. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	HIV viral load laboratory measurement; Method comparison; NucliSens EasyQ; Resource limited setting; Roche Amplicor	virus RNA; article; assay; blood sampling; controlled study; correlation analysis; extraction; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; priority journal; quantitative analysis; reproducibility; South Africa; statistical analysis; virus load; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV-1; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344282103	Long-term effect of tillage and manure application on soil organic fractions and crop performance under Sudano-Sahelian conditions	Mando A., Ouattara B., Sédogo M., Stroosnijder L., Ouattara K., Brussaard L., Vanlauwe B.	2005	Soil and Tillage Research	80	02-Jan	10.1016/j.still.2004.03.002	Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya; An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo	Mando, A., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo; Ouattara, B., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Sédogo, M., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Stroosnijder, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Ouattara, K., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Brussaard, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Vanlauwe, B., Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya	Human-induced degradation of natural resources in general and of soil in particular, is a major problem in many regions, including the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The combined effects of tillage and manure application on Lixisol properties and on crop performance were investigated at Saria, Burkina Faso, to find efficient soil management practices to improve soil fertility. A randomized block design with four treatments (hand hoeing only, hand hoeing+manure, ploughing only, oxen ploughing+manure) in three replications was started in 1990. Ten years later, total soil organic (SOC), particulate organic matter and C mineralization were measured. Initial SOC concentration was 4 mg/g and dropped to 2.1 mg/g soil in ploughed plots without manure and to 2.5 mg/g soil in hoed plots without manure. Manure addition mitigated the decrease of SOC in ploughed plots and even built up SOC in hoed plots, where it increased to 5.8 mg/g soil. Manure had a large effect on the fractions in which SOC was stored. In ploughed plots, a large amount of SOC was stored in physical particles >0.25 mm, while in hand hoed plots the maximum SOC was stored in finer fractions. In the topsoil, hoeing and manure resulted in a higher SOC than ploughing with no manure. However, in the 15-25 cm layer, particularly in September, particulate organic matter was greater in ploughed plots with manure than in hoed plots with manure. Crop yields were highest on ploughed+manure plots and lowest on ploughed plots with no manure. We conclude that applying manure annually mitigates the negative effect of ploughing and hand hoeing on SOC and related properties and therefore can contribute to the sustainability of the agricultural system in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crop performance; Manure; Organic C; Particulate organic matter; Ploughing	Agriculture; Crops; Degradation; Manures; Natural resources; Organic compounds; Sustainable development; Manure applications; Particulate organic matter; Tillage; Topsoil; Soils; crop performance; manure; soil organic matter; tillage; Agriculture; Degradation; Farm Crops; Manure; Natural Resources; Organic Matter; Soil; Sustained Yield; Africa; Burkina Faso; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Bos; Bovinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344310119	Radionuclide method for evaluating the performance of hemodialysis in vivo	Bihl G.K., Bird N.J., Peters C., Bradley J.M., Peters A.M.	2005	Kidney International	67	2	10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67133.x	Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Winelands Kidney and Dialysis Centre, Sir Lowries Pass Road, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Palmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, United Kingdom	Bihl, G.K., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Winelands Kidney and Dialysis Centre, Sir Lowries Pass Road, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Bird, N.J., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Peters, C., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Bradley, J.M., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Peters, A.M., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Palmer, Brighton, United Kingdom, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, United Kingdom	Background. Specifications of dialyzer performance are generally based on in vitro measurements. There is, however, a shortage of data on dialyzer performance in vivo. The aim of this study was to use continuous measurement of technetium-99m-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid (Tc-99m-DTPA) blood concentration as a means of continuously monitoring dialyzer function in vivo in patients undergoing routine hemodialysis. Methods. The study population comprised 15 patients (45 to 80 years old; 13 males). Tc-99m-DTPA was administered intravenously 90 minutes before obtaining a blood sample and starting dialysis. Blood Tc-99m-DTPA activity was continuously monitored by passing the line carrying blood from the patient to the dialyzer close to a scintillation probe mounted in a shielded housing. At the end of hemodialysis, lasting 180 to 300 minutes, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-51-EDTA) was given intravenously and a blood sample taken 90 minutes later. Baseline dialyzer blood flow (Qb) and dialysate flow (Qd) were 250 to 350 mL/min and 500 mL/min, respectively. The rate constant, α, of the decrease in blood Tc-99m-DTPA activity was used as the measure of moment-to-moment dialyzer function. Pre- and postdialysis extracellular fluid volumes were calculated from the blood Tc-99m-DTPA and Cr-51-EDTA concentrations (VDTPA and VEDTA) before and after dialysis. Tc-99m-DTPA clearance was measured as the product of α and VDTPA. Dialyzer urea clearance was calculated from pre- and postdialysis urea nitrogen concentrations and the time of dialysis. The effects of brief changes in Qb and Qd on dialyzer function were assessed from the associated changes in α. Results. The Tc-99m-DTPA clearance profile was biexponential, becoming monoexponential about 1 hour after starting hemodialysis, with α remaining constant for as long as dialysis continued in five patients in whom Qb and Q d were left unaltered. Mean (SEM) plasma Tc-99m-DTPA clearance averaged over the entire period of dialysis in all 15 patients was 110 (3.1) mL/min. It correlated with urea clearance (r = 0.71) (F &lt; 0.01) which was 225 (9.5) mL/min based on a total body water of 2.5 that of VDTPA and 212 (13) mL/min scaled to 40 L/1.73 m2. Extracellular fluid volume decreased by 1.73 (0.74) 1 over dialysis, which was comparable to the change in weight [1.48 (0.57) kg]. The extraction fraction of Tc-99m-DTPA across the artificial kidney, directly measured from afferent and efferent blood samples under baseline Qb and Qd, was 0.5 (0.013). Average extraction fraction indirectly estimated from Tc-99m-DTPA blood clearance and Qb was 0.54 (0.019). These two measurements of extraction fraction correlated with each other under conditions of varying Qb and Q d (r = 0.74) (N = 27) (P &lt; 0.001). Changes in α resulting from changes in Qb and Qd were similar to changes predicted from computerized modeling. The ratio of mass transfer coefficients of urea and Tc-99m-DTPA with respect to the dialyzer, calculated as if they were permeability-surface area products, was 3.3, similar to the ratio, obtained from the literature, in continuous capillary endothelium. Conclusion. Tc-99m-DTPA is a useful agent for continuously monitoring dialyzer function in vivo and provides a platform for the use of other radio-pharmaceuticals of different molecular sizes that could be used in an analogous fashion.	Hemodialysis; Scintillation counting; Tc-99m-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid; Urea clearance	edetate chromium cr 51; pentetate technetium tc 99m; urea; adult; aged; article; artificial kidney; blood flow; capillary endothelium; comparative study; controlled study; dialysate; dialysate level; drug clearance; evaluation; extracellular fluid; female; hemodialysis; human; human experiment; male; nitrogen concentration; normal human; performance; plasma clearance; priority journal; productivity; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chromium Radioisotopes; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate; Ultrafiltration; Urea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12744278222	'The impact of the aids epidemic' articles by Paul Bennell: Some comments	Kinghorn A., Kelly M.J.	2005	Journal of Development Studies	41	3	10.1080/0022038042000313345	Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Luwisha House, Lusaka, Zambia	Kinghorn, A., Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kelly, M.J., Luwisha House, Lusaka, Zambia	[No abstract available]	None	academic research; acquired immune deficiency syndrome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12844253759	Evaluation of yeast strains as possible agents for trace enrichment of metal ions in aquatic environments	Mapolelo M., Torto N., Prior B.	2005	Talanta	65	4	10.1016/j.talanta.2004.08.020	Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Mapolelo, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Torto, N., Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Prior, B., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Sorption properties of six yeast strains were evaluated for trace enrichment of metal ions; Cd2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous environments. Metal concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed that trace enrichment of the metals under study with yeast, was dependent on the pH and available metal ions. Enrichment time of 30 min gave an optimum metal uptake. The presence of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ suppressed the uptake of Pb by less than 5%, but suppressed the uptake of Zn by between 15 and 25%. Mg2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cr3+ Cr6+, Cd2+, and Zn 2+ suppressed the uptake of Pb by between 25 and 35%, and that of Zn by between 15 and 25%. For both Pb and Zn, Cd had the highest suppression of 35 and 30%, respectively for baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Baker's yeast achieved enrichment factors (EF) of 23, 4, 100, and 1 for dam water, stream water, treated wastewater, and industrial effluent samples for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr, respectively. The recoveries of optimised Cd and Cr samples spiked with 2 μg ml-1 of the metal could reach up to 90%, but never exceeded 66% for 10 μg ml-1 samples. For Cu and Pb, the recoveries generally increased independent of concentration, however they were not as high as those for Zn, which exceeded 90% for all the samples spiked with 10 μg ml-1 of the metal. S. cerevisiae PR 61/3 had the highest EF for Cr as compared to the other yeast strains. S. cerevisiae PRI 60/78 was the only yeast strain which was able to enrich Cd in all the samples. Baker's yeast had the highest EFs for Cu and Zn as compared to the other yeast strains without pH adjustment of the water samples. Candida tropicalis attained the highest EFs for Pb as compared to the other yeast strains. The results indicate that all the yeast strains used had a high affinity for Zn based on the EF values achieved. The results from these studies demonstrate that yeast is a viable trace metal enrichment agent that can be used freely suspended in solution to enrich metal ions at relatively low concentrations. This has ramifications on the traditional methods of sampling, sample collection, and transportation from remote sampling sites. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Aquatic environment; Trace metal enrichment; Yeast strains	pH effects; Positive ions; Sorption; Strain; Aqueous environments; Metal concentration; Sampling sites; Yeast strains; Yeast; cadmium; calcium ion; chromium; copper ion; industrial effluent; lead; magnesium ion; metal ion; potassium ion; sodium ion; water; zinc ion; aquatic environment; article; atomic absorption spectrometry; Candida tropicalis; controlled study; fungal strain; metal extraction; nonhuman; pH; reaction time; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; species comparison; stream (river); waste water; water sampling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244263032	Targeting education: The politics of performance and the prospects of 'Education For All'	Jansen J.D.	2005	International Journal of Educational Development	25	4 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.04.009	University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Jansen, J.D., University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	This article offers a critical examination of the public claims about the potential, reach and impact of "target setting in education" within the context of developing countries. The argument is made that the target - setting enterprise is undermined by three fallacies-conceptual, methodological and organizational - with negative consequences for the achievement of education quality in poor countries. While acknowledging the logic of targets on the part of international development agencies, the article nevertheless suggests that target setting could be seen as a transnational system of surveillance that takes measures of control, measurement and accountability beyond the confines of national borders. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Comparative education; Curriculum; Development; Education policy; Educational administration; International education; Literacy	curriculum; education policy; performance assessment; targeting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244273800	Evaluation of syphilis in patients with HIV infection in Nigeria	Nnoruka E.N., Ezeoke A.C.J.	2005	Tropical Medicine and International Health	10	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01344.x	Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01	Nnoruka, E.N., Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria; Ezeoke, A.C.J., Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria	OBJECTIVE: To document the manifestations of syphilis among patients with concurrent HIV infection over a 12-month period. METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study of all adult patients with syphilis and HIV infection who attended the skin clinic of the University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Enugu, between July 2000 and June 2001. A standardized questionnaire was used to record age, sex, marital status, occupation and risk factor for HIV infection; initial site of onset of rash/ulcers, duration of the illness, any concomitant affection of mucosa, hair and nails as well as treatments received by each patient prior to presentation. Morphological distribution of lesions, mucosal surface (conjuctival, vulval and rectal) examinations and documentation of concomitant disorders with HIV were noted by the examining dermatologist. Lesional biopsy and dark-field microscopy were undertaken to confirm diagnosis where serologic (non-treponemal and treponemal specific) tests for syphilis were inconsistent with clinical suspicion. Each patient had a routine chest x-ray, mantoux and purified protein derivative (PPD) status taken. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (21 males) with concurrent syphilis and HIV were seen during the study period. Primary syphilis was diagnosed in nine (29%), secondary syphilis in 20 (64.5%) and latent syphilis in two (6.5%). Neurosyphilis was not observed. Prevalence of syphilis for these patients with concurrent HIV was 2.1%. Mean duration of syphilis was 3.9 months ± 1.4 and lesions of greatest concern occurred mainly on the genitalia. The glans penis was affected in 10 (32.3%) cases, the penile shaft in seven (22.6%), the oral cavity in five (16.1%), the rectum in six (19.4%) and the vulva in three (0.9%) cases. Nine (29.1%) patients had a history of primary syphilitic chancre, 19 (61.3%) had a past history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) - particularly genital ulcers - while three (9.7%) could not recall any past history of STD. Eighteen (59.3%) had a history of unprotected sex, 16 (51.7%) had multiple sexual partners, four (13.3%) had had oral sex, and one anal sex (3.3%); none admitted to being bisexual. Other relevant risk factors for HIV transmission were blood transfusion within 5 years for three (9.7%) and intravenous drug use in two (6.5%). Some patients had more than one condition as a potential source of exposure. Serological tests were weakly reactive in 17 (48.4%), strongly reactive in nine (29%) and non-reactive in five (16.1%) patients. Three patients exhibited prozone phenomenon. Treatment comprised the syndromic approach, which currently is advocated for use in primary healthcare centres without facilities for aetiological diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: Our cases with concurrent syphilis and HIV/AIDS had unusual manifestations, responded to treatment more slowly and died sooner than cases described in Western literature due to generally lower levels of health.	HIV/AIDS; Serology; Syndromic management; Syphilis associations; West Africa	benzathine penicillin; tuberculin; disease prevalence; disease transmission; human immunodeficiency virus; syphilis; adolescent; adult; article; biopsy; bisexuality; blood transfusion; clinical article; clinical feature; comorbidity; controlled study; disease association; disease duration; disease severity; female; fluorescent treponema antibody test; genital system disease; genital ulcer; hair disease; health care facility; health center; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intravenous drug abuse; male; medical documentation; microscopy; mortality; mouth cavity; mouth inflammation; mucosa inflammation; nail disease; neurosyphilis; Nigeria; penis glans; physical examination; prevalence; primary health care; questionnaire; rash; recall; rectum disease; risk factor; safe sex; serodiagnosis; serology; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; skin ulcer; syphilis; teaching hospital; thorax radiography; Treponema pallidum; tuberculin test; unprotected sex; venereal disease reaction test; vulva disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chancre; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Penicillin G, Benzathine; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Syphilis; Treatment Outcome; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Glans; Human immunodeficiency virus; RNA viruses; Treponema; Treponema pallidum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244291492	Performance analysis of the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm-based multiuser detector	Whitehead J.B., Takawira F.	2005	IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing	53	2 I	10.1109/TSP.2004.840781	Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa	Whitehead, J.B., Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; Takawira, F., Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa	This paper quantifies the adaptive performance of a blind adaptive multiuser detector (MUD) based on the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) in both a stationary and nonstationary channel. A framework is developed to apply the feedback analysis method to analyzing adaptive MUD schemes. A closed-form expression for the excess mean square error (EMSE) of LCCMA blind adaptive MUD in a CDMA communications system is derived for both of the steady-state and tracking cases. The effects of additive noise and multiple access interference are considered. A transient analysis is performed that predicts the learning curve of the adaptive filter. Computer simulation is used to verify the accuracy of the analysis. © 2005 IEEE.	Blind adaptive multiuser detection; Code division multiple access; Constant modulus algorithm; Excess mean square error; Feedback analysis; Steady-state analysis; Tracking analysis	Adaptive algorithms; Adaptive filtering; Approximation theory; Code division multiple access; Communication channels (information theory); Computer simulation; Mathematical models; Signal interference; Signal receivers; Transmitters; Vectors; White noise; Adaptive filter; Additive white Gaussian noise; Blind adaptive multiuser detection; Constant modulus algorithm; Excess mean square error; Feedback analyis; Steady state analysis; Tracking analysis; Signal detection	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13444305415	Studies on bambara groundnut flour performance in Okpa preparation	Barimalaa I.S., Agoha G., Oboh C.A., Kiin-Kabari D.B.	2005	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	85	3	10.1002/jsfa.1996	Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Barimalaa, I.S., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Agoha, G., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Oboh, C.A., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Kiin-Kabari, D.B., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Bambara groundnut flours of different particle sizes were prepared after bean seeds had been cold-soaked and/or germinated, dried, milled and sieved. The flours were used to prepare okpa (local dish prepared by steaming mashed bambara groundnut) and their sensory properties determined. Viscosity of the flour pastes, before steaming, were also determined. Results showed that bambara groundnut flours from both germinated and cold-soaked beans could be used in preparing good quality okpa and, therefore, remove all the problems involved in preparing the raw beans for okpa-making as is done traditionally. Particle size appeared to play a major role in obtaining good okpa; therefore flours intended for okpa preparation should be such that 66, 86 and 96%, respectively, of cold-soaked bean flour or 58, 78 and 91%, respectively, of germinated bean flour, after 1, 3 and 5 milling passes, should be in the particle range 1.5-4.5 × 10-4 m. Slightly higher amounts of the coarse (6.0 × 10~4m) particles are needed in the germinated bean flours to compensate for the breakdown of starch and proteins, the gelling agents in bambara groundnut. © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.	Bambara groundnut flour; Okpa preparation; Particle size	Arachis hypogaea; Phaseolus (angiosperm)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13644262402	The negative and positive impacts of HIV/AIDS on democracy in South Africa	Butler A.	2005	Journal of Contemporary African Studies	23	1	10.1080/0258900042000329439	Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Butler, A., Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This article first sets out the reasoning of those who fear that the implications of HIV/AIDS for democratic consolidation in South Africa are profoundly negative. However, the remainder of the text argues that the politics of HIV/AIDS has in fact strengthened democratic institutions and practices over the past decade. Given the immediate threats to democratic consolidation that exist in South Africa today - challenges that I will argue derive from internal dominant party politics, the nature of knowledge creation in the African National Congress (ANC), and a shrinking space for policy contestation - the epidemic may contribute further to the endurance of democracy over coming years. I conclude that scholars should address the pandemic's positive, as well as its inevitably negative, consequences for democracy and governance. © 2005 Journal of Contemporary African Studies.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; democracy; governance approach; human immunodeficiency virus; political development; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13744262400	Evaluation of lead equivalence of patient and hardware materials in medical diagnostic X-ray shielding	Okunade A.A.	2005	Health Physics	88	2 SUPPL. 1	10.1097/01.HP.0000147791.11446.0a	Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	In the estimation of additional shielding requirements for primary beam apart from that provided by patient and hardware in the x-ray beam, there is the need to distinguish between attenuation and hardening properties of materials in comparison. In this work, numerical comparison of attenuation and hardening properties of phantom (Lucite, soft tissue, water) and hardware (aluminum and steel) materials with those of lead have been carried out. Results presented show that the shielding affordable by lead attenuation equivalent thicknesses (LAE) and lead hardening equivalent thicknesses (LHE) is not strictly equivalent to that affordable by thicknesses of substitutes (phantom materials, aluminum and steel) when there are differences in attenuation and hardening properties. Even though beams through LAE that are not "exact" have equal exposure values, the half value layers are higher than those through thicknesses of lead substitutes. Example calculations show that the use of lead thickness (LAE) that are not "exact" to account for the shielding afforded by the thickness of the patient (water phantom) produces lesser reduction of the primary radiation level in the area indicated for shielding. The "exact" LAE that will reduce the primary radiation level equally as the patient and radiographic table may be higher by close to 20% or more of that which is not "exact."vk ©2005 Health Physics Society.	Attenuation; Operational topic; Shielding; X rays	aluminum; lead; steel; article; mathematical analysis; priority journal; radiation beam; radiation dose; radiation exposure; radiation protection; radiation safety; radiation shield; radioactivity; X ray; evaluation; human; image quality; protective equipment; radiography; regression analysis; standard; statistics; Aluminum; Humans; Lead; Least-Squares Analysis; Phantoms, Imaging; Protective Devices; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography; Steel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844264443	Evaluation of the phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper double backcross resource population: Indoor trickle challenge with Haemonchus contortus	Mugambi J.M., Audho J.O., Njomo S., Baker R.L.	2005	Veterinary Parasitology	127	04-Mar	10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.017	Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Mugambi, J.M., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; Audho, J.O., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Njomo, S., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Baker, R.L., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Six F1 Dorper (D) × Red Maasai (R) rams were mated to both D and R ewes to produce backcross lambs. These six double backcross resource families are being analysed to identify quantitative trait loci that may be controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites, mainly Haemonchus contortus. After assessing the phenotypic performance of the lambs following exposure to natural infections, the surviving lambs were drenched and moved indoors for an artificial challenge with H. contortus along with straightbred D and R lambs. A total of 1317 lambs were included in the analyses consisting of 523 3/4D, 580 3/4R, 87 D and 127 R. The D lambs were significantly and consistently heavier than R lambs and 3/4D were significantly heavier than the 3/4R lambs. The difference between the backcrosses was about half of that between the straightbreds. Resistance was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) at necropsy while packed cell volume (PCV) was used to assess resilience to weekly oral doses of 2500 infective larvae of H. contortus. No significant breed differences were observed for log transformed FEC (LFEC). A significant breed difference in PCV was recorded. The backcrosses had the higher values and while no differences were observed between the straightbreds, 3/4D had significantly higher PCV than the 3/4R. Despite the absence of breed differences in FEC the R and the 3/4R had significantly fewer worms than the D and the 3/4D. The D had significantly longer worms than the R and the 3/4D had significantly longer worms than the 3/4R. Worms recovered from D had more eggs than those recovered from R. Similarly worms from 3/4D contained more eggs than those from 3/4R. Thus, on a breed basis the breed with more worms had longer worms. In contrast, when, in a small part of the experiment two doses of larvae were used to check for any breed by dose interactions, worms from the low dose (and hence fewer worms) animals were longer. We postulate that in fast growing hosts like the D, worms also have a better potential for growth and reproduction than in hosts that have less potential for growth. The overall correlation coefficient between PCV and LFEC was -0.67 while that between LFEC and LTWC was 0.72. From these results it is clear that the R do not respond to the artificial challenge the way they do to natural infection suggesting that phenotyping of R and R cross lambs for purposes of selecting those that are resistant or susceptible is best done under natural challenge. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease resistance; Haemonchus contortus; Resilience; Sheep-Nematoda	animal experiment; article; autopsy; disease predisposition; egg laying; feces analysis; female; Haemonchus contortus; host parasite interaction; infection resistance; lamb; male; nonhuman; parasitosis; phenotype; provocation; quantitative trait locus; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Crosses, Genetic; Feces; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Haemonchiasis; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Phenotype; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844272012	Practical process for the air oxidation of cresols: Part B. evaluation of the laboratory-scale oxidation process	Barton B., Logie C.G., Schoonees B.M., Zeelie B.	2005	Organic Process Research and Development	9	1	10.1021/op049844j	Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Barton, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Logie, C.G., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Schoonees, B.M., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Zeelie, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Mechanistic proposals and predictions made in a preceding paper (Part A) were evaluated by carrying out the catalytic air oxidation of p-cresol in an alternative solvent system, comprising either a mixture of ethylene glycol and acetic acid (for oxidations under acidic conditions) or ethylene glycol and water (for oxidations under basic conditions). The results obtained in these experiments confirmed that ethylene glycol acts as a nucleophile in these solvent systems, thereby stabilizing the quinomethide intermediate and resulting in highly efficient oxidations in both alkaline and acidic media. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, the desired product, was thus obtained in isolated yields of up to 98% and purities >99%. The inherent draw-backs associated with alkaline methanol and aqueous acetic acid solutions were thus circumvented, and the result is a highly efficient process for the production of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.	None	acetic acid; cresol; ethylene glycol; quinone derivative; water; acidity; alkalinity; article; catalysis; chemical reaction; molecular mechanics; molecular stability; oxidation kinetics; prediction; reaction analysis; scale up	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844280917	Evaluation of two commercially available, inexpensive alternative assays used for assessing viral load in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected patients from South Africa	Stevens G., Rekhviashvili N., Scott L.E., Gonin R., Stevens W.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	2	10.1128/JCM.43.2.857-861.2005	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Stevens, G., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa, Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Rekhviashvili, N., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Gonin, R., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa	Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA is the acknowledged "gold standard" marker for monitoring disease activity in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), it remains unaffordable in resource-constrained settings. The present study investigated two commercially available kits for the detection of HIV-1 viral load markers as more affordable alternatives to HIV-1 RNA quantitation. The greatly improved heat-denatured, signal-boosted HiSens HW-1 p24 Ag Ultra kit (Perkin-Elmer) and the ExaVir Load Quantitative HIV-RT kit (Cavidi Tech AB) were compared with the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (version 1.5) assay (Roche Molecular Systems Inc.). A total of 117 samples containing HIV-1 subtype C were analyzed by all three methodologies. Eighty-nine of these samples represented serial measurements from 20 patients receiving HAART. The remaining samples analyzed were from a group of treatment-naïve patients. The association between the p24 antigen assay and the RNA assay was fairly strong (R2 = 0.686). The association between the reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitation assay and the RNA assay was strong (R2 = 0.810). Both alternative assays seemed most useful for the serial monitoring of patients receiving HAART (n = 89 plasma samples from 20 patients), as all assays showed a statistically significant downward trend over time, with the trend being either linear or curvilinear. In addition, all three assays showed negative correlations with the CD4 count (CD4 count versus RNA load, r = -0.336 and P = 0.001; CD4 count versus p24 antigen level, r = -0.541 and P &lt; 0.0001; CD4 count versus RT level, r = -0.358 and P = 0.0006). Still of major concern are both the lack of sensitivity and the wide degrees of variability of both assays. However, both assays provide a less expensive alternative to the Roche viral load assay and demonstrate the same trends during treatment.	None	antigen p24; antivirus agent; RNA directed DNA polymerase; virus RNA; article; assay; cell count; controlled study; correlation analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; disease activity; disease marker; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; priority journal; RNA analysis; sensitivity and specificity; statistical significance; virus load; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; RNA, Viral; South Africa; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; RNA viruses	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13944250383	Evaluation of different preservation techniques on the storage potential of Kefir grains	Witthuhn R.C., Cilliers A., Britz T.J.	2005	Journal of Dairy Research	72	1	10.1017/S0022029904000652	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Cilliers, A., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	[No abstract available]	Air-dried; Freezing; Kefir grains; Lyophilisation; Microbial activity; Refrigeration	alcoholic beverage; animal; article; cattle; cereal; dairying; fermentation; food preservation; methodology; milk; South Africa; Alcoholic Beverages; Animals; Cattle; Cereals; Dairying; Fermentation; Food Preservation; Milk; South Africa; Kefir	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13944266749	Reproductive performance of South African indigenous goats following oestrous synchronisation and AI	Lehloenya K.C., Greyling J.P.C., Schwalbach L.M.J.	2005	Small Ruminant Research	57	42403	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.05.004	Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Lehloenya, K.C., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Greyling, J.P.C., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Schwalbach, L.M.J., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The reproductive performance following oestrous synchronisation and artificial insemination (AI) was evaluated during the natural breeding season (autumn) in 90 indigenous (Boer and Nguni) South African goats. All does were synchronised for 16 days with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) followed by an IM injection of 300 IU PMSG at progestagen withdrawal. Cervical inseminations were performed at a fixed time (48 h and 60 h) with fresh diluted Boer goat semen. No significant differences between Boer and Nguni goats were recorded with respect to oestrous response (98% and 93%) and the onset of oestrus (29.1 ± 0.9 h and 30.7 ± 0.8 h), respectively. The duration of oestrus in the Nguni goats (29.9 ± 2.0 h) was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than in Boer goats (37.0 ± 2.1 h). Conception rates were 52% and 53%, litter size averaged 2.2 ± 0.2 and 2.0 ± 0.2 and the gestation period an average of 148.6 ± 0.9 days and 149.1 ± 0.8 days for Boer and Nguni goats, respectively, these differences being non-significant. Does with quadruplets had a significantly (P < 0.05) shorter gestation length (142.7 ± 2.1 days) than does with singles, twins and triplets (150.0 ± 0.9 days, 148.8 ± 1.0 days and 150.0 ± 1.1 days, respectively). The mean kid birth weight was 2.7 ± 0.5 kg with males being (2.8 ± 0.1 kg) significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than females (2.5 ± 0.1 kg) and crossbred kids (2.9 ± 0.1 kg) significantly (P < 0.01) heavier than pure Boer goat kids (2.4 ± 0.1 kg). Kid birth weight decreased with an increase in litter size, resulting in all birth weights for singles, twins, triplets and quadruplets being significantly (P < 0.01) different from each other (3.6 ± 0.4 kg, 3.1 ± 0.5 kg, 2.3 ± 0.6 kg and 1.6 ± 0.3 kg, respectively). The overall neonatal loss rate within 48 h postpartum was 22.2%, which increased significantly with an increase in litter size and was significantly (P < 0.01) higher for Boer goats (34.2%) than for crossbred kids (12.7%). The results indicate that oestrous synchronisation with progestagen is efficient and the duration of the induced oestrus is shorter in Nguni does than in Boer goat does. The conception rates obtained following oestrous synchronisation and AI were, however, very low and this aspect needs more attention. Litter size reduces birth weight and survival rate of indigenous South African goat kids. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Indigenous goats; Litter size; Neonatal loss; Oestrous synchronisation	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14044269447	Performance evaluation of an Oil Palm Fruit Screen	Badmus G.A., Adeyemi N.A., Owolarafe O.K.	2005	Journal of Food Engineering	69	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.011	Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Badmus, G.A., Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Adeyemi, N.A., Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Owolarafe, O.K., Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Pre-sterilization cleaning of fruit by the removal of calyx is a common practice by Nigeria Small Scale Palm Oil producers. They manually pick palm fruits or repose fruits along inclined wire gauze to achieve the separation of calyx from fruits. These manual methods are slow, labour demanding and arduous. An Oil Palm Fruit Screen was designed (in the Research Engineering Division of NIFOR) to separate calyx from oil palm fruits (prior to fruit sterilization) and to clean fruits thereby improving oil palm fruit quality in the Small Scale Processing Engineering (SSPE) outfit used at NIFOR. In the evaluation of the machine, harvested oil palm fruit naturally containing calyx was screened. Known weights of palm fruit and calyx mixed in various proportions were also screened in the machine. Consistently, over 80% separation was obtained whenever a mixture of fruit and calyx is subjected to the machine. This result shows that the incorporation of this screen in the SSPE enhances pre-sterilization cleaning of palm fruits thereby improving the overall efficiency of the Small Scale Processing Equipment in terms of oil yield and quality. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	Calyx; Effectiveness; Oil palm fruits; Oil-yield; Quality; Screen	Crude petroleum; Harvesting; Heating; Hoppers; Quality control; Rotating machinery; Separation; Sterilization (cleaning); Calyx; Effectiveness; Oil palm fruits; Oil-yeild; Fruits; Crude Oil; Fruits; Harvesting; Heating; Hoppers; Rotary Machines; Separation; Sterilization; Calyx; Elaeis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544289513	Evaluation of a photo-poster on nurses' perceptions of teething problems in South-western Nigeria	Bankole O.O., Aderinokun G.A., Denloye O.O.	2005	Public Health	119	4	10.1016/j.puhe.2004.05.019	Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Bankole, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aderinokun, G.A., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Denloye, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Health problems commonly associated with the eruption of teeth in babies continue to pose problems in Nigeria. Even nurses who should be well informed have misconceived views. In order to enlighten mothers and healthcare workers on this issue, a photo-poster was developed as a health-education tool. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the poster, displayed in the workplace for 18 months, on the knowledge, attitude and reported practice of nurses. The study also aimed to assess the outcome of the inclusion of the photo-poster in training materials in a workshop setting. Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, 542 nurses working in children's units within the city of Ibadan, South-western Nigeria were selected using a stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to gather information on their perceptions of teething problems at baseline. Photo-posters were displayed in the nurses' workplaces for 18 months, and a follow-up survey was conducted using the same questionnaire. In the second part of the study, two groups of nurses (n=21 and n=18 nurses) working in similar healthcare facilities in Ibadan participated in two separate workshops. One workshop used the photo-poster in addition to the standard educational materials, and the other workshop did not. Percentage differences between pre- and postintervention responses to perceived health problems were calculated. Intervention effects were the differences between the percentage changes in the intervention (with poster) and comparison (without poster) groups. Statistical differences were determined by Chi-squared test or one-tailed t-test, as appropriate. Results: Five hundred and forty-two nurses (519 female and 23 male) completed the questionnaire survey at baseline and 403 (371 female and 32 male) at follow-up. Their ages ranged between 23 and 56 years, with the greatest percentage aged 25-40 years. At baseline, many respondents indicated that several of the listed health problems were a consequence of tooth eruption. After exposure to the posters at their workplace for 18 months, there were slight changes in their opinions but most were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The use of posters in a workshop setting revealed percentage changes ranging from -11 to 61% for the different associated health problems. Many of these changes were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Displaying photo-posters in the workplace did little to change nurses' perceptions of teething problems; the posters had more influence when they were used in an instructional, interactive atmosphere. It is recommended that the use of photo-posters in health education for such culturally entrenched health issues should be accompanied by discussion of the same subject wherever possible. © 2004 The Royal Institute of Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Evaluation; Infants; Photo-poster; Teething	adult; article; calculation; chi square test; city; controlled study; female; health care facility; health education; hospital department; human; literature; male; Nigeria; nurse attitude; pediatrics; questionnaire; sampling; staff training; statistical analysis; statistical significance; tooth eruption; workshop; Adult; Audiovisual Aids; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Nigeria; Nurses; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Tooth Eruption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544296163	Effect of feeding cassava fruit coat meal on the nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers	Iyayi E.A., Fayoyin F.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Fayoyin, F.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The replacement value of a by-product of cassava harvesting - cassava fruit coat (CFC) meal - for wheat bran for broiler production was investigated. CFC was produced by milling dried cassava fruits often discarded after harvesting the roots and stems. The CFC meal was used to replace 25, 50, 75 and 100% wheat bran (w/w) in a basal diet for broilers. Seventy-five one-week old broiler chicks were distributed into 15 pens each holding 5 birds. Each of the 5 experimental diets was allocated at random to 3 pens. At the end of the first 4 weeks (starter phase), the diets were switched to finisher diets for a further 4-week period. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Data were recorded and analysed on pen basis. CFC meal had a crude protein of 44 g/kg and crude fibre of 149 g/kg. All production parameters, other than mortality, deteriorated as the degreed of substitution of wheat bran by CFC was increased. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by dietary increase in level of CFC. It is concluded that CFC can replace up to 50% of the wheat bran requirement for feeding broilers in the finisher phase, but higher levels markedly reduce performance.	Broilers; Cassava fruit coat meal; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14644414253	Persistence and impact on microorganisms of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins in some Zimbabwean soils	Muchaonyerwa P., Waladde S., Nyamugafata P., Mpepereki S., Ristori G.G.	2005	Plant and Soil	266	42371	10.1007/s11104-005-5979-9	Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Istituto Genesi Ecologia Suolo, CNR Firenze, Italy	Muchaonyerwa, P., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Waladde, S., Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Nyamugafata, P., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mpepereki, S., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ristori, G.G., Istituto Genesi Ecologia Suolo, CNR Firenze, Italy	The persistence of the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) toxin (Cry1Ab protein) from Bt maize (MON810, Yieldgard®) residues incorporated in a vertisol (739 g clay kg-1) was investigated. The maize residues were incubated in the soil for 4 weeks, and activity of the toxin in the residues was bioassayed using larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Corrected mortality of P. xylostella in the bioassays decreased from 76% to 30% in less than a week of incubation in the soil. In addition to the above observations, the effects of Btk, Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti), and Bt subsp. tenebrionis (Btt) proteins on the soil microbiota were examined using a vertisol, an alfisol, and an oxisol. The pre-incubated soils (7 days after moisture adjustment) were treated with crystal proteins of Btk, Bti, and Btt and incubated for further a 7-day period. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and counts of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined. The proteins did not show effects on MBC or bacterial and fungal counts, possibly as a result of adsorption of the proteins on soil particles, which could have rendered the proteins inaccessible for microbial utilization. Microbial biomass carbon and counts arranged in decreasing order were vertisol&gt;oxisol&gt;alfisol, similar to the amounts of organic C and clay in the soils. However, bacteria and fungi counts were higher in the vertisol than in the alfisol and the oxisol soils. Our observations suggest that larvicidal proteins produced by different subspecies of Bt and Bt maize could persist in tropical soils as a result of adsorption on soil clays but that there were no observable effect on the soil microbiota. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.	Bacillus thuringiensis; Bioassays; Crystal proteins; Microorganisms; Persistence; Plutella xylostella	ecological impact; genetically modified organism; maize; persistence; protein; soil microorganism; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki; Bacteria (microorganisms); Fungi; Lepidoptera; Microbiota; Plutella xylostella; Yponomeutidae; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744274444	Do organizational and spatial proximity impact on firm performance?	Oerlemans L.A.G., Meeus M.T.H.	2005	Regional Studies	39	1	10.1080/0034340052000320896	Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands; Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Oerlemans, L.A.G., Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands, Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Meeus, M.T.H., Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Recent theoretical developments in organizational science, economic geography and regional economics have emphasized the importance of organizational and geographical proximity for the performance of firms. Empirical evidence on these relationships is scarce, though. The paper asks to what extent firm-specific resources, network activity, proximity and industry factors influence innovative and economic outcomes. We used a theoretical synthesis of regional and organizational science, and economic geography to build a research model that enabled us to derive several hypotheses on the influence of different forms of proximity on outcomes, taking other relevant predictors for performance into account. The empirical findings specify the importance of proximity especially for innovative outcomes. We found that in particular intraand interregional relations with buyers and suppliers are conducive for firm performance. Moreover, innovation strategy (dis)similarity has interesting effects on relative firm performance. Finally, sectoral research and development spillovers influence outcomes in a positive way. © 2005 Regional Studies Association.	Enquête; Enterprise; Geographical proximity; Innovation; Performance; Theory of the dependence of resources	industrial performance; industrial practice; innovation; regional economy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744297710	Groundwater resource evaluation of urban Bulawayo aquifer	Rusinga F., Taigbenu A.E.	2005	Water SA	31	1	None	Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rusinga, F., Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taigbenu, A.E., Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Judicious management of a groundwater system requires an understanding of its hydrogeology and response to various recharge and pumping stresses. However, in developing countries, groundwater resource evaluations are hampered by a lack of adequate data that will allow for ils complete characterisation. Under such circumstances it is not uncommon for ad hoc groundwater management measures to be embarked upon, especially during drought conditions. These were the conditions that existed during the 1991/92 drought when the CSIR Stellenbosch evaluated the groundwater resource of an urban aquifer in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Their recommendations revealed that about 3.5×106 m 3/a could be safely abstracted from the aquifer. In this work, a more comprehensive hydrogeological investigation was carried out which included pumping tests, estimation of abstraction rates and recharge, and numerical modelling of the aquifer. The investigations indicate that the aquifer is unconfined with hydraulic conductivity and specific yield ranging from 0.1 m/d to 2.09 m/d and 0.02 to 0.11, respectively. Recharge estimates indicate an annual recharge of 105.5 mm with 38.4%, 52.1% and 9.5% accounting respectively for direct recharge, water mains and sewer leakages. Furthermore, a long-term sustainable annual abstraction of 6.1×106 m3 or 15% of current city water demand can be obtained from the aquifer.	Groundwater flow; Groundwater resource evaluation; Numerical modelling; Pumping tests; Urban groundwater	Aquifers; Drought; Hydraulic conductivity; Hydrogeology; Mathematical models; Sewers; Abstraction rates; Pumping stresses; Pumping tests; Recharge estimates; Groundwater; aquifer; groundwater; resource assessment; aquifer; groundwater; hydrogeology; modeling; recharge; resource assessment; Africa; Bulawayo [Zimbabwe]; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844282075	The effects of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion on ultra-endurance exercise performance	Goedecke J.H., Clark V.R., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V.	2005	International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism	15	1	None	Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	Goedecke, J.H., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Clark, V.R., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	The aims of the study were to determine if medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT), ingested in combination with carbohydrate (CHO), would alter substrate metabolism and improve simulated competitive ultra-endurance cycling performance. Eight endurance-trained cyclists took part in this randomized, single-blind crossover study. On two separate occasions, subjects cycled for 270 min at 50% of peak power output, interspersed with four 75 kJ sprints at 60 min intervals, followed immediately by a 200 kJ time-trial. One hour prior to the exercise trials, subjects ingested either 75 g of CHO or 32 g of MCT, and then ingested 200 mL of a 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution or a 4.3% MCT + 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution every 20 min during the CHO and MCT trials, respectively. During the constant-load phases of the 270 min exercise trial, VO2 RER, and heart rate were measured at 30 min intervals and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded. There was no difference in VO2 or RER between the MCT and CHO trials (P = 0.40). Hourly sprint (P = 0.03 for trial x time interaction) and time-trial times (14:30 ± 0.58 vs. 12:36 ± 1:6, respectively, P &lt; 0.001) were slower in the MCT than the CHO trial. Half the subjects experienced GI symptoms with MCT ingestion. In conclusion, MCTs ingested prior to exercise and co-ingested with CHO during exercise did not alter substrate metabolism and significantly compromised sprint performance during prolonged ultra-endurance cycling exercise. © 2005 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.	Carbohydrate oxidation; Fat oxidation; Respiratory exchange ratio; Sports nutrition; Sprint performance	carbohydrate; medium chain triacylglycerol; adult; article; carbohydrate intake; carbohydrate metabolism; clinical article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; crossover procedure; cycling; endurance; exercise; gastrointestinal symptom; heart rate; human; lung gas exchange; male; oxidation; randomized controlled trial; single blind procedure; Adult; Basal Metabolism; Bicycling; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Tract; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Single-Blind Method; Time Factors; Triglycerides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844309691	Joint modelling of repeated measurements and event time: Application to performance traits and survival of lambs bred in sub-humid tropics	Nguti R., Burzykowski T., Rowlands J., Renard D., Janssen P.	2005	Genetics Selection Evolution	37	2	10.1051/gse:2004043	Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Nguti, R., Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Burzykowski, T., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Rowlands, J., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Renard, D., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Janssen, P., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium	We considered the analysis of a study for Dorper, Red Maasai and crossbred lambs born over a period of 6 years at the Diani Estate, Kenya. The study was designed to compare survival and performance traits of genotypes with differing susceptibilities to helminthiasis. The available data include information on time to death and repeated measurements of body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and faecal egg count (FEC) of the animals. In the paper, we consider joint modelling of the survival time and the repeated measurements. Such an approach allows to account for the possible association between the survival and repeated measurement processes. The advantages and limitations of the joint modelling are discussed and illustrated using the Diani Estate study data. © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2005.	Helminthiasis; Joint modelling; Repeated measurements; Sheep; Time-to-event	parasite resistance; selective breeding; sheep; survival; animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; article; biological model; body weight; comparative study; cross breeding; genetic predisposition; genetics; genotype; hematocrit; Kenya; mortality; parasite identification; parasitology; sheep; sheep disease; tropic climate; Animals; Body Weight; Crosses, Genetic; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Helminthiasis, Animal; Hematocrit; Kenya; Models, Biological; Parasite Egg Count; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tropical Climate; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844329903	Mongoose rabies in southern Africa: A re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology	Nel L.H., Sabeta C.T., Von Teichman B., Jaftha J.B., Rupprecht C.E., Bingham J.	2005	Virus Research	109	2	10.1016/j.virusres.2004.12.003	University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Nel, L.H., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Sabeta, C.T., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Von Teichman, B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Jaftha, J.B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Bingham, J., Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Relative to the developed world, rabies has been poorly studied in the vast African continent. The southern African countries of Zimbabwe and South Africa, however, are known to sustain a great diversity of lyssaviruses, with large biological variations amongst genotype 1 (rabies viruses) at present more apparent here than elsewhere on the continent. One recognized biotype of rabies virus in the subcontinent appears to be specifically adapted to a variety of mongooses, belonging to the Viverrinae subfamily (family Herpestidae) and are commonly referred to as viverrid viruses, although the term mongoose rabies would be more correct, considering the taxonomic status of the host species involved. It was our objective to study the genetic relationships of 77 rabies virus isolates of this mongoose biotype, isolated in South Africa and Zimbabwe, towards elucidation of the molecular epidemiology of this interesting group of African viruses. In our study of a 592 nucleotide sequence encompassing the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein and the G-L intergenic region of the viral genomes, we provide the first comprehensive data on the molecular epidemiology of these viruses and indicate a history of extended evolutionary adaptation in this geographical domain. The molecular epidemiological observations reported here are highly unlikely to be limited to the small geographical areas of South Africa and Zimbabwe and illustrate the need for lyssavirus surveillance in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa and throughout the entire continent. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Glycoprotein; Intergenic region; Lyssaviruses; Mongoose rabies	glycoprotein; nucleotide; Africa; article; biotype; cytoplasm; epidemiological data; genetic association; genome; molecular biology; mongoose rabies; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; protein domain; rabies; Rabies virus; viral genetics; virus isolation; Zimbabwe; Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Antigens, Viral; DNA, Complementary; DNA, Intergenic; DNA, Viral; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Epidemiology, Molecular; Evolution; Glycoproteins; Herpestidae; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Rabies; Rabies virus; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; South Africa; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Proteins; Zimbabwe; Herpestidae; Lyssavirus; Rabies virus; Viverridae; Viverrinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044348909	Cooling tower performance evaluation: Merkel, Poppe, and e-NTU methods of analysis	Kloppers J.C., Kröger D.G.	2005	Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power	127	1	10.1115/1.1787504	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Kloppers, J.C., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	The heat rejected and water evaporated in mechanical and natural draft cooling towers are critically evaluated by employing the Merkel, Poppe, and e-number-of-transfer-units (e-NTU) methods of analysis, respectively, at different operating and ambient conditions. The importance of using a particular method of analysis when evaluating the performance characteristics of a certain fill material and subsequently employing the same analytical approach to predict cooling tower performance is stressed. The effect of ambient humidity and temperature on the performance of cooling towers employing the Merkel, e-NTU, and Poppe methods of analysis are evaluated. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.	None	Atmospheric humidity; Computational methods; Cooling systems; Evaporation; Cooling tower performance evaluation; Heat rejection; Water evaporation; Cooling towers; cooling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044364080	Evaluation of the xerovac process for the preparation of heat tolerant contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine	Litamoi J.K., Ayelet G., Rweyemamu M.M.	2005	Vaccine	23	20	10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.031	PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	Litamoi, J.K., PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Ayelet, G., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; Rweyemamu, M.M., AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the xerovac process as a method for preparing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine with increased heat resistance. The thermo-protective effects of various concentrations of trehalose in mycoplasma growth medium, various concentrations of trehalose in the dehydration stabilizer and the importance of some divalent cations were assessed. The results obtained indicate that a rapid dehydration of CBPP vaccine following the xerovac method and in an excipient composed of a high concentration of trehalose, renders the product more heat tolerant than a similar vaccine prepared using a regular or an extended freeze drying regime. It was also demonstrated that the addition of chitosan as a mycoplasma precipitating agent conferred additional heat resistance to the vaccine. It is suggested that the application of the xerovac process in the dehydration of CBPP vaccine offers the advantages of a faster, cheaper and easier process over the conventional dehydration methods like freeze drying. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	CBPP vaccine; Heat tolerance; Lyophilization; Xerovac	bacterial vaccine; chitosan; contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine; trehalose; unclassified drug; article; bacterial growth; concentration response; contagious pleuropneumonia; culture medium; freeze drying; heat tolerance; human; medical assessment; Mycoplasma; precipitation; priority journal; promoter region; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cations, Divalent; Cattle; Chitosan; Drug Compounding; Drug Stability; Excipients; Freeze Drying; Heat; Indicators and Reagents; Mycoplasma mycoides; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Quality Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15244344272	Fast heated ballast furnace atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry: Part 2. Experimental assessment of performances	Katskov D.A., Sadagov Y.M., Banda M.	2005	Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry	20	3	10.1039/b413345e	Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Cortech Ltd., Ozernaya St. 46, Moscow 119361, Russian Federation	Katskov, D.A., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Sadagov, Y.M., Cortech Ltd., Ozernaya St. 46, Moscow 119361, Russian Federation; Banda, M., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The theoretical predictions concerning atomization efficiency in the fast heated ballast furnace atomizer were examined by determination of Pb in the organic and inorganic matrices using a Quantum Z.ETA atomic absorption spectrometer. The instrument provided fast heating of the tube atomizer (10 K ms-1) and temperature stabilization on the pre-set level. In the experiments the tube was furnished with compact ballast (e.g., a graphite rod 1 mm in diameter and 5-9 mm in length or other refractive materials of similar volume and configuration). The samples were injected into the tube, disregarding their exact location on the wall or ballast. It is shown that in the employed ballast furnace for the sampling volumes below 10-15 μ1 the vapor release into the gas phase occurs after interim condensation on the ballast. For the samples of tetraethyllead, base oil and lead nitrate respective analytical signals are observed after stabilization of tube temperature (below 2673 K), independent of the volatility of the analyte and level of temperature setting. High gas phase temperature provides, for those samples, complete recovery of the analyte without involvement of chemical modifiers. The reduction of spectral background from sea-water matrix at Pb determination and behavior of analytical signals for In and Cr confirm common mechanism of sample vapor release via interim condensation on the ballast. The optimization of material for the ballast is still needed taking into consideration physical properties and the chemical activity of its surface towards the sample vapor. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2005.	None	Absorption; Condensation; Data acquisition; Graphite; Lead compounds; Magnetic field effects; Magnets; Porosity; Problem solving; Quantum theory; Reaction kinetics; Sensitivity analysis; Signal to noise ratio; Spectroscopic analysis; Vaporization; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Ballast furnaces; Fast heated ballast furnaces; Gas phases; Refractive materials; Furnaces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15244345565	Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa	Bomhard B., Richardson D.M., Donaldson J.S., Hughes G.O., Midgley G.F., Raimondo D.C., Rebelo A.G., Rouget M., Thuiller W.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	9	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00997.x	Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany	Bomhard, B., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Donaldson, J.S., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Hughes, G.O., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Midgley, G.F., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Raimondo, D.C., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rebelo, A.G., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rouget, M., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Thuiller, W., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best- to worst-case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche-based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2-16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low-lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biodiversity conservation; Cape Floristic Region; Climate change; Extinction risk; IUCN Red List; Land use change; Niche-based models; Proteaceae; Threatened species	biodiversity; Cape Floristic Region; climate change; extinction risk; land use change; Red List; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15344344089	Sex-specific performance of routine TB diagnostic tests	Kivihya-Ndugga L.E.A., Van Cleeff M.R.A., Ng'ang'a L.W., Meme H., Odhiambo J.A., Klatser P.R.	2005	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	9	3	None	Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Kivihya-Ndugga, L.E.A., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Van Cleeff, M.R.A., Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ng'ang'a, L.W., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Meme, H., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Odhiambo, J.A., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Klatser, P.R., Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, Netherlands	SETTING: City Council Chest Clinic, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine to what extent the performance of smear microscopy is responsible for sex differences in notification rates. METHODOLOGY: Three sputum samples from TB suspects were subjected to smear microscopy with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and auramine (FM) staining. Löwenstein-Jensen culture was used as the gold standard. RESULTS: Of 998 suspects, 600 (60%) were men and 398 (40%) women. The odds of detecting culture-positive patients with ZN was lower for women (OR 0.67). By examining the first spot specimen, ZN detected 35% of culture-positive males and 26% of culture-positive females. These proportions increased to respectively 63% and 53% when examining three specimens, and to 79% and 74% when using FM. The sex difference reduced and became non-significant (P = 0.19) when adjusted for HIV; however, the numbers involved for HIV stratification were low. CONCLUSION: The performance of a diagnostic tool contributes to sex differences in notification rates and influences male/female ratios. Women were less likely to be diagnosed (P = 0.08), and when ZN was used they were less likely to be labelled as smear-positive TB (P < 0.01). The application of more sensitive diagnostic tools such as FM is to the advantage of women. © 2005 The Union.	Gender; Sensitivity/specificity; Sex; Smear microscopy; Tuberculosis	adult; article; auramine stain; bacterium culture; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; lowenstein jensen culture; major clinical study; male; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; sex ratio; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; tuberculosis; ziehl neelsen stain; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteriological Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Regression Analysis; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15444380490	Evaluation of a home-based voluntary counselling and testing intervention in rural Uganda	Wolff B., Nyanzi B., Katongole G., Ssesanga D., Ruberantwari A., Whitworth J.	2005	Health Policy and Planning	20	2	10.1093/heapol/czi013	Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; MRC; Intl. Activities the Wellcome Trust; Medical Research Council, P.O. 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Wolff, B., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, Medical Research Council, P.O. 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Nyanzi, B., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Katongole, G., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; Ssesanga, D., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Ruberantwari, A., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Whitworth, J., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, Intl. Activities the Wellcome Trust	Background: Uptake of HIV test results from an annual serosurvey of a population study cohort in rural southwestern Uganda had never exceeded 10% in any given year since inception in 1989. An intervention offering counselling and HIV results at home was conducted in four study villages following the 2001 serosurvey round, and followed by a qualitative evaluation exploring nature of demand and barriers to knowing HIV status. Methods: Data from annual serosurveys and counsellor records are analyzed to estimate the impact of the intervention on uptake of HIV test results. Textual data are analyzed from 21 focus group discussions among counsellors, and men and women who had received HIV test results, requested but not yet received, and never requested; and 34 in-depth interviews equally divided among those who had received test results either from counselling offices and homes. Results: Offering HIV results at home significantly increased uptake of results from 10 to 37% for all adults aged 15 (p < 0.001), and 46% of those age 25 to 54. Previous male advantage in uptake of test results was effectively eliminated. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews highlight substantial non-monetary costs of getting HIV results from high-visibility public facilities prior to intervention. Inconvenience, fear of stigmatization, and emotional vulnerability of receiving results from public facilities were the most common explanations for the relative popularity of home-based voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). It is seen as less appropriate for youth and couples with conflicting attitudes toward testing. Conclusions: Home delivery of results revealed significantly higher demand to know HIV status than stubbornly low uptake figures from the past would suggest. Integrating VCT into other services, locating testing centres in less visible surroundings, or directly confronting stigma surrounding testing may be less expensive ways to reproduce increased uptake with home VCT. © Oxford University Press, 2005; all rights reserved.	Clients; HIV; Home care; Providers; Qualitative; Stigma; VCT uptake	adolescent; adult; article; attitude; cohort analysis; data analysis; emotion; evaluation; fear; female; health care facility; health survey; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; interview; male; medical record; patient counseling; population research; qualitative analysis; reproducibility; rural health care; Uganda; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Cohort Studies; Counseling; Fear; Female; Focus Groups; HIV Infections; Home Care Services; Humans; Interviews; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Rural Population; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15544364477	Correcting for frictional pressure drop in horizontal-well inflow-performance relationships	Archer R.A., Agbongiator E.O.	2005	SPE Production and Facilities	20	1	None	Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	Archer, R.A., Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Agbongiator, E.O., ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper presents the development of a correlation that corrects for error in single-phase horizontal-well productivity calculations made by neglecting frictional pressure drop in the wellbore. Frictional pressure drop within the wellbore is frequently a controlling factor on the performance of long horizontal wells. Frictional pressure drop could be especially significant in wells completed with screens and slotted liners. This pressure loss is neglected in traditional inflow-performance (IPR) calculations, such as those developed by S.D. Joshi and by D.K. Babu and A.S. Odeh. This study develops a correction that can be added to these analytical IPR relationships to account for friction. This correction is based on a dimensionless group that combines well and reservoir information. It is easy to evaluate and can be readily used in nodal analysis. The correction was developed on the basis of more than 5,000 finite-difference-simulation runs, using a simulator with the capability to model wellbore friction. These runs spanned a wide range of well and reservoir parameters. The results are presented in terms of productivity errors (PEs); that is, the flow rate without friction minus the flow rate when friction is included in the model, divided by the flow rate reported without friction. The study found PEs as high as 90% in some cases (usually long wells with a small wellbore radius). These errors could lead to poor decisions on field development and production facilities. This paper presents a simple way to improve well-productivity predictions without requiring a reservoir-simulation model to take account of frictional where pressure drops in the wellbore. Copyright © 2005 Society of Petroleum Engineers.	None	Computer simulation; Correlation methods; Error correction; Friction; Oil well production; Petroleum reservoirs; Pressure drop; Frictional pressure drop; Inflow performance (IPR); Productivity errors (PE); Reservoir-simulation; Horizontal wells; horizontal drilling; hydrocarbon reservoir; pressure drop; well technology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15544372783	Evaluation of an oligonucleotide ligation assay for detection of mutations in HIV-1 subtype C individuals who have high level resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors	Wallis C.L., Mahomed I., Morris L., Chidarikire T., Stevens G., Rekhviashvili N., Stevens W.	2005	Journal of Virological Methods	125	2	10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.004	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa	Wallis, C.L., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; Mahomed, I., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; Morris, L., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Chidarikire, T., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Stevens, G., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Rekhviashvili, N., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa	The oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) has been proposed as an affordable alternative to sequence-based HIV-1 drug resistance testing in resource poor settings. The aim was to evaluate OLA for detecting mutations K103N, Y181C, K65R, Q151M, M184V and T215Y/F in subtype C. Forty-four subtype C and 8 subtype B HIV-1 positive individuals were analysed using the ViroSeq™ HIV-1 genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). A one-step RT-PCR and nested PCR were performed using subtype B specific primers from the OLA kit (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program). Seventy-eight subtype C sequences were used to design subtype C specific primers. Ligation and detection steps were followed according to OLA kit protocol. For codons, K103N, Y181C, K65R, Q151M, M184V and T215Y/F, four or more mismatches compared to the probe or mismatches less than four bases from the ligation site were not tolerated. Results revealed accurate identification of mutations in 2/10, 4/9 3/9, 6/7, 2/7 and 6/7 VQA samples and 5/20, 4/17 0/20, 18/24, 5/24 and 13/24 subtype C positive individuals, respectively. It was concluded that the probes and primers in the NIH reference kit would need modification to optimize detection of mutations in subtype C individuals. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Drug resistance; HIV-1; OLA; Subtype C	RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; article; codon; genotype; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nonhuman; oligonucleotide ligation assay; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; serotype; virus mutation; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Biology; Mutation; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Oligonucleotide Probes; Oligonucleotides; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15744373001	The simultaneous determination of selected flavonol glycosides and aglycones in Ginkgo biloba oral dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry	Dubber M.-J., Sewram V., Mshicileli N., Shephard G.S., Kanfer I.	2005	Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis	37	4	10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.052	Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa	Dubber, M.-J., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Sewram, V., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Mshicileli, N., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Shephard, G.S., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	An accurate, precise and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the determination of two flavonol glycosides, rutin and quercitrin, together with the algycone markers, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in several Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. In addition, a novel quercetin glycoside, not yet reported in Ginkgo extracts, was identified. Liquid chromatography was performed using a minibore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column (150 mm × 2.0 mm i.d.) and a one step gradient of acetonitrile-formic acid (0.3%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Baseline separation of the five selected flavonol marker compounds was achieved within 20 min at 45°C. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed using electrospray ionisation (ESI) in the negative ion mode. The marker compounds exhibited linearity over the range of 3-26 μg/ml and intra- and inter-day standard deviations were better than 7% and 16%, respectively. All Ginkgo products investigated were found to contain varying amounts of target analytes. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; LC-MS-MS; Validation	acetonitrile; anion; flavonoid glycoside; flavonol derivative; formic acid; Ginkgo biloba extract; isorhamnetin; kaempferol; quercetin; quercitrin; rutoside; accuracy; article; drug administration route; drug determination; drug dose regimen; electrospray mass spectrometry; flow rate; high performance liquid chromatography; priority journal; separation technique; tandem mass spectrometry; temperature; time; Calibration; Capsules; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; Glycosides; Indicators and Reagents; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15844375196	Ultraviolet protective performance of photoprotective lipsticks: Change of spectral transmittance because of ultraviolet exposure	Maier H., Schauberger G., Martincigh B.S., Brunnhofer K., Hönigsmann H.	2005	Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine	21	2	10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00143.x	Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria	Maier, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Schauberger, G., Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Martincigh, B.S., School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Brunnhofer, K., Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria; Hönigsmann, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Background: Photoinstability of sunscreens because of ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a well-known and common phenomenon. Recently, it was also shown that sunscreens with complex filter combinations are photo-inactivated by UV exposures, which can easily be acquired by solar exposure over several hours. Objectives: To assess the change of the spectral transmission after UV exposure (UV-challenged protective performance) of 27 commercially available photoprotective lipsticks. Methods: Quartz slides were covered with a lipstick layer (area density 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/cm2 ) and irradiated with increasing doses of solar-simulated radiation. The spectral transmission (T) was measured spectrophotometrically before and after 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 standard erythema doses (SED) of exposure. We calculated the change in transmission (photoinstability) as the difference between the spectral transmission before and after a defined UV exposure, ΔT, and the arithmetic mean, for both the UVA (ΔTA) and UVB (ΔTB) ranges. A product was labelled as photounstable if the mean photoinstability in the UVA, ΔTA, or UVB range, ΔTB, was higher than 5% for an UV exposure of 12.5 SED. Results: Eleven products showed a significant photoinstability in the UVA range (ΔTA between 6% and 27%), only one product in the UVB range (ΔTB = 13%), and one product in both the UVA (ΔTA = 31%) and UVB (ΔTB = 9%) range. In one product photoinstability became significant in the UVA range at higher UV exposures. Conclusions: Out of 27 lipsticks only 13 products showed a photostable performance (ΔTA&lt;5% and ΔTB&lt;5% for 12.5 SED). We propose therefore that only products, which fulfil these UV photostability criteria should be marketed. Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2005.	Lipstick; Photoinactivation; Photoprotection; Photostability; Solar-simulated radiation; Sunscreen; Ultraviolet radiation; UV; UVA; UVB	cosmetic; sunscreen; article; controlled study; erythema; in vitro study; mathematical computing; priority journal; radiation exposure; radiation protection; spectrophotometry; ultraviolet A radiation; ultraviolet B radiation; ultraviolet radiation; Humans; Lip; Photochemistry; Radiation Protection; Skin; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15944398699	Assessment of pepper seed performance using desiccation sensitivity	Modi A.T.	2005	Seed Science and Technology	33	1	None	Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Modi, A.T., Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	During priming, seeds are subjected to hydration followed by dehydration and re-hydration is resumed during germination. It is postulated that the ability of seeds to withstand the effects of hydration and dehydration could be used to determine seed quality. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds from different production seasons (1998, 2000 and 2002) were hydroprimed for 2 h and then desiccated for 72 h over saturated salt solutions at 12% RH (20°C), 33% RH (23°C) and 52% RH (23°C). Seed membrane integrity was determined by a comparison of desiccated seeds with non-desiccated seeds, with respect to cation (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) content of steep water after imbibition. Seed desiccation sensitivity was determined by the total germination of desiccated seeds relative to control seeds that were neither hydrated nor desiccated over saturated salts. Desiccation sensitivity increased with the lowering of desiccation relative humidity. This effect was correlated with an increase in electrolyte leakage and reduction in seed germination, emergence and stand establishment. Fresh seeds were more resistant to desiccation than older seeds. A better correlation between desiccation sensitivity and seed quality compared with seed germination suggested that desiccation sensitivity could be used as a seed vigour test.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-16344366747	Assessing the suitability of the epic crop model for use in the study of impacts of climate variability and climate change in West Africa	Adejuwon J.	2005	Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography	26	1	10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00203.x	Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adejuwon, J., Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model, developed by scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been successfully applied to the study of erosion, water pollution, crop growth and production in the US but is yet to be introduced for serious research purposes in other countries or regions. This paper reports on the applicability of the EPIC 8120 crop model for the assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop productivity in sub-Saharan West Africa, using Nigeria as the case study. Among the crops whose productivity has been successfully simulated with this model are five of West Africa's staple food crops: maize, millet, sorghum (guinea corn), rice and cassava. Thus, using the model, the sensitivities of maize, sorghum and millet to seasonal rainfall were demonstrated with coefficients of correlation significant at over 98 per cent confidence limits. The validation tests were based on a comparison of the observed and the model-generated yields of rice and maize. The main problems of validation relate to the multiplicity of crop varieties with contrasting performances under similar field conditions. There are also the difficulties in representing micro-environments; in the model. Thus, some gaps appear between the observed and the simulated yields, arising from data or model deficiencies, or both. Based on the results of the sensitivity and validation tests, the EPIC crop model could be satisfactorily employed in assessing the impacts of and adaptations to climate variability and climate change. Its use for the estimation of production and the assessment of vulnerabilities need to be pursued with further field surveys and field experimentation. © Copyright 2005 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore and Blackwell Publishers. Ltd.	Adaptations; Climate change; Climate variability; Crop model; Impacts; West Africa	climate change; climate variation; crop production; crop yield; rainfall; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17044417199	Problem-based learning improves the academic performance of medical students in South Africa	Iputo J.E., Kwizera E.	2005	Medical Education	39	4	10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02106.x	WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, UNITRA, Post-bag X1, Transkei 5117, South Africa	Iputo, J.E., WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, UNITRA, Post-bag X1, Transkei 5117, South Africa; Kwizera, E., WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa	OBJECTIVES: To compare the academic performance of students on the previous, classical, discipline- and lecture-based, traditional curriculum with that of subsequent students who followed an innovative, problem- and community-based curriculum. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that analysed the records of students who enrolled on the doctor training programme between 1985 and 1995, and the records of students who graduated from the programme between 1989 and 2002. OUTCOMES: The educational outcomes assessed were the attrition and graduation rates on the traditional curriculum and those on the innovative curriculum. RESULTS: A total of 149 students on the traditional curriculum and 145 students on the innovative curriculum were studied. Overall, 23% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 10.3% of the innovative cohort dropped out of the course (P = 0.0041) and 55% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 67% of the innovative cohort graduated within the minimum period of 6 years (P < 0.001). The mean throughput period was 6.71 (0.09) years in the traditional cohort and 6.44 (0.07) years in the innovative cohort (P = 0.014) CONCLUSION: The introduction of the problem-based learning/community-based education (PBL/CBE) curriculum coincided with improved academic performance. The PBL/CBE approach to medical education may have contributed to this improvement.	Curriculum; Education, medical, undergraduate/ *methods; Educational measurement; Problem-based learning/*methods; Retrospective study; Students, medical	academic achievement; adult; article; cohort analysis; community; controlled study; curriculum; education program; educational technology; female; human; intermethod comparison; learning; male; medical education; medical student; normal human; outcomes research; problem based learning; problem solving; retrospective study; South Africa; teaching; Curriculum; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Male; Problem-Based Learning; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Students, Medical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144408765	Geophysical evidence for a pre-impact Sudbury dome, southern Superior Province, Canada	Prevec S.A., Cowan D.R., Cooper G.R.J.	2005	Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences	42	1	10.1139/E04-097	Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa; Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Prevec, S.A., Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa, Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Cooper, G.R.J., Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	New filtering of aeromagnetic images of the Sudbury area indicates the existence of a large, elliptical feature that appears to underlie the deformed Sudbury Structure in the region of the exposed Levack Gneiss Complex, such that the two features have long axes which are significantly orthogonal to one another. A north-south-oriented ellipse appears to be crosscut by that of the Sudbury Structure and does not correspond to known local lithological or structural trends. The magnetic images, combined with existing tectonic, petrological, geothermometric and geobarometric, and geochronological data, are used to suggest the existence of a pre-impact crustal dome in the southernmost Abitibi subprovince,probably related to ca.2450 Ma rifting and magmatism in the area. This is consistent with existing petrological and tectonic evidence from a variety of sources. Although the doming is itself unrelated to the ca. 1850 Ma Sudbury event, it may have affected the thermal regime existing at the time of impact, which would have profound implications for the subsequent evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. © 2005 NRC Canada.	None	Earth sciences; Geochronology; Geophysical prospecting; Lithology; Petrology; Tectonics; Aeromagnetic images; Crustal domes; Geothermometry; Magmatism; Domes; aeromagnetic survey; dome; geological structure; Canada; North America; Ontario; Sudbury Structure; Western Hemisphere; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144423262	Impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, Northern KwaZulu-Natal from January to August 2003	Vaughan Williams C.H.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	1	None	Mosvold Hospital, South Africa; Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	Vaughan Williams, C.H., Mosvold Hospital, South Africa, Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	An analysis of the causes of death certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma demonstrates the impact of HIV/AIDS in the region. HIV/AIDS appears to be responsible for about 45% of registered deaths in both males and females after the age of nine years. There is a significant difference in the mean age at death between males and females succumbing to the disease after the age of nine years: the average age at death of females from HIV/AIDS is 35 years, and the average age for males is 40 years. The younger average age of death from HIV/AIDS in females, together with a higher expected age of death from non-HIV causes, means that females lose considerably more years of life due to HIV/AIDS than males. The figures for this part of northern KwaZulu-Natal indicate a higher impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths than in previous assessments for South Africa as a whole.	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Mortality; South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; cause of death; child; death certificate; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; mortality; sex difference; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444377595	Performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Obioha F.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	3	None	Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted with 150 black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets. Pullets were fed 10% PSM-based diets for 8 weeks. The seeds were either raw or processed (toasted for 30 minutes, boiled for 30 minutes, or soaked in water for 24 hours). Each treatment was replicated three times, with 10 pullets per replicate. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain and feed cost. The results showed that pullets fed 10% raw or processed PSM diets did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in all the performance parameters. PSM diets significantly (P<0.05) reduced total feed cost. It was concluded that PSM is a good protein source for pullets and that 10% raw or processed PSM could be incorporated into pullet chick diets.	Performance; Pigeon pea; Processsing; Pullets; Raw seeds	Cajan; Cajanus cajan; Columba; Gallus gallus; Pisum sativum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444385257	Performance of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis variables in statistical downscaling of daily precipitation	Cavazos T., Hewitson B.C.	2005	Climate Research	28	2	None	Departmento de Oceanografia Fisica, CICESE, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico; Environmental/Geograghical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Cavazos, T., Departmento de Oceanografia Fisica, CICESE, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico; Hewitson, B.C., Environmental/Geograghical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	The urgent need for realistic regional climate change scenarios has led to a plethora of empirical downscaling techniques. In many cases, widely differing predictors are used, making comparative evaluation difficult. Additionally, it is not clear that the chosen predictors are always the most important. These limitations and the lack of physics in empirical downscaling highlight the need for a systematic assessment of the performance of physically meaningful predictors and their relevance in surface climate parameters. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are 2-fold: to examine the skill and errors of 29 individual atmospheric predictors of daily precipitation in 15 locations that encompass diverse climate regimes, and to evaluate the best combination of predictors that are able to capture different sources of variation. The predictors utilized are from the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis. Mid-tropospheric geopotential heights and mid-tropospheric humidity were the 2 most relevant controls of daily precipitation in all the locations and seasons analyzed. The role of the tropospheric thickness, and the surface and 850 hPa meridional wind components appear to be regionally and seasonally dependent. The predictors showed low performance in the near-equatorial and tropical locations analyzed where convective processes dominate and, possibly, where the reanalysis data sets are most deficient. Summer precipitation was characterized by the largest errors, likely also due to the enhanced role of convection and sub-grid scale processes. Nevertheless, the model was able to reproduce the seasonal precipitation and the phase of daily events in the mid-latitude locations analyzed. In general, the proposed downscaling models tended to underestimate (overestimate) large (small) rainfall events, which reveal the sensitivity of the downscaling to the spatial resolution of the predictors. © Inter-Research 2005.	Artificial neural networks; Climate downscaling; Daily precipitation; Skill of predictors	climate modeling; downscaling; precipitation (climatology); prediction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444386363	Production and quality evaluation of a nonfermented beverage prepared from dehydrated plantain pulp	Akubor P.I.	2005	European Food Research and Technology	220	2	10.1007/s00217-004-1019-x	Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, PMB 1037, Idah, Nigeria	Akubor, P.I., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, PMB 1037, Idah, Nigeria	Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) pulp was cut into thin slices, oven dried (70°C, 6 h), milled, and sieved to produce flour. A beverage was formulated from the plantain flour at 1:7 (flour:water) ratio and 4% (w/v) sucrose addition level. The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the beverage were evaluated. The effect of addition of various flavors on the sensory quality of the beverage was studied. The microbial status of the beverage was also assessed. The results showed that the plantain beverage contained 1.5% protein, 0.4% fat, 1.7% ash, 81% moisture, 15% total carbohydrate, 14 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid, and had pH 4.8. The sensory quality scores showed that the beverage was generally acceptable. Flavoring of the beverage did not significantly (p>0.05) improve its sensory quality attributes and overall acceptability preference. Total aerobic bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts were <100 cfu/ml. Yeast, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in the plantain beverage. © Springer-Verlag 2004.	Beverage; Composition; Dehydration; Microbial status; Plantain; Sensory quality	Beverages; Composition; Crops; Dehydration; Fruits; pH effects; Sensors; Microbial status; Plantain; Ripe plantain; Sensory quality; Pulp; Beverages; Dehydration; Farm Crops; Formulations; Fruits; Ph; Pulps; Sensors; Bacteria (microorganisms); Enterobacteriaceae; Musa x paradisiaca; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444426126	Pollen morphological features and impact of temperature on pollen germination of various Pinus species	Nel A., Van Staden J.	2005	South African Journal of Botany	71	1	None	Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Nel, A., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Van Staden, J., Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The aim of this study was to determine if differences in pollen morphology and response to temperature treatments were apparent among seven Pinus species used in an inter-specific hybridisation programme. The seven species included were: P. caribaea, P. elliottii, P. greggii, P. oocarpa, P. patula, P. radiata and P. tecunumanii. This study showed that pollen from the seven Pinus species displays the structure typical of the Pinaceae, having no visibly distinguishing structural characteristics. Differences in pollen grain diameter, measured across the distal region of the grain, were found among species and among different clones of Pinus patula. The mean grain diameters ranged from 42μm (P. patula) to 50μm (P. radiata). Within P. patula they ranged between 42μm and 47μm. Different species responded differently to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated germinating pollen. Pollen stored at low humidity (below 10%) could tolerate relatively high temperatures up to 80°C, and still maintain some level of viability. P. caribaea and P. greggii maintained viability of 19 and 33%, respectively, after treatment at 80°C. The 90°C treatment resulted in zero viability for the three species investigated: P. caribaea, P. greggii and P. patula. In contrast to dry-stored pollen, re-hydrated pollen germinated in vitro at different temperatures, had lower levels of tolerance. Optimal germination occurred at 32°C and steadily declined for all species as the temperature was increased until 44°C at 2°C increments. P. caribaea, P. patula and P. tecunumanii still germinated, albeit at low levels at 40°C, but no germination occurred above 42°C. Differences in pollen tube length were observed between different species incubated at 30°C for 72h. P. caribaea displayed the longest tube length (242μm) while some clones of P. patula had the shortest pollen tubes (92μm). Morphological features cannot be used to distinguish among the species studied, but there were differences in tolerance levels to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated pollen among these species. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	coniferous tree; pollen; temperature effect; Pinaceae; Pinus caribaea; Pinus elliottii; Pinus greggii; Pinus oocarpa; Pinus patula; Pinus radiata; Pinus tecunumanii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444426719	What do we know about the perception educators have of HIV/AIDS and its impact on the holistic development of adolescent learners?	De Lange N., Greyling L., Leslie G.B.	2005	International Journal of Adolescence and Youth	12	42371	None	Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Faculty of Education, Vista University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Parkside Primary School, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	De Lange, N., Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Greyling, L., Faculty of Education, Vista University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Leslie, G.B., Parkside Primary School, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	HIV/AIDS is part of the South African reality to such an extent that more than half the children admitted to South Africa's second largest hospital are HIV-positive or have full-blown AIDS. This has implications for the education sector, as HIV/AIDS has also infiltrated and affected schools and education institutions and calls for the role of the educator to exceed that of teaching. It is now more than ever necessary that educators pay close attention to the holistic development of the learner, infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS. This research attempted to determine what perceptions senior phase educators have regarding HIV/AIDS and its impact on the holistic development of adolescent learners within their ecosystem and then to formulate recommendations based on the findings. To achieve these aims a qualitative, descriptive and contextual research design was chosen. The first theme regarding the educators' perceptions of HIV/AIDS revealed various categories, i.e an awareness of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS; medical knowledge of HIV/AIDS; causes of HIV/AIDS; feelings about it as well as views on what is needed for stopping the spread. The second theme regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS on the holistic development of the learners showed the following categories: understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the holistic development of the adolescent (physically, cognitively, emotionally, socially and morally), on the family, on the peer group, on the school and on the community. © 2005 A B Academic Publishers.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644375483	Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase	Bessong P.O., Obi C.L., Andréola M.-L., Rojas L.B., Pouységu L., Igumbor E., Meyer J.J.M., Quideau S., Litvak S.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	99	1	10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.056	Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela	Bessong, P.O., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa, Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; Obi, C.L., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Andréola, M.-L., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Rojas, L.B., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France, Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela; Pouységu, L., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Igumbor, E., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Meyer, J.J.M., Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Quideau, S., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Litvak, S., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France	Seventeen aqueous and methanol extracts from nine South African medicinal plants, ethnobotanically selected, were screened for inhibitory properties against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Isolated compounds were additionally evaluated on HIV-1 integrase (IN). The strongest inhibition against the RNA-dependent-DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity of RT was observed with the methanol extract of the stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum Sond. (Fabaceae) (IC50 3.5 μg/ml), while the methanol extract of the roots of Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don (Combretaceae) was the most inhibitory on the ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity (IC50 9.7 μg/ml). The known compounds bergenin and catechin, and a red coloured gallotannin composed of meta-depside chains of gallic and protocatechuic acids esterified to a 1-O-isobutyroly-β-d-glucopyranose core, were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots and stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum. The gallotannin inhibited the RDDP and RNase H functions of RT with IC50 values of 6.0 and 5.0 μM, respectively, and abolished the 3′-end processing activity of IN at 100 μM. Catechin showed no effect on RT but had a moderate activity on HIV-1 IN. Bergenin was inactive on both enzymes. The aqueous and methanol extracts were non-toxic in a HeLaP4 cell line at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Gallotannins; HIV-1; Integrase; Plant phenols; Reverse transcriptase; South African medicinal plants	bergenin; bridelia micranthra extract; catechin; combretum molle extract; elaodendron transvaalensis extract; Euphorbia extract; gallic acid; integrase; methanol; mucuna coriacea extract; peltophorum africanum extract; plant extract; protocatechuic acid; ribonuclease H; Ricinus communis extract; RNA directed DNA polymerase; sutherlandia frutescens extract; tannin; unclassified drug; vernonia stipulacea extract; virus enzyme; ziziphus mucronata extract; antiviral activity; article; Asteraceae; Celastraceae; Combretaceae; Combretum; controlled study; drug isolation; drug screening; enzyme activity; esterification; Euphorbia; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; jujube; legume; medicinal plant; Rhamnaceae; Ricinus communis; South Africa; velvet bean; Vernonia; Anti-HIV Agents; Cell Survival; Combretum; DNA, Viral; Ethanol; HIV Integrase; HIV Integrase Inhibitors; HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase; Humans; Medicine, African Traditional; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Solvents; South Africa; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Water; Combretaceae; Combretum; Combretum molle; Fabaceae; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Peltophorum; Peltophorum africanum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644389229	Evaluation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) for utilisation in energy production in developing countries	Fobil J.N., Carboo D., Armah N.A.	2005	International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management	5	1	10.1504/IJETM.2005.006508	School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana; UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	Fobil, J.N., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana, Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Carboo, D., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Armah, N.A., UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana, Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	In countries such as Ghana, which are still undergoing restructuring in their economies, low-cost energy supplies are most vital for development initiatives and may not only be the main constraint to their economic growth, but a principal source of conflicts in this century. But whether a meaningful and sustainable economic growth would be achieved or not rests exclusively on the removal of these energy constraints either by way of substitution for increasingly expensive conventional energy sources or new discoveries of cheaper alternatives that would power their industries. Such alternative sources should not only be cheap with great capability of promoting viable economies of scale, but also should be eco-efficient. Today, the traditional energy sources such as hydroelectric power, wood fuel, and oils are increasingly less attractive with a grown knowledge of their effects on the natural environment. This paper discusses research experiences gathered during a study that was undertaken in Accra, Ghana, to explore the potential for utilising municipal solid waste (MSW) for energy generation in a low-income economy and at the same time, address worsening MSW problems in the major cities. The results show that MSW in a typical low-income country is wet with low calorific values between 14 MJ/kg and 20 MJ/kg and an average energy recovery efficiency of about 40%. Copyright © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Conventional energy sources; Eco-efficient; Low-cost; Low-income economy; Scale of economies; Standing crop	Economic growth; Low-cost energy; Municipal solid wastes (MSW); Restructuring; Cost effectiveness; Energy utilization; Industrial economics; Municipal engineering; Social aspects; Sustainable development; Solid wastes; economy of scale; electricity supply; municipal solid waste; power generation; Accra; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ghana; Greater Accra; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644391738	Instantaneous angular speed monitoring of gearboxes under non-cyclic stationary load conditions	Stander C.J., Heyns P.S.	2005	Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing	19	4	10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.10.006	Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa	Stander, C.J., Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa; Heyns, P.S., Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa	Recent developments in the condition monitoring and asset management market have led to the commercialisation of online vibration-monitoring systems. These systems are primarily utilised to monitor large mineral mining equipment such as draglines, continuous miners and hydraulic shovels. Online monitoring systems make diagnostic information continuously available for asset management, production outsourcing and maintenance alliances with equipment manufacturers. However, most online vibration-monitoring systems are based on conventional vibration-monitoring technologies, which are prone to giving false equipment deterioration warnings on gears that operate under fluctuating load conditions. A simplified mathematical model of a gear system was developed to illustrate the feasibility of monitoring the instantaneous angular speed (IAS) as a means of monitoring the condition of gears that are subjected to fluctuating load conditions. A distinction is made between cyclic stationary load modulation and non-cyclic stationary load modulation. It is shown that rotation domain averaging will suppress the modulation caused by non-cyclic stationary load conditions but will not suppress the modulation caused by cyclic stationary load conditions. An experimental investigation on a test rig indicated that the IAS of a gear shaft could be monitored with a conventional shaft encoder to indicate a deteriorating gear fault condition. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Condition monitoring; Deterioration; Hydraulic tools; Loads (forces); Mathematical models; Natural frequencies; Online systems; Shovels; Speed; Vibration measurement; Asset management; Gearboxes; Hydraulic shovels; Instantaneous angular speed (IAS); Non-cyclic stationary load conditions; Structural response; Gears	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644398419	Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisae fermented cassava flour	Oboh G., Akindahunsi A.A.	2005	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	18	7	10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.013	Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Oboh, G., Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria; Akindahunsi, A.A., Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Pure strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae was used to ferment cassava pulp for 72 h with the aim of increasing the protein content of the cassava product. The mash obtained was processed to cassava flour, one of the forms in which cassava product is commonly consumed in Nigeria. The nutritional and toxicological potentials of the fungus fermented cassava flour were evaluated using rat bioassay. S. cerevisae fermented cassava flour (40%) fed to albino rat for 21 days had high feed conversion and digestibility (apparent and dry matter). Moreover, this level of cassava incorporation had no negative haematological (packed cell volume, red blood cell counts and white blood cell counts) effect. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) rise in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activities indicating a possible damage to the liver (hepatotoxic) and/or heart (cardiotoxic), while there was no significant (P > 0.05) rise in the serum albumin and bilirubin. Further pathological investigation revealed that the spleen showed some dark red colouration while the liver had some necrotic lesion. The possible cause of this damage is the theme of further investigation in our laboratory. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Cassava flour; Fermentation; Nutrition; S. cerevisae; Toxicology	alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; protein; serum albumin; alanine aminotransferase blood level; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; cardiotoxicity; cassava; controlled study; digestion; fermentation; flour; food analysis; food poisoning; food processing; food quality; liver necrosis; liver toxicity; Nigeria; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein content; rat; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; spleen; Fungi; Manihot esculenta; Saccharomyces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644420032	Impact of predator pursuit and prey evasion on synchrony and spatial patterns in metapopulation	Li Z.-Z., Gao M., Hui C., Han X.-Z., Shi H.	2005	Ecological Modelling	185	42404	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.12.008	Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Spatial, Physiological Conserv. E., Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China	Li, Z.-Z., Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gao, M., Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Hui, C., Spatial, Physiological Conserv. E., Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Han, X.-Z., State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Shi, H., Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China	Spatial synchrony, a normal self-organized spatial pattern in the predator-prey and host-parasitoid systems, can increase risk of regional extinction and hence, shrink metapopulation persistence. Coupled patch models, based on a within-patch Ronsenzweig-MacArthur Model, are adopted to investigate the impact of predator pursuit (PP) and prey evasion (PE) on the spatial synchrony and pattern formation in metapopulation framework. PP indicates that predators migrate not only from patches of higher predator density to those of lower predator density but also from patches of lower prey density to those of higher prey density; while, PE describes that prey migrate not only from patches of higher prey density to those of lower prey density but also from patches of higher predator density to those of lower predator density. Results show that either PP or PE can reduce spatial synchrony and result in the improvement of metapopulation persistence. Spatially explicit predator-prey system with local migration but without PP and PE can produce self-organized spatial patterns such as circular waves. The effect of PP and PE on spatial predator-prey system can decrease the spatial synchrony and change the circular waves to spatial chaos; therefore, these factors increase the spatial complexity and improve the metapopulation persistence. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Coupled patch model; Dynamical complexity; Pattern formation; Predator-prey metapopulation; Spatial chaos; Spatial wave	Chaos theory; Mathematical models; Population statistics; Self organizing maps; Host-parasitoid system; Metapopulation; Predator pursuit (PP); Predator-prey system; Ecosystems; ecological modeling; metapopulation; patch dynamics; persistence; predator-prey interaction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844394974	Evaluation of microbial communities colonizing stone ballasts at diesel depots	Maila M.P., Cloete T.E.	2005	Environmentalist	24	3	10.1007/s10669-005-6053-0	Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Maila, M.P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Cloete, T.E., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, we evaluated the heterotrophic microbial communities colonising stone ballasts at diesel depots. The number of bacteria (both total culturable heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria) was proportional to the level of hydrocarbon contamination. However, there was no significant difference in the level of total culturable heterotrophs (TCHs) and the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Addition of nutrients to the ballast stimulated the biological activity and possibly the removal of hydrocarbons. However, this was only evident in the highly contaminated stone ballasts samples. The biological activity was evaluated using CO2 production. The production of CO2 was higher in nutrient amended treatments in which high numbers of TCHs were present. Characterisation of heterotrophic communities using Biolog revealed differences in the microbial metabolic profiles for the different sites. The results suggest that the heterotrophic microbial communities at different diesel depots are different. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Diesel depots; Heterotrophic microbial communities; Hydrocarbons; Stone ballasts; Total culturable heterotrophs (TCHs)	ballast water; bioactivity; hydrocarbon; microbial community; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844407191	Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS peer education programme in a South African workplace	Sloan N.M., Myers J.E.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	4	None	Department of Public Health, National Health Service Ayrshire and Arran, United Kingdom; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Sloan, N.M., Department of Public Health, National Health Service Ayrshire and Arran, United Kingdom; Myers, J.E., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objectives. To evaluate a South African workplace HIV/AIDS peer-education programme running since 1997. Methods. In 2001 a cross-setional study was, done of 900 retail-section employees in three geographical areas, The study measured HIV/AIDS knowledge,,attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS, belief about self-risk of infection, and condom use as a practice indicator. The impact of an HIV/AIDS peer-education programme on these outcomes was examined. Results. Training by peer educators had no significant impact on any outcome. Fifty-nine per cent of subjects had a good knowledge score, 62% had positive attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS, 34% used condoms frequently, and the majority of participants (73%) believed they were at low risk of infection. Logistical regression showed that a very small proportion of the variance in the four outcomes was explained by potential determinants of interest (8% for knowledge, 6% for attitude, 7% for risk and 17% for condom use). Conclusions. The HIV peer-education programme was found to be ineffective and may have involved an opportunity cost. The programme contrast with more costly comprehensive care that includes antiretrovirals. The private sector appears to have been as tardy as the public sector in addressing the epidemic effectively.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; awareness; condom; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; education program; employee; epidemic; female; frequency analysis; geography; health behavior; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; logistic regression analysis; male; occupational health; outcomes research; private practice; public health service; risk assessment; scoring system; South Africa; statistical significance; workplace; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Condoms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peer Group; Risk Factors; South Africa; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844409094	Utility of rapid on-site evaluation of transbronchial needle aspirates	Diacon A.H., Schuurmans M.M., Theron J., Louw M., Wright C.A., Brundyn K., Bolliger C.T.	2005	Respiration	72	2	10.1159/000084050	Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 19063, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa	Diacon, A.H., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 19063, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa; Schuurmans, M.M., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Theron, J., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Louw, M., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Wright, C.A., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Brundyn, K., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Bolliger, C.T., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Rapid on-site evaluation has been proposed as a method to improve the yield of transbronchial needle aspiration. Objectives: This study investigated whether on-site analysis facilitates routine diagnostic bronchoscopy in terms of sampling, yield and cost. Methods: Patients with lesions accessible for transbronchial needle aspiration on computed tomography were investigated. A cytopathologist screened the needle aspirates on site for the presence of diagnostic material. The bronchoscopic sampling process was adjusted according to the results. In 90 consecutive patients with neoplastic disease (n = 70; 78%), non-neoplastic disease (n = 16; 18%) or undiagnosed lesions (n = 4; 4%) we aspirated 162 lung tumours or lymph node sites (mediastinal: 7%; tracheobronchial: 68%; other: 25%). In 90 consecutive patients with neoplastic disease (n = 70; 78%), non-neoplastic disease (n = 16; 18%) or undiagnosed lesions (n = 4; 4%) we aspirated 162 lung lesions (paratracheal tumours or lymph nodes: 7%; tracheobronchial lymph nodes: 68%; other: 25%). Results: The diagnostic yield of needle aspiration was 77 and 25% in patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, respectively. Sampling could be terminated in 64% of patients after needle aspiration had been performed as the only diag-nostic modality, and on-site analysis identified diagnostic material from the first site aspirated in 50% of patients. Only in 2 patients (2%) diagnostic aspirates were not recognized on site. On-site analysis was cost effective due to savings for disposable diagnostic tools, which exceeded the extra expense for the on-site cytology service provided. Conclusions: Rapid on-site analysis of transbronchial aspirates is a highly useful, accurate and cost-effective addition to routine diagnostic bronchoscopy. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG.	Bronchoscopy; Cytodiagnosis; Fine-needle biopsy; Lung neoplasms; Transbronchial needle aspiration	adolescent; adult; aged; article; bronchoscopy; cancer diagnosis; computer assisted tomography; cost benefit analysis; cytopathology; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; female; human; human tissue; lung cancer; lymph node; major clinical study; male; needle biopsy; priority journal; sampling; tracheobronchial tree; transbronchial biopsy; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Bronchi; Bronchoscopy; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844411492	Impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on non-communicable disease prevention	Puoane T., Hughes G.D.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	4	None	School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Oxford, MS, United States	Puoane, T., School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Hughes, G.D., Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Oxford, MS, United States	[No abstract available]	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; awareness; behavior modification; cardiovascular disease; cultural factor; diabetes mellitus; health behavior; health care policy; health education; health program; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hypertension; lifestyle; mortality; obesity; risk factor; South Africa; stroke; wasting syndrome; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Cultural Characteristics; Health Behavior; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18044368489	Impact of different pasteurization temperatures on the survival of microbial contaminants isolated from pasteurized milk	Dumalisile P., Witthuhn R.C., Britz T.J.	2005	International Journal of Dairy Technology	58	2	10.1111/j.1471-0307.2005.00189.x	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Dumalisile, P., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The thermal inactivation of selected microbes was studied using the low temperature long time (LTLT), high temperature short time (HTST) and 'pot' pasteurization methods. Survivors were enumerated after heating for up to 40 min for the LTLT and HTST pasteurization methods and after heating for up to 30 min for the 'pot' pasteurization method. With the exception of the Bacillus cereus strain, the selected microbes did not survive the LTLT and HTST pasteurization methods. The results from the 'pot' pasteurizer showed that B. cereus, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli strains survived the pasteurization conditions applied, showing that the 'pot' pasteurizer does not pasteurize effectively. © 2005 Society of Dairy Technology.	'Pot' pasteurization; Bacillus; Microbial survival; Spoilage microbes	article; Bacillus cereus; bacterial strain; bacterium identification; bacterium isolate; Chryseobacterium meningosepticum; heating; low temperature procedures; microbial contamination; milk; nonhuman; pasteurization; priority journal; Pseudomonas putida; survival; temperature dependence; Acinetobacter baumannii; Bacillus cereus; Chryseobacterium meningosepticum; Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas putida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18144391576	Utilization of cellobiose by recombinant β-glucosidase-expressing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characterization and evaluation of the sufficiency of expression	McBride J.E., Zietsman J.J., Van Zyl W.H., Lynd L.R.	2005	Enzyme and Microbial Technology	37	1	10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.01.034	Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	McBride, J.E., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Zietsman, J.J., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Zyl, W.H., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Lynd, L.R., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States	Two recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the BGL1 (β-glucosidase) gene originating from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were characterized with respect to gene expression and growth on cellobiose under air and nitrogen gas phases. The laboratory strain Y294[ySF1], with β-glucosidase expression from a multi-copy plasmid, grew at comparable rates on cellobiose and glucose under both air and nitrogen gas phases. By contrast, strain N96[ySF1] grew at a much slower rate on cellobiose than on glucose under both gas phases. For the various strain and substrate combinations tested, cell-specific enzyme activity was significantly higher under a nitrogen gas phase as compared to an air gas phase. The ability of these strains to grow on cellobiose, a non-native substrate, was evaluated in terms of a dimensionless 'sufficiency' parameter, S, consisting of the ratio of the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose production from cellobiose to the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose consumption. At sufficiency values substantially less than one, specific growth rates were found to be limited by heterologous enzyme expression, whereas for values of sufficiency near and greater to one, specific growth rates on cellobiose approached their values on glucose. The concept of sufficiency appears to have general utility for work aimed at growth enablement on non-native substrates by virtue of heterologous enzyme expression. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	β-Glucosidase; Cellobiose; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sufficiency	Cell culture; Genes; Glucose; Microorganisms; Strain; Substrates; Cellobiose; Gas phase; Gene expression; Saccharomycel cerevisiae; Enzymes; beta glucosidase; cellobiose; nitrogen; air; article; controlled study; culture medium; fungal metabolism; fungal strain; fungus growth; gene expression; glucose metabolism; growth rate; nonhuman; protein expression; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomycopsis fibuligera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18244370507	The impact of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the public health burden of pneumonia in HIV-infected and -uninfected children	Madhi S.A., Kuwanda L., Cutland C., Klugman K.P.	2005	Clinical Infectious Diseases	40	10	10.1086/429828	National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Old Nurses Home, West Wing, PO Bertsham, Bertsham, Gauteng, 2013, South Africa	Madhi, S.A., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Old Nurses Home, West Wing, PO Bertsham, Bertsham, Gauteng, 2013, South Africa; Kuwanda, L., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cutland, C., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Klugman, K.P., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States	Introduction. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PnCV) may be used as a probe to define the burden of pneumococcal disease and better characterize the clinical presentation of pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods. This study used a 9-valent PnCV to define different end points of vaccine efficacy and the preventable burden of pneumococcal pneumonia in 39,836 children who were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in South Africa. Results. Whereas the point-estimate of vaccine efficacy was greatest when measured against the outcome of vaccine-serotype specific pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia (61%; P = .01), the sensitivity of blood culture to measure the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented by vaccination was only 2.6% in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected children and 18.8% in HIV-infected children. Only 37.8% of cases of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented by PnCV were detected by means of chest radiographs showing alveolar consolidation. A clinical diagnosis of pneumonia provided the best estimate of the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented through vaccination in HIV-uninfected children (267 cases prevented per 100,000 child-years) and HIV-infected children (2573 cases prevented per 100,000 child-years). Conclusion. Although outcome measures with high specificity, such as bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, provide a better estimate as to vaccine efficacy, the burden of disease prevented by vaccination is best evaluated using outcome measures with high sensitivity, such as a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia. © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	Pneumococcus vaccine; article; blood culture; child; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; pneumonia; priority journal; public health; randomized controlled trial; sensitivity and specificity; serotype; Streptococcus pneumoniae; thorax radiography; vaccination; Double-Blind Method; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; South Africa; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18644383332	The impact of social environments on the effectiveness of youth HIV prevention: A South African case study	Campbell C., Foulis C.A., Maimane S., Sibiya Z.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	4	10.1080/09540120412331319705	London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom	Campbell, C., London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom, HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Foulis, C.A., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Maimane, S., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sibiya, Z., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Few would disagree that 'social context' shapes the effectiveness of HIV-prevention programmes. However much work remains to be done in developing systematic conceptualisations of HIV/AIDS-relevant aspects of social environments in vulnerable communities. This paper contributes to this challenge through a case study (44 interviews, 11 focus groups with 55 people and fieldworker diaries) of the impact of social context on a participatory peer education programme involving young people in a peri-urban community in South Africa. Three interacting dimensions of context undermine the likelihood of effective HIV-prevention. Symbolic context includes stigma, the pathologisation of youth sexuality (especially that of girls) and negative images of young people. Organisationall network context includes patchy networking amongst NGOs, health, welfare and education representatives and local community leaders and groups. This is exacerbated by different understandings of the causes of HIV/AIDS and how to manage it. These challenges are exacerbated in a material-political context of poverty, unemployment and crime, coupled with the exclusion of young people from local and national decision-making and politics. HIV-prevention initiatives seeking to promote health-supporting social environments should work closely with social development programmes-to promote young peoples' social and political participation, increase opportunities for their economic empowerment, challenge negative social representations of youth, and fight for greater recognition of their sexuality and their right to protect their sexual health. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; community; crime; education program; group psychology; health care organization; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; infection prevention; politics; poverty; priority journal; sexuality; social environment; social isolation; South Africa; unemployment; urban area; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Body Image; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Object Attachment; Peer Group; Sex Education; Social Environment; Social Identification; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844369087	Combined effects of discharge, turbidity, and pesticides on mayfly behavior: Experimental evaluation of spray-drift and runoff scenarios	Dabrowski J.M., Bollen A., Schulz R.	2005	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry	24	6	10.1897/04-222R.1	Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Im Fort 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Dabrowski, J.M., Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Bollen, A., Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Schulz, R., Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Im Fort 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany	The effects of the pyrethroid-insecticide cypermethrin (CYP), increased flow speed (Flow), and increased suspended particles (Part) on drift behavior and activity of mayfly nymphs (Baetis harrisoni) were investigated both individually and in combination in a laboratory stream microcosm. Spray-drift trials were performed by exposing the nymphs to 1 μg/L of CYP. During runoff trials (CYP X Part), contaminated sediment containing 2,000 μg/kg of CYP was introduced to the microcosm at a concentration of 500 mg/L. Both trials were carried out under high-flow (CYP X Flow and CYP X Part X Flow) and low-flow (CYP and CYP X Part) conditions, and for all cases, control experiments were performed. Drift rate, drift density (for any treatments with increased flow), and activity were used as behavioral endpoints. Multifactorial analysis of variance shows that CYP exposure significantly increased the drift, whereas Part and Flow trials significantly decreased the drift (p < 0.05). In addition, activity decreased significantly under high-flow conditions. The CYP X Part and CYP X Flow treatments resulted in increased drift rate and drift density, respectively, whereas Part X Flow and CYP X Part X Flow treatments resulted in decreased drift density. The CYP X Part and CYP X Flow trials had a significant antagonistic, interactive effect on drift rate and drift density, respectively, with measured levels being lower than expected levels. The reduction in bioavailability of CYP in the presence of increased flow and sediment levels suggests that mayflies are more likely to be affected by spray-drift exposure (CYP) than by runoff exposure (CYP X Part X Flow). Results indicate that mayflies reacted actively in response to flow conditions and passively in response to pesticide exposure. © 2005 SETAC.	Drift; Flow; Microcosms; Pesticides; Suspended sediment	Contamination; Environmental protection; Flow patterns; Microorganisms; Sediments; Turbidity; Cypermethrins; High flow conditions; Mayfly nymphs; Multifactorial analysis; Pesticides; cipermethrin; pesticide; runoff; insecticide; analysis of variance; arthropod; article; bioavailability; concentration (parameters); flow rate; microcosm; nonhuman; particle resuspension; priority journal; sediment; solubility; turbidity; water contamination; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Insecticides; Insects; Nymph; Pyrethrins; South Africa; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Baetis; Baetis harrisoni; Ephemeroptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844374175	Performance of diverse maize genotypes under nitrogen deficiency in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria	Kamara A.Y., Menkir A., Ajala S.O., Kureh I.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	2	10.1017/S0014479704002479	Department of Plant Science, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Kamara, A.Y.; Menkir, A.; Ajala, S.O.; Kureh, I., Department of Plant Science, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	The Guinea savannas of Nigeria have a high potential for the production of maize because of favourable environmental conditions. Despite this high potential, the yields obtained in farmers' fields are still very low. This is due to soil degradation and nutrient depletion arising from intensification of land use. Nitrogen (N) is the major nutrient limiting maize production in the Guinea savannas where the use of inorganic fertilizers is low. One strategy for improving the productivity of maize is to select varieties that perform well under suboptimal soil N conditions. This study assessed the performance of diverse maize germplasm under a range of N levels. Growth and grain yields differed significantly between the genotypes at all N levels. These variations were more pronounced at zero and 30 kg N ha-1 than at 90 kg N ha -1. Grain yield under N-deficicnt conditions was correlated with an increased number of ears per plant, stay-green rating, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf area index, reduced anthesis-silking interval and reduced days to silking suggesting that these traits are linked to tolerance to N deficiency. One hybrid (Oba Super 2), the drought-tolerant genotypes and four maize genotypes previously selected for tolerance to N-deficient conditions performed better than the widely grown adapted controls under zero and 30 kg N ha-1. At zero N, the grain yield of maize decreased with advances in cycles of selection for tolerance to suboptimal N conditions suggesting that N deficiency in the selection environment was not sufficient to discriminate between genotypes. The good performance of drought-tolerant varieties under suboptimal N conditions suggests that selection for drought tolerance may confer tolerance to N-deficient conditions. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844437026	Enhancing the capacity of national scientists to generate and transfer maize technology in West and Central Africa: Research implementation, monitoring and evaluation	Badu-Apraku B., Fakorede M.A.B., Menkir A., Marfo K.A., Akanvou L.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	2	10.1017/S0014479704002492	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, c/o Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crops Research Institute, Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; CNRA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, c/o Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Department of Plant Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Marfo, K.A., Crops Research Institute, Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Akanvou, L., CNRA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire	The West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network (WECAMAN) was established in 1987 to strengthen the capacity and capability of national programmes of West and Central Africa (WCA) to tackle regional constraints to maize production. The Network created several mechanisms for implementing, monitoring and evaluating maize research and development activities, including research project development and implementation, attendance and quality of paper presentation at technical conferences organized by the Network, scientific monitoring tours, consultation visits, mid-term reviews, and end-of-project reviews and impact assessment. WECAMAN's approach to the system of allocating research responsibilities and competitive grants resulted in increased research efficiency and the generation of susiainable technologies that have catalysed increased maize production in the region. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844452979	Radiosynthesis and evaluation of two novel 123I-labeled 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole derivatives as potential infection imaging agents	Rossouw D.D., Lötter M.G., Du Raan H., Jansen S.E., Höhn A., Burger B.V.	2005	Nuclear Medicine and Biology	32	4	10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.02.001	iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Rossouw, D.D., iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Lötter, M.G., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Du Raan, H., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Jansen, S.E., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Höhn, A., iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Burger, B.V., Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Introduction: The inflammation- and infection-seeking properties of 131I-labeled ornidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole derivative, have recently been reported. Whole-body images in rabbits showed a more rapid uptake in inflamed areas compared to 67Ga. In the present study, two novel 123I-labeled 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole derivatives were synthesized and their infection-seeking properties compared with those of 67Ga and 123I-labeled ornidazole. Methods: Radiolabeling was carried out by means of iodide-for-tosylate, triflate or halogen exchange. Various methods were utilized in order to synthesize the labeling precursors for the 123I-labeled novel compounds. Serum stability studies on all of the 123I-labeled tracers were followed by gamma camera imaging studies on rabbits artificially infected with Escherichia coli bacteria. Results and Conclusions: The 123I-labeled tracers were obtained in moderate to good radiochemical yields (34-80%) and acceptable radiochemical purities (93-99%). In contrast to 123I-labeled ornidazole, 1-[(1-hydroxy-3-[123I]iodoprop-2-yloxy)methyl]-2-methyl-4- nitroimidazole (2) and 1-[(1-[123I]iodoprop-2-yloxy)methyl]-2-methyl- 4-nitroimidazole (3) showed high serum stability. Compared to noninfected controls, all of the 123I-labeled tracers showed increased uptake at the area of induced infection after 6 and 24 h, but the uptake was significantly lower than in the case of 67Ga over the same period. Tracer 3 showed a slightly superior uptake after 6 h than the other 123I-labeled tracers over the same period. The advantage of the initially slightly faster rate at which nitroimidazole tracers appear to accumulate in the infection area in comparison to 67Ga might not outweigh the advantage of the eventual higher target to nontarget ratio displayed by 67Ga. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	2-Methyl-4-nitroimidazoles; 123I; Imaging; Infection; Radiosynthesis	1 [(1 hydroxy 3 iodoprop 2 yloxy)methyl] 2 methyl 4 nitroimidazole i 123; 1 [(1 iodoprop 2 yloxy)methyl] 2 methyl 4 nitroimidazole i 123; gallium 67; halogen; iodide; nitroimidazole derivative; ornidazole i 123; tracer; trifluoromethanesulfonic acid; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; bacterial infection; controlled study; drug accumulation; drug screening; drug stability; drug synthesis; drug uptake; Escherichia coli; female; isotope labeling; male; nonhuman; rabbit; radioiodination; rat; scintillation camera; Animals; Citrates; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Escherichia coli Infections; Feasibility Studies; Female; Gallium; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Nitroimidazoles; Ornidazole; Rabbits; Radiopharmaceuticals; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844458301	Integrating LCIA and LCM: Evaluating environmental performances for supply chain management in South Africa	Brent A.C.	2005	Management of Environmental Quality	16	2	10.1108/14777830510583146	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Brent, A.C., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - Evaluations of environmental performances are of increasing importance for environmental management systems. In the automotive sector of South Africa, suppliers of components lack the ability to provide customers in the value chain with the necessary information to assess and compare environmental performances. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in South Africa have systematically commenced to obtain limited process information from first-tier suppliers. However, the information is not an accurate reflection of the true environmental burdens associated with the supplied components. Based on the available process information, this paper introduces a performance evaluation methodology that is applicable for South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach - The LCA methodology, as stipulated by ISO 14040, has been applied to obtain quantified environmental performance resource impact indicators (EPRIIs) associated with limited process parameters in the South African context. Three first-tier suppliers of an OEM are used as a case study to demonstrate the application of the indicator methodology. Findings - The EPRII procedure considers the spatially differentiated ambient environmental state of the South African natural environment for normalisation factors of typical LCIA categories. The procedure further incorporates costs in order to compare supplied components (and companies) equally. Originality/value - The EPRII procedure provides the means for OEMs to obtain a first approximate of environmental concerns in the supply chain, based on three basic process parameters. Thereby, tiers can be prioritised to determine where assistance is required to improve environmental performances. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Automotive industry; Environmental management; Life cycle costs; South Africa; Supply chain management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18944396088	The Lewis factor and its influence on the performance prediction of wet-cooling towers	Kloppers J.C., Kröger D.G.	2005	International Journal of Thermal Sciences	44	9	10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2005.03.006	Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X1034, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Kloppers, J.C., Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X1034, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	The effect of the Lewis factor, or Lewis relation, on the performance prediction of natural draft and mechanical draft wet-cooling towers is investigated. The Lewis factor relates the relative rates of heat and mass transfer in wet-cooling towers. The history and development of the Lewis factor and its application in wet-cooling tower heat and mass transfer analyses are discussed. The relation of the Lewis factor to the Lewis number is also investigated. The influence of the Lewis factor on the prediction of wet-cooling tower performance is subsequently investigated. The Poppe heat and mass transfer analysis of evaporative cooling are considered as the Lewis factor can be explicitly specified. It is found that if the same definition or value of the Lewis factor is employed in the fill test analysis and in the subsequent cooling tower performance analysis, the water outlet temperature will be accurately predicted. The amount of water that evaporates, however, is a function of the actual value of the Lewis factor. If the inlet ambient air temperature is relatively high, the influence of the Lewis factor, on tower performance diminishes. It is very important, in the view of the Lewis factor that any cooling tower fill test be conducted under conditions that are as close as possible to the conditions specified for cooling tower operating conditions. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.	Evaporation; Lewis factor; Lewis number; Poppe; Wet-cooling tower	Atmospheric humidity; Diffusion; Evaporation; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Nusselt number; Pressure effects; Specific heat; Velocity measurement; Viscosity; Lewis factor; Lewis number; Poppe; Wet-cooling tower; Cooling towers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19044392238	Evaluation of risk factors for advanced glaucoma in Ghanaian patients	Ntim-Amponsah C.T., Amoaku W.M.K., Ewusi R.K., Idirisuriya-Khair R., Nyatepe-Coo E., Ofosu-Amaah S.	2005	Eye	19	5	10.1038/sj.eye.6701533	Ophthalmology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Academic Division of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Centre, University Hospital Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Ntim-Amponsah, C.T., Ophthalmology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Amoaku, W.M.K., Academic Division of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Centre, University Hospital Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Ewusi, R.K., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Idirisuriya-Khair, R., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Nyatepe-Coo, E., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ofosu-Amaah, S., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Purpose: This study was to determine factors associated with individuals presenting late with advanced glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Methods: A case-control study recruiting 123 patients with early features of primary open angle glaucoma (control) and 93 patients with advanced glaucoma (cases) was carried out for risk-factor analysis. Exposures of interest included those already established as major risk factors for glaucoma. These were initial intraocular pressure (IOP), age, and family history. In addition, occupation, ethnic origin, history of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sickle cell disease, and previous eye examination were of interest. Results: Univariate analysis showed that initial IOP>31mmHg, age of > 60 years, absence of family history of glaucoma, occupational grouping, ethnicity, and male sex were associated with advanced glaucoma at presentation. Adjusted odds ratio or by multiple logistic regression model showed that initial IOP>31mmHg in a patient was more likely to present with advanced glaucoma (OR 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45, 4.91; P-value 0.0017) than lower pressures. Patients aged 60-69 years (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.01, 6.31; P-value 0.0473) and 70-90 years (OR 5.16, 95% CI 1.97, 13.51; P-value 0.0008) were more likely to present with advanced glaucoma than younger ones. Conclusions: Subjects with initial IOP>31 mmHg were nearly three times more likely to present with advanced glaucoma than those with IOP<32mmHg. Subjects over the age of 60 years were more than two times likely to present with advanced glaucoma than younger subjects. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.	Advanced glaucoma; Glaucoma in black patients; Glaucoma in Ghanaian African; Glaucoma risk	adult; age; aged; anamnesis; article; case control study; clinical feature; confidence interval; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; disease activity; ethnology; family history; female; Ghana; glaucoma; human; hypertension; intraocular pressure; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; male; multiple regression; occupation; open angle glaucoma; optic nerve injury; risk factor; sickle cell anemia; visual system examination; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Case-Control Studies; Developing Countries; Female; Ghana; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Risk Factors; Sex Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19144362045	The impact of adult mortality on the living arrangements of older people in rural South Africa	Hosegood V., Timæus I.M.	2005	Ageing and Society	25	3	10.1017/S0144686X0500365X	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Hosegood, V., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Timæus, I.M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	This paper examines changes in households with older people in a northern rural area of KwaZulu Natal province, South Africa, between January 2000 and January 2002. The focus is the impact of adult deaths, especially those from AIDS, on the living arrangements of older people. The longitudinal data are from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System. In 2000, 3,657 older people (women aged 60 years or older, men 65 years or older) were resident in the area, and 3,124 households had at least one older member. The majority (87%) of older people lived in three-generation households. Households with older people were significantly poorer, more likely to be headed by a woman, and in homesteads with poorer quality infrastructure than households without older members. By January 2002, 316 (8%) of the older people in the sample had died. Of all the households with an older person, 12 per cent experienced at least one adult death from AIDS. The paper shows that older people, particularly those living alone or with children in the absence of other adults, were living in the poorest households. They were also coping with an increasing burden of young adult deaths, the majority of which were attributable to AIDS. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	Adult children; AIDS; Children; HIV; Household composition; Mortality; Older people; South Africa	elderly population; household structure; mortality; rural area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19344373478	Impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral therapy on protease and reverse transcriptase genotype: Results of a global collaboration	Kantor R., Katzenstein D.A., Efron B., Carvalho A.P., Wynhoven B., Cane P., Clarke J., Sirivichayakul S., Soares M.A., Snoeck J., Pillay C., Rudich H., Rodrigues R., Holguin A., Ariyoshi K., Bouzas M.B., Cahn P., Sugiura W., Soriano V., Brigido L.F., Gros	2005	PLoS Medicine	2	None	10.1371/journal.pmed.0020112	Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Statistics, Division of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University College London, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States	Kantor, R., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Katzenstein, D.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Efron, B., Department of Statistics, Division of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Carvalho, A.P., Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; Wynhoven, B., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Cane, P., Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Clarke, J., Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Sirivichayakul, S., Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Soares, M.A., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Snoeck, J., Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; Pillay, C., National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rudich, H., Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Rodrigues, R., Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Holguin, A., Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Ariyoshi, K., National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Bouzas, M.B., Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cahn, P., Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Sugiura, W., National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Soriano, V., Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Brigido, L.F., Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Grossman, Z., Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Morris, L., National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Vandamme, A.-M., Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; Tanuri, A., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Phanuphak, P., Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Weber, J.N., Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Pillay, D., University College London, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom; Harrigan, P.R., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Camacho, R., Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; Schapiro, J.M., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Shafer, R.W., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States	Background: The genetic differences among HIV-1 subtypes may be critical to clinical management and drug resistance surveillance as antiretroviral treatment is expanded to regions of the world where diverse non-subtype-B viruses predominate. Methods and Findings: To assess the impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral treatment on the distribution of mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase, a binomial response model using subtype and treatment as explanatory variables was used to analyze a large compiled dataset of nonsubtype-B HIV-1 sequences. Non-subtype-B sequences from 3,686 persons with well characterized antiretroviral treatment histories were analyzed in comparison to subtype B sequences from 4,769 persons. The non-subtype-B sequences included 461 with subtype A, 1,185 with C, 331 with D, 245 with F, 293 with G, 513 with CRF01_AE, and 618 with CRF02_AG. Each of the 55 known subtype B drug-resistance mutations occurred in at least one non-B isolate, and 44 (80%) of these mutations were significantly associated with antiretroviral treatment in at least one non-B subtype. Conversely, of 67 mutations found to be associated with antiretroviral therapy in at least one non-B subtype, 61 were also associated with antiretroviral therapy in subtype B isolates. Conclusion: Global surveillance and genotypic assessment of drug resistance should focus primarily on the known subtype B drug-resistance mutations. Copyright: © 2005 Kantor et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; proteinase; RNA directed DNA polymerase; antiretrovirus agent; peptide hydrolase; article; comparative study; gene mutation; gene sequence; genetic association; genetic difference; genotype phenotype correlation; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medical assessment; mutational analysis; nucleotide sequence; virus gene; virus isolation; amino acid sequence; antiviral resistance; classification; genetics; health; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; molecular genetics; pathogenicity; Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Retroviral Agents; DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Viral; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptide Hydrolases; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444377376	Phylogenetic and morphological re-evaluation of the Botryosphaeria species causing diseases of Mangifera indica	Slippers B., Johnson G.I., Crous P.W., Coutinho T.A., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J.	2005	Mycologia	97	1	None	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands	Slippers, B., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Johnson, G.I., ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Crous, P.W., Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands; Coutinho, T.A., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, B.D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Species of Botryosphaeria are among the most serious pathogens that affect mango trees and fruit. Several species occur on mangoes, and these are identified mainly on the morphology of the anamorphs. Common taxa include Dothiorella dominicana, D. mangiferae (= Natrassia mangiferae), D. aromatica and an unidentified species, Dothiorella 'long'. The genus name Dothiorella, however, is acknowledged as a synonym of Diplodia. This study aimed to characterize and name the Botryosphaeria spp. associated with disease symptoms on mangoes. To achieve this isolates representing all four Dothiorella spp. mentioned above were compared with the anamorphs of known Botryosphaeria spp., based on conidial morphology and DNA sequence data. Two genomic regions were analyzed, namely the ITS rDNA and β-tubulin regions. The morphological and molecular results confirmed that the fungi previously identified from mango as species of Dothiorella belong to Fusicoccum. Dothiorella dominicana isolates were identical to isolates of F. parvum (teleomorph = B. parva). A new epithet, namely F. mangiferum, is proposed for isolates previously treated as D. mangiferae or N. mangiferae. Isolates of D. aromatica were identified as F. aesculi (teleomorph = B. dothidea). A fourth Fusicoccum sp. also was identified as those isolates previously known as Dothiorella 'long'. A key is provided to distinguish these species based on anamorph morphology in culture. This study provides a basis for the identification of Botryosphaeria species from mango, which is important for disease control and to uphold quarantine regulations. © 2005 by The Mycological Society of America.	Conidia; Dieback; Fusicoccum; Identification; Mango; Phylogeny; Soft rot; Stem-end rot; Taxonomy	fungal DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; RNA 5.8S; tubulin; fungal disease; identification method; phylogeny; taxonomy; article; Ascomycetes; classification; DNA sequence; genetics; mango; microbiological examination; microbiology; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; pathogenicity; phylogeny; plant disease; RNA gene; species difference; ultrastructure; Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Genes, rRNA; Mangifera; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycological Typing Techniques; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Tubulin; Botryosphaeria; Botryosphaeria dothidea; Diplodia; Dothidea; Dothiorella; Fungi; Fusicoccum; Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444385244	Evaluation of the F1 and backcrosses of Nigerian local pigs and the Large White for litter characteristics in Southwest Nigeria	Oseni S.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	4	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oseni, S., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	A total of 823 farrowing records representing five genetic groups of pigs - Nigerian local pigs (NP), the Large White (LW), NPxLW, (NPxLW) xLW, and (NPxLW) xNP - were used to investigate the effect of pig genotype on litter performance under the humid tropical conditions of Southwestern Nigeria. Past data records spanning a period of 12 years (1979 - 1990) were collected from the Swine Unit of the University Research Farm, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using least squares procedures. Effects in the model included genetic group of litter, year and season of farrowing, and genetic group x season of farrowing interaction. Traits evaluated included litter sizes and weights at farrowing and at weaning, including pre-weaning viability. Results showed significant effect of genetic group for all the litter traits studied. The crossbred groups were superior in most of the litter traits studied except litter birth weight where the LW purebred group recorded the heaviest litter weights. Season of farrowing affected litter performance traits in LWxLW, NPxLW and (NPxLW)xLW groups. In terms of pre-weaning viability, litters from the (NPxLW) xLW had 13.8% and 8.0% greater liveability at 42 days than litters from purebred NP and LW respectively.	Crossbreeding; Large White; Litter traits; Nigerian local pigs; Season	Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444387573	Estimating the impact of establishing family housing on the annual risk of HIV infection in South African mining communities	Gebrekristos H.T., Resch S.C., Zuma K., Lurie M.N.	2005	Sexually Transmitted Diseases	32	6	10.1097/01.olq.0000154496.61014.10	Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Community Health, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States; 1372 Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, United States	Gebrekristos, H.T., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States, 1372 Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, United States; Resch, S.C., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Zuma, K., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Lurie, M.N., Department of Community Health, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States	Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the HIV-related epidemiologic impact of establishing family-style housing in mining communities in South Africa. Methods: Modeling sex acts as independent Bernoulli trials, the estimated impact of converting to family housing arrangements on the annual risk of HIV infection is calculated and the differential effects on migrants and their partners is explored. Results: Family housing could reduce HIV transmission among migrants and their partners in South Africa. Given baseline estimates, the predicted net reduction in the annual risk of HIV infection with family housing is 0.0254 and 0.0305 for short- and long-stay couples respectively. A reduction in the annual risk of HIV infection under family housing depends on the proportion of HIV negative concordance among couples. HIV-negative concordance among couples above 22% provides reductions in the annual risk of HIV infection under family housing. Conclusions: The results indicate that family housing could decrease HIV transmission among HIV-negative concordant couples, indicating that this policy alternative should be examined closely to assess its viability and use as a prevention method. Copyright © 2005, American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association All rights reserved.	None	article; family; female; housing; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection prevention; infection risk; male; migration; mining; policy; risk reduction; sexual behavior; South Africa; virus transmission; Disease Transmission, Horizontal; Family; Female; HIV Infections; Housing; Humans; Male; Mining; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Transients and Migrants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19544379146	Comparative reliability evaluation of lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers	Afolayan J.O., Nwaiwu C.M., Osinubi K.J.	2005	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering	23	5	10.1007/s10706-004-1199-y	Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria	Afolayan, J.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Nwaiwu, C.M., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Osinubi, K.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	A numerical investigation to determine the existence or otherwise of congruence between laboratory-based and field-based models for predicting hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay liners has been conducted. The comparisons here are based on values of the reliability index estimated with the use of the two models for cases when hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be normally and lognormally distributed. The laboratory reduced Proctor and modified Proctor compactive efforts were assumed to correspond to the lowest and highest compactor weights (165 kN and 338 kN for sheepsfoot rollers only from literature) respectively. The standard Proctor compactive effort was assumed to correspond to the mean compactor weight of 261.4 kN. Reliability estimates from the laboratory-based model were consistently higher than the corresponding values from the field-based model for each of the variables common to the two models. As laboratory samples usually involve small samples which are often unrepresentative of field situations, it is considered that reliability levels estimated with the use of the field-based model provide more realistic assessment of compacted lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers. Compactor weight of 300 kN and above may be needed for effective compaction of lateritic soil liners. Reliability-based designs of lateritic soil liners should incorporate appropriate probability distribution types for variables in the field-based model. © Springer 2005.	Compactor weights; Congruence of laboratory and field models; Hydraulic conductivity; Laboratory compactive efforts; Lateritic soil liners; Reliability index	Clay; Compaction; Hydraulic conductivity; Mathematical models; Parabolic antennas; Probability distributions; Clay liners; Hydraulic barriers; Lateritic soils; Soil liners; Soils; geotechnical engineering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19744380189	Performance evaluation of a mango stone decorticator	Jekayinfa S.O., Durowoju M.O.	2005	Nutrition and Food Science	35	2	10.1108/00346650510585903	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Jekayinfa, S.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Durowoju, M.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Purpose - In Nigeria, the mango fruits consumption rate is high during its peak period and this has always resulted in environmental sanitation problem because the mango seeds are thrown to the surroundings immediately the fruits are eaten. Finding more useful application of the kernel would be a way to reduce the environmental pollution. Mechanical decortication of the leathery mango stone remains the only viable option that can support any prospected commercial uses of the mango kernel. Design/methodology/approach - The decorticator consists of a hopper, a decorticating chamber, spiked shaft, screen shaker and discharge spout. The machine performance was evaluated in terms of decorticating efficiency, mechanical damage and sieve loss. Findings - Results of the evaluation show that the optimum performance of the decorticator was at a speed of 900rpm, feed rate of 250kg/h and power requirement of 2.50 kW. Originality/value - Mango stones are useful as substitute for maize in finishing broiler diets. The kernel is also used for medicinal purposes in moderation of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Therefore, the designed mango stone decorticator enhances the complete mechanization processes of mango products. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Food products; Fruits; Nigeria	agriculture; animal food; article; environmental sanitation; equipment design; feeding behavior; food decorticator; food intake; machine; maize; mango; Nigeria; pollution; recycling; waste disposal; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mangifera indica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944389566	Rapid measurement and evaluation of the effect of drying conditions on harpagoside content in Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) root	Joubert E., Manley M., Gray B.R., Schulz H.	2005	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	53	9	10.1021/jf047930c	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Institute for Plant Analysis, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Neuer Weg 22-23, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	Joubert, E., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Manley, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Gray, B.R., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Schulz, H., Institute for Plant Analysis, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Neuer Weg 22-23, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	The effect of drying conditions on harpagoside (HS) retention, as well as the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapid quantification of the iridoids, HS, and 8-ρ-coumaroyl harpagide (8ρCHG) and moisture, in dried Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) root was investigated. HS retention was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in sun-dried samples as compared to tunnel-dried (60 °C, 30% relative humidity) and freeze-dried samples. The best retention of HS was obtained at 50 °C when evaluating tunnel drying at dry bulb temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C and 30% relative humidity. NIRS can effectively predict moisture content with a standard error of prediction (SEP) and correlation coefficient (r) of 0.24% and 0.99, respectively. The HS and 8ρCHG NIRS calibration models established for both iridoid glucosides can be used for screening purposes to get a semiquantitative classification of devil's claw roots (for HS: SEP = 0.236%, r = 0.64; for 8ρCHG: SEP = 0.048%, r = 0.73). © 2005 American Chemical Society.	8-ρ-coumaroyl harpagide; Controlled drying; Devil's claw; Harpagophytum procumbens; Harpagoside; HPLC; Moisture content; NIRS	glycoside; harpagoside; pyran derivative; article; chemistry; comparative study; desiccation; freeze drying; Harpagophytum; methodology; pharmaceutics; plant root; sunlight; temperature; Desiccation; Freeze Drying; Glycosides; Harpagophytum; Plant Roots; Pyrans; Sunlight; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Temperature; Harpagophytum; Harpagophytum procumbens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944416234	Monitoring the oceanic flow between Africa and Antarctica: Report of the first GoodHope cruise	Ansorge I.J., Speich S., Lutjeharms J.R.E., Göni G.J., Rautenbach C.J.D.W., Froneman P.W., Rouault M., Garzoli S.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42371	None	Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; LPO/UBO UFR Sciences, 6 ave. Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France; NOAA/AOML, U.S. Department of Commerce, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Southern Ocean Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Physical Oceanography Division, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States	Ansorge, I.J., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Speich, S., LPO/UBO UFR Sciences, 6 ave. Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France; Lutjeharms, J.R.E., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Göni, G.J., NOAA/AOML, U.S. Department of Commerce, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Rautenbach, C.J.D.W., Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Froneman, P.W., Southern Ocean Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Rouault, M., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Garzoli, S., Physical Oceanography Division, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States	THE SOUTHERN OCEAN PLAYS A MAJOR role in the global oceanic circulation, as a component of the Meridional Overturning Circulation, and it is postulated that it has a great influence on present-day climate. However, our understanding of its complex three-dimensional dynamics and of the impact of its variability on the climate system is rudimentary. The newly constituted, international GoodHope research venture aims to address this knowledge gap by establishing a programme of regular observations across the Southern Ocean between the African and Antarctic continents. The objectives of this programme are fivefold: (1) to improve understanding of Indo-Atlantic inter-ocean exchanges and their impact on the global thermohaline circulation and thus on global climate change; (2) to understand in more detail the influence these exchanges have on the climate variability of the southern African subcontinent; (3) to monitor the variability of the main Southern Ocean frontal systems associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current; (4) to study air-sea exchanges and their role on the global heat budget, with particular emphasis on the intense exchanges occurring within the Agulhas Retroflection region south of South Africa, and (5) to examine the role of major frontal systems as areas of elevated biological activity and as biogeographical barriers to the distribution of plankton. We present here preliminary results on the physical and biological structure of the frontal systems using the first GoodHope transect that was completed during February-March 2004.	None	oceanic circulation; oceanic regions; Southern Ocean; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944420487	Evaluation of diagnostic PCR for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products	Gouws P.A., Liedemann I.	2005	Food Technology and Biotechnology	43	2	None	Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Gouws, P.A., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Liedemann, I., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Conventional methods for the detection of Listeria in foodstuffs are generally cumbersome and time consuming. The use of primary enrichment in 1/2 strength Fraser broth and the use of Oxford and RAPID′L. mono agars were assessed in comparison with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for their ability to accurately detect and confirm the presence of L. monocytogenes in food products. Of the 27 food samples tested, 74 % were presumptively positive for Listeria on Oxford agar, while 44 % were presumptively positive for L. monocytogenes on RAPID′L. mono. Only 37 % of samples were confirmed to be positive for L. monocytogenes by PCR amplification of the hly gene (732 bp). PCR was able to eliminate the false positives and detect all L. monocytogenes in the food products, unlike the conventional methods used in the industry. In addition to the fact that the incidence of Listeria species was higher than L. monocytogenes on selective media, there was also the presence of Listeria-like organisms. These organisms had the typical appearance of Listeria on selective media, but were non-Listeria species, as confirmed by the PCR and API Listeria (bio-Mérieux). PCR proves to be a sensitive and rapid technique to be included in the procedure of detection of L. monocytogenes in food products.	Diagnostic; Food products; Listeria monocytogenes; PCR	Diagnostic; Gram-positive pathogens; Listeria monocytogenes; PCR; Cells; Diagnosis; Diseases; Food additives; Hydrolysis; Pathology; Polymers; Microorganisms; Listeria monocytogenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944431405	Determinants of the impact of sexually transmitted infection treatment on prevention of HIV infection: A synthesis of evidence from the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka intervention trials	Korenromp E.L., White R.G., Orroth K.K., Bakker R., Kamali A., Serwadda D., Gray R.H., Grosskurth H., Habbema J.D.F., Hayes R.J.	2005	Journal of Infectious Diseases	191	SUPPL. 1	10.1086/425274	Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Med. Res. Cncl. Prog. AIDS Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Pub. Hlth., Dept. of Pop. and Fam. Hlth. Sci., Baltimore, MD, United States; HIV, TB, and Malaria Cluster, Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Dept. of Infect. and Trop. Diseases, London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Korenromp, E.L., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, HIV, TB, and Malaria Cluster, Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; White, R.G., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Orroth, K.K., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Bakker, R., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Kamali, A., Med. Res. Cncl. Prog. AIDS Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Pub. Hlth., Dept. of Pop. and Fam. Hlth. Sci., Baltimore, MD, United States; Grosskurth, H., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Habbema, J.D.F., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Hayes, R.J., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom, Dept. of Infect. and Trop. Diseases, London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Community-randomized trials in Mwanza, Tanzania, and Rakai and Masaka, Uganda, suggested that population characteristics were an important determinant of the impact of sexually transmitted infection (STI) treatment interventions on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We performed simulation modeling of HIV and STI transmission, which confirmed that the low trial impact in Rakai and Masaka could be explained by low prevalences of curable STI resulting from lower-risk sexual behavior in Uganda. The mature HIV epidemics in Uganda, with most HIV transmission occurring outside core groups with high STI rates, also contributed to the low impact on HIV incidence. Simulated impact on HIV was much greater in Mwanza, although the observed impact was larger than predicted from STI reductions, suggesting that random error also may have played some role. Of proposed alternative explanations, increasing herpetic ulceration due to HIV-related immunosuppression contributed little to the diminishing impact of antibiotic treatment during the Ugandan epidemics. The strategy of STI treatment also was unimportant, since syndromic treatment and annual mass treatment showed similar effectiveness in simulations of each trial population. In conclusion, lower-risk behavior and the mature HIV epidemic explain the limited impact of STI treatment on HIV incidence in Uganda in the 1990s. In populations with high-risk sexual behavior and high STI rates, STIs treatment interventions may contribute substantially to prevention of HIV infection.	None	antibiotic agent; antibiotic therapy; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; disease simulation; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; immunosuppressive treatment; infection risk; priority journal; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; Uganda; ulcer; virus transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gonorrhea; Herpes Genitalis; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syndrome; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044361824	Caudal fin allometry in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias: Implications for locomotory performance and ecology	Lingham-Soliar T.	2005	Naturwissenschaften	92	5	10.1007/s00114-005-0614-4	Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Lingham-Soliar, T., Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Allometric scaling analysis was employed to investigate the consequences of size evolution on hydrodynamic performance and ecology in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Discriminant analysis using the power equation y=ax b was negative for caudal fin span (S) versus fork length (FL) in C. carcharias. In contrast in two delphinid species, Delphinus capensis and Tursiops aduncus, the span of the flukes versus fork length rises in positive allometric fashion, and strong positive allometry of S versus √A (area) was also recorded. The latter reflects a high lift/drag ratio. S versus √A in C. carcharias displays negative allometry and consequently a lower lift/drag ratio. A lower aspect ratio (AR) caudal fin in C. carcharias compared to that of the delphinids (mean 3.33 and 4.1, respectively) and other thunniform swimmers provides the potential for better maneuverability and acceleration. The liver in sharks is frequently associated with a buoyancy function and was found to be positively allometric in C. carcharias. The overall findings suggest that the negatively allometric caudal fin morphometrics in C. carcharias are unlikely to have deleterious evolutionary fitness consequences for predation. On the contrary, when considered in the context of positive liver allometry in C. carcharias it is hereby suggested that buoyancy may play a dominant role in larger white sharks in permitting slow swimming while minimizing energy demands needed to prevent sinking. In contrast hydrodynamic lift is considered more important in smaller white sharks. Larger caudal fin spans and higher lift/drag ratio in smaller C. carcharias indicate greater potential for prolonged, intermediate swimming speeds and for feeding predominantly on fast-moving fish, in contrast to slow-swimming search patterns of larger individuals for predominantly large mammalian prey. Such data may provide some answers to the lifestyle and widespread habitat capabilities of this still largely mysterious animal. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	None	allometry; locomotion; morphology; shark; allometry; article; controlled study; discriminant analysis; ecology; energy metabolism; evolution; hydrodynamics; lifestyle; liver; locomotion; mammal; morphometrics; motor performance; nonhuman; predation; prey; shark; species difference; swimming; Animal Structures; Animals; Body Size; Ecosystem; Motor Activity; Sharks; Animalia; Carcharodon carcharias; Chondrichthyes; Delphinidae; Delphinus capensis; Lamnidae; Mammalia; Tursiops aduncus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044380190	Reproductive performance of fogera heifers treated with prostaglandin F2α for synchronization of oestrus	Bekana M., Gizachew A., Regassa F.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	5	10.1007/s11250-005-1862-1	Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; PO Box 150307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Bekana, M., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, PO Box 150307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gizachew, A., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Regassa, F., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	[No abstract available]	Fogera cattle; Oestrus; Prostaglandin	prostaglandin F2 alpha; animal; article; cattle; drug effect; estrus; estrus cycle; Ethiopia; female; fertility; male; methodology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; reproduction; Animals; Cattle; Dinoprost; Estrus Detection; Estrus Synchronization; Ethiopia; Female; Fertility; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Reproduction; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044390062	Reproductive disorders of crossbred dairy cows in the central highlands of Ethiopia and their effect on reproductive performance	Shiferaw Y., Tenhagen B.-A., Bekana M., Kassa T.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	5	10.1007/s11250-005-7050-5	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Free University of Berlin, Clinic for Reproduction, Section of Production Medicine and Quality Management, Koenigsweg 65, Hs 27, 14163 Berlin, Germany	Shiferaw, Y., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tenhagen, B.-A., Free University of Berlin, Clinic for Reproduction, Section of Production Medicine and Quality Management, Koenigsweg 65, Hs 27, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Bekana, M., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Kassa, T., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia	The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop-livestock production system (38.6%.) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (> 3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems. © 2005 Springer.	Crossbred cattle; Ethiopia; Reproductive disorders; Reproductive performance	anestrus; animal; animal disease; article; body constitution; cattle; cattle disease; comparative study; cross breeding; dairying; Ethiopia; female; lactation; methodology; pathophysiology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; puerperal disorder; puerperium; reproduction; risk factor; time; Anestrus; Animals; Body Constitution; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Crosses, Genetic; Dairying; Ethiopia; Female; Lactation; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Puerperal Disorders; Reproduction; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20144361977	Valuing the impacts of climate change on protected areas in Africa	Velarde S.J., Malhi Y., Moran D., Wright J., Hussain S.	2005	Ecological Economics	53	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.07.024	Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom	Velarde, S.J., Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Malhi, Y., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Moran, D., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Wright, J., Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Hussain, S., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom	This study quantifies the economic costs of climate change impacts on protected areas in Africa. Downscaled results from four Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are used to classify different ecosystems in accordance with the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) system. A benefits transfer approach is then used to place an economic value on the predicted ecosystem shifts resulting from climate change in protected areas. The results provide approximations for the impacts on biodiversity in Africa under the "business-as-usual" scenario established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the middle and end of the 21st century. The geographical analysis shows that there are twenty HLZs in Africa and all of them are represented in the protected area network. Three of these HLZs do not change in extent as a result of climate change. Assuming initially that the willingness to pay (WTP) values and the preferences for different ecosystem services remain constant, three of the GCM models show an (undiscounted) negative economic impact of climate change for protected areas in Africa for the year 2100. The worst-case damage scenario totals USD 74.5 million by 2100. However, the model for the year 2065 shows a higher undiscounted value than the present. The finding of positive net impacts from warming is consistent with the predictions of other macro models that show potential gains from warming scenarios. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	African protected areas; Benefits transfer; Climate change; Ecosystem shifts; Holdridge life zones	climate change; economic impact; environmental impact; protected area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20144371727	Impact of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation on an alluvial soil in south eastern Botswana	Aweto A.O., Moleele N.M.	2005	International Journal of Environmental Studies	62	2	10.1080/0020723042000275141	Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana	Aweto, A.O., Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Moleele, N.M., Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana	This paper examines the impact of a 33-year plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on an alluvial soil in Gaborone, south eastern Botswana, by comparing the soil under the plantation with similar soil under an adjoining native savanna woodland dominated by Acacia karoo. Soil clay content was significantly higher in the plantation soil in both the 0-10cm and 10-20cm layers. There were no significant differences between soil under the two ecosystems with respect to the levels of organic matter, exchangeable potassium and available phosphorus. Despite the higher clay contents of the plantation soil, exchangeable calcium and magnesium and pH were higher in soil under the native woodland. This suggests that E. camaldulensis immobilizes soil nutrients faster and that plantation nutrient cycles are less efficient than in the native Acacia woodland. Consequently, soil nutrient deficiency will limit plantation productivity after the first few rotations. It is important to adopt tree harvesting techniques that reduce drain on soil nutrients at the end of a plantation rotation. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	Acacia karoo; Botswana; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Savanna; Soil nutrients	Clay; Ecosystems; Hardwoods; Harvesting; Phosphorus; Alluvial soil; Organic matters; Soil nutrient; Woodlands; Soils; Clay; Ecosystems; Eucalyptus; Harvesting; Phosphorus; Soil; Acacia; Eucalyptus camaldulensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344392413	Cycling time trial performance during different phases of the menstrual cycle	Oosthuyse T., Bosch A.N., Jackson S.	2005	European Journal of Applied Physiology	94	3	10.1007/s00421-005-1324-5	School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Oosthuyse, T., School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; Bosch, A.N., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Jackson, S., Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Submaximal exercise performance has not previously been assessed in the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which is associated with a pre-ovulatory surge in oestrogen. Therefore, we compared cycling time trial performance during the early follicular (EF), late follicular (LF) and mid-luteal (ML) phase of the menstrual cycle in trained and untrained eumenorrhoeic women who cycled 30 and 15 km, respectively, in a non-fasted state. The women completed the three cycling time trials on a conventional racing bicycle mounted on an air-braked ergometer. We required resting oestrogen to increase by at least twofold above EF phase values in both the LF and ML phases and this resulted in a number of exclusions reducing the sample size of each group. No significant difference was noted in the finishing time between the different menstrual phases in trained (n = 5) or untrained (n = 8) group, albeit limited by sample size. However, analysis of the combined trained and untrained group data (n = 13) revealed a trend for a faster finishing time (P=0.027) in the LF phase compared to the EF phase as 73% of the subjects showed improvements with an average of 5.2±2.9% (or 2.1±1.1 min) in the LF phase (for α=0.05 requires P < 0.017). Combined group analysis yielded no difference between performance in the EF and ML phase or between the LF and ML phase. Thus, further research is encouraged to confirm the tendency for a faster time trial in the LF phase, which coincides with the pre-ovulatory surge in oestrogen. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	Endurance performance; Eumenorrhoeic women; Ovarian hormones	estrogen; luteinizing hormone; adult; article; bicycle ergometry; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; estrogen blood level; exercise; female; follicular phase; heart rate; human; human experiment; luteal phase; luteinizing hormone blood level; menstrual cycle; normal human; oxygen consumption; physical capacity; priority journal; progesterone blood level; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Adult; Bicycling; Estrogens; Exercise Test; Female; Follicular Phase; Humans; Luteal Phase; Menstrual Cycle; Physical Education and Training; Task Performance and Analysis; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344395331	The impact of acid rain deposition resulting from natural gas flaring on the socio-economic life of the people of Afiesere community, in Nigeria's Niger delta	Oghenejoboh K.M.	2005	Journal of Industrial Pollution Control	21	1	None	Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Oghenejoboh, K.M., Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Air and rainwater analyses were carried out within Afiesere, an oil producing community in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria to acertain the deposition of acid rain resulting from gas flaring in the area. The analysis showed that the pH of rainwater some distance away from the flare was 6.13, which is less than the pH of normal rainwater, while that within the oil facilities was 6.58. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr etc) and anions (SOx, NOx, Co etc) in the air were considerably low. However, the presence of extra H+ in the rainwater through diffusional effect of trans-atmospheric aerosol and other gaseous pollutants from the gas flare results in acid rain. The physical effects of acid rain are evident in the deteriorating health conditions and general economic life of the inhabitants of the community. © Enviromedia Printed in India. All rights reserved.	Acid rain; Anions; Atmosphere; Cations; Emission; Gas flaring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344400117	Determination of midazolam and its major metabolite 1′- hydroxymidazolam by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in plasma from children	Muchohi S.N., Ward S.A., Preston L., Newton C.R.J.C., Edwards G., Kokwaro G.O.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	821	1	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.015	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Ward, S.A., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Preston, L., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	We have developed a sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) for the simultaneous quantification of midazolam (MDZ) and its major metabolite, 1′-hydroxymidazolam (1′-OHM) in a small volume (200 μl) of human plasma. Midazolam, 1′-OHM and 1′-chlordiazepoxide (internal standard) were extracted from alkalinised (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase HyPURITY™ Elite C18 (5 μm particle size; 100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) analytical column using an acidic (pH 2.8) mobile phase (water-acetonitrile; 75:25% (v/v) containing formic acid (0.1%, v/v)) delivered at a flow-rate of 200 μl/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode at the protonated-molecular ions [M + l] + of parent drug and metabolite. Calibration curves in spiked plasma were linear (r2 ≥ 0.99) from 15 to 600 ng/ml (MDZ) and 5-200 ng/ml (1′-OHM). The limits of detection and quantification were 2 and 5 ng/ml, respectively, for both MDZ and 1′-OHM. The mean relative recoveries at 40 and 600 ng/ml (MDZ) were 79.4 ± 3.1% (n = 6) and 84.2 ± 4.7% (n = 8), respectively; for 1′-OHM at 30 and 200 ng/ml the values were 89.9 ± 7.2% (n = 6) and 86.9 ± 5.6% (n = 8), respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for MDZ were less than 8%, and for 1′-OHM were less than 13%. There was no interference from other commonly used antimalarials, antipyretic drugs and antibiotics. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of MDZ and 1′-OHM in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of MDZ either intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly (i.m.). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	1′-Hydroxymidazolam; Midazolam; Pharmacokinetics in children	Assays; Drug products; Ionization; Mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Solvent extraction; Antimalarials; Electrospray ionization (ESI); Midazolam; Protonated molecular ions; High performance liquid chromatography; 1' chlordiazepoxide; alpha hydroxymidazolam; analgesic agent; antibiotic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; ceftriaxone; chloramphenicol; chlordiazepoxide; chloroquine; cycloguanil; deethylchloroquine; midazolam; midazolam maleate; paracetamol; penicillin G; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; unclassified drug; accuracy; alkalinity; analytic method; anticonvulsant activity; antimalarial activity; article; blood sampling; child; controlled study; device; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; electrospray mass spectrometry; high performance liquid chromatography; human; liquid liquid extraction; malaria; priority journal; reliability; seizure; Anticonvulsants; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Midazolam; Reproducibility of Results; Seizures; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444428729	Chronic cough in primary health care attendees, Harare, Zimbabwe: Diagnosis and impact of HIV infection	Munyati S.S., Dhoba T., Makanza E.D., Mungofa S., Wellington M., Mutsvangwa J., Gwanzura L., Hakim J., Nyakabau M., Mason P.R., Robertson V., Rusakaniko S., Butterworth A.E., Corbett E.L.	2005	Clinical Infectious Diseases	40	12	10.1086/429912	National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Munyati, S.S., National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Dhoba, T., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Makanza, E.D., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mungofa, S., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Wellington, M., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutsvangwa, J., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gwanzura, L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hakim, J., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyakabau, M., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mason, P.R., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, V., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rusakaniko, S., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Butterworth, A.E., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Corbett, E.L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Background. Cough lasting for ≥3 weeks (i.e., chronic cough) indicates that a patient has suspected tuberculosis (TB). At the primary health care level, the spectrum of disease that causes chronic cough has not been previously investigated in a setting with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods. A total of 544 adults with chronic cough were recruited systematically from 2 primary health care clinics, and they were evaluated using preset first- and second-line investigations and diagnostic case definitions. Results. The overall prevalence of HIV infection among the study cohort was 83%. TB was the most common diagnosis, with 207 HIV-positive patients (46%) and 27 HIV-negative patients (30%) having confirmed or probable TB. Of these, 145 HIV-positive patients with TB (70%) and 20 HIV-negative patients with TB (74%) had smear-positive cases of TB. Only 17 HIV-positive and 2 HIV-negative patients had smear-negative but culture-positive cases of TB. Lower respiratory tract infections (n = 178; HIV prevalence, 79%) and pneumonia (n = 87; HIV prevalence, 89%) were the next most common diagnoses. Asthma (n = 26; HIV prevalence, 46%), posttuberculous disease and other fibrotic lung disease (n = 34; HIV prevalence, 88%), and cardiac disease (n = 15; HIV prevalence, 93%) were more common than were Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and cryptococcosis (n = 8 and n = 5, respectively; HIV prevalence, 100%), and we found no cases of nocardiosis or histoplasmosis. Conclusions. TB was diagnosed for 43% of patients who presented with chronic cough to primary health care clinics in Harare, with 71% having smear-positive disease. The findings of TB culture added relatively little to the findings of fluorescent microscopy of concentrated sputum specimens. The prevalence of HIV infection was high across a range of diagnoses, suggesting that an HIV test should be recommended in the initial investigation of chronic cough. © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	article; asthma; bacterium culture; chronic disease; coughing; cryptococcosis; fluorescence microscopy; heart disease; histoplasmosis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; lung fibrosis; nocardiosis; Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary health care; priority journal; sputum smear; tuberculosis; Zimbabwe; Adolescent; Adult; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Cough; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444440776	Effects of two pheromone trap densities against banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, populations and their impact on plant damage in Uganda	Tinzaara W., Gold C.S., Kagezi G.H., Dicke M., Van Huis A., Nankinga C.M., Tushemereirwe W., Ragama P.E.	2005	Journal of Applied Entomology	129	5	10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00962.x	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Tinzaara, W., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Gold, C.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kagezi, G.H., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Dicke, M., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Van Huis, A., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Nankinga, C.M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Tushemereirwe, W., National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Ragama, P.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda	An on-farm study to evaluate the effect of pheromone trap density on the population of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Col., Curculionidae) was conducted in Masaka district, Uganda. The pheromone used was Cosmolure+, a commercially available weevil aggregation pheromone. Forty-two farms were assigned to one of three treatments: 0, 4 and 8 pheromone traps/ha. Pheromone lures were changed monthly at which time the traps were moved to a different location within the stand. Adult weevil population densities were estimated by using mark and recapture methodology at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months, while damage to the banana corm was assessed at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months since the start of the experiment. Pheromone trap captures were generally low: about 10 weevils per trap per month. There were no significant differences in mean catches of C. sordidus per trap per month except for February 2002 when doubling the pheromone trap density decreased weevil catches. Although not significant, decreased efficiency was also the trend in higher trap densities over all the data sets. Doubling the number of traps increased the number of weevils caught per hectare per month from 0.4 to 0.6%. There was no significant difference in plant damage between the pheromone treatments in low-compared with high-trap densities. There were generally no significant differences in weevil populations and plant damage between pheromone-treated and control farms. Possible reasons for the low-trap efficacy in this study are discussed. © 2005 Blackwell Verlag.	Aggregation pheromone; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae; Pheromone-baited trap; Trap density	beetle; performance assessment; pest control; pest damage; pheromone trap; spacing; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Masaka District; South Buganda; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; World; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444456737	The perceptions of students and lecturers of some factors influencing academic performance at two South African universities	Fraser W., Killen R.	2005	Perspectives in Education	23	1	None	Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	Fraser, W., Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Killen, R., Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	This article presents the results of two recent empirical investigations at universities in South Africa (University of Pretoria and University of South Africa) where an attempt was made to identify the pre- and post-enrolment factors that lecturers and students perceived as having the most important influence on students' success in their university studies. The opinions of lecturers were compared with those of various groups of undergraduate students within and across the two universities. Different genders, different years of study, different home languages, different languages of instruction, and different modes of study (contact and distance education) were considered. The investigations revealed a strong level of agreement between lecturers and students concerning most factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' academic success. However, there was considerable diversity in the opinions of lecturers and students concerning the factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' failure at university. These differences were more pronounced at the distance education institution than at the contact university. At both universities the results of the studies pointed to a number of instructional practices that seem to be limiting the opportunities for students to develop the levels of understanding and insight that lecturers expect of undergraduates. The studies also showed that some students were taking counter-productive approaches to their study.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444480278	Bank privatization and performance: Empirical evidence from Nigeria	Beck T., Cull R., Jerome A.	2005	Journal of Banking and Finance	29	8-9 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.03.018	The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Beck, T., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Cull, R., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Jerome, A., Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	We assess the effect of privatization on performance in a panel of Nigerian banks for the period 1990-2001. We find evidence of performance improvement in nine banks that were privatized, which is remarkable given the inhospitable environment for true financial intermediation. Our results also suggest negative effects of the continuing minority government ownership on the performance of many Nigerian banks. Finally, our results complement aggregate indications of decreasing financial intermediation over the 1990s; banks that focused on investment in government bonds and non-lending activities enjoyed a relatively better performance. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bank performance; Bank privatization; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444503401	Asset life cycle management: Towards improving physical asset performance in the process industry	Schuman C.A., Brent A.C.	2005	International Journal of Operations and Production Management	25	6	10.1108/01443570510599728	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Schuman, C.A., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - Asset management is often one of the last options to maximise cost savings in a competitive global economy due to its intrinsic complexity, especially in many developing countries. Asset management in the process industry must consider the commissioning, operational and end-of-life phases of physical assets when commencing a design and implementation project. However, current asset management models show inefficiencies in terms of addressing life cycle costs comprehensively, as well as other aspects of sustainable development. An asset life cycle management (ALCM) model is subsequently proposed for assets in the process industry, which integrates the concepts of generic project management frameworks and systems engineering with operational reliability in order to address these inefficiencies. Design/methodology/approach - Experiences within a large petrochemical company in South Africa are used as a case study to demonstrate and discuss the different components of the proposed ALCM model. Findings - Operational reliability and systems engineering are the means to achieve optimum value from physical assets over a facility's lifetime. Thereby, activities are identified that should be completed during each stage of the project life cycle. The application of performance measurements for the operation and support stages is proposed to influence decision making in the process industry. Originality/ value - Specific issues pertaining to the ALCM model are highlighted to ensure optimal practicality and incorporation of the model with other management practices in the process industry. © Emerald Group publishing Limited.	Assets; Assets management; Maintenance; Project management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20544455616	Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise & endurance performance	Bosch A.N., Noakes T.D.	2005	Indian Journal of Medical Research	121	5	None	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa	Bosch, A.N., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	carbohydrate; glucose; insulin; article; carbohydrate intake; carbohydrate metabolism; concentration (parameters); endurance; energy consumption; energy metabolism; exercise; fatigue; glucose blood level; glycogen muscle level; glycogenolysis; human; insulin blood level; medical research; oxidation; oxygen consumption; physical activity; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Exercise; Glucose; Humans; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644441793	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. II. Stand establishment, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Seed coating is commonly used to supply fungicides and micronutrients to enhance seed quality. The primary reason for using mineral elements in seed priming is to regulate water absorption. Osmopriming and seed coating were compared for their effect on crop stand establishment, seedling chlorophyll fluorescence and seed yield in six green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ('Imbali', 'Sodwana', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua'). Three calcium salts (CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2) at five molarities (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM) were also compared as constituents of the priming solutions and seed coatings. Control seeds were not primed or coated. Osmopriming and seed coating improved crop stand establishment, reduced seedling stress as determined by chlorophyll fluorescence, and resulted in increased seed yield. However, seed coating was a better seed enhancement technique than osmopriming, regardless of calcium salt used. Both stand establishment and reduction of seedling stress were better with CaSO4 compared to CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 seed coating, which did not significantly differ. Crop yield, however, showed an equal response to CaSO4 and Ca(NO3)2), which was better than the response to CaCl2- Significant differences between cultivars were observed. However, no clear evidence was found to suggest that cultivar differences were not merely genotype related. It is suggested that the molarity of calcium salts in osmopriming and seed coating should not exceed 50 mM.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Osmopriming; Seed; Stand establishment	fungicide; seedling emergence; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644442246	Effectiveness of cattle manure and nitrogen fertilizer application on the agronomic and economic performance of maize	Nyamangara J., Mudhara M., Giller K.E.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	Nyamangara, J., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudhara, M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Giller, K.E., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	The effects of N fertilizer and aerobically composted cattle manure, applied separately or in combination, on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields and net benefits were determined over three seasons. A field experiment was established on a moderately leached sandy loam soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Manure was a poor source of N. In the first year, increase in grain yield was much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (40% and 25.1%, respectively), and a relatively smaller further increase of 17.5% was recorded for the 37.5 t ha-1 rate while there was a decrease of 3.7% for the 12.5 t ha-1 rate, when mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1. In the third season increase in grain yield was also much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (66.2% and 16%, respectively) and relatively smaller further increases were recorded when the mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1 (21.4% and 15.1%, respectively). Net benefit indications are that residual effects of cattle manure last for at least three seasons and thus farmers could apply up to 40 t ha-1 in the first season and benefit from its residual fertility in subsequent seasons. It was concluded that smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa could positively exploit the combined application of manure and N fertilizer to increase maize yield and net benefits.	Manure; N fertilizer; N mineralization; N uptake; Net benefits	agricultural economics; fertilizer application; manure; nitrogen; yield; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644465197	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. I. Cotyledonal cracking	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Cotyledonal cracking is a physiological disorder, which appears as one or a few transverse fissures across legume seed cotyledons early during seed germination or seedling emergence. The fissures hinder translocation of nutrients to the developing seedling and cause stunted seedling growth and low yield. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of calcium, applied as a seed coat or priming osmoticum, on cotyledonal cracking in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions. Seeds of six green bean cultivars ('Imbali', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Sodwana', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua') were primed or coated with CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 solutions (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM). Control seeds were not primed or coated. Dried (∼ 10% moisture content on fresh mass basis) seeds were planted in the field at three sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A significant reduction in cotyledonal cracking occurred in response to increased calcium molarity, however, no effect of the anions of the calcium salts was observed. Coated seeds performed significantly better than primed seeds with respect to reduction of cotyledonal cracking. Cultivars differed significantly in their sensitivity to cotyledonal cracking. Hence, across all sites, cultivar response to calcium treatments was also correlated to the extent of cotyledonal cracking. There were no significant differences between sites with respect to cotyledonal cracking or calcium effects. This study provided evidence that cotyledonal cracking on green beans can be alleviated by seed calcium treatment.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Priming; Seeds	seedling emergence; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20744436885	Evaluation of aluminium phosphide against house mice (Musmusculus) in Ghana	Adu-Acheampong R., Sarfo J.E., Avemegah R., Odzawo V.	2005	Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars	None	26	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana	Adu-Acheampong, R., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Sarfo, J.E., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Avemegah, R., Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana; Odzawo, V., Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana	[No abstract available]	Aluminium phosphide; Control; Gastoxin; House mice	Mus musculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20744437324	The effectiveness of media use in health education: Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS television campaign in Ethiopia	Farr A.C., Witte K., Jarato K., Menard T.	2005	Journal of Health Communication	10	3	10.1080/10810730590934244	Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States	Farr, A.C., Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States; Witte, K., Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jarato, K., Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Menard, T., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States	An effective vehicle to change behaviors is entertainment education. To demonstrate entertainment education effects, researchers must first indicate that participants have been exposed to their program. Exposure to effective programs has been associated with increases in knowledge about program topics, attitude change, and self-efficacious perceptions. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new exposure technique that accurately and precisely determines direct exposure levels to Ethiopia's Journey of Life. Overall, the study found very high listenership, storyline recall, liking of the program, and strong desire to change behavior while maintaining low error rates in terms of verbatim recall of storylines and reported listener ship to a fictitious program. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	None	accuracy; adult; article; controlled study; error; Ethiopia; female; health education; human; male; mass medium; recall; television; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Ethiopia; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Radio; Television	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442444	Impact of mass media campaigns on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant Nigerian women towards HIV/AIDS	Etuk S.J., Ekanem E.I.	2005	Tropical Doctor	35	2	10.1258/0049475054037039	Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	Etuk, S.J., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria; Ekanem, E.I., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	A total of 508 women coming for antinatal care had a structured interview about the risk factors for HIV/AIDS. While most knew about HIV and that it could be transmitted sexually, knowledge of mother-to-child transmission was poor. Only 23% knew that HIV could be transmitted by breast milk. In all, 85% would not care for a relative with AIDS.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; attitude; awareness; breast milk; female; health hazard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; mass medium; Nigeria; patient education; pregnancy; prenatal care; sexually transmitted disease; vertical transmission; Adult; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Mass Media; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442793	The impact of macroeconomic risk on asset prices in Ghana, 1997-2002	Twerefou D.K., Nimo M.K.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00111.x	Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Twerefou, D.K., Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Nimo, M.K., Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	The dwindling nature of overseas development assistance in the early part of the 1990s called for the establishment of capital markets in some African countries, including Ghana, with the view to increasing foreign direct investments and achieving sustainable inflows, growth and development. One important factor which affects the determination of prices and the growth of capital markets is macroeconomic risk which is quite high in developing countries. Following works done on advanced stock markets, this study seeks to investigate the impact of six macroeconomic risk factors on asset pricing in the various industrial classification - financial, manufacturing, food and beverages, distribution and mining under the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) for the period January 1997 to December 2002. Using the arbitrage pricing methodology developed by Ross (1976) and Chen et al. (1986), the study revealed that investors in Ghana considered three main macroeconomic risk factors - short-term interest rate risk, inflation risk and the term structure of the country's interest rate in the determination of the various industrial asset prices during the period under consideration. Analysis of the risks and returns profile of the industries also shows that financial assets made the best gains on the market. Both general and specific policy recommendations aimed at improving the performance of the GSE are explored. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	capital market; foreign direct investment; interest rate; macroeconomics; price determination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844446464	Impact of economic reforms on economics issues: A study of Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan A.M., Iyappan T., Selvam J.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00109.x	PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan, A.M., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Iyappan, T., Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Selvam, J., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	This paper is an attempt to investigate the impact of economic reforms on the economic issues in Ethiopia. Different economic issues - parameters determining the effectiveness of economic reforms - are separately discussed to measure how far Ethiopia has benefited from the reform policy. A simple and comparative analysis of various economic indicators between the pre-reform and post-reform, that is, between 1985/ 86-1991/92 and 1992/93-2001/02, reveals that those economic reforms have revamped the economy by moving its GDP from its long-standing poor record to a respectful growing state. Nevertheless, the reforms have failed in attaining other direct economic objectives, such as standard of living, external debt, trade balance deficit and current account deficit. Economic reforms have, no doubt, attracted a significant amount of private investment, but its volume started declining within the reform period and so were privatization proceeds. This study suggests that a full-fledged and committed reform is indispensable at the earliest to attaining the full benefits of reform policy. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	economic reform; Gross Domestic Product; investment; poverty; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21044432356	Improving home-based care in Southern Africa: An analysis of project evaluations	Rosenberg A., Mabude Z., Hartwig K., Rooholamini S., Oracca-Tetteh D., Merson M.	2005	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	19	None	Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rosenberg, A., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Mabude, Z., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hartwig, K., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Rooholamini, S., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Oracca-Tetteh, D., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Merson, M., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States	We describe lessons learned from independent evaluations of nine home-based care (HBC) projects in Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. Projects were funded through Bristol-Myers Squibb's Secure the Future (STF) initiative and evaluated through the STF Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (MEU) at Yale University. The objectives of this study were to: ■ Assess the management capacity of the HBC organisations reviewed, concentrating on monitoring and supervision mechanisms. ■ identify innovations in responding to the challenges of delivering care in resource-poor settings, and ■ explore the nature of linkages between HBC projects and governments. Specific strategies to assure quality are discussed, as are policy changes necessary to provide system-wide improvements in quality and the integration of HBC. These are particularly important as governments seek ways to use existing resources to make antiretroviral (ARV) roll-outs successful.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; caregiver; drug industry; government; health care access; health care delivery; health care management; health care organization; health care planning; health care policy; health care quality; health care system; health program; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Lesotho; medical assessment; resource allocation; South Africa; Swaziland	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244432664	Impact of refined petroleum spills on water quality, macro-invertebrate and microbial communities of a tropical aquatic environment	Chukwu L.O., Nwachukwu S.C.U.	2005	Journal of Environmental Biology	26	3	None	Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Chukwu, L.O., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, S.C.U., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Water quality characteristics, benthic macro-invertebrates and microbial communities of three first order streams in South West Nigeria were investigated to assess the effects of refined petroleum five months after spillage. All physical and chemical conditions except temperature and pH were significantly different (P<0.01) at the upstream control stations and impacted stations reflecting the perturbational stress. The benthic macro-invertebrate fauna were dominated by arthropods, but the faunal spectrum was dissimilar at all the stations studied. Sampling stations at the epicentre of the spill showed considerable reduction in faunal compositions and relative abundance. Generally, the microbial density and diversity were highest in both soil and water samples from impacted sites than in control sites. There was a significantly higher proportion (P < 0.05) of hydrocarbon utilizers in soil than in water samples in all stations except in samples from stations (P<0.05).	Petroleum spill; Toxicity; Tropical river	hydrocarbon; petroleum; petroleum; water quality; aquatic environment; arthropod; article; benthos; controlled study; environmental impact assessment; fauna; macroinvertebrate; microbial diversity; microflora; Nigeria; nonhuman; oil spill; physical chemistry; soil; stream (river); tropics; water quality; water sampling; Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Disasters; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Invertebrates; Iron; Nigeria; Petroleum; Population Dynamics; Seawater; Soil Microbiology; Sulfur; Temperature; Water Microbiology; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Arthropoda; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244483602	Long-term integrated soil fertility management in South-western Nigeria: Crop performance and impact on the soil fertility status	Vanlauwe B., Diels J., Sanginga N., Merckx R.	2005	Plant and Soil	273	02-Jan	10.1007/s11104-005-0194-2	Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Vanlauwe, B., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Merckx, R., Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Crop response, tree biomass production and changes in soil fertility characteristics were monitored in a long-term (1986-2002) alley-cropping trial in Ibadan, Nigeria. The systems included two alley cropping systems with Leucaena leucocephala and Senna siamea on the one hand and a control (no-trees) system on the other hand, all cropped annually with a maize-cowpea rotation. All systems had a plus and minus fertilizer treatment. Over the years, the annual biomass return through tree prunings declined steadily, but more drastically for Leucaena than for Senna. In 2002, the nitrogen contribution from Leucaena residues stabilized at about 200 kg N/ha/year, while the corresponding value for Senna was about 160 kg N/ha/year. On average, the four Leucaena prunings were more equal in biomass as well as in amounts of N, P and cations, while the first Sennapruning was always contributing up to 60% of the annual biomass or nutrient return. Maize crop yields declined steadily in all treatments, but the least so in the Senna + fertilizer treatment where in 2002 still 2.2 tonnes/ha of maize were obtained. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was usually higher in the Senna treatment compared to the control or the Leucaena treatment. Added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer N and organic matter additions were observed only for the Sennatreatment and only in the last 6 years. At all other times, they remained absent or were even negative in the Leucaenatreatments for the first 3 years. Most chemical soil fertility parameters decreased in all the treatments, but less so in the alley cropping systems. The presence of trees had a positive effect on remaining carbon stocks, while they were reduced compared to the 1986 data. Trees had a positive effect on the maintenance of exchangeable cations in the top soil. Exchangeable Ca, Mg and K - and hence ECEC - were only slightly reduced after 16 years of cropping in the tree-based systems, and even increased in the Senna treatments. In the control treatments, values for all these parameters reduced to 50% or less of the original values after 16 years. All the above points to the Senna-based alley system with fertilizers as the more resilient one. This is reflected in all soil fertility parameters, in added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer nitrogen and organic residue application and in a more stable maize yield over the years, averaging 2.8 tonnes/ha with maximal deviations from the average not exceeding 21%. © Springer 2005.	Added benefits; Alley cropping; Leucaena leucocephala; Maize; Nitrogen use efficiency; Senna siamea	alley cropping; biomass; crop performance; fertilizer application; soil fertility; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Leucaena; Leucaena leucocephala; Senna; Senna siamea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21444456142	Cross-national performance of the RAPS4/RAPS4-QF for tolerance and heavy drinking: Data from 13 countries	Cherpitel C.J., Ye Y., Bond J., Borges G., Cremonte M., Marais S., Poznyak V., Sovinova H., Moskalewicz J., Swiatkiewicz G.	2005	Journal of Studies on Alcohol	66	3	None	Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; National Institute of Psychiatry, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland	Cherpitel, C.J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Ye, Y., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Bond, J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Borges, G., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National Institute of Psychiatry, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Cremonte, M., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Marais, S., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Poznyak, V., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Sovinova, H., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Moskalewicz, J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Swiatkiewicz, G., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland	Objective: There are little data available on the performance of brief screening instruments for alcohol-use disorders cross-nationally; therefore, we analyzed the performance of one such instrument in a number of countries. Method: Performance of the RAPS4 for tolerance and the RAPS4-QF for heavy drinking are analyzed from emergency room data across 13 countries included in the combined Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP) and the World Health Organization Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injuries, Results: The RAPS4 showed good sensitivity and specificity for tolerance across most of the countries, but was higher in countries that were higher on societal-level detrimental drinking patterns. Prevalence of tolerance was also higher in those countries with high detrimental drinking pattern scores. Sensitivity of the RAPS4-QF for heavy drinking was uniformly high across countries, while maintaining good specificity, and did not vary by detrimental drinking patterns. Conclusions: Findings suggest the RAPS4 and RAPS4-QF may hold promise cross-nationally. Future research should more fully address the performance of brief screening instruments for alcohol-use disorders (using standard diagnostic criteria) cross-nationally, with consideration of the impact of societal drinking patterns.	None	alcohol; adult; alcohol consumption; alcoholism; article; diagnostic accuracy; drinking behavior; emergency ward; human; screening test; Alcoholism; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; International Cooperation; Mass Screening; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21544456925	The impact of incident and prevalent herpes simplex virus-2 infection on the incidence of HIV-1 infection among commercial sex workers in South Africa	Ramjee G., Williams B., Gouws E., Van Dyck E., De Deken B., Karim S.A.	2005	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	39	3	10.1097/01.qai.0000144445.44518.ea	HIV-1 Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Natal, Durban, South Africa; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; 16 rue de la Canonnière, 1202 Genève 27, Switzerland	Ramjee, G., HIV-1 Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Williams, B., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland, 16 rue de la Canonnière, 1202 Genève 27, Switzerland; Gouws, E., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland; Van Dyck, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; De Deken, B., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Karim, S.A., University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States	This study investigated the impact of prevalent and incident HSV-2 infection on the incidence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of female commercial sex workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Prior to a vaginal microbicide trial, 416 women were screened for antibodies to HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections and a questionnaire was used to establish behavioral, social, and demographic characteristics. A total of 187 HIV-1-seronegative women were followed up at monthly intervals when blood was drawn and used to detect HIV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies. The median duration of follow-up was 2.2 years. At screening 50% of the women were HIV-1 seropositive and 84% were HSV-2 seropositive. The hazards of HIV-1 among women who were HSV-2 seropositive or seronegative throughout, or among those who seroconverted during the study, were not significantly different. When HSV-2 seroconversion was analyzed as a time-dependent covariate, the hazard ratio for HIV-1 seroconversion was 6.0 (95% CI: 2.6-14.0) times greater among women with incident than among women with prevalent HSV-2 infections. Drawing on other recent studies these data suggest that incident HSV-2 infection increases the risk of HIV-1 infection; the effect wanes with time since infection; and the effect is significantly greater for men than it is for women. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	AIDS; Herpes simplex virus; HIV; Incidence; Sex worker; South Africa	herpes simplex virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; unclassified drug; virus antibody; adult; antibody detection; article; clinical article; cohort analysis; female; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection risk; male; prevalence; priority journal; prostitution; seroprevalence; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Middle Aged; Nonoxynol; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostitution; Risk Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21544477256	Quantitative determination of the group of flavonoids and saponins from the extracts of the seeds of Glinus lotoides and tablet formulation thereof by high-performance liquid chromatography	Endale A., Kammerer B., Gebre-Mariam T., Schmidt P.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography A	1083	42371	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.095	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 45, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Endale, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Kammerer, B., Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 45, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Gebre-Mariam, T., Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schmidt, P.C., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany	The total flavonoids and saponins of the seeds of Glinus lotoides in the crude extracts and tablet formulation thereof were quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods with UV detection. The saponins were analyzed after acid hydrolysis in 3 M HCl at 100°C for 1 h. Vicenin-2 and mollugogenol B were isolated and used as reference substances for the quantification of total flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The identity and purity (&gt;97%) of the standards were confirmed by spectroscopic (UV, MS, and NMR) and chromatographic (HPLC) methods. The flavonoids and saponins of the crude extract of the seeds and tablet formulation were separated by RP-HPLC (Nucleosil RP-18 column, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) using linear gradient elution systems of acetonitrile-water-0.1 M H3PO4 for flavonoids and methanol-water for saponins. Satisfactory separation of the compounds was obtained in less than 30 and 25 min, for the flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The methods were validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). Repeatability (inter- and intra-day, n = 6 and 9, respectively) showed less than 2% relative standard deviation (RSD). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.075 and 0.225 mg/mL, respectively, for vicenin-2 and 0.027 and 0.082 mg/100 mL, respectively, for mollugogenol B. The content of flavonoids and saponins of six single tablets was between 95 and 103% for flavonoids and 94-98% for saponins. The validated HPLC methods were employed to standardize a fingerprint of a laboratory produced purified extract, which could be used as a secondary standard for the routine quality control. Accordingly, the purified extract was found to contain 21.3% flavonoids (vicenin-2, 10%) and 25.4% saponins (glinuside G, 14.2%). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Glinus lotoides; Glinuside G; Mollugogenol B; Quantitative determination; RP-HPLC; Vicenin-2	Acetonitrile; Aromatic compounds; Extraction; Hydrolysis; Mass spectrometry; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Purification; Seed; Ultraviolet radiation; Ultraviolet spectroscopy; Crude extracts; Limits of detection (LOD); Limits of quantification (LOQ); Relative standard deviation (RSD); Tablet formulation; High performance liquid chromatography; acetonitrile; flavonoid; Glinus lotoides extract; glinuside G; hydrochloric acid; methanol; mollugogenol B; plant extract; saponin derivative; unclassified drug; vicenin 2; vitexin 2'' o glucoside; water; analytical equipment; article; drug purity; elution; glinus lotoides; high performance liquid chromatography; hydrolysis; mass spectrometry; medicinal plant; nuclear magnetic resonance; plant seed; priority journal; quality control; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; separation technique; standard; tablet formulation; temperature; ultraviolet radiation; ultraviolet spectroscopy; validation process; Apigenin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Molluginaceae; Reference Standards; Saponins; Seeds; Tablets; Extractives; Flavonoids; Liquid Chromatography; Saponins; Seeds; Ultraviolet Radiation; Glinus lotoides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21644441914	Performance of Pullet chicks fed graded levels of Raw Bambarra groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc) offal diets as replacement for Soybean meal and Maize	Amaefule K.U., Osuagwu F.M.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	5	None	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Osuagwu, F.M., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	One hundred and eighty day-old Lohmann brown pullet chicks were used to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal and maize with Bambarra groundnut offal (BGO) in pullet chick diets. The experiments were in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments, each replicated three times, with nine pullets per replicate. The inclusion levels of BGO in the diets were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Parameters measured were daily weight gain, final live weight at 8th weeks, daily feed and protein intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, mortality and feed cost. The result showed that the performance of chicks fed diet containing 5% BGO did not differ significantly (P&gt;0.05) from that of the control. Pullets fed 10, 15, 20 and 25% BGO diets showed no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in their daily weight gain and final live weight. Pullets fed 20% BGO diet had significantly lower feed intake than others. The inclusion of Bambara groundnut offal in the diets significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the cost per kg of feed. The conclusion was that the BGO could be a valuable feedstuff in pullet chick diets which could be included up to 5% of the pullet diet.	Bambarra groundnut offal; Diets; Performance; Pullet chicks	Arachis hypogaea; Bambara; Glycine max; Vigna subterranea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21744451534	Evaluation of subjectively assessed nodule traits of ostrich skins as influenced by slaughter age	Van Schalkwyk S.J., Cloete S.W.P., Hoffman L.C., Meyer A.	2005	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	35	1	None	Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa	Van Schalkwyk, S.J., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Cloete, S.W.P., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Meyer, A., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa	Ostrich skins (n = 214) were assessed by 28 participants involved in the ostrich leather production and marketing chain. The participants were from various sectors in the ostrich industry, including producers, skin graders, leather marketers, agents and process managers. Skins were evaluated during two occasions, firstly without any knowledge of slaughter age and thereafter with prior knowledge of slaughter age. Nodule acceptability and distribution for each skin were scored on a linear scale of 1 to 10. Slaughter age, as estimated by the participants during the first evaluation, was regressed on the actual age of the birds at slaughter. The derived regression indicated that actual slaughter age accounted for approximately 46% of the variation found in estimated slaughter age. Nodule acceptability scores generally increased with slaughter age. Average scores of at least moderately acceptability were found only in skins from birds slaughtered at 11 months of age and older. A corresponding trend with increase in slaughter age was found for nodule distribution scores. Between skin variance ratios were comparatively low for nodule acceptability (0.09-0.10, depending on prior knowledge of slaughter age or not) and nodule distribution (0.05-0.06). The between scorer variance ratio was generally higher, exceeding 0.35. Scores for nodule acceptability with or without prior knowledge of the age of individual skins at slaughter were essentially the same, as judged from a near unity covariance ratio between individual skins. A similar trend was observed for nodule distribution score. The need for practical methods for the objective assessment of the acceptability of nodules and ostrich leather quality was expressed. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Linear scale; Nodule acceptability; Nodule distribution; Repeatability	Aves; Struthio camelus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21844462077	Demographic features, beliefs and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris among its sufferers in two towns in Nigeria	Ikaraoha C.I., Taylor G.O.L., Anetor J.I., Igwe C.U., Ukaegbu Q.O., Nwobu G.O., Mokogwu A.T.H.	2005	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	4	1	None	Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambros	Ikaraoha, C.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University, Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Nigeria; Taylor, G.O.L., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Anetor, J.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Igwe, C.U., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukaegbu, Q.O., Divine Touch Clinical Laboratory, Research Centre, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Nwobu, G.O., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Mokogwu, A.T.H., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	There is paucity of reports in the demographic knowledge, belief and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris sufferers towards the disorder in a black population. This is the first study from Nigeria designed to address this issue. A total of 174 facial acne sufferers completed a self-administered questionnaire, which contained several items mentioning different areas in their belief, knowledge, perception, severity, sociopsychological impact and medication attention. The findings were discussed and compared to those of the Caucasians. The occurrence of the disorder was higher in females (65.0%) compared to the males (35.0%). About 54.0% of the female subjects indicated increase in severity of the disorder during their pre-menstrual period. Also 64.9% of acne sufferers indicated increase in severity during the rainy season, while 93.1% of the population implicated stress to perpetuate the severity of the disorder. Most (75.7%) of the acne sufferers believed that it is caused by oily diet, 40.8% thought that it is hereditary, while barely 5.2% had at sometime sought doctor's attention. Non-prescription products used by acne sufferers were cleansers and cream/lotions. Psychological abnormalities experienced by the sufferers included social inhibition, depression and anxiety. Pain and discomfort are the psychomatic symptoms. No major differences were found in the beliefs, misconception and socio-psychological impact of acne sufferers in a black population (Nigeria) compared to the Caucasians. There is need to improve the understanding of the disorder in Nigeria through health education programmes.	Acne vulgaris; Beliefs; Nigeria; Perceptions; Severity	acne vulgaris; adult; anxiety; article; Caucasian; demography; depression; disease severity; female; genetic disorder; health education; human; incidence; lipid diet; male; menstrual cycle; Negro; Nigeria; perception; population research; prevalence; psychosomatic disorder; puberty; questionnaire; race difference; seasonal variation; sex difference; sex ratio; social isolation; social psychology; stress	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144440169	Developing a competence framework and evaluation tool for primary care nursing in South Africa	Strasser S., London L., Kortenbout E.	2005	Education for Health	18	2	10.1080/13576280500145615	Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Nursing, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; 4702 Tahoe Circle, Martinez, CA 94553, United States	Strasser, S., Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 4702 Tahoe Circle, Martinez, CA 94553, United States; London, L., Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kortenbout, E., Department of Nursing, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Context: Nurses provide the bulk of primary care services in South Africa. Post-apartheid health legislation envisions the provision of comprehensive primary services at all public clinics, which implies the need for a cadre of primary care nurses able to render such services. Objectives: To identify core competencies of clinic nurses and develop an evaluation tool for primary care nursing in South Africa. Methods: The descriptive and exploratory techniques used included two meetings of a reference group of South African primary care professionals, followed by a consensus-building exercise. Using the Delphi technique expert opinion was solicited from South Africa, Canada and the USA. Findings: The reference group meetings yielded a list of nine core competencies. Infrastructure issues, such as the supermarket (one-stop shopping) approach to service delivery, communication and transport systems, and the quality of supervision still cause concern. These issues underscore that competence cannot be measured in a vacuum. Input from Delphi participants affirmed the nine core competencies and the need to assess the impact of core competency training. One possible way to measure the nine core competencies would be to use proxy indicators. Discussion/Conclusions: Identifying core competencies is a complex process. There is a need to process a wide range of views and ideas. Also, balancing academic concerns with service delivery needs and constraints is an ongoing challenge. A potential limitation of the Delphi technique is participant selection bias and fatigue. Accessing a diverse international panel and making numerous follow up attempts via phone, mail and email were used to attempt to ameliorate these inherent limitations. Although the process is cumbersome, providing "experts" with a venue to wrestle with these ideas can be fruitful. Future studies would help to assess the reliability of the findings. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	Competence; Nursing; Primary care; Training	article; competence; controlled study; health care delivery; health care personnel; health care quality; human; medical profession; nursing; nursing education; primary medical care; priority journal; professional practice; professional standard; reliability; South Africa; Clinical Competence; Community Health Nursing; Delphi Technique; Guidelines; Humans; Nursing Evaluation Research; Primary Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144449944	The performance of Orma Boran and Maasai Zebu crossbreeds in a trypanosomosis endemic area of Nguruman, south western Kenya	Maichomo M.W., Ndung'u J.M., Ngare P.M., Ole-Mapenay I.M.	2005	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	72	1	None	Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Maichomo, M.W., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ndung'u, J.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ngare, P.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ole-Mapenay, I.M., University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Studies on the trypanotolerance of Orma Boran X Maasai Zebu (Orma Zebu) crossbred cattle (F1 progeny) and pure-bred Maasai Zebu contemporaries were carried out in Nguruman, south western Kenya. The two groups were monitored from birth for a period of 2 years. The incidence of trypanosomosis, parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), body mass and average daily mass gain were monitored. During the study period, overall trypanosomosis incidence was low (3%). The crossbred cattle had a higher incidence of infection (61% vs 39%). The mean PCV and mean mass gain for the crossbred cattle was higher than that of the Maasai Zebu. The mean calf body mass at weaning (8 months) for the Orma Zebu and Maasai Zebu was 72 kg and 64 kg, respectively, while at 18 months of age their mean body mass was 164 kg and 123 kg, respectively. During the rainy season significant differences in average daily mass gains were noted (P&lt;0.05). The superior mass gain of the Orma Zebu observed during the rainy season, despite higher infection rates, indicate an enhanced trypanotolerance. Moreover, the better performance of the Orma Zebu is an attribute that could be exploited in the adoption of the trypanotolerance genotype, as a sustainable trypanosomosis control strategy.	Cattle; Maasai Zebu; Orma Boran; Orma Zebu; Productivity; Trypanotolerance	animal; animal disease; article; breeding; cattle; cattle disease; cross breeding; female; genetic predisposition; genetics; growth, development and aging; hematocrit; Kenya; male; prevalence; season; weight gain; Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Crosses, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hematocrit; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Seasons; Trypanosomiasis, Bovine; Weight Gain; Bos indicus; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144479818	Technical article: A fuzzy-logic-based approach to cleaner production evaluation for surface finishing plants	Telukdarie A., Brouckaert C., Huang Y.	2005	Plating and Surface Finishing	92	5	None	Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban Institute of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States	Telukdarie, A., Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban Institute of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Brouckaert, C., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Huang, Y., Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States	The evaluation of environmental cleanliness of an electroplating facility, as compared to the best available practice, has been a challenge, particularly in small or mid-sized plants. This is mainly due to the fact that the detailed plant data necessary for evaluation is always difficult to obtain completely and precisely. To alleviate the data-scarce and lack-of-skill related problems in environmental performance evaluation for cleaner production, a fuzzy-logic-based decision analysis approach is introduced in this paper. The attractiveness of the approach is illustrated by the analysis of rinse system management. The approach is general and thus is suitable for any type of environmental cleanliness problems in the electroplating industry.	None	Clean rooms; Decision theory; Evaluation; Fuzzy sets; Metal cleaning; Metal finishing; Plating; Production engineering; Waste management; Waste treatment; Cleaner production evaluation; Electroplating industry; Fuzzy logic based approach; Rinse system management; Surface finishing plants; Electroplating shops	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22344457990	Evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes for multiple resistance to angular and floury leaf spot diseases	Lemessa F., Tesfaye A.	2005	Tropical Science	45	2	10.1002/ts.50	Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany	Lemessa, F., Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Tesfaye, A., Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia	Angular leaf spot and floury leaf spot are the major bean diseases in hot and humid parts of Ethiopia. Of 70 genotypes evaluated, EMP-233, EMP-212, G-10843 and Dicta-65 were consistently resistant to both diseases and the first three were also high yielding. For angular leaf spot, disease severity was positively correlated with seed size and 100-seed weight.	Bean; Leaf spot; Multiple resistance; Phaseolus vulgaris	Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22344458038	Non-standard finite-difference methods for vibro-impact problems	Dumont Y., Lubuma J.M.-S.	2005	Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences	461	2058	10.1098/rspa.2004.1425	IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Dumont, Y., IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; Lubuma, J.M.-S., IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Impact oscillators are non-smooth systems with such complex behaviours that their numerical treatment by traditional methods is not always successful. We design non-standard finite-difference schemes in which the intrinsic qualitative parameters of the system - the restitution coefficient, the oscillation frequency and the structure of the nonlinear terms - are suitably incorporated. The schemes obtained are unconditionally stable and replicate a number of important physical properties of the involved oscillator system such as the conservation of energy between two consecutive impact times. Numerical examples, including the Duffing oscillator that develops a chaotic behaviour for some positions of the obstacle, are presented. It is observed that the cpu times of computation are of the same order for both the standard and the non-standard schemes. © 2005 The Royal Society.	Energy-preserving schemes; Impact oscillators; Non-smooth mechanics; Non-standard finite-difference method; Qualitative stability; Vibro-impact scheme	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22444440988	Synthesis and evaluation of metal-ligand complexes for selective olefin solubilization in reactive solvents	Wentink A.E., Kuipers N.J.M., De Haan A.B., Scholtz J., Mulder H.	2005	Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research	44	13	10.1021/ie0487890	Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa	Wentink, A.E., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Kuipers, N.J.M., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; De Haan, A.B., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Scholtz, J., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands, Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa; Mulder, H., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands, Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa	The separation of 1-hexene from Fischer-Tropsch streams is an expensive and difficult separation because of the low relative volatilities encountered. Applying metal-ligand complexes, which π-complex olefins, can increase the selectivity and capacity of these separations. In this paper, potential metal-ligand combinations are screened for this purpose using ethylene as the olefin. Ethylene solubility measurements with the metal-ligand complexes show a qualitative relationship between the stability and ability of the metal-ligand complex. The ligands LIX 26 (a hydroxyquinoline) and LEX 54 (a diketone) do not easily extract silver, and the resulting metalligand complex is unstable as silver precipitates. In contrast, Cyanex 301 and 302, thiophosphoric acids, easily extract silver and are very stable, but here the silver ion no longer forms π complexes. The ligands, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, result in a stable metal-ligand complex that can also selectively complex ethylene relative to ethane. © 2005 American Chemical Society.	None	Ethane; Olefins; Phosphoric acid; Precipitation (chemical); Separation; Silver; Solubility; Solvents; Ethylene solubility; Fischer-Tropsch streams; Metal-ligand complexes; Selectivity; Complexation; solvent	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22444447492	Breeding efficiency, lifetime lactation and calving performance of Friesian-Boran crossbred cows at Cheffa farm, Ethiopia	Goshu G.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	7	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Goshu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Records of 602 cows maintained at Cheffa farm from 1976 to 1997 were used to analyze the variables breeding efficiency, herd life, and effective productive herd life, number of parity completed, number of calves produced and lifetime milk yield. The fixed factors considered were four levels of Friesian inheritance, three levels of season of birth or calving, nine levels of parity and 21 levels of year. General Linear Model was used to estimate the effect of independent factors. The overall mean for breeding efficiency was 66.3±0.49 and affected significantly (P&lt;0.001) by all factors. The overall mean for herd life and effective productive herd life were 2858±57.3 and 1301±47.6 days, respectively. Level of Friesian inheritance and year of birth effected significantly (P&lt;0.001) both traits. The overall mean for initiated parity and number of calves produced were 4.23±0.12 and 3.58±0.13, respectively and affected (P&lt;0.001) by level of inheritance and birth year of the cow but not by season of birth. Lifetime milk yield was 12749±483kg and significantly affected (P&lt;0.001) by level of inheritance and year of birth. Season of birth did not affect the trait significantly. The study showed that the F1 and 3/4Friesian inheritance cows had performed better than 15/16 groups. Breeding efficiency and lifetime productivity can be improved by placing efficient reproduction, feeding and health management at the farm.	Breeding efficiency; Cattle; Crossbreeds; Herd life; Season	Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544436439	Contextual factors at the school and classroom level related to pupils' performance in mathematics in South Africa	Howie S.J.	2005	Educational Research and Evaluation	11	2	10.1080/13803610500110703	Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Howie, S.J., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	South African pupils performed well below the TIMSS international average in 1995 and 1999 and significantly below all other countries (including the other African countries) in the 1999 study. Path analysis, namely Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, was applied to the South African TIMSS-R data to explore the effect of contextual factors at school level and classroom level within South African schools on the aggregated pupils' performance in mathematics. The results from the combined school- and classroom-level model revealed a relationship between the location of the schools, teachers' attitudes and beliefs, teaching load, lesson planning, and class size; all of which had direct effects on the South African pupils' aggregated performance in mathematics and in total explained 27% of the variance in the mathematics scores. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544463371	Critical evaluation of two models for entrepreneurial education: An improved model through integration	Pretorius M., Nieman G., Van Vuuren J.	2005	International Journal of Educational Management	19	5	10.1108/09513540510607743	Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Pretorius, M., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Nieman, G., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Van Vuuren, J., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - This paper focuses on the comparison of two models for entrepreneurial education with the aim of potential integration. At this juncture when entrepreneurial development is seen as the core contributor to enhance start-ups of new ventures and hence facilitate economic growth and development, the best possible education model is required. The creation of more entrepreneurs is at least partially dependent on the creation and advancement of efficient educational models. Design/methodology/approach - First, this paper briefly describes the two independently developed models for entrepreneurial education. Second, an in-depth qualitative analysis of the individual model constructs is presented to evaluate the contributions and limitations of each. Third, this paper proposes an integrated model that identifies certain weaknesses of each of its building-blocks, which are eliminated by the integration. Findings - The paper concludes that the integrated model for entrepreneurial education enhances the body of knowledge and highlights the key role of facilitators of entrepreneurial education programmes. Originality/value - Suggests that research should be conducted into the facilitation skills, entrepreneurial and business experience of existing facilitators and potentially those of business advisers that act as mentors. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Educational development; Entrepreneurialism; Training	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544475944	Effect of constant photoperiods on the laying performance of broiler breeders allowed conventional or accelerated growth	Lewis P.D., Backhouse D., Gous R.M.	2005	Journal of Agricultural Science	143	1	10.1017/S0021859605005010	Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom	Lewis, P.D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa, Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom; Backhouse, D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	An experiment was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal to assess the effect of constant photoperiods on sexual maturity and egg-laying performance in broiler breeders given two levels of control-feeding during the rearing phase. Cobb broiler breeder females were grown to reach 2.1 kg body weight at 17 or 21 weeks, and maintained on 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 16-h photoperiods from 2 days to 68 weeks of age. There were no significant interactions between photoperiod and growth rate for any production parameter. The time required reaching 2.1 kg increased proportionally with photoperiod but, because of delayed sexual development, birds on longer photoperiods consumed more feed to, and were heavier at, sexual maturity than shorter daylengths. The longer-photoperiod birds also had inferior rates of lay in the first half of the cycle, but superior in the second, which, together with the photoperiodic effects on maturity, resulted in birds on 11, 13 or 14 h producing most eggs to 68 weeks, and those on 16 h fewest. It is possible that the pattern of egg production was due to some of the birds on ≥ 13-h photoperiods becoming photorefractory, having a mid-cycle pause, and then spontaneously resuming egg production in the latter half of the cycle. However, a hinge-analysis of current and other data to the more usual depletion age of 60 weeks showed that the combined effects of photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production resulted in constant 10-h birds producing the highest number of eggs, with numbers decreasing by 3.6 eggs/h of photoperiod above the hinge and 7.8 eggs/h of photoperiod below it. Mean egg weight increased by 0.4 g/h of photoperiod, but the proportion of abnormally large and floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were unaffected by daylength. For each photoperiod, accelerated growth resulted in body weights being heavier than controls at sexual maturity, despite the mean age at maturity being 10 days earlier for the faster-growing birds. Body weights for the two growth groups were not significantly different at 68 weeks. Faster-growth birds consumed 1 kg less feed to 2.1 kg body weight, but 1.3 kg more feed to sexual maturity and 2.7 kg more to 68 weeks, and produced 6 more eggs than, but had similar patterns of egg production to, the conventionally managed controls. Mean egg weight, the proportion of floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were similar for both groups. Notwithstanding that the overall production of abnormally large eggs was low (1.1 eggs per bird); the faster-growing birds produced significantly more than the controls. Egg weight was positively influenced by age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity and photoperiod, but was unaffected by rate of growth to 2.1 kg per se. These findings show that there are differences between broiler breeders and egg-type pullets in their response to constant photoperiods. It is likely that the factors responsible for these differences, particularly in terms of sexual development, are the exhibition of photorefractoriness by, and the retardational effects of controlled feeding on, broiler breeders. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	photoperiod; poultry; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22644443519	The impact of immigration on health systems: A legal analysis from a three-country perspective	Blum J., Carstens P., Talib N.	2005	Medicine and Law	24	2	None	Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Blum, J., Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States; Carstens, P., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Talib, N., University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	The focus of this paper will be on how health care systems in three countries, Malaysia, South Africa and the United States, are responding to the health needs of immigrants with a strong focus on the legal aspects of the respective national responses. The Malaysia portion emphasizes legal immigration and analyses as to how the country's Ministry of Health and the delivery system itself is responding to the demands of immigrant's health. In the context of South Africa, the paper explores implications of the South African Constitution, which establishes a right to access health care, and explores whether such a right can be extended to non-citizens, or can be tempered by economic constraints. In the American discussion the focus is on whether publicly supported health care programs can be accessed to provide coverage for undocumented residents, and highlights recent constraints in using government monies in this area. © Yozmot 2005.	Health care resources; Immigration; Malaysia; South Africa; United States of America	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; budget; economic aspect; emergency health service; government; health care access; health care delivery; health care facility; health care need; health care policy; health care system; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; immigrant; immigration; legal aspect; malaria; Malaysia; medicaid; refugee; resource allocation; South Africa; tuberculosis; United States; Health Care and Public Health; Delivery of Health Care; Emigration and Immigration; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Malaysia; South Africa; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22744456563	Tryptic digests of sorghum malt sprouts: Evaluation of their stimulatory roles during very-high-gravity ethanol fermentation	Ezeogu L.I., Okolo B.N., Ogbonna J.C.	2005	Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists	63	3	10.1094/ASBCJ-63-0121	Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Ezeogu, L.I., Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Okolo, B.N., Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ogbonna, J.C., Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan	Tryptic digests of sprouts from two Nigerian sorghum cultivars were evaluated for their effects on very-high-gravity-fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae WY1006. Yeast growth, fermentation vigor, and ethanol production were considerably (P &lt; 0.05) enhanced by small amounts (1.25 to 6.25 g/L) of digests. CO2 emission rates after 24 hr were 48.3 to 69.2 mg/hr (Local White [TDSS-LW] digest) and 67.1 to 89.2 mg/hr (Local Red [TDSS-LR] digest) compared with 41.3 mg/hr in the unsupplemented control. Yeast growth increased 1.6- to 2.0- and 1.7- to 2.2-fold, respectively with TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR. At 83.7 to 105.0 and 102.0 to 128.8 g/L, respectively, TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR supported significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher ethanol production than did the control (64.0 g/L). Final ethanol values with TDSS-LR were always (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those with TDSS-LW, but very comparable with values from yeast extract-supplemented media (105.9 to 137.5 g/L). Sprout digest concentrations supporting maximum ethanol production were 5.0 and 3.75 g/L, respectively for TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR. At 3.75 g/L or below, more ethanol was produced by yeast in media with TDSS-LR than was observed in corresponding yeast extract-containing media. Results suggest that tryptic digests of sorghum sprouts can serve as viable alternatives to expensive yeast extract in ethanologenic fermentation. © 2005 American Society of Brewing Chemists, Inc.	Ethanol production; Fermentation vigor; Supplementation; Yeast growth	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22844440929	Impact of Iron Duke Pyrite Mine on water chemistry and aquatic life - Mazowe Valley, Zimbabwe	Ravengai S., Love D., Love I., Gratwicke B., Mandingaisa O., Owen R.J.S.	2005	Water SA	31	2	None	Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho; Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Ravengai, S., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, I., Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho, Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gratwicke, B., National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mandingaisa, O., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Owen, R.J.S., Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Iron Duke Mine is the only active pyrite mine in Zimbabwe, and has been in operation since the 1940s. Its location in the multiple-use upper catchment of the Mazowe Valley is strategic in terms of water resource management. The mine disposes of its highly acidic wastewater into two evaporation ponds on the north-eastern side of the mine. This has led to acidification of the groundwater to a pH of about 2 near the evaporation ponds as well as contamination with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn and SO4 2-. The pH gradually increases in a north-westerly direction, but much faster towards the west and south-west. Water samples taken from the Yellow Jacket River, which runs through the mine premises, indicated that the upper part of the river was not contaminated with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn or SO4 2- and had a neutral pH. However, where the river cuts through gossans and passes adjacent to the mine waste dump and the seepage zone from the evaporation ponds, the water quality deteriorates. The symptoms are a reduction in pH of river water from 7 to about 4 and the precipitation of complex iron hydroxy-sulphates known as "yellow boy" on the streambed. Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, and Zn concentrations are also elevated here. This poor water quality persisted downstream until the confluence with the Mazowe River where the acidic waters were diluted, and the pH returned to 7. The poor water quality in the Yellow Jacket River is related to an overall reduction in the diversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates and fish downstream of the mine until the confluence with the Mazowe River.	Acid mine drainage; Aquatic ecosystems; Water chemistry; Water pollution	Catchments; Evaporation; Groundwater; pH effects; Ponding; Wastewater; Aquatic life; Mine wastes; Water chemistry; Water resources; acid mine drainage; mine waste; water quality; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22844444824	The interaction of aging and 10 years of racing on ultraendurance running performance	Rae D.E., Bosch A.N., Collins M., Lambert M.I.	2005	Journal of Aging and Physical Activity	13	2	None	Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa	Rae, D.E., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Bosch, A.N., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Collins, M., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa	The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between aging and 10 years of racing in endurance runners. Race-time data from 194 runners who had completed 10 consecutive 56-km ultramarathons were obtained. The runners were either 20.5 ± 0.7, 30.0 ± 1.0, 39.9 ± 0.9, or 49.4 ± 1.0 years old at their first race. Each runner's race speed was determined for each race over the 10 years. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and independent t tests and showed that performance improved and declined at greater rates for younger runners; younger runners had a greater capacity for improvement than older runners; ≈4 years were required to reach peak racing speed, regardless of age; it was not possible to compete at peak speed for more than a few years; and the combined effects of 10 years of aging and racing neither improve nor worsen net performance. In conclusion, these data suggest that although these runners showed similar patterns of change in race speed over a 10-year period, the extent of change in performance was greater in younger than in older runners. © 2005, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.	Age groups; Longitudinal; Speed; Ultramarathon	age distribution; aged; aging; analysis of variance; article; controlled study; data analysis; endurance; female; human; male; physical performance; running; statistical analysis; adult; age; middle aged; physiology; running; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Endurance; Running	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22944465096	Snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group aquifer systems with a case study of the Kommissiekraal River catchment South Africa	Wu Y., Xu Y.	2005	Water SA	31	3	None	Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Wu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Xu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Snowmelt in the mountainous areas of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) in South Africa is believed to be one of sources of groundwater recharge in some winter seasons. This paper provides a scientific assessment of snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group Aquifer Systems for the first time. Snowfall periodically occurs on the highest mountain ranges of about 1 000 to 1 200 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l) in the TMG area. Snow over the mountainous catchments is often observed on the gentle side of the slope, which is substantially affected by wind and vegetation. Based on climatic analysis, recharge processes and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) images, the recharge areas influenced by snowmelt in the TMG are identified as those catchments that are located above 1 000 m a.m.s.l. Physical processes within the snowpack are very complex involving mass and energy balances as well as heat and mass transport. Snowmelt rate was calculated using a variable degree-day melt factor determined as a function of snowpack density and vegetation cover. The hourly snowmelt rates estimated with different new snow density models. Groundwater recharge from snowmelt is affected by snowmelt mechanisms and local recharge conditions. The recharge rate is constrained by characteristics of the fractures rather than snowmelt rate. Recharge is also discounted due to prevailing interflow occurring in favourite geomorphological locations. This hypothesis is confirmed by an infiltration experiment in which up to 13.6% of the infiltrating water can recharge the aquifer. The estimated snowmelt recharge in the Kommissiekraal River catchment in the Villiersdorp of South Africa ranges from 14.1 ℓ·s-1 to 15.0 ℓ·s -1.	ETM image; Kommissiekraal River catchment; Recharge; Snowmelt; TMG	Aquifers; Geomorphology; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Rivers; Snow; Vegetation; Wind; Enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) images; Snow density; South Africa; Table mountain group (TMG); Groundwater; groundwater; infiltration; recharge; snowmelt; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044449491	Line-start performance of single-phase synchronous reluctance motor with controlled capacitor	Obe E.S., Ojo O.	2005	IEE Proceedings: Electric Power Applications	152	4	10.1049/ip-epa:20055208	Laboratory of Power Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre for Energy System Research, Laboratory for Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Cooker	Obe, E.S., Laboratory of Power Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ojo, O., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre for Energy System Research, Laboratory for Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Cookerille, TN 38501, United States	This paper reports the effect of values of starting and synchronisation (running) capacitors on the line-start performance of a single-phase cage-rotor synchronous reluctance motor. The d-q rotor reference frame dynamic equations were used to select the values of capacitors best suited for starting and running and it is shown that for a near-instantaneous starting, the capacitances should be varied (within the selected peaks) in line with the machine speed error. One single three-terminal capacitor device controlled by speed error signal is found to be very useful in realising a faster acceleration than obtainable with conventional and other known methods. Peak torque pulsations and current drawn by the main winding were found to be reduced, suggesting a more efficient motor drive performance. Simulated and experimental results bear a resemblance. © IEE, 2005.	None	Capacitance; Capacitors; Magnetization; Synchronization; Synchronous motors; Torque; Auxiliary windings; Electromagnetic torque; Error signals; Torque pulsations; Reluctance motors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044449510	The ultrastructure of the peri-articular osteophytes - An evaluation by scanning electron microscopy	Alonge T.O., Rooney P., Oni O.O.A.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Unite	Alonge, T.O., Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Rooney, P., Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Oni, O.O.A., University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom	Objective: Osteophytes are intra-articular osteochondral tissues, which are usually found at the margins of degenerating synovial joints. The aetiology or pathogenesis of this tissue has been a subject of protracted debate. The aim of this study was to offer a possible aetiology and or pathogenesis of this expendable yet important osteochondral tissue using the scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the structure of the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the relationship of this mantle with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Methods: Sections of periarticular osteophytes and osteophyte-normal articular cartilage composite tissues were obtained during total knee replacement for osteoarthritis (OA). These sections were routinely processed and examined using the scanning electron microscope with emphasis on the osteophytic cartilage mantle and the merger of the osteophyte and the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Results: The cartilage mantle of osteophytes was found to be thinner but continuous with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. However, a longitudinal bar of acellular tissue was found to separate the subchondral bones of both tissues. The cellular (chondrocyte) arrangement in the osteophytic cartilage was similar to that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. In addition, in the superficial layer, there was looping of collagen fibres between the normal articular cartilage mantle and that of the osteophytic tissues. Conclusion: The continuity between the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the adjoining normal articular cartilage may suggest that in the formation of osteophytes, the chondrocytes from the adjoining normal articular cartilage greatly influence the mesenchymal tissue precursor of osteophyte to differentiate along a chondrocytic pathway initially. With subsequent vascular invasion probably from the periosteum, the neocartilage develops a bony core with a completely separate blood supply from that of the adjoining subchondral bone.	Cartilage mantle; Critical point drying scanning electron microscope; Osteoarthritis; Osteophyte	collagen; article; articular cartilage; cell differentiation; cell proliferation; cell structure; controlled study; histopathology; human; human cell; knee osteoarthritis; osteophyte; pathophysiology; scanning electron microscopy; synovium; total knee replacement; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Cartilage, Articular; Chondrocytes; Femur Head; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Osteoarthritis, Knee	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044452978	Risk of nosocomial bacteria transmission: Evaluation of cleaning methods of probes used for routine ultrasonography	Bello T.O., Taiwo S.S., Oparinde D.P., Hassan W.O., Amure J.O.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teachin	Bello, T.O., Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Taiwo, S.S., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Oparinde, D.P., Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Hassan, W.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Amure, J.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria	Background: There exists a small but definite risk of nosocomial infection transmission attributable to ultrasonography probes and coupling gels. Objective: Our objective was to ascertain whether the current method of probe disinfection in between patients is adequate to prevent cross infection, and to determine the best and safest method of probe disinfection applicable during routine ultrasonography in our institution. Materials and method: Forty consecutive patients sent for routine ultrasonography at the Radiology Department of our institution in the month of January 2004 were studied. Each patient had a standardized ultrasound scan of the abdomen, after which swabs were taken from the surface of the unclean probe and after probe disinfection by single and double paper wipe cleaning method. The swabs were cultured on Blood agar to determine the characteristics of the colony forming units (CFU). Result: Forty four bacterial isolates were recovered from 37 patients who cultured positive, with MRSA constituting 36.4 %, MRCONS 22.7 %, MSSA 13.6 %, MSCONS 13.6 %, Klebsiella spp 9.1 % and Proteus mirabilis 4.6 %. The average CFU transmitted by the unclean probe was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that transmitted by the probe after single or double paper wipe. Also, the average CFU transmitted following single and double paper wipe, in the inpatients was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the outpatients. Conclusion: Single paper wipe is adequate for outpatients, but for inpatients, especially those with high risk of cross infection, double paper wipe is preferred with probe thoroughly wiped until visibly clean.	Nosocomial infection; US probes	article; bacterial colonization; bacterial infection; bacterium isolate; cleaning; clinical article; clinical protocol; coagulase negative Staphylococcus; colony forming unit; controlled study; culture medium; disease transmission; disinfection; echography; hospital hygiene; hospital infection; human; infection risk; instrument sterilization; Klebsiella; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Proteus mirabilis; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Abdomen; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Disinfection; Equipment Contamination; Gels; Humans; Nigeria; Radiology Department, Hospital; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044501807	Screenhouse evaluation of atrazine for soil residual activity on growth, development and nutritional quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) in southwestern Nigeria	Aladesanwa R.D.	2005	Crop Protection	24	10	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.022	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Aladesanwa, R.D., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Atrazine is still by far the most widely used herbicide for selective weed control in maize in southwestern Nigeria following which vegetable crops may be sown to 'catch' remaining moisture under rainfed multiple cropping. This study examined under screenhouse conditions the effects of soil residual activity of atrazine at the recommended dose of 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 on the growth, development and nutritional quality of okra at intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after treatment (WAT). Results indicated that atrazine significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced plant height, total crop leaf area, and pod fresh weight in all the herbicide treatments relative to the control, but leaf number remained unaffected. Plant height, among other yield and nutritional quality indices, was found to be linearly and positively correlated with time interval between atrazine applications (P≤0.001; r=+0.98). The results of proximate analysis and determination of Vitamin C content of matured okra pods showed significant reductions in the levels of protein, fat, ash, crude fibre, carbohydrate, Vitamin C, calcium, iron, and moisture content in all the treatments involving atrazine application compared with control. It was concluded that okra should not be sown after maize in which atrazine has been used in order to avoid crop injury and reduced yield of pods with low nutritional value. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Maize; Soil residual activity	herbicide; weed control; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23144457110	Evaluation of protein degradation characteristics and metabolisable protein of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and locally available protein supplements	Kabi F., Bareeba F.B., Havrevoll Ø., Mpofu I.D.T.	2005	Livestock Production Science	95	42371	10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.12.013	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Kabi, F., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Bareeba, F.B., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Havrevoll, Ø., Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway; Mpofu, I.D.T., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Degradation characteristics of crude protein (CP) and metabolisable protein (MP) of feeds for early-weaned, growing and finishing beef bulls were evaluated in three experiments. Feeds in experiment 1 were fresh elephant grass (FEG) and molasses supplemented with sweet potato vines (SPV) in diet 1, supplemental (GCM) compounded from gliricidia, cottonseed cake (CSC), maize bran and NaCl in diet 2 and a commercial concentrate (CC) in diet 3. Feeds in experiment 2 were basal maize stover mixed with molasses (MSM) and FEG supplemented with SPV in diet 1, GCM in diet 2 and CC in diet 3. In experiment 3, MSM and FEG were supplemented with compounded supplemental protein feeds with varying levels of gliricidia inclusion. Supplemental (GM) containing gliricidia, maize bran and NaCl were used in diet 1, GCM in diet 2 and supplemental (CM) containing CSC, maize bran and NaCl in diet 3. Degradabilities of experimental feeds were measured at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h by the nylon bag technique using two rumen fistulated steers (300±10 kg). Effective CP degradabilities of FEG in the three experiments varied (P&lt;0.05) with the supplements. In experiment 1, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements varied (P&lt;0.05) from 668.3 g kg-1 CP in CC to 722.1 g kg-1 CP in SPV and 743.7 g kg-1 CP in GCM. Effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), digestible udegradable protein (DUP) and MP varied (P&lt;0.05) among the supplements. In experiment 2, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements did not vary but ERDP varied (P&lt;0.05) from 83.7 g kg-1 CP in SPV to 116.6 g kg-1 CP in GCM and 123.8 g kg-1 CP in CC and MP followed similar trends. In experiment 3, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements decreased (P&lt;0.05) with increasing gliricidia inclusion. ERDP increased (P&lt;0.05) with lower gliricidia while DUP varied (P&lt;0.05) from 18.2 g kg-1 CP in CM to 23.6 g kg-1 CP in GCM and 36.6 g kg-1 CP in GM. These data have shown that the majority of locally available feeds evaluated in this study are not similar in CP degradation characteristics and MP but compounded GCM is more suitable in providing degradable and undegradable protein for beef bulls in Uganda. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cottonseed cake; Degradability; Fresh elephant grass; Gliricidia; Metabolisable protein; Supplemental protein; Sweet potato vines	Gliricidia; Ipomoea batatas; Micropus; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Swinepox virus (STRAIN KASZA); Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23344435343	Performance of the CardioChek™ PA and Cholestech LDX® point-of-care analysers compared to clinical diagnostic laboratory methods for the measurement of lipids	Panz V.R., Raal F.J., Paiker J., Immelman R., Miles H.	2005	Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa	16	2	None	Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Panz, V.R., Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Raal, F.J., Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paiker, J., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Immelman, R., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Miles, H., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Point-of-care (POC) blood testing is intended to provide results more rapidly than can be obtained from a central laboratory. Precision and accuracy of the CardioChek PA and Cholestech LDX analysers were compared to clinical diagnostic laboratory methods. In 100 patients, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured by both analysers and compared to those analysed by the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratory. Data were evaluated for conformance with National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Results were grouped into low, middle and high ranges and were similar to those obtained by the NHLS, except in the high range where TC and LDL-C levels were under-read by both analysers. All analytes measured by both analysers correlated significantly with NHLS (p < 0.0001). With the exception of LDL-C, both analysers showed reasonable compliance with NCEP goals for coefficients of variation and bias measurements. Both analysers met NCEP guidelines for all analytes at two clinical cut-off points. We concluded that, compared to NHLS methods, performance of the CardioChek PA and Cholestech LDX analysers is acceptable and that they offer healthcare professionals a rapid, POC method for the measurement of lipids.	None	high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; biological marker; lipid; analytic method; article; blood testis barrier; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; hospital information system; human; laboratory test; lipid analysis; major clinical study; triacylglycerol blood level; blood; blood examination; comparative study; diagnosis, measurement and analysis; evaluation; hyperlipoproteinemia type 2; methodology; sensitivity and specificity; Biological Markers; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Laboratory Techniques and Procedures; Lipids; Point-of-Care Systems; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23444442272	Tourism impact, distribution and development: The spatial structure of tourism in the Western Cape province of South Africa	Cornelissen S.	2005	Development Southern Africa	22	2	10.1080/03768350500163014	Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Cornelissen, S., Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The structural dimensions of a country's tourism sector, and in particular the spatial structure of tourism production and consumption, relate closely to the nature and extent of the impact that tourism can have. This article examines the spatial characteristics of tourism in the Western Cape province, one of South Africa's foremost international tourist regions, and where its government seeks to use tourism as an instrument of development and socio-economic transformation. To understand how this could be effected it is necessary to understand the spatial distributional effects of tourism, and the underlying reasons for it. To this end the article examines the spatial structure of the provincial accommodation sector as evidenced in patterns of accommodation supply and tourist usage (demand); and trends in the nature, direction and distribution of public and private-sector tourism investments. The central argument is that tourism is geographically focused, with tourist activities concentrated in a few locales and sub-regions. This follows the general demographic and economic contours of the province. Yet trends in capital investments tend to reinforce the spatial concentration of tourism. Attempts by the govemment to spread tourism's benefits have not been too successful due to institutional and capacity deficiencies. Greater emphasis should be placed on developing domestic tourism. © 2005 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	None	regional pattern; spatial analysis; structural analysis; tourist destination; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23444453371	Impact of cutting and collecting of firewood associated with informal settlement in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone	Berry M.G., Robertson B.L., Campbell E.E.	2005	South African Journal of Botany	71	2	None	Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Berry, M.G., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Robertson, B.L., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Campbell, E.E., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of wood cutting and collecting on vegetation around informal settlements in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone. Thicket and Afromontane forest vegetation were selectively sampled at Kenton-on-Sea, Port Elizabeth, Plettenberg Bay and Knysna, using a fence-line approach, in combination with transects. The floristic data were then ordinated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Certain notable changes in vegetation structure and floristics were evident. Wood cutting and collecting increased species richness, diversity and heterogeneity in thicket vegetation and it would appear that thicket tolerates current levels of utilisation. On the other hand, both species richness, diversity and heterogeneity decreased in forest near informal settlements, suggesting that forest is not adapted to cope with such impacts. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	forest ecosystem; human activity; vegetation structure; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23744470700	Bread making quality evaluation of Ethiopian wheat cultivars using direct and indirect measures of quality traits	Dessalegn T., Labuschagne M.T., Van Deventer C.S.	2005	Cereal Research Communications	33	42403	None	Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Dessalegn, T., Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Labuschagne, M.T., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Van Deventer, C.S., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The bread making quality of Ethiopian cultivars was studied using 18 quality traits at low and high protein environments. Significant variation was observed between genotypes with a broad range of milling, rheological and baking traits. Three different quality prediction models were constructed explaining 48% to 73% of the variation of mixing time and loaf volume, respectively. SDS-sedimentation alone accounted for 56% of the variation in loaf volume at the high protein environment. The variation of mixing time due to protein content alone was 37% at the low protein environment. SDS-sedimentation and mixograph mixing time were common in the three models. SDS-sedimentation, protein content and mixing time can be used as selection criteria in breeding programs where resources are limited. Hectoliter weight and grain weight also contributed to the variation of loaf volume and mixing time.	Loaf volume; Quality; Wheat	Triticum aestivum; Triticum aethiopicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844462871	Laser argon dating of melt breccias from the Siljan impact structure, Sweden: Implications for a possible relationship to Late Devonian extinction events	Reimold W.U., Kelley S.P., Sherlock S.C., Henkel H., Koeberl C.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	4	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Division of Engineering Geology and Geophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 72, SE 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kelley, S.P., Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Sherlock, S.C., Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Henkel, H., Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Division of Engineering Geology and Geophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 72, SE 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	In earlier studies, the 65-75 km diameter Siljan impact structure in Sweden has been linked to the Late Devonian mass extinction event. The Siljan impact event has previously been dated by K-Ar and Ar-Ar chronology at 342-368 Ma, with the commonly quoted age being 362.7 ± 2.2 Ma (2 σ, recalculated using currently accepted decay constants). Until recently, the accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian boundary and associated extinction event was 364 Ma, which is within error limits of this earlier Siljan age. Here we report new Ar-Ar ages extracted by laser spot and laser step heating techniques for several melt breccia samples from Siljan (interpreted to be impact melt breccia). The analytical results show some scatter, which is greater in samples with more extensive alteration; these samples generally yield younger ages. The two samples with the least alteration yield the most reproducible weighted mean ages: one yielded a laser spot age of 377.2 ± 2.5 Ma (95% confidence limits) and the other yielded both a laser spot age of 376.1 ± 2.8 Ma (95% confidence limits) and a laser stepped heating plateau age over 70.6% 39Ar release of 377.5 ± 2.4 Ma (2 σ). Our conservative estimate for the age of Siljan is 377 ± 2 Ma (95% confidence limits), which is significantly different from both the previously accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary and the previously quoted age of Siljan. However, the age of the F/F boundary has recently been revised to 374.5 ± 2.6 Ma by the International Commission for Stratigraphy, which is, within error, the same as our new age. However, the currently available age data are not proof that there was a connection between the Siljan impact event and the F/F boundary extinction. This new result highlights the dual problems of dating meteorite impacts where fine-grained melt rocks are often all that can be isotopically dated, and constraining the absolute age of biostratigraphic boundaries, which can only be constrained by age extrapolation. Further work is required to develop and improve the terrestrial impact age record and test whether or not the terrestrial impact flux increased significantly at certain times, perhaps resulting in major extinction events in Earth's biostratigraphic record. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	breccia; Devonian; geochronology; impact structure; mass extinction; Dalarna; Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Europe; Northern Europe; Scandinavia; Siljan Ring; Sweden; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844464755	Pharmacological screening and evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of Croton zambesicus against Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice	Okokon J.E., Ofodum K.C., Ajibesin K.K., Danladi B., Gamaniel K.S.	2005	Indian Journal of Pharmacology	37	4	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, National Institute for	Okokon, J.E., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Ofodum, K.C., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Ajibesin, K.K., Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Danladi, B., Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Gamaniel, K.S., Department of Pharmacology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria	Objective: To evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of leaf extract of Croton zambesicus on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice and to confirm its traditional use as a malarial remedy in Africa. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic leaf extract of Croton zambesicus (50-200 mg/kg) was screened for blood schizontocidal activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. The schizontocidal activity during early and established infections as well as the repository activity were investigated. Results: The extract demonstrated a dose-dependent chemosuppression or schizontocidal effect during early and in established infections, and also had repository activity. The activity was lower than that of the standard drugs (chloroquine 5 mg/kg, pyrimethamine 1.2 mg/kg/day). Conclusion: The leaf extract possesses considerable antiplasmodial activity, which can be exploited in malaria therapy.	Malaria; Schizontocide	chloroquine; croton zambesicus extract; plant extract; pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; croton zambesicus; drug activity; drug screening; female; malaria; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; phytochemistry; Plasmodium berghei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844464835	The impact of health on poverty: Evidence from the south African integrated family survey	Godlonton S., Keswell M.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	1	None	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Godlonton, S., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Keswell, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of health status on poverty status, accounting for the endogeneity of health status. Using exogenous measures of health status from the South African Integrated Health Survey, we instrument for health status while allowing for covariation among the unobservables influencing both health and household poverty status. Health status, as captured by the body mass index, is shown to strongly influence poverty status. Households that contain more unhealthy individuals are 60 per cent more likely to be income poor than households that contain fewer unhealthy individuals, and this finding appears invariant to the choice of poverty line. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	Economic development; Health production; Poverty	health status; health survey; income; poverty determinant; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844514816	Field evaluation of root rot disease and relationship between disease severity and yield in cassava	Onyeka T.J., Dixon A.G.O., Ekpo E.J.A.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	3	10.1017/S0014479705002668	Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Unité de Recherche en Productions Végétales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe	Onyeka, T.J., Unité de Recherche en Productions Végétales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe; Dixon, A.G.O.; Ekpo, E.J.A., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Reports of cassava root rot disease from different African countries have increased in recent times. Field studies were conducted from July 1998 to October 1999 to determine a reproducible disease assessment method that would allow the comparison of results from different locations and an evaluation of the relationship between disease severity and root yield. Single point disease assessments at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after planting (MAP) were compared to multiple points assessment based on the area under a disease progress curve (AUDPC). Single point assessments at 12 and 15 MAP, and the AUDPC identified continuous variation (p ≤ 0.01) among the genotypes. However, a consistent result across trials was obtained only with the assessment based on AUDPC. Root dry yield (DYLD) at 15 MAP showed a strong negative correlation with AUDPC (r = -0.74). Regression analysis also confirmed the negative relationship between yield and root rot severity. The five genotypes compared were separated into resistant (91/02324, 30572 and 92/0427) and susceptible (92/0057 and TME-1) groups. It was concluded that root rot disease may cause significant yield loss; however, the magnitude of the yield loss will depend on the susceptibility of the cassava genotype. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844552375	Damage, deterioration and the long-term structural performance of cooling-tower shells: A survey of developments over the past 50 years	Bamu P.C., Zingoni A.	2005	Engineering Structures	27	12 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.04.020	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Bamu, P.C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa; Zingoni, A., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	The last 50 years have seen a gradual shift in trend in research on concrete hyperbolic cooling-tower shells, from the issues of response to short-term loading and immediate causes of collapse in the early part of this period, to the issues of deterioration phenomena, durability and long-term performance in more recent times. This paper traces these developments. After a revisit of some historical collapses of cooling-tower shells, and a brief consideration of condition surveys and repair programmes instituted in the aftermath of these events, focus shifts to the important question of damage and deterioration, and progress made over the past 30 years in the understanding of these phenomena. In particular, much research has gone into the modelling of cracking and geometric imperfections, which have a considerable effect on the load-carrying capacity of the shell, and are also manifestations of long-term deterioration. While structural monitoring of the progression of deterioration in cooling-tower shells, and the accurate prediction of this through appropriate numerical models, will always be important, the thinking now seems to be shifting towards designing for durability right from the outset. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Concrete cracking; Cooling towers; Damage modelling; Deterioration phenomena; Durability; Long-term performance; Shell imperfections; Shell structures	Cooling towers; Crack initiation; Defects; Deterioration; Durability; Mathematical models; Performance; Reinforced concrete; Concrete cracking; Cooling tower shells; Damage modelling; Deterioration phenomena; Long term performance; Shell imperfections; Shells (structures); structural analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944469924	An evaluation of library automation in some Ghanaian university libraries	Amekuedee J.-O.	2005	Electronic Library	23	4	10.1108/02640470510611508	Balme Library, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway	Amekuedee, J.-O., Balme Library, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway	Purpose - The study was undertaken to find out which library processes have been automated in Ghana's three older public university libraries namely, the Balme Library, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Library and the University of Cape Coast (UCC) Library. Design/methodology/approach - Using data obtained through the use of questionnaires, the study examined areas of general automation, automation of specific library processes, networking, internet connectivity, training, and major constraints to library automation. Findings - The study found out that even though the university libraries realize the importance of library automation, they are hampered by lack of funds, lack of support from the university administrations, and lack of skilled staff to embark on automation of all library processes. It was also revealed that none of the libraries have on OPAC (online public access catalogue). Originality/value - The study concludes with recommendations that would enhance the university libraries drive towards automation of their library processes and ensure effective and efficient use of the new technology to raise the image of the libraries and give their library clients more services. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Automation; Ghana; Internet; Libraries; Universities	Developing countries; Information technology; Internet; Office automation; Online searching; Statistical methods; Ghana; Online public access catalogue; University libraries; Digital libraries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944479221	The impact of the use of energy sources on the quality of life of poor communities	Martins J.	2005	Social Indicators Research	72	3	10.1007/s11205-004-5583-z	Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Martins, J., Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Over the last few decades, the energy literature has been dominated by a theory of transition. The theory of transition is based on the notion that households gradually ascend an 'energy ladder', which begins with traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal), moves through modern commercial fuels (kerosene and liquid petroleum gas (LPG)) and culminates with the advent of electricity. The ascent of the 'energy body', though not fully understood, is thought to be associated with rising income and increasing levels of urbanisation. Empirical evidence on energy and poverty issues has been to suggest that reality is rather more complex than the simple transitional theory would appear to suggest. To choose an appropriate set of indicators to measure the impact of electrification, this paper takes three basic different perspectives on human welfare, namely, basic needs, monetary, and non-monetary into consideration. According to the basic needs approach, welfare relates to people's ability to satisfy their basic material needs. In the monetary approach it is a generally accepted view that the purchasing power of the household provides the best overall indicator of welfare. According to the non-monetary approach there has been a trend towards complementing economic measures of deprivation with non-monetary measures to obtain a multidimensional view of human well being, particularly by tracking health and education indicators. In the rest of the paper the two primary research projects conducted in two provinces in South Africa, namely KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, will be discussed. The one research project is still in process. However, the methodology will be discussed. In this project a comparison will be made of households' experiences in villages with and without electricity to see if and to what extent electrification contributed to the welfare of the communities. In the second project households were interviewed about their experiences in the use of paraffin as source of energy. © Springer 2005.	Accidents; Electricity; Energy sources; Firewood; Needs; Paraffin; Poor; Welfare	electrification; energy resource; energy use; low income population; quality of life; welfare impact; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; Limpopo; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944490137	Through the magnifying glass: A descriptive theoretical analysis of the possible impact of the South African higher education policies on academic staff and their job satisfaction	Mapesela M., Hay H.R.	2005	Higher Education	50	1	10.1007/s10734-004-6358-9	Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Mapesela, M., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Hay, H.R., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	This article provides a descriptive theoretical analysis of the most important higher education policies and initiatives which were developed by the democratically elected government of South Africa after 1994 to transform the South African higher education system. The article sheds light on the rationale for the policies under scrutiny; how they take cognisance of academics' diverse needs; as well as how their implementation is bound to affect academics and possibly influence job satisfaction. The article argues that the South African higher education fraternity, currently overwhelmed by mammoth change initiatives, is simultaneously faced with two processes, namely transforming the socio-political state of the country, as well as transformation to respond to national higher education policy imperatives. Seemingly South African policy-makers, in their attempts to break away from the past, are oblivious of the realities of thorough policy implementation and do not take the voluminous nature of policies into consideration as an inhibiting factor. Undoubtedly this could have adverse effects for academic staff who are expected to propel change and transformation, but who are oftentimes confronted with the complexities of implementation which entail among others, dealing with cumbersome procedures, processes, bureaucratic structures as well as increasing workloads. © Springer 2005.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044440115	Determination of lorazepam in plasma from children by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection	Muchohi S.N., Obiero K., Kokwaro G.O., Ogutu B.R., Githiga I.M., Edwards G., Newton C.R.J.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	824	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.040	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Obiero, K., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ogutu, B.R., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Githiga, I.M., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	A simple, sensitive, selective, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed for the determination of lorazepam (LZP) in human plasma, using oxazepam (OZP) as internal standard. LZP and OZP were extracted from alkalinized (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane-dichloromethane (70:30%; v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase Synergi ® Max RP analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.; 4 μm particle size), using an aqueous mobile phase (10 mM KH2PO 4 buffer (pH 2.4)-acetonitrile; 65:35%, v/v) delivered at a flow-rate of 2.5 ml/min. Retention times for OZP and LZP were 10.2 and 11.9 min, respectively. Calibration curves were linear from 10 to 300 ng with correlation coefficients (r2) better than 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 2.5 and 10 ng/ml, respectively, using 0.5 ml samples. The mean relative recoveries at 20 and 300 ng/ml were 84.1 ± 5.5% (n = 6) and 72.4 ± 5.9% (n = 7), respectively; for OZP at 200 ng the value was 68.2 ± 6.8% (n = 14). The intra-assay relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) at 20, 150 and 270 ng/ml of LZP were 7.8%, 9.8% (n = 7 in all cases) and 6.6% (n = 8), respectively. The inter-assay R.S.D. at the above concentrations were 15.9%, 7.7% and 8.4% (n = 7 in all cases), respectively. Intra- and inter-assay accuracy data were within the acceptance interval of ±20% of the nominal values. There was no interference from other commonly co-administered anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and antimalarial drugs. The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of LZP in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of a single intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) of LZP.	Analysis in plasma; Children; High-performance liquid chromatography; Lorazepam; Pharmacokinetics	Bioassay; Concentration (process); Drug products; High performance liquid chromatography; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmas; Separation; Solvent extraction; Analysis in plasma; Children; Lorazepam; Oxazepam (OZP); Ultraviolet detectors; acetonitrile; analgesic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; buffer; chloramphenicol; chloramphenicol hemisuccinate; chloroquine; cycloguanil; diazepam; dichloromethane; fosphenytoin sodium; gentamicin; hexane; lorazepam; midazolam; oxazepam; paracetamol; penicillin G; phenobarbital; phenytoin; potassium derivative; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; accuracy; alkalinity; article; calibration; child; controlled study; correlation coefficient; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; flow rate; human; liquid liquid extraction; particle size; priority journal; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; ultraviolet radiation; Anticonvulsants; Calibration; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lorazepam; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Artesunate; Cinchona pubescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044512131	Impact of iodine deficiency on thyroid function in pregnant African women - A possible factor in the genesis of 'small for dates' babies	Das S.C., Isichei U.P., Mohammed A.Z., Otokwula A.A., Emokpae A.	2005	Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry	20	2	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu	Das, S.C., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 3452, Kano 700 001, Nigeria; Isichei, U.P., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Mohammed, A.Z., Department of Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Otokwula, A.A., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Emokpae, A., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	The effect of iodine deficiency (ID) on thyroid function in African women during pregnancy and postnatal period was examined, for which very limited information is available. Serum T4, T3, TSH, TBG, thyroxine binding capacity (TBK), free thyroxine index (FT4I=T 4TTBK) and T4/TBG were determined by ELISA technique in 32 pregnant women (resident of Plateau state, Nigeria - an ID zone) through pregnancy upto term delivery, and in 5 women up to 6 weeks post delivery. Urinary iodide level was measured at delivery to determine the degree of iodine deficiency. Results were matched with a non pregnant control comprising 44 subjects. 5555 birth weights (BW) of term babies in the region were analysed to determine the prevalence of 'small for dates' (SFD) babies in the population. Results show that the level of serum FT4I was elevated very significantly at late gestation (P&lt;.001) but the women were not hyperthyroid, suggesting a marked disturbance in binding of T4 with TBG during pregnancy. Five women with SFD babies were found in 'compensated hypothyroid state' and showed a significant depression (p&lt;.01) in serum T 4/TBG,T4,FT4I and T3 levels to a low normal range, with a concurrent significant rise (p.&lt;.001) in TSH level (above normal range) throughout pregnancy. Incidence of SFD babies was higher (p.&lt;.001) in ID zone (Bassa 15.2%) compared to control zone (Jos 9.8%). It is concluded that a state of maternal 'subclinical (compensated) hypothyroidism' during pregnancy possibly plays an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of SFD babies in Africans. A normal reference range for thyroid parameters at various stages of pregnancy in healthy African women is established for the first time.	Africans; Iodine deficiency; Pregnancy; Thyroid function	iodide; iodine; liothyronine; thyrotropin; thyroxine; thyroxine binding globulin; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; birth weight; chemical binding; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; incidence; iodine deficiency; liothyronine blood level; newborn; pathogenesis; perinatal period; pregnancy; small for date infant; thyroid function; thyrotropin blood level; thyroxine binding capacity; thyroxine blood level; urinary excretion; Enterobacteria phage T4	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24144474579	Measuring the impact of HIV and STIs in a community in a coal mining town, Mpumalanga, South Africa	Hurkchand H., Makuluma H., Molefe N., Molapo M.	2005	Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	105	6	None	CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Hurkchand, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Makuluma, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molefe, N., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molapo, M., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2001 to establish the prevalence rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea) in a coalmining town in Mpumalanga. Methods: 155 adults were recruited (79 males and 76 females), by holding community meetings, and by door-to-door recruitment. Saliva and urine specimens were collected for the analysis of HIV and STI prevalence, respectively. Results: The mean age for males was 31.35 years (min = 19 yrs and max = 50 yrs) and the mean age of the female participants was 31.90 years (min = 17 yrs, max = 49 yrs). The prevalence of HIV was found to be 22.78% [95% CI (14.09-33.59)] in the males vs. 47.37% [95% CI (35.79-55.16)] in the females, [p = 0.001, OR = 3.05, 95%CI (1.49-6.26)]. The prevalence of C trachomatis was 7.90% [95% CI (2.95-16.39)] in the males vs. 12.86% [95% CI (6.05-23.00)] in the females, p = 0.324. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoea was 3.79% [95% CI (0.79-1.08)] in the males vs. 9.86% [95% CI (4.06-19.26)] in the females, p = 0.137. HIV was significantly associated with C. trachomatis, [p = 0.032, OR = 3.18, 95% CI (1.04-9.72)], but was not significant when stratified by gender. HIV was not significantly associated with N.gonorrhoea (p = 0.072) but it was significantly associated when stratified by gender, p = 0.001 for females. There were no significant associations between HIV and age (p = 0.408), even upon stratification by gender. Conclusions: HIV prevalence in this community is high, and corresponds to national figures. However, the prevalence of STIs is surprisingly low as it would be expected to be high in a migrant population. Although communities are exposed to expanding peer-education activities that encourage behaviour change, the prevalence of HIV in this group. There is an urgent need for interventions designed to treat or prevent HIV infection in women generally and in women at high risk. © The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2005.	Antenatal; HIV prevalence; Mining; STI prevalence	Antenatal; HIV prevalance; STI prevalance; Disease control; Population statistics; Social aspects; Viruses; Coal mines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24344462085	Egg traits, hatchability and early growth performance of the Fulani-ecotype chicken	Fayeye T.R., Adeshiyan A.B., Olugbami A.A.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	8	None	Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Fayeye, T.R., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Adeshiyan, A.B., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Olugbami, A.A., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Three studies were conducted to evaluate Fulani-ecotype chicken for egg, hatchability and growth traits. In study one, 30 eggs were used to evaluate thirteen internal and external egg traits including egg weight, egg length, egg width, egg index, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk diameter, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen height, albumen weight, haugh unit and egg index. In study two, 165 eggs were used to evaluate fertility and hatchability traits. In study three, sixty-eight day-old Fulani-ecotype chicks were evaluated for growth performance. Mean values for egg traits were 40.73g, 20.25g, 4.92mm, 75.53 percent, 13.03g, 14.27mm, 24.68mm and 0.58 for egg weight, albumen weight, albumen height, haugh unit, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width and yolk index, respectively. Mean value for shell weight, shell thickness, egg length, egg width and egg index were 5.12g, 0.58mm, 34.91mm, 23.59mm and 1.48, respectively. Fertility percent, live germs at 18th day and percent hatchability were 76 percent, 75 percent, and 47 percent, respectively. Body weight gain in chickens increased from hatch to 3 weeks of age, and afterward declined. Indices of egg internal quality suggested that the Fulani-ecotype chicken is highly desirable. Its good shell thickness may be exploited in reducing losses due to cracked eggs. Mean chick weight increased by more than eleven times within the first eight weeks of life. The present report suggests that Fulani-ecotype chicken has good potential for meat and egg production, therefore selection along these two directions may help to develop indigenous strains of meat type chicken.	Early growth; Egg traits; Fulani-ecotype	Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24344464067	Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change	Araújo M.B., Pearson R.G., Thuiller W., Erhard M.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	9	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01000.x	Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom; Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain	Araújo, M.B., Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom, Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Pearson, R.G., Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Thuiller, W., Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Erhard, M., Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Increasing concern over the implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to the use of species-climate envelope models to project species extinction risk under climate-change scenarios. However, recent studies have demonstrated significant variability in model predictions and there remains a pressing need to validate models and to reduce uncertainties. Model validation is problematic as predictions are made for events that have not yet occurred. Resubstituition and data partitioning of present-day data sets are, therefore, commonly used to test the predictive performance of models. However, these approaches suffer from the problems of spatial and temporal autocorrelation in the calibration and validation sets. Using observed distribution shifts among 116 British breeding-bird species over the past ∼20 years, we are able to provide a first independent validation of four envelope modelling techniques under climate change. Results showed good to fair predictive performance on independent validation, although rules used to assess model performance are difficult to interpret in a decision-planning context. We also showed that measures of performance on nonindependent data provided optimistic estimates of models' predictive ability on independent data. Artificial neural networks and generalized additive models provided generally more accurate predictions of species range shifts than generalized linear models or classification tree analysis. Data for independent model validation and replication of this study are rare and we argue that perfect validation may not in fact be conceptually possible. We also note that usefulness of models is contingent on both the questions being asked and the techniques used. Implementations of species-climate envelope models for testing hypotheses and predicting future events may prove wrong, while being potentially useful if put into appropriate context. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Bioclimatic-envelope models; Breeding birds; Britain; Climate change; Model accuracy; Uncertainty; Validation	biodiversity; bird; breeding population; climate change; extinction risk; Eurasia; Europe; United Kingdom; Western Europe; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644432106	Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhoea treatment in Nigeria	Agunu A., Yusuf S., Andrew G.O., Zezi A.U., Abdurahman E.M.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	101	03-Jan	10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.025	Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Agunu, A., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Yusuf, S., Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Andrew, G.O., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Zezi, A.U., Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abdurahman, E.M., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Five medicinal plants [Acacia nilotica, Acanthospermun hispidum, Gmelina arborea, Parkia biglobosa and Vitex doniana] used in diarrhoeal treatment in Kaduna State, Nigeria, were investigated. This study was carried out on perfused isolated rabbit jejunum and castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The aqueous methanol extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/ml) were generally found to cause a dose-dependent response in the isolated rabbit jejunum, though this was not uniform in all the plants. Gmelina arborea and Vitex doniana showed concentration dependent relaxation at low doses (0.5, 1.0 mg/ml), but showed no significant relaxation at higher doses (2.0, 3.0 mg/ml). Other extracts showed biphasic effects. For example, Acacia nilotica at 3.0 mg/ml caused initial relaxation quickly followed by contraction. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal, 100% protections were shown by extracts of Acacia nilotica and Parkia biglobosa (100, 200 mg/kg) while Vitex doniana showed a dose-dependent effect. The least protection was shown by Acanthospermun hispidum, at the same dose, when compared with the other four plants. The results obtained revealed that the aqueous methanol extracts of all the five medicinal plants investigated have pharmacological activity against diarrhoea. This may explain their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antidiarrhoeal; Castor oil; Medicinal plants; Methanol extracts; Tissue relaxation	Acacia nilotica extract; acanthospermum hispidum extract; castor oil; Gmelina arborea extract; loperamide; methanol; Parkia biglobosa extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; vitex doniana extract; Acacia; acanthospermum hispidum; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; diarrhea; drug activity; drug effect; drug screening; gmelina arborea; intestine contraction; jejunum; male; medicinal plant; mouse; muscle relaxation; Nigeria; nonhuman; Parkia biglobosa; rabbit; Vitex doniana; Acacia; Animals; Diarrhea; Jejunum; Male; Mice; Nigeria; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rabbits; Vitex; Acacia nilotica; Gmelina arborea; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Parkia biglobosa; Vitex doniana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644463657	Evaluation of a new formulation of atrazine and metolachlor mixture for weed control in maize in Nigeria	Chikoye D., Udensi U.E., Fontem Lum A.	2005	Crop Protection	24	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.02.011	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Udensi, U.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Field studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects on weed control in maize of a new formulation of a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor. The treatments were the new formulation of the mixture at doses from 1.0 to 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and the old formulation of the mixture at the recommended dose of 2.5 kg a.i. ha-1. The new formulation of the mixture gave complete control of Panicum maximum, Commelina benghalensis, sedges (Mariscus alternifolius, Kyllinga squamulata, and Cyperus spp.), and Tridax procumbens, and good control (&gt;94%) of Passiflora foetida at 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) in 2002. At 8 WAT, the new mixture gave good control (&gt;73%) of P. maximum and C. benghalensis in 2002, and of P. foetida, sedges, and T. procumbens in both years. The hoeweeded control and all herbicide treatments at 4 WAT had lower weed dry matter than the untreated control in both years, and at crop harvest in 2002. In both years, the lowest weed dry matter was obtained from the hoeweeded control at crop harvest. In 2003, the old formulation of the mixture at the recommended dose had similar weed dry matter with the new formulation at all doses. The treatments did not significantly affect maize grain yield in 2002. However, in 2003, the new formulation of the mixture at a dose of 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and the hoeweeded control had 33% higher maize grain yield than the untreated control. The new formulation of a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor is effective for weed control in maize at lower doses than the recommended dose of the old formulation. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Grasses; Sedges; Weed competition	atrazine; maize; pesticide application; weed control; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Commelina; Commelina benghalensis; Cyperaceae; Cyperus; Kyllinga squamulata; Mariscus; Panicum maximum; Passiflora edulis; Passiflora foetida; Poaceae; Tridax procumbens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644481320	Assessing the potential impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) in cabbage production in Kenya	Macharia I., Löhr B., De Groote H.	2005	Crop Protection	24	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.02.005	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya	Macharia, I., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Löhr, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; De Groote, H., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya	This study assessed the potential economic impact of the introduction of Diadegma semiclausum, an exotic parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, DBM), on cabbage production in Kenya. The study first established yield losses caused by DBM through two methods: measurements from farmer-managed fields and through farmers' interviews. Crop losses were calculated at 31% from farmer-managed fields, and at 36% from farmer interviews. With a crop loss of 31%, yield loss was estimated at 6.8 tons/ha or US$ 452.9/ha, and at US$ 7.9 million per year for the whole country. Control costs as provided from the interviews, amounted to US$ 118.9/ha. The project costs amount to a net present value of US$ 1.2 million. Based on an annual cabbage production of 256,524 tons, a cabbage price of US$ 66.3/ton, a 30% abatement of yield losses, a 7.9% reduction in cost of production, a supply and a demand elasticity of 0.9 and -1.4 respectively, and an annual increase of consumption of 2.6%, the economic surplus produced by the release of the parasitoid was estimated at US$ 28.3 million for 25 years. Consumers were estimated to get 58% of the benefit and producers 42%. The benefit-cost ratio was estimated at 24:1, with an internal rate of return of 86%, indicating a high return to the investment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biological control; Diamondback moth; Economic impact; Parasitoid	biological control; crop damage; economic impact; yield; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Diadegma semiclausum; Lepidoptera; Plutella xylostella	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644481854	Pharmacological evaluation of the central nervous system activity of Aframomum melegueta seed extract in mice	Umukoro S., Ashorobi R.B.	2005	Journal of Natural Remedies	5	2	None	Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ashorobi, R.B., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Objective: To study the effects of intraperitoneal injection of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum melegueta (AM) on the central nervous system (CNS) in mice. Materials and methods: The study sought to evaluate the effects of the extract on the general behaviour of the animals (Irwin test), on pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour, on motor coordination, and on convulsive seizures induced by isoniazid and picrotoxin. AM was tested at a dose range of 5-400 mg/kg. Results: AM (50-200 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in spontaneous motor activity and also caused a dose-related prolongation of pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. At a dose range of 100-400 mg/kg, a significant inhibition of methamphetamine (35 mg/kg, i. p) induced stereotyped behaviour was observed. Furthermore, it offered a significant protection against convulsions induced by isoniazid (200 mg/kg, i.p). However, it failed to modify the convulsive action of picrotoxin (10 mg/kg, i.p) and did not cause any significant effect in the motor coordination of animals on the rota-rod machine. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that A. melegueta seed extract possesses central nervous system depressant activity.	Aframomum melegueta; Anti-stereotypic; Anticonvulsant; Isoniazid; Methamphetamine; Pentobarbital; Sedative	Aframomum melegueta extract; chlorpromazine; diazepam; isoniazid; methamphetamine; pentobarbital; picrotoxin; plant extract; unclassified drug; Aframomum melegueta; animal behavior; article; central nervous system; central nervous system depression; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug mechanism; motor coordination; mouse; neuroprotection; nonhuman; plant seed; seizure; sleep time; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Zingiberaceae; Aframomum melegueta; Animalia; Zingiberaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644484850	Evaluation of haemostatic function in Nigerian Norplant® acceptors after 12 months of use	Aisien A.O., Enosolease M.E., Shobowale M.O.	2005	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	25	4	10.1080/01443610500129266	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynae	Aisien, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1111, Benin-City, Nigeria; Enosolease, M.E., Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Shobowale, M.O., EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria	A total of 55 non-breastfeeding informed volunteers were recruited into a prospective longitudinal study from a family planning clinic between September and December 2002. Blood samples were collected at pre-treatment and at 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up, for packed cell volume, platelet count, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time. Statistical analysis was with paired t-tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Each subject received a menstrual calendar to chart all bleeding and spotting events. The mean age and weight of acceptors were 32.5 ± 6.1 years and 63.6 ± 9.6 kg, respectively. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) was 35.2 ± 2.9% at pre-insertion. This rose to significant mean ± SD values of 36.5 ± 3.1% p&lt;0.05, 38.5 ± 2.8%; p&lt;0.0001 and 38.4 ± 3.6%; p&lt;0.0001 at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively when compared with the pre-insertion mean value. The mean values of the platelet count showed no significant change at 3 months (238,448 ± 68,618 mm3; p&gt;0.9), compared with pre-treatment value (240,545 ± 96,769 mm 3). There was a significant reduction in mean concentration at 6 months (p&lt;0.009; 191,364 ± 55,531 mm3) and at 12 months (p&lt;0.003; 202,773 ± 81,544 mm3) follow-up. The prothrombin and the partial thromboplastin time did not show significant change over their pre-insertion mean values of 12.0 ± 1.1 s and 36.9 ± 2.9 s, respectively. At 12 months, 79.5% (35) of the users reported an abnormal menstrual pattern, which included 54.5% (24) reduced bleeding pattern, 20.5% (9) increased bleeding and 4.5% (2) of combination of patterns. Only 20.5% (9) had a normal menstrual pattern. The continuation rate was 98%, as one user discontinued because of headaches. Norplant® (the registered trademark of the Population Council for levonorgestrel subdermal implants) had an effect on the bleeding pattern - mainly reduced bleeding. The increase packed cell volume is beneficial in preventing anaemia. There was no detrimental effect as a result of the reduced but normal platelet count and users were not predisposed to clotting abnormalities. © 2005 Taylor &amp; Francis Group Ltd.	None	levonorgestrel; contraceptive agent; adult; anemia; article; blood sampling; body weight; breast feeding; clinical trial; drug induced headache; family planning; female; follow up; health center; hematocrit; hemostasis; hormonal contraception; human; human cell; longitudinal study; menstrual cycle; menstrual irregularity; menstruation; normal human; partial thromboplastin time; priority journal; prospective study; prothrombin time; spotting; statistical analysis; Student t test; thrombocyte count; volunteer; drug effect; mean corpuscular volume; menstruation disorder; Adult; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Hemostasis; Humans; Levonorgestrel; Longitudinal Studies; Menstruation Disturbances; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Platelet Count; Prospective Studies; Prothrombin Time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644487787	Geoelectric evaluation of Olushosun landfill site southwest Nigeria and its implications on groundwater	Ayolabi E.A.	2005	Journal of the Geological Society of India	66	3	None	Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Geoelectric resistivity technique of geophysical investigation have been used to evaluate the effect of leachate generated from Olushosun landfill on the groundwater in the area. The result shows that the first aquifer has been greatly polluted by the leachate generated from the decomposed heap of refuse materials at the landfill site. A total depth of up to 73 m has been delineated as polluted area with resistivity ranging from 16 to 361 Ωm as compared to resistivity values ranging between 2167-3714 Ωm for the unpolluted area. The results of the evaluation of the protective capacity of the overburden material within the unpolluted zone shows that the overburden material has a weak protective capacity and this may have largely been responsible for the high level of pollution observed in this area. © Geol. Soc. India.	Geoelectric study; Landfill; Leachate; Pollution; Southwest Nigeria	electrical method; groundwater pollution; landfill; leachate; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24744458582	The impact of ebinyo, a form of dental mutilation, on the malocclusion status in Uganda	Bataringaya A., Ferguson M., Lalloo R.	2005	Community Dental Health	22	3	None	Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; P.O. Box 5482, Kampala, Uganda	Bataringaya, A., Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, P.O. Box 5482, Kampala, Uganda; Ferguson, M., Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Lalloo, R., Department of Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Introduction: The practice of extraction of ebinyo or false teeth is based on the belief that the rubbing of herbs on the gum (in the region of the canine) or the removal of the primary and/or permanent canine tooth buds will lead to the relief of childhood fevers and diarrhoea. The reported prevalence of this practice in Uganda and neighbouring countries is varied. Objective: A survey carried out in Kampala to determine the occlusal traits of fourteen-year-old children offered an opportunity to assess the effects of ebinyo (a dental mutilation based on local customs and superstitions) on the occlusal status of the sample population. Methods: 402 children aged fourteen years were examined according to the criteria of the Fédération Dentaire Internationale Commission on Classification and Statistics for Oral Conditions method for measuring occlusal traits (COCSTOC-MOT) proposed by Baume et al. (1973). Results: The most common dental anomaly was teeth missing due to extraction or trauma. Canines (28%) and mandibular first molars (28%) exhibited the highest frequency. Missing canines were four times more common in girls than boys, and three times greater in the maxilla than the mandible. Canines also accounted for 12.8% of the malformed teeth observed in the study. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the practice of ebinyo, although carried out early in the life of the child, can impact on the occlusal status in the permanent dentition years later. © BASCD 2005.	Dental mutilation; Ebinyo; False teeth; Malocclusion; Occlusal traits; Uganda	adolescent; African medicine; article; female; human; male; tooth extraction; tooth occlusion; Uganda; Adolescent; Dental Occlusion, Traumatic; Female; Humans; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Tooth Extraction; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24744462263	Evaluation of dika nut mucilage (Irvingia gabonensis) as binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations	Odeku O.A., Patani B.O.	2005	Pharmaceutical Development and Technology	10	3	10.1081/PDT-54477	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Odeku, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Patani, B.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Dika nut mucilage obtained from the nuts of Irvingia gabonensis (O'Rorke) Bail (family Irvingiaceae) has been evaluated as a binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations in comparison with gelatin BP. The compressional properties of metronidazole formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel equations as assessment parameters, whereas the mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using the tensile strength (T), brittle fracture index (BFI), and the friability of the tablets. The drug release properties of the tablets were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times of the tablets. The results obtained indicate that formulations containing dika nut mucilage as binding agent show faster onset of plastic deformation under compression pressure than those containing gelatin. The tensile strength of the tablets increased with increase in concentration of the binding agents, whereas the BFI and friability values decreased. Furthermore, tablets containing dika nut mucilage generally showed lower tensile strength but higher brittleness and friability than those containing gelatin. The results also showed that tablets containing dika nut mucilage generally showed higher disintegration and dissolution times than those containing gelatin BP. The results suggest that dika nut mucilage could be useful in achieving various tablet strength and drug release properties. Copyright © 005 Taylor & Francis Inc.	Binding agent; Dika nut mucilage; Gelatin; Metronidazole; Tablet	adhesive agent; gelatin; metronidazole; article; concentration (parameters); dika nut mucilage; drug release; drug solubility; irvingia gabonensis; mucilage; plant; priority journal; tablet compression; tablet disintegration; tablet formulation; tensile strength; Adhesives; Cellulose; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Metronidazole; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Tensile Strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24944542762	Combining dendrochronology and matrix modelling in demographic studies: An evaluation for Juniperus procera in Ethiopia	Couralet C., Sass-Klaassen U., Sterck F., Bekele T., Zuidema P.A.	2005	Forest Ecology and Management	216	42372	10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.065	Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organisation, PO Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Ecology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands; 94 J rue Molière, 93100 Montreuil, France	Couralet, C., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, 94 J rue Molière, 93100 Montreuil, France; Sass-Klaassen, U., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Sterck, F., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Bekele, T., Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organisation, PO Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zuidema, P.A., Department of Plant Ecology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands	Tree demography was analysed by applying dendrochronological techniques and matrix modelling on a static data set of Juniperus procera populations of Ethiopian dry highland forests. Six permanent sample plots were established for an inventory of diameters and 11 stem discs were collected for dendrochronological analysis. J. procera was proved to form concentric annual growth layers in response to seasonal changes in precipitation. Uncertainty analysis for the matrix model revealed its robustness to variations in parameter estimates. The major outcome was that the population growth rate is very sensitive to changes in growth or survival of trees between 10 and 40 cm DBH. For forest management this implies that these intermediate sized individuals should be protected and less used for harvest. This study documents that interesting results can be achieved using a relatively simple approach that can easily be adopted for other areas or with other species. However, the matrix modelling requires more precise knowledge about the trees' fecundity and survival (especially for the smaller individuals) and more consistent inventories. For tree-ring analysis it can be concluded that J. procera from Ethiopia has potential to investigate the relationship between tree growth and precipitation with a high temporal resolution. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dendrochronology; Dry highland forest; Ethiopia; Juniperus procera; Matrix model; Population dynamics	Growth kinetics; Mathematical models; Matrix algebra; Dendrochronology; Dry highland forest; Matrix model; Population dynamics; Forestry; demography; dendrochronology; population dynamics; tree; Ethiopia; Forests; Growth; Juniperus Procera; Mathematical Models; Matrices; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Juniperus; Juniperus procera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24944546571	Evaluation of the maintenance management function for a control plant at a substation	Jacobs T.D., Visser J.K.	2005	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	96	3	None	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Jacobs, T.D., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Visser, J.K., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Maintenance has historically been regarded as a "necessary evil" and the potential benefits of effective maintenance management practices towards a company's bottom line have only recently been realised. This is especially true for capital-intensive industries like an electric utility such as Eskom. A research project was conducted to evaluate maintenance management as applied by the Electricity Delivery Department of Eskom, which is responsible for the maintenance of a control plant in the Distribution Division, and compare it with a "world class" benchmark. The evaluation revealed that the Electricity Delivery Department is on the right track with respect to the way that the maintenance of the control plant is managed. However, a few areas that require attention in order to optimise the maintenance management function are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Control plant; Maintenance; Management; Substation	Capital-intensive industries; Control plant; Management practices; Potential benefits; Electric power distribution; Electric substations; Electric utilities; Industrial management; Industrial plants; Maintenance; Electric industry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25144520135	Evaluation of physico-chemical and sensory qualities of African breadfruit and sweet potato based supplementary foods	Akubor P.I.	2005	Journal of Food Science and Technology	42	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.-1037, Idah, Nigeria	Akubor, P.I., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.-1037, Idah, Nigeria	The chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of supplementary foods prepared from the blends of raw (untreated) and fermented sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour (SPF) and raw, fermented and germinated African breadfruit (Treculia africana Decene) kernel flour (ABKF) were studied. Fermentation and germination increased the protein but decreased fat and carbohydrate contents of ABKF. Similarly, fermentation increased the protein but not fat, carbohydrate and crude fiber contents of SPF. The protein contents of ABKF and SPF were 17.3% and 2.9%, respectively, and ranged between 14.3 and 16.1% for the blends. All the flour blends showed low bulk density of 0.71-0.77 g/cm3. The water absorption capacity (WAC) of SPF was 164% while that of ABKF was 150%. Fermentation and germination decreased the WAC of ABKF. Fermented SPF had lower WAC than the unfermented sample. A range of 106 to 158% WAC was observed for the blends. The reconstitution index of the blends in boiled water were 88 and 98 ml. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed in colour, flavour and overall acceptability of the SPF/ABKF based supplementary foods. Blends of raw SPF and raw ABKF, RSPF and fermented ABKF (FABKF); and fermented SPF (FSPF) and ABKF had comparable scores with Cerelac, a reference commercial weaning food, for most of the sensory quality attributes evaluated.	African breadfruit kernel flour; Chemical composition; Fermentation; Germination; Sensory quality; Sweet potato flour	Carbohydrates; Composition; Fermentation; Health care; Nutrition; Physical chemistry; Proteins; Water absorption; African breadfruit kernel flour; Germination; Sensory quality; Sweet potato flour; Food products; Artocarpus altilis; Ipomoea batatas; Treculia africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444433075	Density of Cape porcupines in a semi-arid environment and their impact on soil turnover and related ecosystem processes	Bragg C.J., Donaldson J.D., Ryan P.G.	2005	Journal of Arid Environments	61	2	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.007	Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Bragg, C.J., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Donaldson, J.D., National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Ryan, P.G., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis) appear to have an important influence on landscapes through both biotic (foraging) and abiotic (soil turnover) impacts. Porcupine abundance and abiotic effects across the landscape were investigated in Nieuwoudtville, South Africa, a semi-arid area characterized by an extraordinary diversity and abundance of geophytes. Porcupine numbers were measured in 50 burrows, and the number of burrow entrances was a good predictor of the number of porcupines it contained (r 2=0.76). Occupied burrow density was estimated to be 2.6 burrows km-2 and porcupine density on the study farm was estimated to be 8 animals km-2, which is high relative to other Hystrix populations in semi-arid environments. This can probably be attributed to the high abundance of geophytes in the region. Annually, porcupines disturb 0.34% of the soil surface and 1.6 m3 ha-1 yr-1 of soil is displaced across the landscape, through the excavation of 160-3463 diggings per hectare. Up to 2.2 m3 of soil is displaced per hectare per year in the natural Dolerite Plains vegetation, but very little foraging activity occurs in previously or currently ploughed lands. The extent of disturbance in Nieuwoudtville is on a par with or higher than that recorded for other porcupine populations in arid or semi-arid regions. Other studies have shown that porcupine diggings disturb plant community structure and create fertile sites for plant germination and recruitment. Porcupine diggings in Nieuwoudtville contained significantly more seedlings than adjacent areas. Thus, through widespread foraging pits, soil turnover, and numerous burrows, porcupines modulate the availability of resources to other organisms. Therefore, Cape porcupines are likely to act as ecosystem engineers in this landscape. Porcupines should be included in any conservation actions involving the unique geophyte flora of Nieuwoudtville. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Burrows; Disturbance; Ecosystem engineers; Foraging diggings; Geophytes; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Porcupine density	burrow; disturbance; ecosystem function; geophyte; population density; semiarid region; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Animalia; Hystrix africaeaustralis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444448818	Impact and mechanisms of action of neurotensin on cardiac contractility in the rat left ventricle	Osadchii O., Norton G., Deftereos D., Badenhorst D., Woodiwiss A.	2005	European Journal of Pharmacology	520	42372	10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.014	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Osadchii, O., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Deftereos, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Badenhorst, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Using immunoassay measurements, neurotensin was identified in rat ventricular tissue and in coronary effluent samples. Exogenous neurotensin evoked contractile responses in isolated ventricular preparations, which were equivalent in magnitude to those of norepinephrine and histamine, but greater than those for serotonin and angiotensin II. EC50 values revealed neurotensin to be as potent as serotonin, but more potent than norepinephrine, histamine and angiotensin II. Structure-activity studies indicated that the contractile effects are attributed to the C-terminal portion of neurotensin. Neurotensin-induced responses were decreased by SR 48692, a specific neurotensin receptor antagonist. Neurotensin elicited an increase in coronary effluent norepinephrine concentrations, and a strong relationship between the magnitude of neurotensin-induced contractile effects and increments in myocardial norepinephrine release were noted. Neurotensin-induced contractile responses were abolished by β-adrenoceptor antagonists, but not by histamine, serotonin or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. In conclusion, neurotensin increases ventricular contractility through stimulation of myocardial norepinephrine release. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Inotropic effect; Neurotensin; Ventricular contractility	2 [[1 (7 chloro 4 quinolinyl) 5 (2,6 dimethoxyphenyl) 3 pyrazolyl]carbonylamino] 2 adamantanecarboxylic acid; angiotensin; angiotensin II antagonist; antihistaminic agent; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; histamine; inotropic agent; neurotensin; neurotensin receptor antagonist; noradrenalin; serotonin; serotonin antagonist; animal tissue; article; beta adrenergic receptor blocking; carboxy terminal sequence; comparative study; concentration response; controlled study; drug activity; drug effect; drug inhibition; drug mechanism; drug potency; evoked muscle response; heart left ventricle contractility; heart muscle contractility; heart stimulation; immunoassay; inotropism; isolated heart; male; nonhuman; noradrenalin release; pathophysiology; priority journal; rat; structure activity relation; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Coronary Circulation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Fluid; Heart Ventricles; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Neurotensin; Norepinephrine; Perfusion; Pyrazoles; Quinolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444492944	Thermodynamic evaluation of viscosity in In-Zn and Sn-Zn liquid alloys	Ilo-Okeke E.O., Anusionwu B.C., Popoola O.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of Liquids	43	4	10.1080/00319100500087964	Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ilo-Okeke, E.O., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Anusionwu, B.C., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Popoola, O., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A theoretical formalism that links thermodynamic properties to transport properties has been used to study the viscosity of Sn-Zn and In-Zn liquid alloys at various temperatures. The formalism was succesful at describing the thermodynamic properties of these alloys and showed a better estimation of the viscosity of the Sn-Zn alloy that of the In-Zn alloy. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Liquid alloys; Phase-segregation; Viscosity	Diffusion in liquids; Indium alloys; Phase separation; Segregation (metallography); Thermal effects; Thermodynamic properties; Tin alloys; Transport properties; Viscosity of liquids; Zinc alloys; Boltzman constant; Ideal gas constant; Interchange energy; Metallic liquid alloys; Binary alloys; thermodynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25644442481	Clinical evaluation of extract of Cajanus cajan (Ciklavit®) in sickle cell anaemia	Akinsulie A.O., Temiye E.O., Akanmu A.S., Lesi F.E.A., Whyte C.O.	2005	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	51	4	10.1093/tropej/fmh097	Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Akinsulie, A.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Temiye, E.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Akanmu, A.S., Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Lesi, F.E.A., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Whyte, C.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	The major pathology in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is sickling of red cells due to the precipitation of reduced haemoglobin. We report our experience with extract of Cajanus cajan as a possible antisickling agent by determining changes, if any, in clinical and laboratory features of the disease in patients given the extract in a single-blind placebo-controlled study. One hundred patients with steady-state SCA were randomized into treatment and placebo arms. The extract/placebo were administered twice daily to the subjects. Weight, hepatosplenomegaly, blood levels of biliurubin, urea, creatinine, and packed cell volume (PCV) were monitored over a 6-month period. Recall episodes of pain 6 months before enrolment were compared with episodes of pains recorded during the treatment period. Twenty-six cases (55.3 per cent) had hepatomegaly on enrolment. This significantly reduced to 33.3 per cent at 6 months (p = 0.03); but increased in the placebo arm p = >0.05). The total number of recall painful episodes in cases was 207 (mean 4.4 ± 10.3 (SD), range 0-60) and fell to 191 (mean 4.2 ± 4.4 (SD), range 0-16); p = 0.03. Episodes of pain increased from 109 in controls (mean 2.6 ± 5.0 (SD), range 0-26) to 164 (mean 3.9 ± 4.3 (SD), range 0-22); p = 0.01. Mean PCV in the cases showed no appreciable changes p = 0.1) but there was a significant increase in the controls p = 0.02). In conclusion, the extract may cause a reduction of painful crises and may ameliorate the adverse effects of sickle cell anaemia on the liver. The mechanism of action remains to be determined. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	antisickling agent; ascorbic acid; bilirubin; Cajanus cajan extract; ciklavit; creatinine; folic acid; placebo; plant extract; proguanil; pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; urea; zinc; antisickling agent; plant medicinal product; abdominal distension; article; bilirubin blood level; body weight; child; clinical feature; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; creatinine blood level; diarrhea; fatigue; female; hematocrit; hepatomegaly; hepatosplenomegaly; human; liver disease; major clinical study; male; ocular pruritus; orbit inflammation; pain assessment; pigeonpea; randomized controlled trial; sickle cell anemia; sickle cell trait; single blind procedure; urea blood level; vomiting; adolescent; analysis of variance; drug effect; infant; liver; phytotherapy; pigeonpea; preschool child; Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antisickling Agents; Cajanus; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Liver; Male; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25644457535	An empirical analysis of the impact of education on economic development in Nigeria	Lawanson O.I.	2005	Resources, Energy, and Development	2	2	None	Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Lawanson, O.I., Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Nigeria has been experiencing low levels of economic development over the years. It has been observed that education plays a vital role in the economic development of any nation. It is the aim of this study to empirically establish whether the low level of education in Nigeria has influenced its low level of economic development. This will be achieved by carrying out an empirical analysis of the impact of education on economic development in Nigeria over the period 1980-2000. For this purpose, endogenous models are formulated and regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares method is applied. The results reveal that education has a statistically significant impact on economic development in Nigeria. Therefore, the level of education must be improved in order to spur economic growth and development.	None	Economic and social effects; Mathematical models; Regression analysis; Social aspects; Economic development; Empirical analysis; Endogenous models; Nigeria; Education	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26244453920	Taxonomic re-evaluation of Leptographium lundbergii based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphology	Jacobs K., Solheim H., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J.	2005	Mycological Research	109	10	10.1017/S0953756205003618	Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Høgskoleveien 8, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Jacobs, K., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Solheim, H., Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Høgskoleveien 8, 1432 Ås, Norway; Wingfield, B.D., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The genus Leptographium was described in 1927 and currently includes 48 species, with L. lundbergii as the type species. In recent years, the taxonomic status of L. lundbergii has not been uniformly agreed upon and it has been the topic of considerable debate. The problem was compounded by the absence of a type specimen, and the species was epitypified at a later stage. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of the epitype is now unknown. In 1983, Wingfield & Marasas described L. truncatum, which is morphologically similar to L. lundbergii. Based on DNA comparisons and similarities in their morphology, this fungus was reduced to synonymy with L. lundbergii. The loss of the type specimen as well as variation in the morphology of strains identified as L. lundbergii prompted us to re-examine the taxonomic status of this species. A number of strains from various geographic areas were studied. These include a strain of L. lundbergii deposited at CBS by Melin in 1929 (CBS 352.29) as well as the ex-type strain of L. truncatum. The strains were compared based on morphology and comparison of multiple gene sequences. Three genes or genic regions, ITS2 and part of the 28S gene, partial β-tubulin and partial elongation factor 1-α were compared. Strains currently identified as L. lundbergii, represented a complex of species. Strains initially described as L. truncatum clustered separately from other L. lundbergii strains, could be distinguished morphologically and should be treated as a distinct taxon. L. lundbergii is provided with a new and expanded description based on a neotype designated for it. A third group was also identified as separate from the main L. lundbergii clade and had a distinct Hyalorhinocladiella-type anamorph, described here as H. pinicola sp. nov. © The British Mycological Society.	None	fungal DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; ribosome RNA; tubulin; fungus; genetic analysis; morphology; taxonomy; article; Ascomycetes; chemistry; classification; DNA sequence; genetics; nucleotide sequence; phase contrast microscopy; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; sequence alignment; ultrastructure; Ascomycota; Base Sequence; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Microscopy, Interference; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tubulin; Fungi; Hyalorhinocladiella; Leptographium; Leptographium lundbergii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444440936	Impact of social services on human, social and economic development and the promotion of human rights in South Africa	Lombard A.	2005	Social Work	41	3	None	Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lombard, A., Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This article argues that research findings on how social service interventions impact on human, social and economic development and the promotion of human rights should provide the necessary evidence that will inform and persuade government to make an increased financial investment in social service delivery beyond that of social security.	None	human rights; service provision; social work; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444443474	Root volume and raising period affect field performance of Pinus patula cuttings in South Africa	Mitchell R.G., Zwolinski J., Jones N.B., Bayley A.D.	2005	Southern African Forestry Journal	None	204	None	Sappi Forests Research, Ngodwana Nursery, P.O. Box 372, Ngodwana, 1209, South Africa; Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 1209, South Africa; Sappi SA Technology Centre, Innovation Hub Hatfield, No 1 Sydney Brenner Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Mitchell, R.G., Sappi Forests Research, Ngodwana Nursery, P.O. Box 372, Ngodwana, 1209, South Africa; Zwolinski, J., Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Jones, N.B., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 1209, South Africa; Bayley, A.D., Sappi SA Technology Centre, Innovation Hub Hatfield, No 1 Sydney Brenner Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The propagation of pines through cuttings has become a commercial means of rapidly multiplying improved genetic material for operational use in forestry companies. Cuttings of pines are produced entirely in containers in South Africa. Containers, however, can negatively affect plant growth and post-planting field performance if plants are allowed to grow beyond the constraints of the root cavity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of tray type and plant age on the field performance of Pinus patula rooted cuttings. Field assessments indicate that the combination of greater root mass at planting and increased media volumes improved field growth with the most significant response observed in stem diameter. Factors responsible for producing greater root dry mass at planting were increased media volume and a longer raising period in the nursery. Seven years after planting, cuttings with the largest root mass at planting (0.560 g) were 27% larger in individual tree volume than trees produced from cuttings having the smallest root mass at planting (0.159 g). Field survival was exceptionally good and did not differ among nursery treatments.	Cuttings; Field performance; Pinus patula; Plant age; Root collar diameter; Root mass; Root volume	Pinus patula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444465627	In vitro evaluation of drug release from self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems using a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus	Attama A.A., Nkemnele M.O.	2005	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	304	02-Jan	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.08.018	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Attama, A.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Nkemnele, M.O., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are specialized form of delivery systems in which drugs are encapsulated in a lipid base with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. In this work, SMEDDS were formulated with a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus and Tween 65, and contained lipophilic drug-piroxicam, hydrophilic drug-chlorpheniramine maleate and hydrolipophilic drug-metronidazole. The SMEDDS formulated were evaluated for their drug release and drug content. The drug release studies were conducted in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and distilled water, representing different pH values. Particle size of the SMEDDS was determined by light microscopy. The results of this study indicated that drug release was affected by the particle size of the SMEDDS. It was found that piroxicam release from the SMEDDS formulated with homolipids from Capra hircus was highest in SIF compared to the other drugs. This method of drug delivery could prove to be a versatile and reliable alternative to conventional drug delivery approaches. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Biodegradable; Drug release; Homolipids; Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS); SGF; SIF	base; capra hircus homolipid; chlorpheniramine maleate; lipid; metronidazole; piroxicam; polymer; surfactant; tween 65; unclassified drug; adipose tissue; article; biodegradable implant; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug release; emulsion; encapsulation; goat; hydrophilicity; in vitro study; intestine fluid; lipophilicity; microscopy; particle size; pH; priority journal; simulation; stomach juice; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorpheniramine; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Gastric Juice; Goats; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Lipids; Metronidazole; Models, Biological; Particle Size; Piroxicam; Solubility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444506326	Monitoring and evaluation for social development: A case for social work in South Africa	Noyoo N.	2005	Social Work	41	3	None	Centre for Social Development in Africa, Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Noyoo, N., Centre for Social Development in Africa, Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	This paper discusses the processes of monitoring and evaluation, and argues for its centrality in the sphere of social development. In the discussion the need for social workers to play leading roles in executing these processes for a post-apartheid socio-economic and political context is also illuminated.	None	post-apartheid; social development; social work; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26644440930	Evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in some commonly consumed vegetables in the Niger-Delta oil area of Nigeria	Eriyamremu G.E., Asagba S.O., Akpoborie I.A., Ojeaburu S.I.	2005	Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology	75	2	10.1007/s00128-005-0749-1	Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Geology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Ni	Eriyamremu, G.E., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria; Asagba, S.O., Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Akpoborie, I.A., Department of Geology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Ojeaburu, S.I., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	cadmium; lead; rain; article; contamination; human; industrial area; Nigeria; pollutant; pollution; safety; soil; vegetable; Cadmium; Food Contamination; Lead; Nigeria; Vegetables	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844563309	Mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis: Lack of evidence for collateral impact on transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti in areas of co-endemicity	Richards Jr. F.O., Eigege A., Pam D., Kal A., Lenhart A., Oneyka J.O.A., Jinadu M.Y., Miri E.S.	2005	Filaria Journal	4	None	10.1186/1475-2883-4-6	The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria	Richards Jr., F.O., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Eigege, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Pam, D., Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Kal, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Lenhart, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Oneyka, J.O.A., Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Jinadu, M.Y., Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria; Miri, E.S., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States	There has long been interest in determining if mass ivermectin administration for onchocerciasis has 'unknowingly' interrupted lymphatic filariasis (LF) transmission where the endemicity of the two diseases' overlaps. We studied 11 communities in central Nigeria entomologically for LF by performing mosquito dissections on Anopheline LF vectors. Six of the communities studied were located within an onchocerciasis treatment zone, and five were located outside of that zone. Communities inside the treatment zone had been offered ivermectin treatment for two-five years, with a mean coverage of 81% of the eligible population (range 58-95%). We found 4.9% of mosquitoes were infected with any larval stage of W. bancrofti in the head or thorax in 362 dissections in the untreated villages compared to 4.7% infected in 549 dissections in the ivermectin treated villages (Mantel-Haenszel ChiSquare 0.02, P = 0.9). We concluded that ivermectin annual therapy for onchocerciasis has not interrupted transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti (the causative agent of LF in Nigeria). © 2005 Richards et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	ivermectin; Anopheles; article; chi square test; community care; controlled study; dissection; evidence based medicine; filariasis; head; health program; human; larval stage; Mantel Haenszel test; mosquito; Nigeria; nonhuman; onchocerciasis; parasite transmission; parasite vector; species endemicity; thorax; Wuchereria bancrofti; zoology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844564684	Evaluation of the efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution against cestone (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis, and Echinicoccus multilocularis) infections in cats	Charles S.D., Altreuther G., Reinemeyer C.R., Buch J., Settje T., Cruthers L., Kok D.J., Bowman D.D., Kazacos K.R., Jenkins D.J., Schein E.	2005	Parasitology Research	97	SUPPL. 1	10.1007/s00436-005-1442-3	Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, R and D Parasiticides, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; East Tennessee Clinical Research, Knoxville, TN, United States; Professional Laboratory Research Services, NC, United States; ClinVet International, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; School of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and International Animal Health, Berlin, Germany	Charles, S.D., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Altreuther, G., Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, R and D Parasiticides, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; Reinemeyer, C.R., East Tennessee Clinical Research, Knoxville, TN, United States; Buch, J., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Settje, T., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Cruthers, L., Professional Laboratory Research Services, NC, United States; Kok, D.J., ClinVet International, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Bowman, D.D., Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; Kazacos, K.R., Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; Jenkins, D.J., School of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; Schein, E., Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and International Animal Health, Berlin, Germany	Emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was developed to provide broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal parasites in cats. Eight controlled studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a topical solution of emodepside (3 mg/kg) and praziquantel (12 mg/kg) (Profender®, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) against feline infections with three species of cestodes. Studies featured naturally acquired infections of Dipylidium caninum or Taenia taeniaeformis, or experimental infections with Echinococcus multilocularis that were placebo-controlled, randomized and blinded. Cats were euthanatized and necropsied between 2 and 11 days after treatment, depending on the target parasite. The efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was 100% against D. caninum and T. taeniaeformis, and 98.5- 100% against E. multilocularis. No significant systemic or local adverse reactions to treatment were noted in cats that received the combination. Topical treatment of cats with emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was safe and highly effective against cestode infections.	None	anthelmintic agent; emodepside; placebo; praziquantel; profender; unclassified drug; anthelmintic activity; article; autopsy; cat; cestodiasis; controlled study; drug efficacy; Echinococcus multilocularis; euthanasia; intestine parasite; nonhuman; priority journal; safety; Taenia taeniaeformis; Administration, Topical; Animals; Anthelmintics; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cestoda; Cestode Infections; Depsipeptides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Praziquantel; Cestoda; Dipylidium caninum; Echinococcus multilocularis; Felidae; Taenia taeniaeformis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844573893	Evaluation of a strict protocol approach in managing women with severe disease due to hypertension in pregnancy: A before and after study	Lombaard H., Pattinson R.C., Backer F., Macdonald P.	2005	Reproductive Health	2	1	10.1186/1742-4755-2-7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Lombaard, H., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Backer, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Macdonald, P., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Background: To evaluate whether the introduction of a strict protocol based on the systemic evaluation of critically ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension affected the outcome of those women. Method: Study group: Indigent South African women managed in the tertiary hospitals of the Pretoria Academic Complex. Since 1997 a standard definition of women with severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM), also referred to as a Nearmiss, has been used in the Pretoria Academic Complex. All cases of SAMM and maternal deaths (MD) were entered on the Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Audit System programme (MaMMAS). A comparison of outcome of severely ill women who had complications of hypertension in pregnancy was performed between 1997-1998 (original protocol) and 2002-2003 (strict protocol). Data include women referred from outside the Pretoria Academic Complex area to the tertiary hospitals. Results: Between 1997-1998 there were 79 women with SAMM and 18 maternal deaths due to complications of hypertension, compared with 91 women with SAMM and 13 maternal deaths in 2002-2003. The mortality index (MI) declined from 18.6% to 12.5% (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.27-1.45). Statistically significant fewer women had renal failure (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 - 0.66) and cerebral complications (RR 0.52, 95%CI 0.34 - 0.81) during the second period, and liver dysfunction (RR 0.27 95%CI 0.06 - 1.25) tended to be lower. However, there tended to be an increase in the number of women, who had immune system failure (RR 4.2 95%CI 0.93 - 18.94) and respiratory failure (RR 1.42 95%CI 0.88 - 2.29) although it did not reach significance. Cardiac failure remained constant (RR 0.84 95%CI 0.54 - 1.30). Conclusion: The strict protocol approach based on the systemic evaluation of severely ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension and an intensive, regular feedback mechanism has been associated with a reduction in the number of patients with renal failure and cerebral compromise. © 2005 Lombaard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	dihydralazine; haloperidol; labetalol; methyldopa; nifedipine; Ringer lactate solution; adolescent; adult; article; breathing rate; cause of death; clinical examination; clinical feature; clinical protocol; comparative study; controlled study; critical illness; deep vein thrombosis; disease severity; feedback system; female; fetus monitoring; fluid therapy; Glasgow coma scale; heart failure; heart size; heart sound; hospital; human; immunopathology; kidney failure; liver dysfunction; major clinical study; maternal hypertension; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; Negro; neurologic disease; ophthalmoscopy; oxygen therapy; patient referral; reflex; respiratory failure; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistical significance; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944448208	Use of stored serum from Uganda for development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm involving multiple rapid immunoassays	Singer D.E., Kiwanuka N., Serwadda D., Nalugoda F., Hird L., Bulken-Hoover J., Kigozi G., Malia J.A., Calero E.K., Sateren W., Robb M.L., Wabwire-Mangen F., Wawer M., Gray R.H., Sewankambo N., Birx D.L., Michael N.L.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	10	10.1128/JCM.43.10.5312-5315.2005	Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	Singer, D.E., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Kiwanuka, N., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Hird, L., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Bulken-Hoover, J., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Malia, J.A., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Calero, E.K., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Sateren, W., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Robb, M.L., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Wawer, M., Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; Sewankambo, N., College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Birx, D.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Michael, N.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	We report the development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm consisting of three rapid antibody detection tests. Stored serum samples from Uganda were utilized with a final algorithm sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.9% (95% confidence interval, 98.6% to 99.3%). Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	algorithm; antibody detection; article; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunoassay; mass screening; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; serum; Uganda; virus identification; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Algorithms; Confidence Intervals; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serum; Specimen Handling; Time Factors; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944485916	Public-health impact of accelerated measles control in the WHO African Region 2000-03	Otten M., Kezaala R., Fall A., Masresha B., Martin R., Cairns L., Eggers R., Biellik R., Grabowsky M., Strebel P., Okwo-Bele J.-M., Nshimirimana D.	2005	Lancet	366	9488	10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67216-9	Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Otten, M., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kezaala, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Fall, A., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Masresha, B., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Martin, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Cairns, L., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Eggers, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Biellik, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Grabowsky, M., American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Strebel, P., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Okwo-Bele, J.-M., Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Nshimirimana, D., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: In 2000, the WHO African Region adopted a plan to accelerate efforts to lower measles mortality with the goal of decreasing the number of measles deaths to near zero. By June, 2003,19 African countries had completed measles supplemental immunisation activities (SIA) in children aged 9 months to 14 years as part of a comprehensive measles-control strategy. We assessed the public-health impact of these control measures by use of available surveillance data. Methods: We calculated percentage decline in reported measles cases during 1-2 years after SIA, compared with 6 years before SIA. On the basis of data from 13 of the 19 countries, we assumed that the percentage decline in measles deaths equalled that in measles cases. We also examined data on routine and SIA measles vaccine coverage, measles case-based surveillance, and suspected measles outbreaks. Findings: Between 2000 and June, 2003, 82-1 million children were targeted for vaccination during initial SIA in 12 countries and follow-up SIA in seven countries. The average decline in the number of reported measles cases was 91%. In 17 of the 19 countries, measles case-based surveillance confirmed that transmission of measles virus, and therefore measles deaths, had been reduced to low or very low rates. The total estimated number of deaths averted in the year 2003 was 90 043. Between 2000 and 2003 in the African Region as a whole, we estimated that the percentage decline in annual measles deaths was around 20% (90 043 of 454 000). Interpretation: The burden of measles in sub-Saharan Africa can be reduced to very low levels by means of appropriate strategies, resources, and personnel.	None	Africa; article; death; disease control; disease transmission; epidemic; health survey; human; measles; Measles virus; priority journal; public health; time; world health organization; adolescent; Africa south of the Sahara; child; epidemic; infant; measles; preschool child; preventive health service; world health organization; Adolescent; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Measles; Population Surveillance; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27144502745	Evaluation of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related counselling in a workplace-based ART implementation programme, South Africa	Stenson A.L., Charalambous S., Dwadwa T., Pemba L., Du Toit J.D., Baggaley R., Grant A.D., Churchyard G.J.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	8	10.1080/09540120500100940	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Stenson, A.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dwadwa, T., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pemba, L., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Du Toit, J.D., Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Baggaley, R., Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G.J., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa	Counselling about antiretroviral therapy (ART) is thought important to prepare patients for treatment and enhance adherence. A workplace-based HIV care programme in South Africa instituted a three-step ART counselling protocol with guidelines prompting issues to be covered at each step. We carried out an early evaluation of ART counselling to determine whether patients understood key information about ART, and the perceptions that patients and health care professionals (HCP) had of the process. Among 40 patients (median time on ART 83 days), over 90% answered 6/7 HIV/ART knowledge-related questions correctly. 95% thought counselling sessions were good. 93% thought ongoing counselling was important. Recommendations included the need for continuing education about HIV/ART, being respectful, promoting HIV testing and addressing the issues of infected partners and stigma. 24 participating HCP identified additional training needs including counselling of family and friends, family planning, sexually transmitted infections and running support groups. 90% of HCP thought that counselling guidelines were helpful. The programme appears to be preparing patients well for ART. Counselling should be offered at every clinic visit. Counselling guidelines were a valuable tool and may be useful elsewhere. The evaluation helped to assess the quality of the programme and to suggest areas for improvement. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; clinical article; continuing education; controlled study; family; family planning; friend; health care personnel; health care quality; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; patient compliance; patient counseling; patient education; practice guideline; priority journal; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; support group; workplace; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Attitude of Health Personnel; Counseling; Female; Guidelines; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Education; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; South Africa; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27144524041	Evaluation of envelope vaccines derived from the South African subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TV1 strain	Lian Y., Srivastava I., Gómez-Román V.R., Zur Megede J., Sun Y., Kan E., Hilt S., Engelbrecht S., Himathongkham S., Luciw P.A., Otten G., Ulmer J.B., Donnelly J.J., Rabussay D., Montefiori D., Van Rensburg E.J., Barnett S.W.	2005	Journal of Virology	79	21	10.1128/JVI.79.21.13338-13349.2005	Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Genetronics/Inovio, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Chiron Corp., 4560 Horton St., Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Food and Drug Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, United States; Department of Medical Virology, Tswane Academic Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lian, Y., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Srivastava, I., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Gómez-Román, V.R., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Zur Megede, J., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Sun, Y., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Kan, E., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Hilt, S., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Engelbrecht, S., University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Himathongkham, S., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States, Food and Drug Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, United States; Luciw, P.A., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Otten, G., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Ulmer, J.B., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Donnelly, J.J., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Rabussay, D., Genetronics/Inovio, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Montefiori, D., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Van Rensburg, E.J., University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medical Virology, Tswane Academic Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Barnett, S.W., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States, Chiron Corp., 4560 Horton St., Emeryville, CA 94608, United States	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C infections are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Therefore, there is a need to develop an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting broadly reactive immune responses against members of this subtype. We show here that modified HIV envelope (env) DNA vaccines derived from the South African subtype C TV1 strain are able to prime for Immoral responses in rabbits and rhesus macaques. Priming rabbits with DNA plasmids encoding V2-deleted TV1 gp140 (gp140TV1ΔV2), followed by boosting with oligomeric protein (o-gp140TV1ΔV2) in MF59 adjuvant, elicited higher titers of env-binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies than priming with DNA vaccines encoding the full-length TV1 env (gp160) or the intact TV1 gp140. Immunization with V2-deleted subtype B SF162 env and V2-deleted TVl env together using a multivalent vaccine approach induced high titers of oligomeric env-binding antibodies and autologous neutralizing antibodies against both the subtypes B and C vaccine strains, HIV-1 SF162 and TV1, respectively. Low-level neutralizing activity against the heterologous South African subtype C TV2 strain, as well as a small subset of viruses in a panel of 13 heterologous primary isolates, was observed in some rabbits immunized with the V2-deleted vaccines. Immunization of rhesus macaques with the V2-deleted TV1 DNA prime/protein boost also elicited high titers of env-binding antibodies and moderate titers of autologous TV1 neutralizing antibodies. The pilot-scale production of the various TV1 DNA vaccine constructs and env proteins described here should provide an initial platform upon which to improve the immunogenicity of these subtype C HIV envelope vaccines. Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	binding protein; DNA vaccine; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; neutralizing antibody; unclassified drug; virus envelope protein; virus envelope vaccine; animal cell; antibody response; antibody titer; article; cytotoxic T lymphocyte; derivatization; evaluation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 subtype c; immune response; immunogenicity; nonhuman; priority journal; South Africa; virus envelope; virus isolation; virus strain; AIDS Vaccines; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Gene Deletion; Gene Products, env; HIV Antibodies; HIV Envelope Protein gp160; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Immunization, Secondary; Injections, Intramuscular; Macaca mulatta; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Neutralization Tests; Rabbits; Sequence Alignment; South Africa; Vaccination; Vaccines, DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Macaca mulatta; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27344432029	Evaluation of an optical characterization model for infrared reflectance spectroscopy of GaAs substrates	Engelbrecht J.A.A., James G.R.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42496	None	Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Engelbrecht, J.A.A., Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; James, G.R., Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	The assessment of substrates by infrared spectroscopy was evaluated by comparing the electrical properties of GaAs substrates obtained optically with the values measured electrically.	None	gallium; infrared spectroscopy; optical method; substrate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27344439988	Technological performance judged by American patents awarded to South African inventors	Pouris A.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42496	None	Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Pouris, A., Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	PATENTS ARE ACCEPTED INTERNATIONALLY as a reflection of a country's inventive and technological achievements and are used for monitoring and assessing national systems of innovation. In South Africa, patents are one of the technological indicators monitored by the Department of Science and Technology. This article reports the results of an assessment of South Africa's technological performance based on the number of utility patents granted to South African inventors by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The analysis shows that the country is losing ground in the international technological race. South Africa's shares in the USPTO halved from 0.13% in 1988 to a mere 0.07% in 2001. Finer analysis reveals a small shift towards modern technologies (such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and computers and peripherals) and Science Linkage indicators identify the areas (in particular biotechnology and pharmaceuticals) in which South Africa is producing leading-edge technologies.	None	innovation; international comparison; social indicator; technological development; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27544488014	Heavy metals in sediments of the gold mining impacted Pra River basin, Ghana, West Africa	Donkor A.K., Bonzongo J.-C.J., Nartey V.K., Adotey D.K.	2005	Soil and Sediment Contamination	14	6	10.1080/15320380500263675	Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, United States	Donkor, A.K., Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Bonzongo, J.-C.J., Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, United States; Nartey, V.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Adotey, D.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana	Total concentrations of Hg, Al, Fe, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Co, V, and Zn were determined in surface sediments collected from 21 locations within the gold mining impacted Pra River basin in southwestern Ghana. Samples were collected during both the rainy and dry seasons. We hypothesized that in the rural southwestern portion of Ghana, the lack of industrial activities makes artisanal gold mining (AGM) by Hg amalgamation the main source of water resource contamination with heavy metals. Therefore, metals showing concentration trends similar to that of Hg in the studied system are likely impacted by AGM. We found that total-Hg (THg) concentrations in riverine sediments are rather low as compared to other aquatic systems that are impacted by similar mining activities. Measured THg concentrations ranged from 0.018 to 2.917 mg/kg in samples collected in the rainy season and from about 0.01 to 0.043 mg/kg in those collected during the dry season. However, the determination of the enrichment factor (EF) calculated using shale data as reference background values showed signs of severe contamination in most of the sampled sites. In the dry season, THg concentrations correlated positively and significantly to the concentrations of As (r = 0.864, p < 0.01), Cu (r = 0.691, p < 0.05), and Ni (r = 0.579, p < 0.05). Based on our previously stated hypothesis, this could then be an indication of the impact of AGM on ambient levels of these 3 elements. However, the determined concentrations of Cu, and Ni co-varied significantly with Al, suggesting that natural sources do account for the observed levels. Accordingly, both AGM and metal inputs from weathered natural deposits are likely co-responsible for the observed levels of Cu and Ni. In contrast, the lack of correlation between As and Al tends to suggest an impact of AGM on As levels. Overall, our data suggest that besides Hg and to some extent As, the impact of AGM on ambient levels of investigated metals in the gold mining impacted Pra River remains negligible. Finally, the increase in metal concentrations from the dry to the rainy season underlines the impact of changes in hydrologic conditions on levels and fate of metals in this tropical aquatic system. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	Ghana; Gold mining; Heavy metals; Mercury; Sediment contamination; West Africa	Concentration (process); Gold mines; Heavy metals; Hydrology; Mercury (metal); Mining; Sediments; Ghana; Gold mining; Sediment contamination; West Africa; River pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27544493497	Impact of emergency mass immunisations on measles control in displaced populations in Gulu district, Northern Uganda	Mupere E., Onek P., Babikako H.M.	2005	East African Medical Journal	82	8	None	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Gulu Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 160, Gulu, Uganda; Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda	Mupere, E., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Gulu Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 160, Gulu, Uganda; Onek, P., Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Babikako, H.M., Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda	Objective: To assess the impact of supplemental mass measles immunisations. Design: Retrospective study of hospital and health centre records. Setting: Gulu district, Northern Uganda, having approximately 81% of the population living in internally displaced persons' (IDPs) camps. Results: The mean age in months for 4,812 measles cases seen was 28.2 ± 46.0 (p<0.0001). Supplemental mass immunisations in 1997 and 2000 caused a 91% reduction of measles cases, 93% reduction of mortality, 91% reduction of bed-days and 79% reduction of outpatient cases. There was a 67% reduction in mean measles case admissions, 63% reduction in mean measles mortality, and 73% reduction in mean measles bed-days following district mass measles immunisations in 1997. However, following IDPs camps supplemental immunisations in 2000; there was 82% reduction of mean measles case admissions, 80% reduction of mean measles mortality and 88% reduction of mean measles bed-days. Conclusions: In similar situations, supplemental mass measles immunisations should be focused on IDPs camps with a wide age group in addition to improved routine immunization activities in the entire district.	None	adult; article; emergency health service; epidemic; epidemiology; female; health care quality; human; male; mass immunization; measles; outcome assessment; refugee; retrospective study; Uganda; Adult; Disease Outbreaks; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Male; Mass Immunization; Measles; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Program Evaluation; Refugees; Retrospective Studies; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644434475	On farm evaluation of the effect of low cost drip irrigation on water and crop productivity compared to conventional surface irrigation system	Maisiri N., Senzanje A., Rockstrom J., Twomlow S.J.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	None	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.021	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY 639, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; ICRISAT-Matopos, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Maisiri, N., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY 639, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe; Senzanje, A., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Rockstrom, J., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Twomlow, S.J., ICRISAT-Matopos, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	This on-farm research study was carried out at Zholube irrigation scheme in a semi-arid agro tropical climate of Zimbabwe to determine how low cost drip irrigation technologies compare with conventional surface irrigation systems in terms of water and crop productivity. A total of nine farmers who were practicing surface irrigation were chosen to participate in the study. The vegetable English giant rape (Brassica napus) was grown under the two irrigation systems with three fertilizer treatments in each system: ordinary granular fertilizer, liquid fertilizer (fertigation) and the last treatment with no fertilizer. These trials were replicated three times in a randomized block design. Biometric parameters of leaf area index (LAI) and fresh weight of the produce, water use efficiency (WUE) were used to compare the performance of the two irrigation systems. A water balance of the inflows and outflows was kept for analysis of WUE. The economic profitability and the operation, maintenance and management requirements of the different systems were also evaluated. There was no significant difference in vegetable yield between the irrigation systems at 8.5 ton/ha for drip compared to 7.8 ton/ha in surface irrigation. There were significant increases in yields due to use of fertilizers. Drip irrigation used about 35% of the water used by the surface irrigation systems thus giving much higher water use efficiencies. The leaf area indices were comparable in both systems with the same fertilizer treatment ranging between 0.05 for surface without fertilizer to 6.8 for low cost drip with fertigation. Low cost drip systems did not reflect any labour saving especially when manually lifting the water into the drum compared to the use of siphons in surface irrigation systems. The gross margin level for surface irrigation was lower than for low cost drip irrigation but the gross margin to total variable cost ratio was higher in surface irrigation systems, which meant that surface irrigation systems gave higher returns per variable costs incurred. It was concluded that low cost drip systems achieved water saving of more than 50% compared to surface irrigation systems and that it was not the type of irrigation system that influenced the yield of vegetables significantly but instead it is the type of fertilizer application method that contribute to the increase in the yield of vegetables. It was recommended that low cost technologies should be used in conjunction with good water and nutrient management if higher water and crop productivity are to be realized than surface irrigation systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Brassica napus; Fertigation; Low cost drip; Water productivity; Water use efficiency	Cost effectiveness; Crops; Economics; Evaporation; Fertilizers; Flow of water; Productivity; Soils; Transpiration; Water supply; Brassica napus; Fertigation; Low cost drip; Water productivity; Water use efficiency; Irrigation; crop production; drip irrigation; performance assessment; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Brassica napus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644469154	Gold mineralization within the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Evidence for a modified placer origin, and the role of the Vredefort impact event	Hayward C.L., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., Robb L.J.	2005	Geological Society Special Publication	248	None	10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.248.01.02	Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Hayward, C.L., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom, Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Robb, L.J., Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The chemical composition of gold within the Archaean metasedimentary rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup displays significant heterogeneity at the micro-, meso- and regional scales. A detailed electron microbeam analytical and petrological study of the main auriferous horizons in the Central Rand Group throughout the Witwatersrand Basin indicates that gold has been remobilized late in the paragenetic sequence over distances of less than centimetres. Contemporaneous chlorite formation was strongly rock-buffered. Gold mobilization occurred under fluid-poor conditions at temperatures that did not exceed 350 °C. Widespread circulation of mineralizing fluids within the Central Rand Group is not supported by the gold and chlorite chemical data. Brittle deformation that affects most of the paragenetic sequence of the Central Rand Group late in its post-depositional history is followed by sequences of mineral growth and dissolution that appear throughout the Central Rand Group and have consistent textural relationships with gold. The consistent location within the paragenetic sequence, the wide regional and stratigraphic extent of the brittle deformation, together with mineral chemical and petrological data suggest that the Vredefort Impact Event (2.02 Ga) was the cause of this late deformation, and that post-impact fluid-poor metamorphism resulted in crystallization of a significant proportion of the gold on and within mineral grains that were deformed during this event. © The Geological Society of London 2005.	None	gold; impact structure; mineralization; ore deposit; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome; Witwatersrand; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644474697	The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala - Uganda, on the surrounding environment	Mwiganga M., Kansiime F.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	11-16 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.016	Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mwiganga, M., Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kansiime, F., Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mpererwe landfill site receives solid wastes from the city of Kampala, Uganda. This study was carried out to assess and evaluate the appropriateness of the location and operation of this landfill, to determine the composition of the solid waste dumped at the landfill and the extent of contamination of landfill leachate to the neighbouring environment (water, soil and plants). Field observations and laboratory measurements were carried out to determine the concentration of nutrients, metals and numbers of bacteriological indicators in the landfill leachate. The landfill is not well located as it is close to a residential area (<200 m) and cattle farms. It is also located upstream of a wetland. The landfill generates nuisances like bad odour; there is scattering of waste by scavenger birds, flies and vermin. Industrial and hospital wastes are disposed of at the landfill without pre-treatment. The concentration of variables (nutrients, bacteriological indicators, BOD and heavy metals) in the leachate were higher than those recommended in the National Environment Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water and on Land. A composite sample that was taken 1500 m down stream indicated that the wetland considerably reduced the concentration of the parameters that were measured except for sulfides. Despite the fact that there was accumulation of metals in the sediments, the concentration has not reached toxic levels to humans. Soil and plant analyses indicated deficiencies of zinc and copper. The concentration of these elements was lowest in the leachate canal. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Contamination; Environmental impact; Kampala; Mpererwe landfill; Solid wastes; Uganda	Composition; Contamination; Land fill; Leachate treatment; Sediments; Solid wastes; Waste disposal; Wetlands; Kampala, Uganda; Mpererwe landfill; Environmental impact; environmental impact; landfill; leachate; pollution control; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; World; Aves; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644547370	From impact assessment to effective management plans: Learning from the Great Brak Estuary in South Africa	Slinger J.H., Huizinga P., Taljaard S., van Niekerk L., Enserink B.	2005	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	23	3	None	Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands; CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa	Slinger, J.H., Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands; Huizinga, P., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taljaard, S., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; van Niekerk, L., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Enserink, B., Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands	In 1990, the environmental impacts of an upstream dam on the Great Brak town and estuary were assessed and a management plan and monitoring programme were devised. In a recent review of the monitoring results, planned water releases and interventions in the form of timely mouth breaching were found to have ensured that, although the estuary's abiotic functioning has altered, its biotic health has not deteriorated over the last ten years. The lessons learned are captured in the revised management plan of 2004, which exhibits a clear shift to explicit communication plans and operational procedures, indicating that the initial environmental impact assessment (EIA) products were rudimentary. We argue that learning-through-doing and active public participation in the Great Brak case are essential ingredients in the adaptive management that is fundamental to successful EIA follow-up. © IAIA 2005.	Adaptive management; EIA follow-up; Freshwater requirements; Mouth breaching; Public participation; Water management	assessment method; environmental impact; freshwater; monitoring system; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644583919	Effective dose as a limiting quantity for the evaluation of primary barriers for diagnostic x-ray facilities	Okunade A.A.	2005	Health Physics	89	5 SUPPL.	None	Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Physics, Ibadan Road, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Physics, Ibadan Road, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	The National Council on Radiation Protection in Report 147 of NCRP has recommended that shielding design limit for diagnostic x-ray facilities must be consistent with the guidance specified in Report 116 of NCRP. In the latter report, it is specified that the limit of exposure must be in terms of effective dose received annually. New mathematical models that are different from those in Report 49 of NCRP are reported in the recently published Report 147 of NCRP, and the design limit is specified as kerma value. In this work, to provide a means of compliance with the recommendation in Report 116 of NCRP, the effective dose that is classified as the limiting quantity in Report 57 of ICRU has been incorporated into shielding algorithms for diagnostic x-ray facilities. Also, shielding models are presented using exposure, kerma-in-air, kerma-in-tissue and ambient dose equivalent as limiting quantities. A computer program, XSHIELD, was written in FORTRAN language to execute these models. With design limits set at 1 mSv y-1 and 0.25 mSv y-1 (as specified in Report 116 of NCRP) and using sample distribution of workload, age of patient, field sizes at image receptor, and types of projection, computations of shielding requirements were carried out for rooms designated adult and pediatric chest rooms. For same values of respective workload and design limit, the use of exposure, kerma-in-air, kerma-in-tissue, and ambient dose equivalent as limiting quantity produces thicker barriers than the use of effective dose. By the use of effective dose as limiting quantity, the shielding requirement for the same workload is independent of size of the individual to be shielded. However, irradiating the individual who is to be shielded in posterior-anterior projection requires a thicker barrier than when irradiation is in lateral projection.	Operational topic; Radiation protection; Shielding; X-ray imaging	age; air; algorithm; article; computer program; health care facility; mathematical model; practice guideline; priority journal; radiation dose; radiation exposure; radiation protection; radiation shield; tissue level; workload; X ray; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Mathematics; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644597711	Effects of watering regimes on aphid infestation and performance of selected varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in a humid rainforest zone of Nigeria	Agele S.O., Ofuya T.I., James P.O.	2006	Crop Protection	25	1	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.03.005	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Agele, S.O., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Ofuya, T.I., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; James, P.O., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Host plant drought stress affects plant productivity (growth and reproduction) and insect performance. This study was conducted to determine whether resistance to one major cowpea insect pest (Aphis craccivora, Koch) in identified cowpea varieties holds under different soil moisture regimes in the dry season period in a humid tropical rainforest zone. This information is basic to the use of insect resistant varieties for agricultural development under marginal conditions. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three water application regimes by four cowpea varieties grown in drainage lysimeters installed on the field in the dry season period in Akure, rainforest zone of Nigeria. Two aphid susceptible (Ife brown and Vita 7) and two aphid resistant (IT845-2246 and IT835-728-5) varieties were compared under soil moisture regimes. Reduction in the amount of water available to the cowpea plant (soil moisture deficit stress) in the host plant affected population trends of aphids in the different growth stages of cowpea. There were significant variations among tested aphid susceptible and aphid resistant cowpea varieties on aphid survival, population density (colony size), damage levels and seed yield reductions in relation to soil moisture regimes. A significantly lower number of aphids was observed in the resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties. Significant interactions between watering regimes and varieties were found for aphid survival rates, biomass and fruit yields in this study. The resistant varieties supported significantly lower aphid survival rates compared with susceptible varieties. Significant negative linear correlations were found for watering intervals (regimes) and aphid population, shoot biomass and seed (grain) yield. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Aphid; Cowpea; Infestation; Tropics; Watering regimes; Yield	aphid; drought stress; host plant; pest resistance; trend analysis; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Aphididae; Aphis craccivora; Insecta; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744449568	Chemical evaluation of cement-based sandcrete wall deterioration	Odigure J.O.	2005	Cement and Concrete Research	35	11	10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.014	Federal University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Odigure, J.O., Federal University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Cement-based structure stability could be characterized not only by their mechanical strength, soil geophysics and loading condition, but also the resistance to various physical and chemical factors that could initiate its corrosion. The contribution of water and various water-based solutions in the environment, to cement-based structure durability could be either physical as in seasonal flooding of the structure or chemical often initiated by the presence in the solution of organic or inorganic compounds or gases. Irrespective of the corrosion type, its destructive effect could be attributed to the build up of internal stress and weakening of the structure matrix. This work is aimed at investigating the role of chemical changes in the sandcrete matrix in the formation and development of macrocracks in cement-based sandcrete walls. Collected sandcrete samples were analyzed using titrimetric and granulometeric methods. Results showed that the percentage composition between the top and bottom of SiO2 was high in all the sandcrete blocks samples analyzed ranging from 76.72% to 80.30%. This indicates high permeability of ground level structure. The acidic nature of the soil in some area varying from pH = 5.89-6.11 could seriously undermine the structures strength. The percentage compositions of CaO were generally very low ranging from 3.83% at the ground to 4.44% at the top levels. For most points there were percentage compositional differential across cracked points horizontally and vertically. This is an indication of either poor cement quality or non-compliance to standards' requirements. There is a need to develop a model equation for the migration of minerals' hydrates in sandcrete wall. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	Chemical evaluation; Composition differential; Crack formation; Deterioration; Ions diffusion	Chemical analysis; Corrosion; Crack initiation; Deterioration; Mechanical permeability; Residual stresses; Sand; Strength of materials; Walls (structural partitions); Chemical evaluation; Compositional differential; Ions diffusion; Cements	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744487139	Evaluation of top, middle and bottom stalk of sugarcane as planting material	Kolo I.N., Adesiyun A.A., Misari S.M., Ishaq M.N.	2005	Sugar Tech	7	03-Feb	None	National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Kolo, I.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Adesiyun, A.A., Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Misari, S.M., Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Ishaq, M.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria	One of the major constraints of chewing sugarcane farming is the dearth of planting material. Two trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 seasons to evaluate the growth performance of the different parts of the chewing sugarcane stalk viz: top, middle and bottom. Three - budded cuttings of each part used as planting material was obtained from the stalks of the local chewing sugarcane variety NIG 008. There were no significant differences in most of the parameters taken, although, the growth performance of the Top and Middle parts of the stalk were better than the bottom one. In chewing sugarcane production, planting material (cane setts) are obtained from the middle of the stalk to the apex. Although both the middle and top are used, the top of the stalk is preferred by the local farmers as planting material because of the monetary value derived from the middle and bottom parts. . However, in large scale sugarcane farming, the bottom portion, in addition to the top and middle ones can be used without the fear of low cane yield.	Cane stalk segments (top, middle and base); Chewing sugarcane; Planting materials	Saccharum hybrid cultivar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744516642	Effect of replacement of maize with cassava peel in cockerel diets on performance and carcass characteristics	Nwokoro S.O., Ekhosuehi E.I.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	6	10.1007/s11250-005-6844-9	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Nwokoro, S.O., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ekhosuehi, E.I., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	Cyanide; Dressing percentage; Feed consumption; Nitrogen retention; Weight gain	animal; animal food; article; body composition; body constitution; caloric intake; cassava; chicken; growth, development and aging; maize; male; Nigeria; nutritional requirement; physiology; randomization; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Body Composition; Body Constitution; Chickens; Energy Intake; Male; Manihot; Nigeria; Nutritional Requirements; Random Allocation; Weight Gain; Zea mays; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744543444	Water supplies in some rural communities around Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria: Impact on water-related diseases	Opara A.A.	2005	Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health	36	4	None	Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Opara, A.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Two traditional surface water sources and one piped supply around Calabar, Nigeria were examined to reveal the community water use patterns and the impact on water-related diseases. Using questionnaires, it was shown that some communities trekked long distances (up to 5 km) to reach their supply source. The quantity of water collected per day in each of the five rural sources was inadequate (approximately 6 buckets or 90 liters). The traditional water sources were not available all year round, forcing users to trek longer distances for alternative supplies. Only 4.4% of rural water users subjected them to any further treatment, such as boiling or filtration. Fetching water was the occupation of children; they were the worst hit by water-related diseases, such as diarrhea/ dysentery, stomachache, worms and scabies/craw-craw. About 84% of the respondents were dissatisfied with their water supplies. Deaths due to apparent water-related diseases occurred among 6.3% of respondents during the twelve months preceding the study. The overall impact was a loss of school hours/days, loss of labor and general discouragement. The community served with piped treated water fared better in all respects.	None	animal; article; diarrhea; drinking; dysentery; helminth; human; microbiology; Nigeria; questionnaire; rural population; scabies; standard; water pollution; water supply; Animals; Diarrhea; Drinking; Dysentery; Helminths; Humans; Nigeria; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Scabies; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution; Water Supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744546272	Perceptions of hospital managers regarding the impact of doctors' community service	Omole O.B., Marincowitz G., Ogunbanjo G.A.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	8	None	Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa	Omole, O.B., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa, Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa; Marincowitz, G., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Ogunbanjo, G.A., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: In South Africa, the distribution of doctors is skewed in favour of the urban areas, but it is not uncommon to find many peri-urban facilities in short supply of doctors. In 1997, the South African government introduced compulsory community service (CS) to address this uneven distribution of doctors in the country. The CS doctors posted to the Letaba-Sekororo hospital complex in Limpopo Province refused to take up their appointments for various reasons, ranging from lack of supervision to poor basic infrastructure. This study is one of the earliest conducted to understand the perceptions of hospital managers on the impact of the national community service on the health service. Methods: After ethical approval was obtained from the Research, Ethics and Publications Committee (REPC) of the Medical University of Southern Africa (now University of Limpopo - Medunsa Campus), three focus group interviews were conducted with hospital managers from three purposefully selected hospitals. The interviews were audio-visually taped and supplemented with field notes, transcribed verbatim, with themes identified using the 'cut and paste' and 'colour coding' methods. Combined themes were categorised and interpreted within the context of the study and the available literature. Results: CS has improved health services delivery, alleviated work pressure, and improved the image of hospital managers. In addition, it has provided a constant supply of manpower, and increased the utilisation of health services by the community. The negative perceptions identified included a lack of experience and skills, poor relationships with the rural health team, lack of support structures for CS doctors, poor continuity of care and budgetary constraints. Conclusions: Hospital managers perceive CS to have had a positive impact on the supply of needed manpower, health service delivery and patient care. As this was a qualitative study, further quantitative and community-oriented studies are required to validate the results.	Community service doctors; Hospital managers; Impact; Perceptions	article; government; health care quality; health care utilization; health economics; health service; hospital management; human; manager; medical ethics; medical literature; medical practice; medical research; physician; poverty; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; rural health care; skill; social welfare; South Africa; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744551028	Impact of psychiatric morbidity on parent-rated quality of life in Nigerian adolescents with epilepsy	Adewuya A.O., Oseni S.B.A.	2005	Epilepsy and Behavior	7	3	10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.07.011	Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adewuya, A.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria; Oseni, S.B.A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Despite the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents with epilepsy, their impact on the quality of life has not been sufficiently studied. Adolescents with epilepsy (n = 90) aged 12 to 18 were assessed for anxiety and depressive disorders with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC-IV), and their quality of life was assessed with the parent-rated Impact of Childhood Illness Scale (ICIS). Sociodemographic and illness variables were also obtained. Predictors of poor quality of life in adolescents with epilepsy include anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, frequency of seizures, and side effects of antiepileptic drugs. Depressive and anxiety disorders impacted on both the adolescents and the family. Programs designed to improve the overall quality of life of these adolescents should include the evaluation and treatment of possible comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders and involve the family. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Adolescents; Anxiety disorders; Cross-cultural; Depressive disorders; Epilepsy; Quality of life	anticonvulsive agent; carbamazepine; phenytoin; valproic acid; adolescent; adult; anxiety disorder; article; comorbidity; controlled study; demography; depression; epilepsy; family; female; human; interview; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; parent; prediction; quality of life; scoring system; side effect; socioeconomics; Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Anxiety Disorders; Attitude; Depressive Disorder; Epilepsy; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Nigeria; Parents; Quality of Life; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744589128	Kinetic analysis of non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyser results using a new method for the evaluation of the temperature integral and multi-heating rates	Everson R.C., Neomagus H.W.J.P., Njapha D.	2006	Fuel	85	3	10.1016/j.fuel.2005.07.003	School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2082, South Africa	Everson, R.C., School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Neomagus, H.W.J.P., School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Njapha, D., Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2082, South Africa	A technique using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyser results was developed for the validation of reaction rate models together with associated parameters suitable for chemically controlled gas-solid reactions. The solution of the temperature integral which occurs in the calculation is achieved by numerical integration with respect to a dimensionless activation energy variable, y=E/RT, following a transformation of the temperature integral equation. The evaluation of the validity of the kinetic model and determination of all the constants is accomplished with a two-step regression procedure with experimental results from several thermogrammes with different linear heating rates. The technique was validated by comparing results obtained for the combustion of two coal-chars with corresponding isothermal results using a shrinking core model with a nth order surface reaction. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Coal-char; Kinetic study; Non-isothermal; Thermogravimetry	Activation energy; Coal; Combustion; Heating; Integral equations; Mathematical transformations; Reaction kinetics; Regression analysis; Surface reactions; Coal-char; Kinetic study; Non-isothermal; Reaction rate; Thermogravimetric analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844442716	On-farm evaluation of biological nitrogen fixation potential and grain yield of Lablab and two soybean varieties in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Okogun J.A., Sanginga N., Abaidoo R., Dashiell K.E., Diels J.	2005	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	73	03-Feb	10.1007/s10705-005-3821-7	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma	Okogun, J.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA, c/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Abaidoo, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dashiell, K.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, United States; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	Several legumes with high biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) potentials have been studied in on-station trials. The processes involved in BNF and the benefits of these species to crop production need to be evaluated using farmers' management practices in farmers' fields. An on-farm trial with 20 farmers was conducted in the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of Nigeria. The aims were to evaluate the BNF potentials of an improved soybean variety (TGx 1448-2E) and a local variety (Samsoy-2) when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains, and of Lablab in farmer-managed and researcher-managed soybean-maize and Lablab-maize crop rotation systems. The level of soil P was generally low with more than 50% of the fields having less than the critical P level. The plant available P content was statistically significantly (P = 0.05) correlated with P in grain (r = 0.60), P in the shoot (r = 0.68), grain yield (r = 0.40) and nodule weight (r = 0.35). Variations in plant parameters (nodulation, shoot dry matter, percentage nitrogen derived from the air [%Ndfa], grain yield, and nutrient uptake) among and within farmers' fields were attributed to differences in soil fertility and crop management. About 60% of the fields were moderately fertile, sufficient to support legume establishment, while about 30% of the farmers' fields had a low fertility level. For farmers in the study area to benefit from the BNF potentials of the legumes, an external P fertilizer input was necessary as well as suitable crop management practices because all parameters measured in the researcher-managed plots were higher than in the farmer-managed plots. © Springer 2005.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Grain yield; Northern Guinea savanna; Soybean	crop yield; nitrogen fixation; rhizobacterium; soybean; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Bradyrhizobium; Glycine max; Lablab; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844443523	The impact of reduced drug prices on the cost-effectiveness of HAART in South Africa	Nattrass N., Geffen N.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	1	None	AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Nattrass, N., AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Geffen, N., Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	South Africa has started 'rolling out' highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) through the public health sector, but implementation has been slow. Studies have shown that in Africa AIDS prevention may be more cost-effective than providing HAART; such published results provide some support for the South African government's apparent reluctance to implement a large-scale rapid HAART roll-out. However, previous studies have not linked treatment and prevention plans, and do not, for the most part, consider the potential savings to the public health sector (e.g., fewer hospital admissions) that may arise from the introduction of HAART. The South African costing exercise summarised here avoids both these limitations. It provides an update of earlier work and takes into account the recent decline in antiretroviral drug prices. It shows that once HIV-related hospital costs are included in the calculation, the cost per HIV infection averted is lower in a treatment-plus-prevention intervention scenario than it is in a prevention-only scenario. This suggests that it is economically advantageous to fund a large-scale comprehensive intervention plan and that the constraints for doing so are political. Once human-rights considerations are included, the case for providing HAART is even more compelling. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS; Prevention; Public health; Treatment	antiretrovirus agent; article; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; cost of illness; drug cost; drug utilization; government; health care planning; health program; health promotion; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hospital cost; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; nonhuman; patient counseling; preventive health service; public health service; South Africa; vertical transmission; virus transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844527498	A critical evaluation of the South African state antiretroviral programme	Venter W.D.F.	2005	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	20	None	Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Venter, W.D.F., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; azithromycin; didanosine; efavirenz; nevirapine; stavudine; article; geographic distribution; health behavior; health care access; health care system; health program; hepatitis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; infection complication; lactic acidosis; lifestyle; nutritional health; pancreatitis; patient compliance; patient counseling; peripheral neuropathy; population distribution; population research; public health service; resource management; South Africa; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Stevens Johnson syndrome; treatment failure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27944452621	Clinical evaluation of pearl millet conophor weaning mix as supplementary food for Nigerian children	Akeredolu I.A., Addo A.A., Akeredolu O.A.	2005	Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology	48	4	None	Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria	Akeredolu, I.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria; Addo, A.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria; Akeredolu, O.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria	The purpose of this study was to formulate a weaning diet from pearl millet-conophor nut flour that would promote growth. For PER, BV, NPU and TD values, casein diet was the most superior while millet-conophor diet and soy-ogi diet compared favourably with each other. For the clinical measurements of the experimental rats on the soy - ogi diet and millet-conophor diet, apart from the urinary urea level of the group on millet conophor diet which was much higher than soy-ogi, there was no difference in any of the other parameters measured. It was therefore, concluded that the millet-conophor, diet was favourably well with the soy-ogi.	Clinical evaluation; Conophor; Millet and supplementary food; Weaning mix	Pennisetum glaucum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28044456323	Performance of a solar dryer with limited sun tracking capability	Mwithiga G., Kigo S.N.	2006	Journal of Food Engineering	74	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.018	Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	Mwithiga, G., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Kigo, S.N., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	A small solar dryer with limited sun tracking capabilities was designed and tested. The dryer had a mild steel absorber plate and a polyvinyl chloride (pvc) transparent cover and could be adjusted to track the sun in increments of 15°. The performance was tested by adjusting the angle the dryer made with the horizontal either once, three, five or nine times a day when either loaded with coffee beans or under no load conditions. The temperature distribution in the plenum and also the drying rate of parchment coffee were determined. The temperature inside the plenum chamber could reach a maximum of 70.4 °C and the dryer could lower the moisture content of coffee beans from 54.8% to below 13% (w.b.) in 2 days as opposed to the 5-7 days required in sun drying. Tracking the sun though allowing a faster rate of drying did not offer a significant advantage in terms of length of drying duration. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Coffee; Drying; Solar dryer; Temperature distribution; Tracking	Drying; Food products; Moisture; Plates (structural components); Polyvinyl chlorides; Steel; Sun; Temperature distribution; Coffee; Steel absorber plates; Sun drying; Tracking; Solar dryers; Phaseolus (angiosperm)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28044457932	Impact of DDT re-introduction on malaria transmission in KwaZulu-Natal	Maharaj R., Mthembu D.J., Sharp B.L.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	11 I	None	Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Maharaj, R., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mthembu, D.J., Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Sharp, B.L., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Objectives. To determine whether the re-introduction of DDT in KwaZulu-Natal had any effects on malaria transmission in the province. Design, setting and subjects. The 2000 malaria epidemic in KwaZulu-Natal has been attributed to pyrethroid-resistant anopheles mosquitoes in the area. Previous studies have shown that these mosquitoes are still susceptible to DDT. To determine whether DDT re-introduction had any impact on malaria transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, the following variables (pre- and post-epidemic) were investigated: (i) the number of reported cases; and (ii) the distribution of Anopheles funestus in relation to the insecticides sprayed. Outcome measures. The notified malaria cases and the distribution of A. funestus were measured to determine the effects of DDT re-introduction on malaria transmission. Results and conclusion. After DDT re-introduction, the number of malaria cases decreased to levels lower than those recorded before the epidemic. A. funestus appears to have been eradicated from the province. The combination of an effective insecticide and effective antimalarial drugs in KwaZulu-Natal has resulted in a 91% decline in the malaria incidence rate. Unfortunately the continued exclusive use of DDT within the malarious areas of the province is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance.	None	antimalarial agent; artemisinin; chlorphenotane; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; article; epidemic; human; incidence; insecticide resistance; malaria; malaria control; outcomes research; parasite vector; South Africa; vector control; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Pesticides; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244439182	Determining milling performance of sorghum cultivars by means of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques	van der Merwe M., Osthoff G., Pretorius A.J.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	4	None	Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	van der Merwe, M., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Osthoff, G., Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Pretorius, A.J., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Although roller milling has been successfully applied to produce sorghum meal, the South African sorghum milling industry mostly uses abrasive decortication milling. The first objective of this study was to develop a laboratory-scale roller milling technique for a scaled-down roller mill and determine the milling performance of sorghum cultivars, using canonical variate analysis. The second objective was to compare the suitability of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques to determine milling performance of sorghum. Thirdly, cultivars better suited for roller milling and those, which milled more successfully with abrasive decortication milling, were identified. Grain samples of 24 sorghum cultivars produced during two seasons at three localities were milled with a Tangential Abrasive Dehulling Device and a roller mill consisting of two break rollers with different flute sizes. Canonical variate analysis was found to be a suitable procedure to analyse and predict the roller milling performance. Little variation in milling losses of different cultivars was found with roller milling, while more variation in losses was experienced between cultivars with abrasive decortication. Mean colour was highly acceptable and did not depend on the milling time in the case of roller milling samples. Cultivars PAN 8564, NS 5655, SNK 3337 and SNK 3863 displayed good milling quality when milled using both roller and abrasive decortication milling. Both abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques were found to be suitable for sorghum milling and the determination of milling performance.	Abrasive decortication; Milling performance; Roller milling; Sorghum cultivars	milling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244443379	Landslides in Sado Island of Japan: Part I. Case studies, monitoring techniques and environmental considerations	Ayalew L., Yamagishi H., Marui H., Kanno T.	2005	Engineering Geology	81	4	10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.08.005	Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia	Ayalew, L., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia; Yamagishi, H., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Marui, H., Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kanno, T., Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan	A sufficient knowledge on the kinematics and development of landslides helps to adopt proper measures that can be used to protect slopes and the environment in general. This can be achieved by adequate monitoring programs. This paper presents the findings of intensive monitoring activities carried out on Shiidomari and Katanoo landslides found in Sado Island of Japan. More than one year of observation of the two landslides allowed defining some peculiar futures of their kinematics and style of development. The problem of slope instability in the two areas is generally accredited to various factors. But, both landslides were triggered by heavy rainfalls and snowmelt. Because of the outline of the area and the presence of relict topographic features, the Shiidomari landslide is considered to be a large-scale reactivation of old slope failures. The Katanoo landslide is, however, a first-time case. Geophysical investigations and drilling activities in Shiidomari indicated the presence of two slip planes. The deepest (80-100 m) of these is controlled by existing lineaments. Monitoring data suggests that the body of the landslide has subsided as much as 1.16 m just below the main scarp, but a centimeter in the central region. The toe sector also experienced a significant amount of subsidence, but this was counter-balanced by an uplift on the opposite side of the landslide. Hence, the landslide seems not any more active along the deepest slip surface, although it may extend upward and define a series of shallow shear planes around the crown. In the case of Katanoo, the landform characteristics, differential weathering, the road cut and groundwater fluctuations appeared to contribute much to determine the exact location of the landslide. Extensional cracks that preceded the landslide can be related to heavy rainfalls and the cold and warm cycles thereafter. Subsurface investigations and monitoring works indicated that the landslide has two slide blocks with different slip planes. During the observation period, the upper part of the landslide responded more effectively to rainfall and snowmelt than the middle and lower sections. The corresponding movements, however, appeared to settle about three months after failure. There were also little strain transmissions in boreholes and no significant change in the characteristics of the landslide. The kinematics of deformation of many of the slopes in Sado Island resembles that of Shiidomari landslide. But mass movements along highways and mountain roads are usually similar to Katanoo. Landslides of the type like Shiidomari may not show sudden and drastic failures, but are usually long lasting and can reactivate repeatedly along new, shallow shear planes. Monitoring works and long-term supervisions in these types of landslides are useful to identify impending failures and take the right measures before they brought about large-scale destruction to the environment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Environment; Landslide; Monitoring; Sado, Japan	Environmental impact; Geophysics; Monitoring; Slope stability; Subsidence; Weathering; Differential weathering; Slope failures; Landslides; kinematics; landslide; monitoring; Asia; Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Far East; Japan; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244454770	Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands	Chown S.L., Hull B., Gaston K.J.	2005	Global Ecology and Biogeography	14	6	10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00173.x	Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Chown, S.L., Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Hull, B., Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Gaston, K.J., Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom	Aim Ongoing biological invasions will enhance the impacts of humans on biodiversity. Nonetheless, the effects of exotic species on diversity are idiosyncratic. Increases in diversity might be a consequence of similar responses by species to available energy, or because of positive relationships between human density, energy and propagule pressure. Here we use data from the Southern Ocean island plants and insects to investigate these issues. Location The Southern Ocean Islands ranging from Tristan da Cunha to Heard Island and South Georgia. Methods Generalized linear models are used to explore the relationships between indigenous and exotic species richness for plants and insects on two different islands. Similar models are used to examine interactions between indigenous and exotic species richness, energy availability and propagule pressure at the regional scale. Results Positive relationships were found between indigenous and exotic species richness at local scales, although for plants, the relationship was partially triangular. Across the Southern Ocean Islands, there was strong positive covariation between indigenous and exotic plant species richness and insect species richness, even taking spatial autocorrelation into account. Both exotic and indigenous plant and insect species richness covaried with energy availability, as did human visitor frequency. When two islands with almost identical numbers of human visits were contrasted, it was clear that energy availability, or perhaps differences in climate-matching, were responsible for differences in the extent of invasion. Conclusion In plants and insects, there are positive relationships between indigenous and exotic diversity at local and regional scales across the Southern Ocean islands. These relationships are apparently a consequence of similar responses by both groups and by human occupants to available energy. When visitor frequency is held constant, energy availability is the major correlate of exotic species richness, though the exact mechanistic cause of this relationship requires clarification. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Disturbance; Diversity; Human history; Insects; Introduced species; Propagule pressure; Vascular plants	biodiversity; biological invasion; human activity; island; species richness; Southern Ocean; Hexapoda; Insecta; Tracheophyta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244491530	Field evaluation of a fast anti-Leishmania antibody detection assay in Ethiopia	Hailu A., Schoone G.J., Diro E., Tesfaye A., Techane Y., Tefera T., Assefa Y., Genetu A., Kebede Y., Kebede T., Schallig H.D.F.H.	2006	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	100	1	10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.003	Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia	Hailu, A., Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schoone, G.J., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Diro, E., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Techane, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Tefera, T., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Assefa, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Genetu, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, Y., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, T., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schallig, H.D.F.H., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands	A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples was evaluated under harsh field conditions in northern Ethiopia. Test performance was compared with a standard serological test, namely the direct agglutination test (DAT), and with parasitology. In total, 103 suspected cases were recruited for the study. Based on parasitological examination, 49 patients were confirmed of having visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the other 54 suspected cases were parasitologically negative. Field evaluation of FAST was possible in blood samples of 89 patients. FAST had 4 false negative results and 13 false positive results. DAT had 2 false negative results and 20 false positive results. A good degree of agreement (86.9%) was observed between FAST and DAT (κ value 0.73). In this field-based evalauation, the sensitivity and specificity of FAST were found to be 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1) and 70.5% (95% CI 54.6-82.8), respectively, compared with 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2) and 62.3% (95% CI 47.9-74.9) for DAT. FAST had a high predictive value of a negative test, demonstrating that FAST could be utilised to exclude rapidly non-VL patients from a large population of suspects with fever and splenomegaly in endemic areas. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	DAT; Direct agglutination test; Ethiopia; FAST; Fast agglutination screening test; Visceral leishmaniasis	protozoon antibody; agglutination test; antibody detection; antibody screening; article; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic error; diagnostic value; endemic disease; Ethiopia; fever; field experiment; human; intermethod comparison; Leishmania; leishmaniasis; major clinical study; microbiological examination; nonhuman; parasitology; prediction; sensitivity and specificity; splenomegaly; visceral leishmaniasis; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Protozoan; Ethiopia; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244493000	Tidal impact on breeding African Black Oystercatchers on Robben Island, Western Cape, South Africa	Calf K.M., Underhill L.G.	2005	Ostrich	76	42433	None	Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; School of Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Clarendon Way, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom	Calf, K.M., Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Clarendon Way, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Underhill, L.G., Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	Haematopus bachmani	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28344433134	Technology transfer pathways and livelihood impact indicators in central Ethiopia	Tesfaye A., Jemal I., Ferede S., Curran M.M.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	None	10.1007/s11250-005-9011-4	Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	Tesfaye, A., Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jemal, I., Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Ferede, S., Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Curran, M.M., Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	A survey was conducted in central Ethiopia to elicit information on existing and potential dissemination pathways for technical information on donkey husbandry. A detailed socio-economic survey was also conducted to provide background information on the people and the region, and livelihood indicators were drawn out at the same time. The results showed that there are many opportunities for group dissemination by making use of existing social networks. There are also opportunities for dissemination through extension agents, farmer groups and radio broadcasting. © 2005 Springer.	Central Ethiopia; Donkey; Husbandry	adult; agriculture; animal; animal husbandry; animal welfare; article; economics; education; Ethiopia; female; horse; human; income; interpersonal communication; male; methodology; middle aged; technology; Adult; Agriculture; Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Communication; Equidae; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Technology Transfer; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28344443375	The impact of access to animal health services on donkey health and livelihoods in Ethiopia	Curran M.M., Feseha G., Smith D.G.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	None	10.1007/s11250-005-9008-z	Villardi Consulting, Singapore; Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Faculty, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom	Curran, M.M., Villardi Consulting, Singapore; Feseha, G., Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Faculty, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Smith, D.G., Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom	This study was carried out to assess the impact of animal healthcare services on poor donkey owners in Ethiopia. The services provided by the Donkey Sanctuary were used as a case study. A questionnaire survey was designed and carried out in the areas around Debre Zeit in the Highlands of Ethiopia. The staff carried out a survey at 10 sites. Six of these were in Donkey Sanctuary project areas and four were in control areas. The results showed that in project areas donkeys were significantly healthier and more productive than in non-project areas. Donkey owners in project sites felt better off for having access to animal healthcare services; donkey owners in non-project sites were less confident about their incomes and the health of their animals. © 2005 Springer.	Donkey; Ethiopia; Health services; Livelihood	agriculture; animal; animal welfare; article; Ethiopia; female; horse; human; male; questionnaire; socioeconomics; veterinary medicine; Agriculture; Animal Welfare; Animals; Equidae; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; Veterinary Medicine; Animalia; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28444439950	In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of antiviral medicinal plants using a vector-based assay technique	Esimone C.O., Grunwald T., Wildner O., Nchinda G., Tippler B., Proksch P., Überla K.	2005	Journal of Applied Microbiology	99	6	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02732.x	Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University,	Esimone, C.O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany, Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Grunwald, T., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Wildner, O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Nchinda, G., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Tippler, B., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Proksch, P., Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Überla, K., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany	Aims: Medicinal plants are increasingly being projected as suitable alternative sources of antiviral agents. The development of a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic screening technique could contribute to rapid identification of potential bioactive plants and also to the standardization and/or pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiling of the bioactive components. Methods and Results: Recombinant viral vectors (lentiviral, retroviral and adenoviral) transferring the firefly luciferase gene were constructed and the inhibition of viral vector infectivity by various concentrations of plant extracts was evaluated in HeLa or Hep2 cells by measuring the changes in luciferase activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in parallel on HeLa or Hep2 cells stably expressing luciferase. Amongst the 15 extracts screened, only the methanol (ME) and the ethyl acetate (ET) fractions of the lichen, Ramalina farinacea specifically reduced lentiviral and adenoviral infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Chromatographic fractionation of ET into four fractions (ET1-ET4) revealed only ET4 to be selectively antiviral with an IC50 in the 20 μg ml-1 range. Preliminary mechanistic studies based on the addition of the extracts at different time points in the viral infection cycle (kinetic studies) revealed that the inhibitory activity was highest if extract and vectors were preincubated prior to infection, suggesting that early steps in the lentiviral or adenoviral replication cycle could be the major target of ET4. Inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 was also observed at a 10-fold lower concentration of the extract. Conclusions: The vector-based assay is a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation technique for antiviral medicinal plants. The technique has successfully demonstrated the presence of antiviral principles in R. farinacea. Significance and Impact of Study: Potential anti-HIV medicinal plants could rapidly be evaluated with the reported vector-based technique. The lichen, R. farinacea could represent a lead source of antiviral substances and is thus worthy of further studies. © 2005 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Antiviral; Lichen; Medicinal plants; Pharmacodynamic; Ramalina farinacea; Vector-based assay	acetic acid ethyl ester; adenovirus vector; antivirus agent; lentivirus vector; luciferase; methanol; plant extract; ramalina farinacea extract; retrovirus vector; unclassified drug; virus vector; antimicrobial activity; medicinal plant; virus; alternative medicine; article; chromatography; concentration response; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug selectivity; enzyme activity; fractionation; gene expression; gene transfer; HeLa cell; HEp 2 cell; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; in vitro study; medicinal plant; nonhuman; ramalina farinacea; standardization; technique; viral gene delivery system; virus infectivity; virus recombinant; virus replication; wild type; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Antiviral Agents; Biological Assay; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemiluminescent Measurements; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Vectors; Hela Cells; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Luciferases; Medicine, African Traditional; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Retroviridae; Adenoviridae; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Lentivirus; Ramalina farinacea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28644432743	Semi-commercial evaluation of Bacillus licheniformis to control mango postharvest diseases in South Africa	Govender V., Korsten L., Sivakumar D.	2005	Postharvest Biology and Technology	38	1	10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.04.005	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Govender, V., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Korsten, L., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Sivakumar, D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated under semi-commercial conditions on a mango packing line to control anthracnose and stem-end rot on the mango cultivar 'Keitt'. Mango fruit were treated with either the biocontrol agent applied in hot water (45°C) followed by a quarter strength prochloraz dip or with the biocontrol agent applied on its own in hot water. These treatments were compared to the untreated control and commercially used prochloraz hot water dip. Treated fruit were dried and waxed on the commercial packing line. Fruit subjected to the prochloraz-biocontrol hot water combination showed reduced anthracnose and stem-end rot incidence after market simulated conditions of low temperature storage at 10°C with 90% RH and at room tempeature (20°C at 75% RH for 7 days). This integrated treatment retained the fruit colour and firmness with high marketability most effectively, compared to the other treatments. The biocontrol agent was effectively recovered from treated fruit after 21 days storage at 10°C, 90% RH (6 log units) and declined to 3 log units after an additional 7 days storage at 20°C, 75% RH. Total recovered bacterial and yeast populations on the fruit surface were higher in fruit subjected to the integrated treatment and held under both storage conditions. In contrast, the total recovered fungal population was higher on untreated control fruit. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anthracnose; Biocontrol agent; Hot water treatment; Prochloraz; Stem-end rot	Bacillus licheniformis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28744446906	Statistical evaluation of the hydraulic conductivity of compacted lateritic soil	Nwaiwu C.M.O., Osinubi K.J., Afolayan J.O.	2005	Geotechnical Testing Journal	28	6	None	Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004, Borno State, Nigeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Nwaiwu, C.M.O., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004, Borno State, Nigeria; Osinubi, K.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Afolayan, J.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	This paper examines the variation of hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lateritic soil with molding water content, dry unit weight, and initial degree of saturation under as-compacted conditions. Trends in the hydraulic conductivity versus molding water content relationships are similar to those obtained for nonlateritic, temperate zone soils. Hydraulic conductivity generally decreased as dry unit weight and initial degree of saturation increased. However, for the same values of dry unit weight, specimens compacted on the wet side of optimum water content yielded lower hydraulic conductivities than those compacted on the dry side of optimum water content. For lateritic soil specimens compacted at about 2 % or more on the wet side of optimum water content, hydraulic conductivities less than 1 × 10-7 cm/s can be achieved when the dry unit weight is greater than or equal to 16.3 kN/m 3 and initial saturation is greater than or equal to 88 %. Statistical analysis of the results obtained in this study show that relatively weak relationships exist between hydraulic conductivity and molding water content or dry unit weight. Stronger relationships are obtained when hydraulic conductivity is plotted against initial degree of saturation. It is shown that a more accurate prediction of hydraulic conductivity can be achieved when a multiple regression equation is used to relate degree of saturation and compaction energy to hydraulic conductivity. The British Standard heavy compactive effort offers a wider range of molding water contents within which soils can be compacted to yield low hydraulic conductivity. This range is, however, limited by consideration for long-term desiccation and shear strength. Copyright © 2005 by ASTM International.	Compactive effort; Hydraulic conductivity; Initial saturation; Lateritic soil; Minimum dry unit weight; Molding water content; Statistical analysis	Moisture; Regression analysis; Soils; Compactive effort; Initial saturation; Lateritic soil; Minimum dry unit weight; Molding water content; Hydraulic conductivity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28744459338	Evaluation of nutritive properties of the large African cricket (Gryllidae sp)	Adebowale Y.A., Adebowale K.O., Oguntokun M.O.	2005	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	48	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Adebowale, Y.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adebowale, K.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oguntokun, M.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	The large African cricket (Gryllidae sp) was subjected to standard analytical procedures to determine its proximate composition, functional properties, amino acids spectrum, in vitro protein digestibility, and nutritionally valuable minerals. The moisture was low (2.13-3.48%), while the protein content was high (65.95%) in the male cricket and 65.11 % in the female cricket). Seventeen amino acids were detected. The essential amino acids contributed 46.1-47.8% of the total amino acid content. Results of the in vitro protein multienzyme digestibility indicated high digestibility (90.7-94.7%). The amino acids scores were also favourable. The crude fibre and fat contents were fairly high, while the total carbohydrates were low (8.26-12.49%). The carbohydrates fraction contained 85.9-88.0% carbohydrates as stored glycogen. Phosphorus was the highest mineral in the ash (180.92 mgper 100 g), while the concentration of zinc was the lowest (1.46 mg per 100 g). Copper, manganese, nickel and lead were below the detection limits. Observations on the functional properties revealed low gelation, oil absorption, and emulsion capacity and stability. The effect of pH on the protein solubility showed that the lowest solubility occurred at the pH value of 4.0, while maximum solubility was recorded at the pH values of 6 and 7.	Functional properties; Gryllidae amino acids; Gryllidae sp; Large African cricket; New protein source; Nutritional properties	cricket; Gryllidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28844496331	Evaluation of naturally decomposed solid wastes from municipal dump sites for their manurial value in southwest Nigeria	Adeoye G.O., Sridhar M.K.C., AdeOluwa O.O., Akinsoji N.A.	2005	Journal of Sustainable Agriculture	26	4	10.1300/J064v26n04_09	Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Environmental Health, Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Research and Development Group, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeoye, G.O., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Sridhar, M.K.C., Division of Environmental Health, Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Research and Development Group, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; AdeOluwa, O.O., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Akinsoji, N.A., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States	Ibadan, like other urban centers in Nigeria is characterized by a large number of illegal solid waste dumps. These waste dumps decomposing under the tropical heat pose serious pollution problems to the ecosystems and at the same time are transformed naturally into 'manure' or compost over a period of stay and degradation under the tropical sun. Rapid decline in soil fertility under tropical climate coupled with high cost of chemical fertilizers make these manures very attractive for poor peasant farmers as alternate sources of fertilizers or soil conditioners. This study has evaluated the nutrient value of decomposed waste from six different municipal dumpsites of varying age ranging between 6 months and 20 years. A green house experiment was conducted using sand culture to study the effects of application of these manures on the growth and yield of a common green leafy vegetable, Amaranthus caudatus. These manures were also compared against organo-mineral fertilizers (prepared from cow dung and municipal solid wastes amended with mineral nitrogen and without amendment) used normally by the farmers. The results showed that the dumpsite manures are rich in C, N, P, and K, which promoted plant growth comparable to normal compost. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Green amaranth; Manure; Municipal solid wastes; Nigerian agriculture; Organic wastes	decomposition; manure; solid waste; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Amaranthus; Amaranthus caudatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28844501584	Inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis in growing potato tubers leads to a compensatory stimulation of the pyrimidine salvage pathway and a subsequent increase in biosynthetic performance	Geigenberger P., Regierer B., Nunes-Nesi A., Leisse A., Urbanczyk-Wochniak E., Springer F., Van Dongen J.T., Kossmann J., Fernie A.R.	2005	Plant Cell	17	7	10.1105/tpc.105.033548	Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Maiteland 7601, South Africa	Geigenberger, P., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Regierer, B., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Nunes-Nesi, A., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Leisse, A., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Urbanczyk-Wochniak, E., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Springer, F., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Van Dongen, J.T., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Kossmann, J., Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Maiteland 7601, South Africa; Fernie, A.R., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany	Pyrimidine nucleotides are of general importance for many aspects of cell function, but their role in the regulation of biosynthetic processes is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the influence of a decreased expression of UMP synthase (UMPS), a key enzyme in the pathway of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, on biosynthetic processes in growing potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Transgenic plants were generated expressing UMPS in the antisense orientation under the control of the tuber-specific patatin promoter. Lines were selected with markedly decreased expression of UMPS in the tubers. Decreased expression of UMPS restricted the use of externally supplied orotate for de novo pyrimidine synthesis in tuber tissue, whereas the uridine-salvaging pathway was stimulated. This shift in the pathways of UMP synthesis was accompanied by increased levels of tuber uridine nucleotides, increased fluxes of [ 14C]sucrose to starch and cell wall synthesis, and increased amounts of starch and cell wall components in the tubers, whereas there were no changes in uridine nucleotide levels in leaves. Decreased expression of UMPS in tubers led to an increase in transcript levels of carbamoylphosphate synthase, uridine kinase, and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, the latter two encoding enzymes in the pyrimidine salvage pathways. Thus, the results show that antisense inhibition of the de novo pathway of pyrimidine synthesis leads to a compensatory stimulation of the less energy-consuming salvage pathways, probably via increased expression and activity of uridine kinase and uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase. This results in increased uridine nucleotide pool levels in tubers and improved biosynthetic performance. © 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists.	None	Cells; Growth kinetics; Plants (botany); Starch; Tissue; Pyrimidine salvage pathway; Pyrimidine synthesis; Transgenic plants; Uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase; Biosynthesis; Biosynthesis; Cells; Growth; Plants; Starch; Tissue; Solanum tuberosum; antisense oligonucleotide; multienzyme complex; orotate phosphoribosyltransferase; orotic acid; orotidine 5' phosphate decarboxylase; pyrimidine derivative; uridine; uridine 5' phosphate synthase; uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase; article; biosynthesis; down regulation; enzyme activation; gene expression regulation; genetics; growth, development and aging; metabolism; physiology; plant tuber; potato; promoter region; signal transduction; transgenic plant; upregulation; Down-Regulation; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Multienzyme Complexes; Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense; Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase; Orotic Acid; Orotidine-5'-Phosphate Decarboxylase; Plant Tubers; Plants, Genetically Modified; Promoter Regions (Genetics); Pyrimidines; Signal Transduction; Solanum tuberosum; Up-Regulation; Uridine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944431793	The effect of supplementing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay with Acacia tortilis leaves and pods mixture on intake, digestibility and growth performance of goats	Abdulrazak S.A., Njuguna E.G., Karau P.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	Abdulrazak, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya, Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Njuguna, E.G., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Karau, P.K., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	An experiment was conducted for 63 days to examine the effects of supplementation of Rhodes grass hay (H) with mixtures of leaves and pods of Acacia tortilis on intake, digestion and growth performance of Small East African goats (SEAG). Twenty four SEAG of 18±4 kg BW, 9months old were assigned to six diets including ad libitum Rhodes grass hay alone (H) or H supplemented with various proportions of pods, leaves and mixture of the two as follows; 19 g DM/kg W0.75 pods (P), 19 g DM/kgW0.75 leaves (L), 9.5:9.5 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PL), 14:5 g DM/kg W 0.75 pods +leaves (PPL) or 5:14 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PLL). The diets were allocated to the goats in a completely randomised design, with 4 goats per treatment. Dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and live weight gains were all increased by supplementation. There was an indication of a better response in intake and weight gains when the hay was supplemented with equal proportion (9.5 g DM/kg W0.75) of pods and the leaves. It is concluded that mixtures of pods and leaves give more benefits than when either is offered singly to goats fed a basal diet of grass hay.	Acacia tortilis; Goats; Intake; Leaves; Live weight; Pods; Tree mixture	Acacia; Acacia tortilis; Capra hircus; Chloris gayana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944434103	Reproductive performances of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses in Andassa ranch, Northwestern Ethiopia	Gebeyehu G., Asmare A., Asseged B.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Asmare, A., Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Asseged, B., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A study was conducted in Andassa Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch (ACBIR), northwestern Ethiopia, with the aims of assessing the reproductive performance of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses. The study involved the use of data compiled on record books and individual animal cards, and monitoring. General Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze the data. The overall mean age at first service (AFS), number of services per-conception (NSC) and days open (DO) were 40.6±8 months, 1.62±0.1 and 305±10 days respectively. AFS was significantly affected by breed group; NSC and DO were significantly affected by parity of the cows; whereas season of birth/calving does not seem to have a significant effect on any of the traits measured. Although wide variations were recorded among study subjects, the performance of the breed (and the crosses) was low indicating that poor management prevails in the center. The wide ranges of values recorded, however, create an avenue to improve the performance of the breed or its crosses through rigorous selection procedures.	Crossbred; Fogera; Friesian; Parity; Season	Animalia; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944454660	Effect of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler starter chickens	Emenalom O.O., Orji V.C., Ogbonna N.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Orji, V.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ogbonna, N.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of whole and cracked velvet bean seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler chicks. Whole and cracked velvet bean seeds were separately soaked in water for 48 hours, cooked for one hour in maize-cob ash solution, sun-dried and then ground into meals. The meals were then incorporated into broiler starter diets at 25 and 30% dietary levels respectively and fed from 0 to 28 days of age. The control diet contained no velvet bean meal. At 25 and 30% dietary levels, cracked velvet bean meal supported broiler performance comparable to the control. Birds fed 30% whole velvet bean (WVB) meal had a significantly depressed growth; grew 84.22% of control but feed intake and feed to gain ratio were unaffected. Cooking in maize-cob ash solution improved the nutritive value of velvet bean seeds, allowing for 25 and 30% dietary inclusion levels for whole and cracked seeds respectively.	Broilers; Maize-cob-ash; Performance; Velvet bean	Aves; Gallus gallus; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144485903	Evaluation and application of the ROMS 1-way embedding procedure to the central california upwelling system	Penven P., Debreu L., Marchesiello P., McWilliams J.C.	2006	Ocean Modelling	12	42371	10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.05.002	Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France; Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, Laboratoire de Modélisation et Calcul, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Unité Mixte de Recherche LEGOS, Centre IRD de Bretagne, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France	Penven, P., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Debreu, L., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, Laboratoire de Modélisation et Calcul, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Marchesiello, P., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France, Unité Mixte de Recherche LEGOS, Centre IRD de Bretagne, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France; McWilliams, J.C., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States	What most clearly distinguishes near-shore and off-shore currents is their dominant spatial scale, O (1-30) km near-shore and O (30-1000) km off-shore. In practice, these phenomena are usually both measured and modeled with separate methods. In particular, it is infeasible for any regular computational grid to be large enough to simultaneously resolve well both types of currents. In order to obtain local solutions at high resolution while preserving the regional-scale circulation at an affordable computational cost, a 1-way grid embedding capability has been integrated into the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). It takes advantage of the AGRIF (Adaptive Grid Refinement in Fortran) Fortran 90 package based on the use of pointers. After a first evaluation in a baroclinic vortex test case, the embedding procedure has been applied to a domain that covers the central upwelling region off California, around Monterey Bay, embedded in a domain that spans the continental U.S. Pacific Coast. Long-term simulations (10 years) have been conducted to obtain mean-seasonal statistical equilibria. The final solution shows few discontinuities at the parent-child domain boundary and a valid representation of the local upwelling structure, at a CPU costs only lightly greater than for the inner region alone. The solution is assessed by comparison with solutions for the whole US Pacific Coast at both low and high resolutions and to solutions for only the inner region at high resolution with mean-seasonal boundary conditions. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Boundary conditions; Coastal upwelling; Eddy kinetic energy; Embedding; Mesoscale eddies; Ocean models	Algorithms; Approximation theory; Boundary conditions; Kinetic energy; Mathematical models; Numerical methods; Ocean currents; Polynomials; Statistical methods; Coastal upwelling; Eddy kinetic energy; Mesoscale eddies; Ocean models; Oceanography; boundary condition; kinetic energy; mesoscale eddy; upwelling; California Shelf; Pacific Ocean	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144493144	Improving performance in a second year chemistry course: An evaluation of a tutorial scheme on the learning of chemistry	Davidowitz B., Rollnick M.	2005	South African Journal of Chemistry	58	None	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Davidowitz, B., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Rollnick, M., School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Throughput of students is a concern for academic departments especially since it will be the basis of a new funding formula for tertiary institutions. In order to reduce content for increased mastery, and ensure student engagement with chemical concepts, tutorials were introduced for two of the second year chemistry sub-disciplines at UCT in the place of some formal lectures. The impact of this innovation was investigated using questionnaires, interviews and a study of opportunistic data such as examination results. Analysis of the data showed that the overall pass rate increased noticeably as did the number of students achieving high marks. Student, tutor and lecturer feedback lent credence to the belief that the improvement was largely due to the introduction of the tutorial scheme. In addition, some noteworthy differences between the sub-disciplines were identified. Some of these differences were attributed to the lecturer's understanding of his own teaching.	Chemical education; Curriculum design; Improving performance in chemistry; Tutorials	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144505474	Subjective impacts of dental caries and fluorosis in rural Ugandan children	Robinson P.G., Nalweyiso N., Busingye J., Whitworth J.	2005	Community Dental Health	22	4	None	School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Cresent, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom	Robinson, P.G., School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Cresent, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom; Nalweyiso, N., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Busingye, J., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Whitworth, J., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda	Objective: Describe the oral health related quality of life among a group of children in rural Uganda and compare impacts on oral health related quality of life associated with dental caries and fluorosis. Basic Research Design: Cross-sectional clinical and questionnaire analytical study. Participants: Proportional sample of 174 12 year olds attending primary schools in a rural sub-county of Uganda. Outcome measures: Clinical assessments using WHO basic methods and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index of Fluorosis (TFI). Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life data collected with self-administered child perception questionnaire (CPQ 11-14). Results: Two thirds of children reported a dental impact 'often' or 'everyday'. The mean number of impacts per child at this threshold was 2.6 and the mean total CPQ 11-14 score was 25.8 (sd 21.1). Mean DMFT was 0.68. No children had fillings. Forty-one children had dental fluorosis with 10 having scores greater than 2. CPQ 11-14 showed acceptable criterion validity and reliability. The number of sites with gingivitis or the presence of calculus or trauma were not associated with summary measures of CPQ 11-14 whereas having any dental caries or treatment experience was associated with higher total scores and more impacts. Socially noticeable fluorosis (TFI &gt;2) was associated with more impacts but not with higher total scores. Conclusions: Despite low levels of oral disease these children experience appreciable impacts on oral health related quality of life. The greatest burden was associated with dental caries and to a lesser extent, fluorosis. © BASCD 2005.	Children; Dental caries; Dental fluorosis; Oral health related quality of life	article; attitude to health; child; classification; cross-sectional study; dental caries; female; gingivitis; health; health survey; human; male; mouth hygiene; psychological aspect; quality of life; reproducibility; tooth calculus; tooth disease; tooth pain; Uganda; Attitude to Health; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Oral Hygiene; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Health; Toothache; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144514675	Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design	Rankin R., Rousseau P.G.	2006	Energy Conversion and Management	47	6	10.1016/j.enconman.2005.06.002	School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Rankin, R., School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Rousseau, P.G., School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	A large amount of individual sanitary hot water consumers are present in the South African residential sector. This led to several studies being done on hot water consumption patterns in this sector. Large amounts of sanitary hot water are also consumed in the commercial sector in buildings such as hotels and in large residences such as those found in the mining industry. The daily profiles of sanitary hot water consumption are not related to any technical process but rather to human behavior and varying ambient conditions. The consumption of sanitary hot water, therefore, represents a challenge to the electrical utility because it is an energy demand that remains one of the biggest contributors to the undesirable high morning and afternoon peaks imposed on the national electricity supply grid. It also represents a challenge to sanitary hot water system designers because the amount of hot water as well as the daily profile in which it is consumed impacts significantly on system design. This paper deals with hot water consumption in the commercial and industrial sectors. In the commercial sector, we look at hotels and in the industrial sector at large mining residences. Both of them are served by centralized hot water systems. Measured results from the systems are compared to data obtained from previous publications. A comparison is also made to illustrate the impact that these differences will have on sanitary hot water system design. Simulations are conducted for these systems using a simulation program developed in previous studies. The results clearly show significant differences in the required heating and storage capacity for the new profiles. A twin peak profile obtained from previous studies in the residential sector was used up to now in studies of heating demand and system design in commercial buildings. The results shown here illustrate the sanitary hot water consumption profile differs significantly from the twin peaks profile with a very high morning peak in hot water consumption. This leads to a requirement for bigger heating and storage capacities in commercial buildings like hotels. A summary of the results are provided in the form of minimum design parameters for different hot water consumption profiles. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the trends of hot water consumption in buildings, especially when demand side management projects are done on these types of systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Heating capacity; Hotel profile; Mine residences profile; Sanitary hot water consumption; Storage capacity; Twin peaks profile	Buildings; Sanitary engineering; Systems analysis; Heating system design; Hotel profile; Sanitary hot water consumption; Twin peaks profile; Hot water distribution systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244431634	The reach and impact of Child Support Grants: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal	Case A., Hosegood V., Lund F.	2005	Development Southern Africa	22	4	10.1080/03768350500322925	Department of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Case, A., Department of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Hosegood, V., Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Lund, F., School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	This paper examines the reach and impact of the South African Child Support Grant, using longitudinal data collected through the Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies. The grant is being taken up for a third of all age-eligible resident children, and appears to be reaching those children living in the poorer households of the demographic surveillance area (DSA). Children who received the grant are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school in the years following grant receipt than are equally poor children of the same age. However, older brothers and sisters of grant recipients, when they were observed at younger ages, were less likely than other children to be enrolled in school - perhaps reflecting the greater poverty in grant-receiving households. Thus the grant appears to help overcome the impact of poverty on school enrolment. © 2005 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	None	child care; child development; social policy; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244438989	Farm-worker housing in South Africa: An evaluation of an off-farm housing project	Hartwig R., Marais L.	2005	Housing Studies	20	6	10.1080/02673030500291165	Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Hartwig, R., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Marais, L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Although farm-worker housing has been neglected in South Africa historically, new policy, tabled in 2004, specifically targets the constraints that have been hampering delivery in rural areas. While either on- or off-farm farm-worker housing is envisioned, constraints with regard to on-farm housing and service provision, such as the prerequisite of security of tenure, prevent generalised delivery to the rural population, despite the fact that ESTA provides for security of tenure under certain conditions. There is a need to upgrade the living conditions of people on farms where they are currently residing, in order to ensure the right to adequate shelter as envisioned by the Constitution. However, under current legislation tenure rights must first be secured before such action can be taken. Research on an off-farm housing project in Bothaville was conducted in order to determine the sustainability of this approach, while simultaneously assessing the broader housing policy context, with a view to making policy recommendations. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Farm worker; Housing; South Africa	farm; housing policy; housing reform; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244444177	Target rocks, impact glasses, and melt rocks from the Lonar impact crater, India: Petrography and geochemistry	Osae S., Misra S., Koeberl C., Sengupta D., Ghosh S.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Geological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016, India	Osae, S., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Misra, S., Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Sengupta, D., Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Ghosh, S., Geological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016, India	The Lonar crater, India, is the only well-preserved simple crater on Earth in continental flood basalts; it is excavated in the Deccan trap basalts of Cretaceous-Tertiary age. A representative set of target basalts, including the basalt flows excavated by the crater, and a variety of impact breccias and impact glasses, were analyzed for their major and trace element compositions. Impact glasses and breccias were found inside and outside the crater rim in a variety of morphological forms and shapes. Comparable geochemical patterns of immobile elements (e.g., REEs) for glass, melt rock and basalt indicates minimal fractionation between the target rocks and the impactites. We found only little indication of post-impact hydrothermal alteration in terms of volatile trace element changes. No clear indication of an extraterrestrial component was found in any of our breccias and impact glasses, indicating either a low level of contamination, or a non-chondritic or otherwise iridium-poor impactor. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	crater; glass; impact structure; melt; shock metamorphism; Asia; Eurasia; India; Lonar Crater; Maharashtra; South Asia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244444236	Monitoring the ingestion of anti-tuberculosis drugs by simple non-invasive methods	Sirgel F.A., Maritz J.S., Venter A., Langdon G., Smith P.J., Donald P.R.	2006	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	307	2	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.09.033	Medical Biochemistry, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Tygerberg, South Africa; Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg, South Africa	Sirgel, F.A., Medical Biochemistry, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Maritz, J.S., MRC Biostatistics Unit, Tygerberg, South Africa; Venter, A., Medical Biochemistry, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Langdon, G., Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; Smith, P.J., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Donald, P.R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg, South Africa	This investigation retrospectively assessed inexpensive non-invasive qualitative methods to monitor the ingestion of anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampicin and rifapentine. Results showed that commercial test strips detected the isoniazid metabolites isonicotinic acid and isonicotinylglycine as efficiently as the isonicotinic acid method in 150 urine samples. The presence of rifamycins in urine samples (n = 1085) was detected by microbiological assay techniques and the sensitivity compared to the n-butanol extraction colour test in 91 of these specimens. The proportions detected by the two methods were significantly different and the sensitivity of the n-butanol procedure was only 63.8% (95% CL 51.2-76.4%) as compared to that of the superior microbiological method. Final validation (n = 691) showed that qualitative assays measure isoniazid and rifamycin ingestion with an efficiency similar to high-performance liquid chromatography. The qualitative procedures may therefore be valuable in clinical trials and in tuberculosis clinics to confirm drug ingestion. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anti-tuberculosis drugs; Monitoring adherence; Urine testing	butanol; drug metabolite; isoniazid; isonicotinic acid; isonicotinylglycine; rifampicin; rifamycin; rifapentine; tuberculostatic agent; unclassified drug; article; drug monitoring; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; human; ingestion; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; microbiology; non invasive procedure; priority journal; qualitative analysis; retrospective study; sensitivity analysis; test strip; urinalysis; validation process; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Isoniazid; Isonicotinic Acids; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Patient Compliance; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Self Administration; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244445783	Location of stemborer pupae in various host plants and implications for the performance of natural enemies with emphasis on the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)	Muturi J.J., Ngi-Song A.J., Schulthess F., Mueke J.M., Sétamou M.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	1	10.1079/IJT200549	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Muturi, J.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Ngi-Song, A.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Schulthess, F., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mueke, J.M., Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Sétamou, M., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya	In order to predict host accessibility by the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg), four grass species (Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum purpureum, Sorghum arundinaceum and Zea mays) were sampled for stemborer pupae in Kwale, in the low altitudes of southern Kenya, and in Trans-Nzoia, in the high altitudes of western Kenya. The pupal position of Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), Sesamia calamistis Hampson, Sesamia sp. nr oriaula (Tams and Bowden) and Busseola fusca (Fuller) in the plant were determined in relation to (a) the distance of pupae from the edge of the stem (depth), (b) the distance between the moth-exit hole and the head of the pupa (location) and (c) the length of the tunnel from the moth-exit hole to the base of the tunnel. Pupal depth and location for C. partellus and B. fusca varied significantly in the different plant species tested, and the pupae tended to be embedded deeper in cultivated than wild hosts. On all host species, the borers were located at a depth less than 0.35 cm. Most C. orichalcociliellus and S. calamistis pupae were found pupating in the ears of maize or the upper part of the wild hosts' stem. Sesamia sp. nr oriaula was only collected from the lower parts of P. purpureum. For B. fusca, tunnel length varied significantly among plant species and was longer in cultivated hosts. Xanthopimpla stemmator has an ovipositor length of about 0.52 cm, thus it is anticipated that the parasitoid could easily reach and parasitize the pupae in these host species. © ICIPE 2005.	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Kenya; Pupal location; Sesamia; Wild and cultivated host plants; Xanthopimpla stemmator	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Chilo orichalcociliellus; Chilo partellus; Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Sesamia; Sesamia calamistis; Sorghum arundinaceum; Sorghum bicolor; Xanthopimpla stemmator; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244448282	Impact of genetically modified cotton plants on insect biodiversity: The case of Bt cotton in South Africa [Impact des cotonniers génétiquement modifiés sur la biodiversité de la faune entomologique: Le cas du coton Bt en Afrique du Sud]	Hofs J.-L., Schoeman A., Mellet M., Vaissayre M.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	2	10.1079/IJT200562	CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Hofs, J.-L., CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France; Schoeman, A., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mellet, M., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Vaissayre, M., CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France	For the last three years, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, France) and the University of Pretoria led field research to evaluate the impact of transgenic Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1Ac toxin, on arthropod biodiversity in South Africa. The diversity and the density of insect populations were estimated at different crop development stages using traps, sweep-nets, and direct observations on the cotton plants. In untreated plots, the insect diversity in Bt cotton did not show major changes. The toxin was efficient in controlling one of the major bollworm species, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and reduced the population density of specific larval parasitoids. Predators were present in comparable numbers in both cotton types, except for ladybirds. The toxin did not affect pollinators. In small-scale farming fields, where pesticides are still sprayed for controlling sucking insects, the introduction of Bt cotton did not help meet the expected reduction in insecticide use. © ICIPE 2005.	Bt cotton; Coccinellids; Cry1Ac toxin; Helicoverpa armigera; Impact study; Natural enemies; Pollinators; South Africa	Arthropoda; Coccinellidae; Gossypium hirsutum; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Hexapoda; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244454556	Furoyl and thiophene carbonyl linker pyrazolyl palladium(II) complexes - Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation as ethylene oligomerization catalysts	Ojwach S.O., Tshivhase M.G., Guzei I.A., Darkwa J., Mapolie S.F.	2005	Canadian Journal of Chemistry	83	42528	10.1139/v05-092	Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States	Ojwach, S.O., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Tshivhase, M.G., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Guzei, I.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Mapolie, S.F., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Reactions of 2-furoyl chloride and 2-thiophene carbonyl chloride with substituted pyrazoles produced the modified pyrazolyl compounds: {(3,5-Me 2pzCO)-2-C4H3O} (L1), {(3,5-Me 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L2), {(3,5-t-Bu 2pzCO)-2-C4H3O} (L3), {(3,5-t-Bu 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L4), {(3,5-Ph 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L5), and {(pzCO)-2-C 4H3O} (L6) in good yields. Reactions of these synthons with [Pd(NCMe)2Cl2] afforded the corresponding mononuclear palladium(II) complexes: [Pd(L1)2Cl2] (1), [Pd(L2) 2Cl2] (2), [Pd(L3)2Cl2] (3), [Pd(L4)2Cl2] (4), [Pd(L5)2Cl2] (5), and [Pd(L6)2Cl2] (6) in moderate to high yields. All compounds synthesized were characterized by a combination of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Compounds L1, 1, and 2 were examined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. DFT theoretical studies at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory with GAUSSIAN98 have been used to rationalize some of the results. When the complexes were activated with ethylaluminium dichloride (EtAlCl2), they catalysed the oligomerization of ethylene to mostly C10 and C12 oligomers. Oligomer distribution greatly depends on the oligomerization conditions; for example, an increase in temperature and pressure produced a higher percentage of C12 compared to C10. © 2005 NRC Canada.	Ethylene oligomerization; Furoyl and thiophene carbonyl linker pyrazolyl compounds; Palladium complexes	Ethylene; Infrared spectroscopy; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Oligomers; Polymerization; Single crystals; X ray crystallography; Ethylene oligomerization; Furoyl and thiopene carbonyl linker pyrazolal compounds; Oligomerization; Pyrazoles; Thiopene; Palladium compounds; 2 furoyl chloride; 2 thiophene carbonyl chloride; aluminum derivative; carbon; carbonyl derivative; ethylaluminum dichloride; ethylene; furan derivative; furoyl derivative; palladium complex; pyrazole derivative; thiophene derivative; unclassified drug; article; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; catalyst; chemical modification; chemical reaction; complex formation; density functional theory; evaluation; infrared spectroscopy; molecular size; oligomerization; pressure; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; synthesis; temperature; X ray crystallography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244457231	Structural analysis of the collar of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa - Significance for impact-related deformation and central uplift formation	Wieland F., Gibson R.L., Reimold W.U.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Wieland, F., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Landsat TM, aerial photograph image analysis, and field mapping of Witwatersrand supergroup meta-sedimentary strata in the collar of the Vredefort Dome reveals a highly heterogeneous internal structure involving folds, faults, fractures, and melt breccias that are interpreted as the product of shock deformation and central uplift formation during the 2.02 Ga Vredefort impact event. Broadly radially oriented symmetric and asymmetric folds with wavelengths ranging from tens of meters to kilometers and conjugate radial to oblique faults with strike-slip displacements of, typically, tens to hundreds of meters accommodated tangential shortening of the collar of the dome that decreased from ∼17% at a radius from the dome center of 21 km to <5% at a radius of 29 km. Ubiquitous shear fractures containing pseudotachylitic breccia, particularly in the metapelitic units, display local slip senses consistent with either tangential shortening or tangential extension; however, it is uncertain whether they formed at the same time as the larger faults or earlier, during the shock pulse. In addition to shatter cones, quartzite units show two fracture types - a cm-spaced rhomboidal to orthogonal type that may be the product of shock-induced deformation and later joints accomplishing tangential and radial extension. The occurrence of pseudotachylitic breccia within some of these later joints, and the presence of radial and tangential dikes of impact melt rock, confirm the impact timing of these features and are suggestive of late-stage collapse of the central uplift. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	deformation; impact structure; structural geology; uplift; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244471693	Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Geochemistry of impactites and target rocks, and search for a meteoritic component	Dai X., Boamah D., Koeberl C., Reimold W.U., Irvine G., McDonald I.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Queen's University, Stirling Hall, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada	Dai, X., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Stirling Hall, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada; Boamah, D., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Irvine, G., Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; McDonald, I., Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom	Major and trace element data, including platinum group element abundances, of representative impactites and target rocks from the crater rim and environs of the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana, have been investigated for the possible presence of a meteoritic component in impact-related rocks. A comparison of chemical data for Bosumtwi target rocks and impactites with those for Ivory Coast tektites and microtektites supports the interpretation that the Bosumtwi structure and Ivory Coast tektites formed during the same impact event. High siderophile element contents (compared to average upper crustal abundances) were determined for target rocks as well as for impactites. Chondrite-normalized (and iron meteorite-normalized) abundances for target rocks and impactites are similar. They do not, however, allow the unambiguous detection of the presence, or identification of the type, of a meteoritic component in the impactites. The indigenous siderophile element contents are high and possibly related to regional gold mineralization, although mineralized samples from the general region show somewhat different platinum-group element abundance patterns compared to the rocks at Bosumtwi. The present data underline the necessity of extensive target rock analyses at Bosumtwi, and at impact structures in general, before making any conclusions regarding the presence of a meteoritic component in impactites. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	crater; impact structure; impactite; meteorite; shock metamorphism	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244476876	Geochemical and petrographic characteristics of impactites and Cretaceous target rocks from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico: Implications for target composition	Tuchscherer M.G., Reimold W.U., Koeberl C., Gibson R.L.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Tuchscherer, M.G., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	We present major and trace element data as well as petrographic observations for impactites (suevitic groundmass, bulk suevite, and melt rock particles) and target lithologies, including Cretaceous anhydrite, dolomite, argillaceous limestone, and oil shale, from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chixculub impact structure. The suevitic groundmass and bulk suevite have similar compositions, largely representing mixtures of carbonate and silicate components. The latter are dominated by melt rock particles. Trace element data indicate that dolomitic rocks represented a significant target component that became incorporated into the suevites; in contrast, major elements indicate a strong calcitic component in the impactites. The siliceous end-member requires a mafic component in order to explain the low SiO2 content. Multicomponent mixing of various target rocks, the high alteration state, and dilution by carbonate complicate the determination of primary melt particle compositions. However, two overlapping compositional groups can be discerned - a high-Ba, low-Ta group and a high-Fe, high-Zn, and high-Hf group. Cretaceous dolomitic rocks, argillaceous limestone, and shale are typically enriched in U, As, Br, and Sb, whereas anhydrite contains high Sr contents. The oil shale samples have abundances that are similar to the North American Shale Composite (NASC), but with a comparatively high U content. Clastic sedimentary rocks are characterized by relatively high Th, Hf, Zr, As, and Sb abundances. Petrographic observations indicate that the Cretaceous rocks in the Yaxcopoil-1 drill core likely register a multistage deformation history that spans the period from pre- to post-impact. Contrary to previous studies that claimed evidence for the presence of impact melt breccia injection veins, we have found no evidence in our samples from a depth of 1347-1348 m for the presence of melt breccia. We favor that clastic veinlets occur in a sheared and altered zone that underwent intense diagenetic overprint prior to the impact event. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	Cretaceous; geochemistry; impact structure; impactite; petrography; Atlantic Ocean; Bay of Campeche; Chicxulub Crater; Gulf of Mexico; Yucatan Peninsula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29444435800	Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances	Noakes T.D., Sharwood K., Speedy D., Hew T., Reid S., Dugas J., Almond C., Wharam P., Weschler L.	2005	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	102	51	10.1073/pnas.0509096102	University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Sports Medicine Practice, St. Helen's Hospital, Hobart 7216, Tasmania, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; 161 Richdale Road, Colts Neck, NJ 07722, United States; University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, 7700, South Africa	Noakes, T.D., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Sharwood, K., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Speedy, D., Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Hew, T., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Reid, S., Sports Medicine Practice, St. Helen's Hospital, Hobart 7216, Tasmania, Australia; Dugas, J., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Almond, C., Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Wharam, P., Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Weschler, L., 161 Richdale Road, Colts Neck, NJ 07722, United States	To evaluate the role of fluid and Na+ balance in the development of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), changes in serum Na+ concentrations ([Na+]) and in body weight were analyzed in 2,135 athletes in endurance events. Eighty-nine percent of athletes completed these events either euhydrated (39%) or with weight loss (50%) and with normal (80%) or elevated (13%) serum [Na+]. Of 231 (11%) athletes who gained weight during exercise, 70% were normonatremic or hypernatremic, 19% had a serum [Na+] between 129-135 mmol/liter, and 11% a serum [Na+] of &lt;129 mmol/liter. Serum [Na+] after racing was a linear function with a negative slope of the body weight change during exercise. The final serum [Na+] in a subset of 18 subjects was predicted from the amount of Na+ that remained osmotically inactive at the completion of the trial. Weight gain consequent to excessive fluid consumption was the principal cause of a reduced serum [Na+] after exercise, yet most (70%) subjects who gained weight maintained or increased serum [Na+], requiring the addition of significant amounts of Na+ (&gt;500 mmol) into an expanded volume of total body water. This Na+ likely originated from osmotically inactive, exchangeable stores. Thus, EAH occurs in athletes who (i) drink to excess during exercise, (ii) retain excess fluid because of inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion, and (iii) osmotically inactivate circulating Na+ or fail to mobilize osmotically inactive sodium from internal stores. EAH can be prevented by insuring that athletes do not drink to excess during exercise, which has been known since 1985. © 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.	Endurance; Exchangeable Na+ stores; Fluid overload; Overdrinking; Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion	article; athlete; body weight; drinking; endurance; exercise; fluid balance; human; human experiment; hypernatremia; hyponatremia; inappropriate vasopressin secretion; normal human; priority journal; sodium balance; sodium blood level; total body water; weight reduction; Body Weight; Dehydration; Exercise; Humans; Hyponatremia; Sodium; Sports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29444446963	Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Cleome viscosa and Gmelina asiatica	Sudhakar M., Rao Ch.V., Rao P.M., Raju D.B.	2006	Fitoterapia	77	1	10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.003	Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India; National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001 U.P., India; Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia	Sudhakar, M., Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India; Rao, Ch.V., National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001 U.P., India; Rao, P.M., Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia; Raju, D.B., Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India	The ethanolic extracts of the leaves and flowers of Cleome viscosa and roots of Gmelina asiatica were tested for antimicrobial activity. The two plants exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, particularly significative against Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaf extract of C. viscosa showed moderate activity against pathogenic fungi. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antimicrobial activity; Cleome viscosa; Gmelina asiatica	cleome viscosa extract; Gmelina asiatica extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antifungal activity; antimicrobial activity; article; Cleome; cleome viscosa; controlled study; drug activity; drug screening; Escherichia coli; flower; Gmelina asiatica; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; priority journal; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Verbenaceae; Anti-Infective Agents; Aspergillus niger; Bacillus subtilis; Candida albicans; Cleome; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Flowers; Lamiaceae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhizopus; Staphylococcus aureus; Cleome; Cleome viscosa; Escherichia coli; Fungi; Gmelina asiatica; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Verbenaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29544448204	Risks associated with rockpasses in deep-level tabular mines based on historical pass performance	Joughin W.C., Stacey T.R.	2005	Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	105	11	None	SRK Consulting; University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Joughin, W.C., SRK Consulting; Stacey, T.R., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Problems with the stability and performance of rockpasses in deeplevel mines are common. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the recorded performance of rockpasses in deeplevel gold mines. Records relevant to the geological environment in which the passes are excavated, their excavation details, and their historical performance are not at all well documented on mines. In general, the quality of data available from mines is poor. The investigation showed that very large spans frequently developed in passes during use, and that rock mass quality, the orientation of the pass with respect to the dip of the strata, and the magnitude of the stress acting normal to the axis of the pass were the main factors of influence. From the historical information obtained, the risks of instability in rockpasses are identified. © The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2005.	None	Deeplevel mines; Rockpasses; Data acquisition; Excavation; Geology; Gold; Risk assessment; Gold mines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29644442273	Heterozygous disruption of SERCA2a is not associated with impairment of cardiac performance in humans: Implications for SERCA2a as a therapeutic target in heart failure	Mayosi B.M., Kardos A., Davies C.H., Gumedze F., Hovnanian A., Burge S., Watkins H.	2006	Heart	92	1	10.1136/hrt.2004.051037	Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; INSERM U563, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Cardiology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States	Mayosi, B.M., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kardos, A., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Davies, C.H., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Gumedze, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hovnanian, A., INSERM U563, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France; Burge, S., Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Watkins, H., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom	Objective: To verify whether a deficiency in the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum pump SERCA2a causes cardiac dysfunction in humans. Design: Cardiac performance was measured in a serendipitous human model of primary SERCA2a deficiency, Darier's disease, an autosomal dominant skin disorder caused by mutations inactivating one copy of the ATP2A2 gene, which encodes SERCA2a. Methods: Systolic and diastolic function and contractility were assessed by echocardiography at rest and during exercise in patients with Darier's disease with known mutations. Fourteen patients with Darier's disease were compared with 14 normal controls and six patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with stable heart failure. Results: Resting systolic and diastolic function was normal in patients with Darier's disease and in controls. The increase in systolic function during exercise was not different between patients with Darier's disease and normal controls; neither was there a difference in contractility. As expected, patients with dilated cardiomyopathy had impaired diastolic and systolic function with depressed contractility at rest and during exercise. Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, heterozygous disruption of SERCA2a is not associated with the impairment of cardiac performance in humans. Attempts to increase SERCA2a levels in heart failure, although showing promise in rodent studies, may not be addressing a critical causal pathway in humans.	None	adenosine triphosphatase (calcium); calcium adenosine triphosphatase 2a; unclassified drug; adult; article; autosomal dominant disorder; congestive cardiomyopathy; controlled study; Darier disease; diastolic blood pressure; disease association; drug targeting; echocardiography; enzyme deficiency; exercise; expectation; female; functional assessment; gene disruption; gene mutation; genetic code; heart failure; heart muscle contractility; heart performance; heterozygote; human; male; priority journal; rest; rodent; sarcoplasmic reticulum; systolic blood pressure; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Case-Control Studies; Exercise Tolerance; Female; Gene Therapy; Heart Failure, Congestive; Heterozygote; Humans; Keratosis Follicularis; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29744434008	Quality aspects of environmental impact assessment reports in the Free State Province, South Africa	Kruger E., Chapman O.A.	2005	South African Geographical Journal	87	1	None	Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	Kruger, E., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; Chapman, O.A., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	There has been little empirical investigation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure und practice in South Africa to assess compliance to EIA regulations, or performance towards achieving the objectives of legislation. This paper examines the quality aspects of EIA in the Free State Province, South Africa, by utilizing the disaggregate approach and applying it to a systematic sample of EIAs conducted in the Free State Province from 1997 to 2002. It was observed that socio-economic impacts are neglected: assessment methodology is highly subjective; there is a lack of specialist input and consideration of alternatives and public involvement is inadequate. The degree of compliance with regulations is however good, although there is a lack of integration of EIA findings into authorization decisions (as summarised in the Record of Decisions). It is therefore concluded that EIA reports in the Free State province conforms to South African regulations. In order to improve the quality of EIA reports, and thus its ability to act as a tool for sustainable development, it is suggested that more detailed guidelines or regulations are provided, or that the EIA process in South Africa reverts back to the 'traditional' scoping report, where scoping solely involves a thorough identification of issues. This will eliminate the inconsistencies found between normal scooping reports and "beefcd-up" scoping reports.	None	assessment method; environmental impact assessment; socioeconomic impact; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844446793	The effect of nitrogen fertilizer application to maize and sorghum on the bionomics of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the performance of its larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)	Jiang N., Schulthess F.	2005	Bulletin of Entomological Research	95	6	10.1079/BER2005381	Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Jiang, N., Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Schulthess, F., Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant species (maize, sorghum), plant age (young, middle, old) and four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0-N3) on the bionomics of the invasive crambid Chilo partellus and the performance of its braconid larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Plant N varied significantly between N0 and N1-N3, but the differences among the latter were not significant. Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments. On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased. Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize. On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants: on maize, it was highest on young plants and on sorghum on old plants. Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source. Consequently, larval weight was lower on older than younger plants. The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus. Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species. Differences in egg load between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant. It was concluded that on depleted soils only, an increase in nitrogen via mulching, rotation with a leguminous crop or fertilization would increase survival of C. partellus on both maize and sorghum and an increase in acreage of maize and in application of nitrogen fertilizer in an area would also increase the parasitism of C. flavipes. © CAB International, 2005.	Bionomics; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Frass; Maize; Nitrogen; Plant age; Sorghum; Tunnel	fertilizer; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; fertilizer; maize; nitrogen; parasitoid; sorghum; animal; article; chemistry; drug effect; feces; growth, development and aging; host parasite interaction; maize; moth; parasite identification; parasitology; plant leaf; plant stem; population dynamics; reproduction; sex ratio; sorghum; statistics; wasp; Animals; Feces; Fertilizers; Host-Parasite Relations; Moths; Nitrogen; Parasite Egg Count; Phosphorus; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Population Dynamics; Potassium; Reproduction; Sex Ratio; Sorghum; Wasps; Zea mays; Braconidae; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Crambinae; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844456882	Determination of trace levels of dinitrophenolic compounds in environmental water samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction and high performance liquid chromatography	Berhanu T., Liu J.-F., Romero R., Megersa N., Jönsson J.Å.	2006	Journal of Chromatography A	1103	1	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.082	Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Berhanu, T., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Liu, J.-F., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Romero, R., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Megersa, N., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jönsson, J.Å., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden	A hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction method for the liquid chromatographic determination of dinitrophenolic compounds at ppt levels has been developed. Different variables affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, shaking speed, acceptor pH, acceptor buffer concentration, salt content and humic acids have been studied. Enrichment factors up to 7000 times were obtained. Validation of the method included calibration experiments and studies of the linearity of the responses in different matrices. Good linearity was obtained in the environmental matrices evaluated. Detection limits range from 6.0 to 8.0 ng/L, and the relative standard deviations do not exceed 7% in terms of repeatability. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fiber; HPLC; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membrane	Extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Liquid membranes; pH effects; Trace analysis; Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fibers; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membranes; Nitrogen compounds; 2,4 dinitrophenol; article; calibration; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; hollow fiber; liquid membrane; priority journal; validation process; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dinitrophenols; Herbicides; Humic Substances; Reproducibility of Results; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29944434199	Prediction of the environmental impact and sustainability of large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater resources	Annandale J.G., Jovanovic N.Z., Hodgson F.D.I., Usher B.H., Aken M.E., Van Der Westhuizen A.M., Bristow K.L., Steyn J.M.	2006	Water SA	32	1	None	Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia	Annandale, J.G., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Jovanovic, N.Z., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Hodgson, F.D.I., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Usher, B.H., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Aken, M.E., Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; Van Der Westhuizen, A.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Bristow, K.L., CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; Steyn, J.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa	Irrigation of agricultural crops is one of the most cost-effective options for the utilisation of gypsiferous mine wastewater. In addition, it creates the opportunity to produce crops during the dry season. Gypsum is a slightly soluble salt and concentrating the gypsiferous soil solution through crop evapotranspiration precipitates gypsum in the soil profile, removing it from the water system and reducing the potential for groundwater pollution. In previous research, it was found that crops can be commercially produced under irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water with no obvious impact on groundwater in the short term (3 years). It was, however, recommended that monitoring should continue to confirm findings over a longer period and for different conditions. A research project was therefore initiated in 2001 to determine the impact of irrigation with several gypsiferous water/soil combinations on crop performance, soil properties and groundwater quality. Field trials were carried out in South Africa on three mines: Kleinkopjé and New Vaal Collieries (Anglo Coal), and at Syferfontein (Sasol). Different crop and pasture species were grown on different soil types under centre-pivot irrigation with different mine-water qualities. Intensive monitoring systems were established in each irrigated field to determine the components of the soil-water and salt balance. Boreholes were also installed to monitor groundwater level and quality. Field water and salt balance data were used for calibration and validation of the mechanistic, generic crop, Soil-Water Balance (SWB) Model. The results of the field trials indicated that high crop and pasture yields can be obtained, provided site selection, land preparation, fertilisation and irrigation water management are appropriate. The results of the soil-water and salt balance studies indicated that considerable volumes of mine-water can be used and substantial amounts of salts can be removed from the water system through precipitation of gypsum in the soil profile. The groundwater impact was limited based on borehole measurements, indicating the presence of a zone of attenuation between the cropped soil profile and groundwater, but this should be monitored over a longer period. With appropriate management, water and salt runoff, and under specific conditions, drainage and salts leached can be intercepted, thereby minimising unwanted impacts on groundwater. Thirty-year scenario simulations were run with SWB and the generated salt loads from this model were used as input into a separate groundwater model in order to predict the likely long-term effects of irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater. The results of these simulations showed that while salts reached the groundwater, there was a drop in concentration of the plume as it moved away from the irrigated area. This was due largely to dilution by infiltration from rainfall recharge and the dispersive characteristics of the aquifer. The simulations also showed the importance of matching the amount of drainage from an irrigated site with the transmissivity and storage properties of the aquifer below. These results suggest that large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous water could be viable if irrigated fields are carefully sited to prevent waterlogging and are well managed. A site-specific approach is essential.	Groundwater; Gypsiferous; Irrigation; Mine-water; Simulations; SWB	Boreholes; Computer simulation; Cost effectiveness; Crops; Groundwater resources; Soil mechanics; Wastewater; Gypsiferous; Mine-water; SWB; Irrigation; environmental impact; groundwater resource; infiltration; irrigation system; salinity; wastewater; water quality; Cost Effectiveness; Effluent Treatment; Farm Crops; Irrigation; Simulation; Soil Mechanics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30044433053	Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of an industrial solid waste leachate	Schoeman J.J., Steyn A., Makgae M.	2005	Desalination	186	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.061	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Makgae, M., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A hazardous leachate from an industrial landfill site is stored in lined dams. The TDS (approximately 100 g/l) and the organic concentration (approximately 70 g/l COD) of the leachate are high. The high TDS concentration of the leachate would make treatment with reverse osmosis (RO) very difficult. The leachate also contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, barium, strontium and phenolics. This leachate has the potential to pollute the water environment, if the dams overflow. Therefore, electrodialysis (ED) was evaluated as an alternative technology to desalinate/concentrate the leachate for effluent volume reduction and pollution control. Physical/chemical pretreatment of the leachate with fly ash and chemicals have shown that the fouling potential of the leachate for membrane systems could be significantly reduced. The AFN anionic membrane from Tokuyama Soda was found to be the most resistant anionic membrane towards membrane fouling during tests in a membrane fouling test cell. This membrane was then used in a laboratory-scale ED stack to evaluate the process for treatment of the leachate. It was found that the leachate could be effectively desalinated/concentrated with ED. The desalinated effluent was significantly less toxic and more biodegradable than the ED feed or brine which comprised approximately 38% of the treated leachate. It also appears that it should be possible to control membrane fouling with regular membrane cleanings. Electrodialysis pilot tests were finally conducted in the batch and feed-and-bleed modes to develop process design criteria for a full-scale application. It was found that an excellent quality water could be produced with batch ED treatment followed by RO desalination. The treated water is almost of potable quality (645 mg/l TDS) except for high COD (935 mg/l). Feed-and-bleed ED pilot tests have shown that the TDS of the leachate could be reduced from 116,255 mg/l to 2,435 mg/l (5 stage ED). Brine volume comprised approximately 41% of the treated leachate. The capital cost of an 80 kl/d (feed) ED plant is estimated at 2.38 million US$. Operational costs are estimated at 28.96 US$/kl. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrodialysis; Leachate characterisation; Leachate treatment; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Treatment costs; Volume reduction	Industrial waste treatment; Leachate treatment; Membranes; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Solid wastes; Leachate characterisation; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Treatment costs; Volume reduction; Electrodialysis; electrodialysis; filtration; leachate; membrane	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30144437818	Experimental study of oblique impacts with initial spin	Dong H., Moys M.H.	2006	Powder Technology	161	1	10.1016/j.powtec.2005.05.046	School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Dong, H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa; Moys, M.H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	An experiment to measure the properties of the impacts between of a 44.5 mm steel ball and a steel flat surface is reported. The apparatus can release the ball with and without initial spin. The steel target can be inclined 0-60°. The impact event is recorded with a digital video camera. The video analysis is computer based and all the distortions of image are calibrated. The impact properties measured are expressed as coefficient of normal restitution e n, coefficient of tangential restitution e t, impulse ratio or dynamic coefficient of friction f, angular velocity, and rebound angle of the contact point. It is found that the measurement of oblique impact without initial spin shows close agreement with recent published results and complies with rigid body theory. However, the experimental results of oblique impact with pre-impact spin do not agree to the collision models in rolling or micro-slip regime in particular. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Image analysis; Impact; Video processing	Calibration; Computer simulation; Contact angle; Friction; Image analysis; Mathematical models; Rolling; Video cameras; Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Impact; Video processing; Steel; steel; powder; acceleration; article; calibration; computer analysis; friction; image analysis; velocity; videorecording	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30144444012	Preliminary assessment of risk of ozone impacts to maize (Zea mays) in southern Africa	Van Tienhoven A.M., Zunckel M., Emberson L., Koosailee A., Otter L.	2006	Environmental Pollution	140	2	10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.016	CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa; Stockholm Environment Institute at York, University of York, Box 373, York, T01 5YW, United Kingdom; Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, WITS 2050, South Africa	Van Tienhoven, A.M., CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa; Zunckel, M., CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa; Emberson, L., Stockholm Environment Institute at York, University of York, Box 373, York, T01 5YW, United Kingdom; Koosailee, A., Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Otter, L., Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, WITS 2050, South Africa	Surface ozone concentrations in southern Africa exceed air quality guidelines set to protect agricultural crops. This paper addresses a knowledge gap by performing a preliminary assessment of potential ozone impacts on vegetation in southern African. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the receptor of interest in the main maize producing countries, i.e. South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Surface ozone concentrations are estimated for the growing season (October to April) using photochemical modelling. Hourly mean modelled ozone concentrations ranged between 19.7 and 31.2 ppb, while maximums range between 28.9 and 61.9 ppb, and are near 30 ppb over South Africa and Zambia, while in Zimbabwe, they exceed 40 ppb and translate into monthly AOT40 values of over 3000 ppb h in five of the seven months of the growing season. This study suggests that surface ozone may pose a threat to agricultural production in southern African, particularly in Zimbabwe. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	AOT40; Crop loss; Ground level ozone; Maize; Southern Africa	Agricultural products; Air quality; Ozone; Space surveillance; Vegetation; AOT40; Crop loss; Ground level ozone; Maize; Southern Africa; Air pollution; ozone; air quality; maize; ozone; air pollutant; air quality; article; chemical model; crop production; environmental impact; environmental monitoring; maize; nonhuman; ozone layer; photochemistry; plant growth; risk assessment; seasonal variation; South Africa; vegetation; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Circadian Rhythm; Environmental Monitoring; Models, Chemical; Oxidants, Photochemical; Ozone; Risk Assessment; Seasons; South Africa; Zambia; Zea mays; Zimbabwe; Ozone; Plants; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30344451058	Evaluation of maximal exercise performance, fatigue, and depression in athletes with acquired chronic training intolerance	St. Clair Gibson A., Grobler L.A., Collins M., Lambert M.I., Sharwood K., Derman E.W., Noakes T.D.	2006	Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine	16	1	10.1097/01.jsm.0000188044.06545.e5	UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	St. Clair Gibson, A., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Grobler, L.A., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Collins, M., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Sharwood, K., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Derman, E.W., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objective: This study compared differences in maximal strength and aerobic capacity and symptoms of fatigue and depression in athletes with acquired training intolerance (ATI) and control athletes (CON) matched for age and current training volume who did not have symptoms of excessive or chronic fatigue associated with their sporting activity. Setting: University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa. Participants: Twenty ATI and 10 CON athletes participated in the trial. Although the ATI athletes reported symptoms of excessive fatigue during exercise, or symptoms of fatigue that occurred at rest and during activities of daily living, they did not fulfill the criteria for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Main Outcome Measures: A training and comprehensive medical history was recorded from all subjects. The Beck Depression Inventory Short Form (BDI-SF) was used to assess levels of depression in both ATI and control subjects. Maximal force output during a 5-second isometric voluntary knee extensor muscle contraction, and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and maximal blood lactate concentrations during a treadmill running test were measured in all subjects. Results: There were no differences in maximal isometric force output, peak treadmill running speed, VO2max, HRmax, or blood lactate concentration at rest or after maximal exercise testing between the ATI and CON athletes. However, the BDI-SF scores were higher in the ATI (7.7 ± 6.6 arbitrary units) than in the CON athletes (1.7 ± 1.5 arbitrary units; (P = 0.0052). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the symptoms of excessive fatigue and acquired training intolerance described by these ATI athletes do not affect their maximal isometric and maximal aerobic capacity, and may be associated with psychologic depression in these athletes. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Aerobic; Depression; Exercise performance; Isometric	adult; aerobic capacity; anamnesis; article; athlete; Beck Depression Inventory; chronic fatigue syndrome; controlled study; daily life activity; depression; exercise intensity; exercise test; extensor muscle; female; heart rate; human; knee function; lactate blood level; male; muscle force; muscle isometric contraction; muscle strength; priority journal; rest; South Africa; sport; symptomatology; training; treadmill exercise; velocity; voluntary movement; Adult; Chronic Disease; Depression; Exercise Tolerance; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Weakness; Oxygen Consumption; Sports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444435779	HIV impact on acute morbidity and pelvic tumor control following radiotherapy for cervical cancer	Gichangi P., Bwayo J., Estambale B., Rogo K., Njuguna E., Ojwang S., Temmerman M.	2006	Gynecologic Oncology	100	2	10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.10.006	Department of Human Anatomy and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2631, KNH 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Nairobi Oncology Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Radiotherapy Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Gichangi, P., Department of Human Anatomy and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2631, KNH 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Bwayo, J., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Estambale, B., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Rogo, K., Nairobi Oncology Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Njuguna, E., Radiotherapy Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Ojwang, S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Temmerman, M., International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Objective. To determine the impact of HIV infection on acute morbidity and pelvic tumor control following external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for cervical cancer. Method. 218 patients receiving EBRT who also had HIV testing after informed consent was obtained were evaluated. Acute treatment toxicity was documented weekly during treatment and 1 month post-EBRT. Pelvic tumor control was documented at 4 and 7 months post-EBRT. Clinicians were blinded for HIV results. Results. About 20% of the patients were HIV-positive. Overall, 53.4% of the patients had radiation-related acute toxicity (grade 3-4). HIV infection was associated with a 7-fold higher risk of multisystem toxicity: skin, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and genitourinary tract (GUT) systems. It was also an independent risk factor for treatment interruptions (adjusted relative risk 2.2). About 19% of the patients had residual tumor at 4 and 7 months post-EBRT. HIV infection was independently and significantly associated with 6-fold higher risk of residual tumor post-EBRT. The hazard ratio of having residual tumor after initial EBRT was 3.1-times larger for HIV-positive than for HIV-negative patients (P = 0.014). Conclusion. HIV is associated with increased risk of multisystem radiation-related toxicity; treatment interruptions and pelvic failure (residual tumor) following EBRT. HIV infection is an adverse prognostic factor for outcome of cervical cancer treatment. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Cervical cancer; HIV; Outcome; Radiotherapy	acute toxicity; adult; Africa; aged; anemia; article; controlled study; external beam radiotherapy; female; follow up; gastrointestinal toxicity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; informed consent; major clinical study; morbidity; pelvis tumor; priority journal; radiation injury; radical hysterectomy; risk factor; skin toxicity; urogenital system; uterine cervix cancer; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Radiation Injuries; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444439713	New U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age for the Schurwedraai alkali granite: Implications for pre-impact development of the Vredefort Dome and extent of Bushveld magmatism, South Africa	Graham I.T., De Waal S.A., Armstrong R.A.	2005	Journal of African Earth Sciences	43	5	10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.09.009	Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Geoscience, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; PRISE, Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia	Graham, I.T., Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Geoscience, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; De Waal, S.A., Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Armstrong, R.A., PRISE, Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia	The Schurwedraai alkali granite is one of a number of prominent ultramafic-mafic and felsic intrusions in the Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic sub-vertical supracrustal collar rocks of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. The alkali granite intruded the Neoarchaean Witwatersrand Supergroup and has a peralkaline to peraluminous composition. A new zircon SHRIMP crystallization age of 2052 ± 14 Ma for the Schurwedraai alkali granite places it statistically before the Vredefort impact event at 2023 ± 4 Ma and within the accepted emplacement interval of 2050-2060 Ma of the Bushveld magmatic event. The presence of the alkali granite and associated small ultramafic-mafic intrusions in the Vredefort collar rocks extends the southern extremity of Bushveld-related intrusions to some 120 km south of Johannesburg and about 150 km south of the current outcrop area of the Bushveld Complex. The combined effect of these ultramafic-mafic and felsic bodies may have contributed to a pronouncedly steep pre-impact geothermal gradient in the Vredefort area, and to the amphibolite-grade metamorphism observed in the supracrustal collar rocks of the Vredefort Dome. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Bushveld; Schurwedraai; SHRIMP; Vredefort; Witwatersrand	alkaline rock; geochronology; granite; Precambrian; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444450818	Geoelectric evaluation of groundwater potential: A case study of Alagbaka primary school, Akure, Southwest Nigeria	Ayolabi E.A.	2005	Journal of the Geological Society of India	66	4	None	Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Vertical electrical sounding consisting of three Wenner array and thirteen Schlumberger array has been carried out at the premises of Alagbaka primary school, Akure Southwest Nigeria. The aquiferous unit in this area is composed of weathered and fractured rocks whose resistivity ranges from 26 to 366 Ωm and thickness of 2.4 to 29.3 m. The isopach shows that the overburden thickens towards the east and is thinnest towards the south. The geological map derived from the coefficient of anisotropy of the underlying rocks shows that the Eastern end underlain by migmatites have coefficient of anisotropy ranging between 1.5 and 2.5 while the southwest, west and northwest side is underlain by charnockites of high (3-7.4) coefficient of anisotropy. The eastern end offers a good prospect for groundwater exploration. © Geol. Soc. India.	Akure; Anisotropy; Geoelectrical study; Groundwater; Southwest Nigeria	anisotropy; aquifer; groundwater resource; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Akure; Nigeria; Ondo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30644458223	Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees: Utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in Uganda	Xu K., Evans D.B., Kadama P., Nabyonga J., Ogwal P.O., Nabukhonzo P., Aguilar A.M.	2006	Social Science and Medicine	62	4	10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.004	World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Office, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Uganda; Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Uganda	Xu, K., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Evans, D.B., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Kadama, P., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Nabyonga, J., WHO Office, Uganda; Ogwal, P.O., Ministry of Health, Uganda; Nabukhonzo, P., Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Uganda; Aguilar, A.M., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	There is currently considerable discussion between governments, international agencies, bilateral donors and advocacy groups on whether user fees levied at government health facilities in poor countries should be abolished. It is claimed that this would lead to greater access for the poor and reduce the risks of catastrophic health expenditures if all other factors remained constant, though other factors rarely remain constant in practice. Accordingly, it is important to understand what has actually happened when user fees have been abolished, and why. All fees at first level government health facilities in Uganda were removed in March 2001. This study explores the impact on health service utilization and catastrophic health expenditures using data from National Household Surveys undertaken in 1997, 2000 and 2003. Utilization increased for the non-poor, but at a lower rate than it had in the period immediately before fees were abolished. Utilization among the poor increased much more rapidly after the abolition of fees than beforehand. Unexpectedly, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among the poor did not fall. The most likely explanation is that frequent unavailability of drugs at government facilities after 2001 forced patients to purchase from private pharmacies. Informal payments to health workers may also have increased to offset the lost revenue from fees. Countries thinking of removing user charges should first examine what types of activities and inputs at the facility level are funded from the revenue collected by fees, and then develop mechanisms to ensure that these activities can be sustained subsequently. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Catastrophic expenditure; Service utilization; Uganda; User charges	health and disease; article; clinical pharmacy; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; health care utilization; incidence; mathematical analysis; risk reduction; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Catastrophic Illness; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Centers; Developing Countries; Fees and Charges; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Expenditures; Health Policy; Health Services Research; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Incidence; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Poverty; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30644462350	Comparative performance of a UASB reactor and an anaerobic packed-bed reactor when treating potato waste leachate	Parawira W., Murto M., Zvauya R., Mattiasson B.	2006	Renewable Energy	31	6	10.1016/j.renene.2005.05.013	Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Parawira, W., Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Murto, M., Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Zvauya, R., Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mattiasson, B., Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden	The results presented in this paper are from studies on a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and an anaerobic packed-bed (APB) reactor treating potato leachate at increasing organic loading rates from 1.5 to 7.0 g COD/1/day. The hydraulic retention times ranged from 13.2 to 2.8 days for both reactors during the 100 days of the experiment. The maximum organic loading rates possible in the laboratory-scale UASB and APB reactors for stable operation were approximately 6.1 and 4.7 g COD/l day, respectively. The COD removal efficiencies of both reactors were greater than 90% based on the total COD of the effluent. The methane yield increased with increasing organic loading rate up to 0.23 l CH4/g CODdegraded in the UASB reactor and 0.161 CH4/g CODdegraded in the APB reactor. The UASB could be run at a higher organic loading rate than the APB reactor and achieved a higher methane yield. Signs of reactor instability were decreasing partial alkalinity and pH and increasing amounts of volatile fatty acids. The study demonstrated the suitability of the UASB and a packed-bed reactor for treating leachate from potato waste. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anaerobic digestion; Anaerobic packed-bed; Biogas; Leachate; Methane yield; Potato waste; UASB	Alkalinity; Anaerobic digestion; Biogas; Effluent treatment; Hydraulics; Leachate treatment; Methane; Packed beds; pH effects; Anaerobic packed-bed; Methane yield; Potato waste; UASB; Chemical reactors; biogas; waste treatment; Alkalinity; Biogas; Chemical Reactors; Effluent Treatment; Hydraulics; Leaching; Methane; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30744463049	The role of social grants in mitigating the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in two free state communities	Booysen F., Van Der Berg S.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	SPEC. ISS.	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00038.x	Department of Economics, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Booysen, F., Department of Economics, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Van Der Berg, S., Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Social grants may play an important role in mitigating the impact of HIV/ AIDS. Eligibility for these grants is driven in part by the increasing burden of chronic illness, the mounting orphan crisis and the impoverishment of households associated with the epidemic. This article investigates the role of social grants in mitigating the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, using data from a panel study on the household impact of the epidemic. Social grants reduce inequality and decrease the prevalence, depth and severity of poverty in affected households. However, these transfers also have disincentive effects on employment, while non-uptake is in some cases higher amongst the poorest. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	None	human immunodeficiency virus; social behavior; socioeconomic conditions; state role; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844463197	Interactive effects of the type of milling media and copper sulphate addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from Merensky ore Part I: Pulp chemistry	Bradshaw D.J., Buswell A.M., Harris P.J., Ekmekci Z.	2006	International Journal of Mineral Processing	78	3	10.1016/j.minpro.2005.10.004	University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey	Bradshaw, D.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Buswell, A.M., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Harris, P.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Ekmekci, Z., Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey	It is well known that the chemical environment determines the success of the flotation process, however its characterisation and control is difficult to achieve. This paper, as two parts, Part I and Part II, evaluates the use of various measurements and their interpretation to gain an understanding of the influence of varying parameters such as the type of milling media and copper sulphate addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from a platinum group mineral (PGM) bearing Merensky ore. It shows the complexity of interpretation and the importance of analysing flotation performance holistically. Part I focuses on the pulp chemistry and mineral potential measurements have been used to show the differences in the response of the various mineral electrodes to different conditions. The final flotation recoveries of the sulphide minerals in the ore followed the same trend as the decrease in mineral potential due to collector addition viz. chalcopyrite &gt; pentlandite &gt; pyrrhotite. Type of milling media and copper sulphate addition slightly affected the mineral electrode potential and flotation recovery of chalcopyrite. Addition of copper sulphate increased the recovery of pentlandite and particularly pyrrhotite due to activation by copper (II) ions. The copper activation mechanism was likely to be in the form of initial adsorption of copper hydroxide followed by reduction to Cu+ at the surface. However, the changes in flotation performance of the different minerals in the ore could not be completely described by the electrochemical changes, demonstrating the limitations of these measurements. Part II addresses the effect of froth stability as demonstrated by the variations in the mass and water recovery data resulting from the different milling conditions and addition of copper sulphate which emphasised the importance of considering the froth phase in the evaluation of flotation data. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Copper sulphate; Milling media; Pulp chemistry; Sulphide minerals	Electrochemistry; Flotation; Granulation; Inorganic acids; Parameter estimation; Platinum compounds; Pulp; Pyrites; Reduction; Copper (II) ions; Copper sulphate; Milling media; Pulp chemistry; Sulfide minerals; Electrochemistry; Pulps	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844465453	Interactive effects of the type of milling media and CuSO4 addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from Merensky ore Part II: Froth stability	Ekmekci Z., Bradshaw D.J., Harris P.J., Buswell A.M.	2006	International Journal of Mineral Processing	78	3	10.1016/j.minpro.2005.10.003	Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey; University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa	Ekmekci, Z., Hacettepe University, Department of Mining Engineering, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey; Bradshaw, D.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Harris, P.J., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Buswell, A.M., University of Cape Town, Mineral Processing Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa	The limitations of pulp chemistry measurements in the flotation of a platinum group mineral (PGM) bearing Merensky ore were demonstrated in Part 1 of this article. In this paper the importance of the contribution of the froth structure due to changing froth stability is analysed using the batch flotation data. The effects of mild steel (MS) and stainless steel (SS) milling media and the addition of copper sulphate on the flotation performance of the sulphide minerals in Merensky ore have been evaluated in relation to the changes in stability of the froth phase. The effects of pulp chemistry and froth stability on the flotation of sulphide minerals were distinguished by using two different rate constants (kt and kw). The rate constant (k w) calculated as a function of cumulative water recovery was used to describe characteristics of froth phase and kt was calculated as a function of flotation time. The results revealed that the type of grinding media and copper sulphate addition had an interactive effect on the froth stability. While mild steel (MS) milling increased the froth stability due to the presence of hydrophilic iron hydroxides and colloidal metallic iron, the addition of copper sulphate reduced the stability, especially with stainless steel (SS) milling. Copper sulphate addition had a dual role in the flotation of Merensky ore in that it caused destabilisation of the froth zone as well as activation of selected sulphide minerals. The dominant effect was found to depend on the type of milling media and floatability of the mineral in question and this work has demonstrated the importance of using a combination of measurements to evaluate flotation performance holistically. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Copper sulphate; Froth stability; Milling media; Sulphide minerals	Carbon steel; Comminution; Flotation; Grinding (comminution); Inorganic acids; Platinum compounds; Pulp; Stainless steel; Copper sulphate; Froth stability; Iron hydroxides; Milling media; Sulfide minerals; Carbon Steel; Pulps	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844471970	Performance specifications for concrete using the durability index approach	Alexander M., Ballim Y., Santhanam M.	2005	Indian Concrete Journal	79	12	None	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Concrete Materials Research Group, UCT, United States; WITS; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; African Materials Research Society; Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India	Alexander, M., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Concrete Materials Research Group, UCT, United States; Ballim, Y., WITS, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, African Materials Research Society; Santhanam, M., Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India	The noticeable shift towards performance specifications for durability calls for the adoption of reproducible, reliable and quick measures of transport parameters that are known to affect concrete durability. In addition, the ability to assess these parameters in actual construction, appropriate criteria for limiting values for durability parameters, and penalties or incentives for failing or achieving the necessary durability requirements, are equally important. The "Durability Index" approach has been developed in South Africa to provide a basis for specifying performance for durability of concrete. Three tests that primarily measure the transport properties of cover zone concrete are used to generate performance indicators. This approach has been successfully used in practice in South Africa, and could have a good potential for application in the Indian concrete industry. This paper describes briefly the tests followed under the durability index approach, and how the results from these tests could be used to set up performance criteria that can be used for specifying concrete quality to ensure long-term performance.	Conductivity; Durability; Performance; Permeability; Sorptivity	Concrete durability; Conductivity; Sorptivity; Concrete construction; Construction industry; Mechanical permeability; Performance; Specifications; Concretes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844473299	The impact of ICT (internet) on research and studies: The experience of Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji O.B., Akporhonor B.A.	2005	Library Hi Tech News	22	10	10.1108/07419050510644347	Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Delta State University Library, Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji, O.B., Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Akporhonor, B.A., Delta State University Library, Abraka, Nigeria	Purpose - This study seeks to explore how students are increasingly using the Internet to support instruction and research needs in addition to heavy e-mail usage. The extension of this research suggests more positive impact from the Internet in almost every aspect of academic life and suggests the need for more access at reduced costs on and near this campus. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire was used to survey a sample of students about their internet practices. Findings - Students are now coming to university with more background in technology and the role of the internet and other ICTs. The demand for internet service will continue to grow and how the university should respond to meet this greater demand is the focus of this research. Orig inality/value - Study suggests that the impact of the ICTs and internet service for e-mail and other research activities related to the role of studying suggests that access is a key problem that must be scaled better so that students and faculty have improved access. This situation should continue to be monitored and the study suggests that more and more university affiliates will need improved access to internet resources. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Academic	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30944468171	Evaluation of the buffering capacity of powdered cow's, goat's and soy milk and non-prescription antacids in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia	Lutchman D., Pillay S., Naidoo R., Shangase N., Nayak R., Rughoobeer A.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	1	None	School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Lutchman, D., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, S., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Shangase, N., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Nayak, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rughoobeer, A., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background. Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is the term most commonly used to describe a heterogeneous and often ill-defined group of dyspepsia patients whose symptoms of upper abdominal pain, discomfort or nausea persist in the absence of identifiable cause. Treatment choice commonly includes over-the-counter medicines and home remedies, e.g. milk. Objective. To determine the relative buffering capacity of goat's, cow's and soy milk, non-prescription antacid drugs and combinations thereof. Methods. The buffering capacities of 25 ml aliquots of each of the powdered milk products, the antacids alone and the combination of antacid and milk were determined. Statistical analysis was used to determine any significant differences in buffering capacity. Results. When the antacids were examined alone, significant differences in buffering capacity were observed. When powdered milk products were examined alone, cow's milk had a significantly higher buffering capacity than either goat's or soy milk. There was no significant difference between goat's and soy milk. In the combination of cow's milk with each of the antacids, brand A and B had a similar buffering capacity, significantly higher than that observed with brand C. Conclusions. The combination with best observed buffering capacity was brand A with cow's milk, and the weakest buffering capacity was observed with brand C with soy milk. The results obtained can be attributed to the chemical constituents of the antacids and the milk products.	None	alginic acid; aluminum hydroxide; aluminum hydroxide plus magnesium trisilicate; antacid agent; bicarbonate; buffer; calcium; calcium carbonate; magnesium carbonate; magnesium trisilicate; milk protein; non prescription drug; phosphate; article; artificial milk; cow; drug determination; drug efficacy; drug formulation; drug mechanism; dyspepsia; goat; nonhuman; pH measurement; soybean milk; statistical analysis; stomach pH; Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Antacids; Buffers; Drugs, Non-Prescription; Dyspepsia; Goats; Humans; Milk; Powders; Soy Milk; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31344456240	Collapse of large complex impact craters: Implications from the Araguainha impact structure, central Brazil	Lana C., Romano R., Reimold U., Hippertt J.	2006	Geology	34	1	10.1130/G21952.1	Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom; Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lana, C., Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom; Romano, R., Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Reimold, U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hippertt, J., Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil	The 40-km-wide Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil provides extensive out crops to study the structural evolution of all parts of a complex crater, including the central uplift, annular trough, and crater rim. While most craters of comparable size are buried by impact-related or postimpact sedimentary deposits, Araguainha is deeply eroded and it exposes in detail outcrop-scale structural features that can be used to understand the structural evolution of large impact craters. This study explores evidence from structural features across the entire impact structure in order to provide constraints on the target rock movement during the crater collapse. Most of the structural features described here are consistent with folding and bedding-parallel shearing during several kilometers of lateral inward movement of the target rocks. Vertical movement was, in contrast, restricted to distances of less than a few hundred meters along radial and concentric fault zones around the crater rim. © 2006 Geological Society of America.	Araguainha; Central uplift; Complex crater; Crater collapse; Impact structure; Transient cavity	Central uplift; Complex crater; Impact craters; Impact structure; Structural evolution; Transient cavity; Crystalline rocks; Deformation; Rock mechanics; Sedimentary rocks; Sediments; Structural geology; Tectonics; collapse structure; impact structure; uplift; Araguainha Dome; Brazil; South America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544457587	Economic performance of case study dairy farm in Southern Ethiopia	Ergano K., Nurfeta A.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	1	None	Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Resource Economics and Management, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Ergano, K., Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Resource Economics and Management, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Nurfeta, A., Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Focus on agricultural development in Ethiopia has seen a shift towards the smallholder sector, which is home and employment provider to more than 85 percent of the population. However, the viability status of enterprises within this sector remain largely un-probed research area on-the-ground. This article, which is based on case study of dairy farm at Awassa College of Agriculture, presents results of an economic analysis of the real state, constraints and opportunities vis à vis the performance of the Colleges' dairy farm for the past five years. Through a Gross Margin Analysis at farm level, the study established that the dairy farm is economically quite viable. Gross margins ranging from Birr 3,589 to Birr 77,920 were obtained in the years considered. However, given the higher genetic potential of the dairy animals and unsatisfied demand for milk in the market, the performance is much less than desired. The cost of production of milk per liter ranging from Birr 1.29 to 1.98 as compared to the selling price of Birr 2 showed a very sensitive profit margin. Feed expense, which accounts for about 90 % of the total expenses, is a major expense of the dairy farm. Identified constraints to production include poor infrastructure, bad sanitary condition, lack of organized record system, bureaucratic bottlenecks, low quality feeds and inefficient purchasing system. Established opportunities for improvement include enhancing housing and sanitary conditions, timely harvesting and better storage of home-grown feeds, following a planned purchasing and selling systems, use of a well -organized record systems, as well as aiming at economic and efficient production in order to achieve sustained production and economic performance. It is recommended that the farm may be liberalized from bulky bureaucratic purchasing procedures of the University.	Awassa College of Agriculture; Dairy Farm; Economics; Ethiopia	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544462587	Assessment of heavy-metal profile of the New Calabar River and its impact on juvenile Clarias gariepinus	Wegwu M.O., Akaninwor J.O.	2006	Chemistry and Biodiversity	3	1	10.1002/cbdv.200690010	Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Wegwu, M.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Akaninwor, J.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	We have determined the heavy-metal status of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River in the Niger Delta region over a 40-km-long distance, and its impact on the development of catfish (juvenile Clarias gariepinus). The total mean concentrations of dissolved trace metals in the river were 0.01, 0.85, 0.56, 2.08, 0.05, 12.0, and 6.59 mg/l for Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, and Zn, respectively. The accumulated concentration of trace metals in the muscles of different mature fish caught from the river were examined, and the results fell within the action levels adopted in most countries. To evaluate the contributions of trace metals to fisheries depletion, eggs of C. gariepinus were hatched in dilution water spiked with the total mean metal levels determined in the river water. Our results indicate substantive inhibition of egg hatch even at very low concentrations of the majority of the trace metals studied, with mortality rates well above 50% after 216 h of exposure (Table 5). These findings suggest that trace metals (except for Zn), even at very low concentrations, negatively affect fish hatch and fry rearing, implying that aquatic milieus contaminated by trace metals are not suitable as nursery grounds for fish cultures. © 2006 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta.	None	cadmium; chromium; copper; heavy metal; iron; lead; mercury; river water; trace metal; zinc; animal tissue; aquatic environment; article; breeding; catfish; concentration (parameters); controlled study; death; environmental exposure; environmental impact assessment; fishery; geography; hatching; Nigeria; nonhuman; pisciculture; river; tissue distribution; water pollution; Age Factors; Animals; Catfishes; Metals, Heavy; Nigeria; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544477415	The effect of supplementing Rhodes grass hay with cotton seed cake and pyrethrum marc based rations on the performance of Sahiwal female weaners	Wekesa F.W., Abdulrazak S.A., Mukisira E.A.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	1	None	National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Division of Research and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya	Wekesa, F.W., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Division of Research and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Mukisira, E.A., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya	The objective of the study was to evaluate the voluntary feed intake and body weight gain of Sahiwal female weaners fed on rhodes grass hay and supplemented with cotton seed cake based ration (CSCBR) and pyrethrum marc based ration (PMBR). Twenty five weaners were allocated to five treatments in a randomised complete design (RCD). The CP contents of the feeds were 74.1, 156 and 143 g/kg dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was 720, 345 and 329 g/kg DM for Rhodes grass hay (RGH), CSBR and PMBR respectively. At higher level of supplementation, improved dry matter intake was recorded in the group that was offered PMBR than CSCBR. Supplementation also improved dry matter intake with hardly any substitution effect. Better average daily gain was recorded in weaners, which were supplemented with CSCBR but was not statistically different from the PMBR while control group grew at the lowest rate. Volatile fatty acid concentration improved with supplementation but varied across the treatment diets. All the animals across the various treatment diets remained in a positive nitrogen balance during the period of study. Supplementation also improved rumen ammonia nitrogen levels. It was concluded that CSCBR and PMBR were comparable in respect of animal performance and hence be encouraged in their inclusion in ruminant rations.	Cotton seed cake; Intake; Live-weight gain; Pyrethrum marc; Rhodes grass hay	Animalia; Bovidae; Chloris gayana; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31644435352	Design and preclinical evaluation of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C DNA vaccine for clinical trial	Burgers W.A., van Harmelen J.H., Shephard E., Adams C., Mgwebi T., Bourn W., Hanke T., Williamson A.-L., Williamson C.	2006	Journal of General Virology	87	2	10.1099/vir.0.81379-0	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, UCT, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom	Burgers, W.A., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; van Harmelen, J.H., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Shephard, E., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa, MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, UCT, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Adams, C., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Mgwebi, T., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Bourn, W., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Hanke, T., MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Williamson, C., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa	In this study, the design and preclinical development of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C DNA vaccine are described, developed as part of the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative (SAAVI). Genetic variation remains a major obstacle in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine and recent strategies have focused on constructing vaccines based on the subtypes dominant in the developing world, where the epidemic is most severe. The vaccine, SAAVI DNA-C, contains an equimolar mixture of two plasmids, pTHr.grttnC and pTHr.gp150CT, which express a polyprotein derived from Gag, reverse transcriptase (RT), Tat and Nef, and a truncated Env, respectively. Genes included in the vaccine were obtained from individuals within 3 months of infection and selection was based on closeness to a South African subtype C consensus sequence. All genes were codon-optimized for increased expression in humans. The genes have been modified for safety, stability and immunogenicity. Tat was inactivated through shuffling of gene fragments, whilst maintaining all potential epitopes; the active site of RT was mutated; 124 aa were removed from the cytoplasmic tail of gp160; and Nef and Gag myristylation sites were inactivated. Following vaccination of BALB/c mice, high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced against multiple epitopes and the vaccine stimulated strong CD8+ gamma interferon responses. In addition, high titres of antibodies to gp 120 were induced in guinea pigs. This vaccine is the first component of a prime-boost regimen that is scheduled for clinical trials in humans in the USA and South Africa. © 2006 SGM.	None	DNA vaccine; epitope; Gag protein; gamma interferon; glycoprotein gp 160; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; Nef protein; plasmid vector; protein antibody; RNA directed DNA polymerase; transactivator protein; virus envelope protein; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; antibody titer; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; codon; consensus sequence; controlled study; cytoplasm; developing country; DNA modification; DNA shuffling; drug design; drug manufacture; drug safety; drug screening; drug stability; enzyme active site; epidemic; female; gene delivery system; gene expression; gene inactivation; gene mutation; genetic selection; genetic variability; guinea pig; health program; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunogenicity; immunostimulation; mouse; multigene family; myristylation; nonhuman; plasmid; priority journal; serotype; South Africa; United States; AIDS Vaccines; Animals; Drug Design; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Genes, env; Genes, gag; Genes, tat; HIV-1; Humans; Mice; Vaccines, DNA; Animalia; Cavia; Cavia porcellus; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744431924	Evaluation of the efficiency of various commercial products for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil	Claassens S., Van Rensburg L., Riedel K.J., Bezuidenhout J.J., Van Rensburg P.J.J.	2006	Environmentalist	26	1	10.1007/s10669-006-5358-y	School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Claassens, S., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Van Rensburg, L., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Riedel, K.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, J.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Van Rensburg, P.J.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Bioremediation has become an important method for the treatment of terrestrial oil spills and is often favoured over strictly physical-chemical methods. In this study, enzymatic analyses and signature lipid biomarkers were employed to evaluate the efficacy of selected bioremediation products on control and oil contaminated soil plots. It is envisioned that these biological indicators may be used as possible adjuncts to the strictly physical-chemical criteria most commonly employed. The application of the enzymatic and signature biomarker methods for product evaluation proved successful. The enzymatic assays provided a valuable insight into shifts in the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities resultant from the various treatments. Stimulation or inhibition of the microbial communities as a result of the various treatments was also demonstrated, particularly with regards to dehydrogenase activity. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles proved sufficiently sensitive to allow differentiation between products and resultant microbial communities that corresponded to satisfactory and unsatisfactory petroleum hydrocarbon removal. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Bioremediation; Enzymatic activity; Hydrocarbon; PLFA; Soil	bioremediation; hydrocarbon; soil pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744438443	Evaluation of two novel Ziehl-Neelsen methods for tuberculosis diagnosis	Frimpong E.H., Adukpo R., Owusu-Darko K.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	4	None	Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	Frimpong, E.H., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Adukpo, R., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Owusu-Darko, K., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana	Background: Currently, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Ghana relies on direct sputum smear, Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) staining method. This method has low sensitivity and poses some health risks. The study was to compare the, direct sputum smear, (ZN) staining method against two newer ZN methods; 1% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL)-xylene floatation and 1% NaOCL sedimentation methods, to determine the most sensitive and the safest. Study design: A prospective descriptive study involving 150 adult patients attending Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis, using the three ZN microscopy methods: direct sputum smear, 1% NaOCL sedimentation, and 1% NaOCL-xylene floatation, for the detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB). Sputum culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) slopes was used as the gold standard for determining the sensitivity and specificity rates. Results: The sensitivity rates of NaOCL sedimentation, NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear methods were 77.2%, 71.8% and 66.3% respectively. The specificity rate was 95.9% for all three methods. Whereas the difference between the NaOCL sedimentation and the direct smear methods was statistically significant (P= 0.0446), that between the NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear was not (P=0.1788). Conclusion: In spite of the cost of chemicals, the hypochlorite sedimentation method was found to be the most accurate and the safest.	Laboratory infection; Sputum microscopy; Tuberculosis	hypochlorite sodium; xylene; acid fast bacterium; adolescent; adult; aged; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; Ghana; health hazard; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; microscopy; prospective study; school child; sedimentation; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; teaching hospital; tuberculosis; Ziehl Neelsen staining; Adult; Bacteriological Techniques; Coloring Agents; Ghana; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744447128	The first 5 years of the family clinic for HIV at Tygerberg hospital: Family demographics, survival of children and early impact of antiretroviral therapy	van Kooten Niekerk N.K.M., Knies M.M., Howard J., Rabie H., Zeier M., van Rensburg A., Frans N., Schaaf H.S., Fatti G., Little F., Cotton M.F.	2006	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	52	1	10.1093/tropej/fmi047	Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	van Kooten Niekerk, N.K.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Knies, M.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Howard, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Rabie, H., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Zeier, M., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Rensburg, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Frans, N., Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Schaaf, H.S., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Fatti, G., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cotton, M.F., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Family clinics address the problems of HIV-infected children and their families. The aims were to document demographics of the children and caregivers attending the Family Clinic for HIV at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TAH) and to investigate factors affecting disease progression in children. Methods: A retrospective folder review of children and parents attending the Family Clinic at TAH between January 1997 and December 2001, a period noted for its lack of antiretroviral treatment. Results: Of 432 children seen for testing, 274 children, median age 16.9 months, were HIV-infected. During follow-up, 46 children died (median age 23 months) and 113 were lost to follow-up. The majority of children were malnourished. Those <2 years of age had lower weight for age Z-scores (WAZ) than older children (p<0.001). At presentation, 47 per cent were in clinical stage B and two-thirds had moderate or severe CD4+ T cell depletion. Seventeen children had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 12 dual and 31 monotherapy. HAART was associated with improved survival compared to dual or monotherapy. Risk of death was reduced from eleven-fold for a WAZ <-4 to four-fold between -2 and -3. There was no association with immunological and clinical classification at entry and risk of mortality. Only 18 per cent of parents were evaluated in the clinic. Non-parental care was documented for 25 per cent of families. Conclusions: A low WAZ is associated with poor survival in children. Nutritional status should receive more attention in HIV disease classification in children. Parent utilization of the clinic was inadequate. Even in the absence of HAART, extended survival in children is possible. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; antiretrovirus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; article; body weight; caregiver; CD4+ T lymphocyte; child; child care; child death; clinical feature; correlation analysis; cost of illness; demography; disease classification; disease course; disease severity; family counseling; female; follow up; general practice; health care utilization; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; lymphocyte depletion; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; medical documentation; monotherapy; nutritional status; risk assessment; scoring system; screening test; South Africa; survival; Age Factors; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Analysis of Variance; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Patient Compliance; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31944449074	The relationship between some chemical parameters and sensory evaluations for plain black tea (Camellia sinensis) produced in Kenya and comparison with similar teas from Malawi and South Africa	Okinda Owuor P., Obanda M., Nyirenda H.E., Mphangwe N.I.K., Wright L.P., Apostolides Z.	2006	Food Chemistry	97	4	10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.027	Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820, Kericho, Kenya; Tea Research Foundation (Central Africa), P.O. Box 51, Mulanje, Malawi; Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Department of Botany and Horticulture, Maseno Univeristy, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya	Okinda Owuor, P., Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820, Kericho, Kenya, Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Obanda, M., Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, P.O. Box 820, Kericho, Kenya, Department of Botany and Horticulture, Maseno Univeristy, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Nyirenda, H.E., Tea Research Foundation (Central Africa), P.O. Box 51, Mulanje, Malawi; Mphangwe, N.I.K., Tea Research Foundation (Central Africa), P.O. Box 51, Mulanje, Malawi; Wright, L.P., Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Apostolides, Z., Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Reliable and accurately measurable chemical parameters that can be used to estimate black tea quality are desirable in trade, research and breeding programmes. Using plain Kenyan black tea from 11 cultivars, which gave some significant differences in their plain black tea quality parameters, the individual theaflavins composition, total theaflavins, thearubigins, theaflavin digallate equivalent, total colour and brightness were determined. The parameters were regressed against sensory evaluation scores of two tasters A and B. The theaflavin digallate equivalent (TDE) showed the strongest relationship (r = 0.71 (P ≤ 0.01) and r = 0.80 (P ≤ 0.001)) for A and B′, respectively. The simple (non gallated) theaflavin and thearubigins did not show significant relationships with sensory evaluation. Of the liquor characteristics, there were significant relationships between liquor brightness and sensory evaluation by A and B (r = 0.58 (P ≤ 0.06) and r = 0.59 (P ≤ 0.05)), respectively. In consequence, TDE and brightness can be used in tea breeding programmes as quality indicators or to estimate plain black tea quality potential in the tea trade. Optimising their levels can also help to produce good quality Kenyan black teas during processing. Comparison of these results with work published earlier indicates that, of the individual theaflavins, theaflavin-3,3′-digallate correlates best with tea taster scores for the 11 Kenyan cultivars, whereas the simple theaflavin correlates best with tea tasters' scores for 40 Malawian cultivars. However, the derived parameter, TDE correlates very well with tea tasters' scores for all of the above cultivars. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Black tea; Brightness; Camellia sinensis; Central and Southern Africa; Colour; Eastern Africa; Kenya; Malawi; Quality; South Africa; Theaflavin digallate equivalents; Theaflavins	black tea extract; theaflavin; article; chemical parameters; chemical structure; food composition; food quality; Kenya; Malawi; sensory evaluation; South Africa; tea; Camellia sinensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32044466935	Participatory on-farm evaluation of the performance of drought-tolerant maize varieties in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria	Kamara A.Y., Kureh I., Menkir A., Kartung P., Tarfa B., Amaza P.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	1	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zar	Kamara, A.Y., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Kureh, I., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Kartung, P., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Tarfa, B., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Amaza, P., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom	Maize is an important food crop in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria where it is gradually replacing the traditional cereal crops, such as sorghum and millet because of its high productivity. Despite its high yield potential, maize production is faced with numerous constraints. One of these is drought both at the beginning and during the growing season, which significantly reduces grain yield. Therefore early-maturing varieties that are tolerant to drought or extra-early maturing varieties that escape drought are desirable in these communities. Efforts are being made at IITA to develop or identify drought-tolerant maize varieties that are adapted to the Guinea savannas of West Africa. This study evaluated three maize varieties that have been identified either to tolerate or escape drought. The drought-tolerant maize varieties were evaluated on farmers' fields for two years in two Federal States of northern Nigeria. Generally, the on-farm yield of the maize varieties evaluated was higher than the average grain yield reported for northern Nigeria. Farmers differed in their preferred choice of varieties. In the relatively market-driven production systems in the communities in Borno State, the early-maturing and high-yielding drought-tolerant variety (TZE-COMP 3 DT) was popular. Since this variety attains physiological maturity in late September when rainfall is less, it can be harvested and processed for sale. It therefore has high potential for adoption in these communities. On the contrary, in the relatively resource-poor sorghum-based production systems in Kano State; extra-early maturing varieties (95TZEE-W and 95TZEE-Y) were preferred to provide food security during the period of food scarcity in August/September. The emphasis was therefore more on earliness of crop maturity than on high yields.	Drought; Drought-tolerant maize; Farmer preference; Participatory evaluation	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32144457214	Traditional healers for HIV/AIDS prevention and family planning, Kiboga district, Uganda: Evaluation of a program to improve practices	Ssali A., Butler L.M., Kabatesi D., King R., Namugenyi A., Kamya M.R., Mandel J., Chen S.Y., McFarland W.	2005	AIDS and Behavior	9	4	10.1007/s10461-005-9019-9	Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	Ssali, A., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Butler, L.M., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kabatesi, D., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; King, R., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Namugenyi, A., District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mandel, J., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Chen, S.Y., San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; McFarland, W., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	In the face of ongoing epidemics of HIV/AIDS and STI, high demand for family planning, and limited resources, traditional healers may be under-utilized providers of reproductive health education in rural sub-Saharan Africa. We implemented a training program in HIV prevention and family planning methods for healers in the Kiboga district of Uganda and evaluated the program's impact on healers' clinical practice and the diffusion of information to their female clients. Of 46 healers recruited, 30 (65%) completed a pre- and post- training interview. Following training, traditional healers increased discussions of family planning with their clients. Of 84 female clients recruited, 44 (52%) completed the interview before and after the training for healers. Female clients corroborated that they increased discussions of family planning with their healers, as well as discussions about HIV/AIDS. Both healers and their female clients were more likely to make a connection between family planning, condom use, and HIV prevention after the training compared to before the training. Findings provide evidence that traditional healers in a rural area of Uganda can successfully adapt HIV prevention messages and family planning information into their clinical practices. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Family planning; HIV prevention; Traditional healers; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; clinical practice; condom; controlled study; counseling; evaluation; family planning; female; gender; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; interview; male; medical information; normal human; traditional medicine; training; Uganda; Adult; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Program Evaluation; Rural Population; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32244447844	Evaluation of human liver slices and reporter gene assays as systems for predicting the cytochrome P450 induction potential of drugs in vivo in humans	Persson K.P., Ekehed S., Otter C., Lutz E.S.M., McPheat J., Masimirembwa C.M., Andersson T.B.	2006	Pharmaceutical Research	23	1	10.1007/s11095-005-8812-5	DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe	Persson, K.P., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Ekehed, S., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Otter, C., Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Lutz, E.S.M., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; McPheat, J., Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Masimirembwa, C.M., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe; Andersson, T.B., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden	Purpose. The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of predicting human in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction properties of drugs using in vitro methods. Methods. The CYP induction potential of compounds was tested in human liver slices and in reporter gene assays for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Results. In human liver slices, CYP activities decreased dramatically over the experimental period, whereas mRNA levels could reliably be used to investigate CYP1A, 2C9, and 3A4 induction. However, the interindividual variations and demanding experimentation limit the use of liver slices in screening programs. Reporter gene assays are robust and reliable assays, amenable to high throughput screening. Several compounds activated AhR. The relevance of this activation, however, needs to be further investigated since there are no clear reports on drugs inducing CYP1A in vivo. The results from the PXR assay could be used to correctly classify compounds with known CYP3A induction properties when relating in vivo AUCtot to PXR EC50 values. Conclusions. Liver slices are a valuable model to study the regulation of a larger number of enzymes by single compounds. The PXR reporter gene assay could be used as a reliable screening method to predict CYP3A induction in vivo. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	AhR; CYP induction; Human liver slices; In vitro-in vivo correlation; PXR; Reporter gene assay	2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin; aromatic hydrocarbon receptor; betamethasone; carbamazepine; cimetidine; clotrimazole; cytochrome P450 1A; cytochrome P450 2C9; cytochrome P450 3A; cytochrome P450 3A4; dexamethasone; diazepam; diclofenac; hyperforin; indometacin; lansoprazole; messenger RNA; mevinolin; naproxen; omeprazole; pantoprazole; paracetamol; phenobarbital; phenytoin; pregnane X receptor; primaquine; rifampicin; troglitazone; unindexed drug; warfarin; adult; aged; area under the curve; article; assay; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme regulation; experimentation; female; high throughput screening; human; human cell; human tissue; in vitro study; in vivo study; liver slice; male; prediction; priority journal; protein induction; reporter gene; screening; Aged; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzyme Induction; Evaluation Studies; Female; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Culture Techniques; Plant Preparations; Predictive Value of Tests; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32344440641	The impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluations on meeting project objectives	Niba M., Green J.M.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	2	None	Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Niba, M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Green, J.M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	This study investigates the value of participation on meeting a project's objectives by comparing the impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluation frameworks. We assessed HIV/AIDS projects that shared similarities in terms of objectives and implementation strategies, but differed in their evaluation strategies, in order to identify differences in the outcome of the projects on the beneficiaries. The study concentrated on documentary and interview evidence of communication-based HIV/AIDS projects. The results highlight that in spite of socio-demographic differences, consistent use of a participatory methodology created an enabling environment, in terms of implementation, for meeting a project's objectives (particularly improved group awareness, knowledge, attitude, empowerment, functioning and sustainability); and, in terms of evaluation, a participatory methodology better enabled the internalisation of those objectives, through activities such as focus group discussions. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Africa; Behaviour; Community empowerment; HIV/AIDS interventions; Monitoring and evaluation	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; attitude to illness; demography; documentation; empowerment; evidence based practice; health care delivery; health care planning; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; interpersonal communication; interview; medical information; methodology; outcome assessment; participatory management; social aspect; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544437153	Comparison of phenotypic and molecular distances to predict heterosis and F1 performance in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun)	Teklewold A., Becker H.C.	2006	Theoretical and Applied Genetics	112	4	10.1007/s00122-005-0180-3	Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Georg-August University, Von-Siebold Str-8, 37075 Gottingen, Germany	Teklewold, A., Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Georg-August University, Von-Siebold Str-8, 37075 Gottingen, Germany; Becker, H.C., Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Georg-August University, Von-Siebold Str-8, 37075 Gottingen, Germany	Predicting heterosis and F1 performance from the parental generation could largely enhance the efficiency of breeding hybrid or synthetic cultivars. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between parental distances estimated from phenotypic traits or molecular markers with heterosis, F1 performance and general combining ability (GCA) in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata). Nine inbred lines representing seven different geographic regions of Ethiopia were crossed in half-diallel. The nine parents along with their 36 F1s were evaluated in a replicated field trail at three locations in Ethiopia. Distances among the parents were calculated from 14 phenotypic traits (Euclidean distance, ED) and 182 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers (Jaccard's distances, JD), and correlated with heterosis, F1 performance and GCA sum of parents (GCAsum). The correlation between phenotypic and molecular distances was low (r = 0.34, P ≤ 0.05). Parents with low molecular distance also had low phenotypic distance, but parents with high molecular distance had either high, intermediate or low phenotypic distance. Phenotypic distance was highly significantly correlated with mid-parent heterosis (r = 0.53), F1 performance (r = 0.61) and GCA (r = 0.79) for seed yield. Phenotypic distance was also positively correlated with (1) heterosis, F1 performance and GCA for plant height and seeds plant-1, (2) heterosis for number of pods plant-1, and (3) F1 performance for 1,000 seed weight. Molecular distance was correlated with GCAsum (r = 0.36, P ≤ 0.05) but not significantly with heterosis and F1 performance for seed yield. For each parent a mean distance was calculated by averaging the distances to the eight other parents. Likewise, mean heterosis was estimated by averaging the heterosis obtained when each parent is crossed with the other eight. For seed yield, both mean ED and JD were significantly correlated with GCA (r = 0.90, P ≤ 0.01 for ED and r = 0.68, P ≤ 0.05 for JD) and mean heterosis (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.05 for ED and r = 0.77, P ≤ 0.05 for JD). In conclusion, parental distances estimated from phenotypic traits better predicted heterosis, F1 performance and GCA than distances estimated from RAPD markers. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	None	Distance measurement; Genetic engineering; General combining ability (GCA); Molecular distances; Phenotypic distance; Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD); Crops; article; Brassica; comparative study; cross breeding; genetic marker; genetics; growth, development and aging; heterosis; phenotype; phylogeny; quantitative trait; random amplified polymorphic DNA; Brassica; Crosses, Genetic; Genetic Markers; Hybrid Vigor; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Quantitative Trait, Heritable; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; Farm Crops; Genetic Engineering; Heterosis; Nucleic Acids; Phenotypes; Seeds; Brassica; Brassica carinata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544440191	Calculating age-adjusted cancer survival estimates when age-specific data are sparse: An empirical evaluation of various methods	Gondos A., Parkin D.M., Chokunonga E., Brenner H.	2006	British Journal of Cancer	94	3	10.1038/sj.bjc.6602976	Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany; Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gondos, A., Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany; Parkin, D.M., Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Chokunonga, E., Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry, Harare, Zimbabwe; Brenner, H., Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany	We evaluated empirically the performance of various methods of calculating age-adjusted survival estimates when age-specific data are sparse. We have illustrated that a recently proposed alternative method of age adjustment involving the use of balanced age groups or age truncation may be useful for enhancing calculability and reliability of adjusted survival estimates. © 2006 Cancer Research UK.	Age-adjusted survival; Cancer survival; Sparse data	adolescent; adult; aged; article; cancer survival; child; data analysis; human; infant; mathematical analysis; priority journal; reliability; survival; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Research Design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544441478	Sparing land for nature: Exploring the potential impact of changes in agricultural yield on the area needed for crop production	Balmford A., Green R.E., Scharlemann J.P.W.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	10	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001035.x	Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom	Balmford, A., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Green, R.E., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom; Scharlemann, J.P.W., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom	How can rapidly growing food demands be met with least adverse impact on nature? Two very different sorts of suggestions predominate in the literature: Wildlife-friendly farming, whereby on-farm practices are made as benign to wildlife as possible (at the potential cost of decreasing yields); and land-sparing, in which farm yields are increased and pressure to convert land for agriculture thereby reduced (at the potential cost of decreasing wildlife populations on farmland). This paper is about one important aspect of the land-sparing idea - the sensitivity of future requirements for cropland to plausible variation in yield increases, relative to other variables. Focusing on the 23 most energetically important food crops, we use data from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the United Nations Population Division (UNPD) to project plausible values for 2050 for population size, diet, yield, and trade, and then look at their effect on the area needed to meet demand for the 23 crops, for the developing and developed worlds in turn. Our calculations suggest that across developing countries, the area under those crops will need to increase very considerably by 2050 (by 23% under intermediate projections), and that plausible variation in average yield has as much bearing on the extent of that expansion as does variation in population size or per capita consumption; future cropland area varies far less under foreseeable variation in the net import of food from the rest of the world. By contrast, cropland area in developed countries is likely to decrease slightly by 2050 (by 4% under intermediate projections for those 23 crops), and will be less sensitive to variation in population growth, diet, yield, or trade. Other contentious aspects of the land-sparing idea require further scrutiny, but these results confirm its potential significance and suggest that conservationists should be as concerned about future agricultural yields as they are about population growth and rising per capita consumption. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Agricultural yield; Agriculture; Conservation; Crop production; Cropland; Diet; Farming; Human population; Land sparing; Trade	agricultural land; crop production; crop yield; food production; land management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32644441447	Impact of coal mine dump contaminated soils on elemental uptake by Spinacia oleracea (spinach)	Chunilall V., Kindness A., Jonnalagadda S.B.	2006	Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes	41	3	10.1080/03601230500357447	School of Chemistry, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Chemistry, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa	Chunilall, V., School of Chemistry, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kindness, A., School of Chemistry, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Jonnalagadda, S.B., School of Chemistry, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa	The elemental uptake and the growth response of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) to the soil contaminated with the South African bituminous coal mine dump soil, viz. 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% w/w, was investigated. The contaminated soils were analyzed for pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and concentrations of selected heavy metals. The pH, SOM, and CEC decreased with an increase in contamination indicating the acidic nature of coal mine soil and the raise in the soil binding sites. The distribution of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in the in roots and leaves of the plants was determined in two stages of plant growth. Spinach showed high accumulation of Fe and increased levels of Ni and Cd with an increase in contamination. No plant growth was recorded with 25% contamination. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	Coal mine dumps; Edible plants; Elemental uptake; Soil pollution; Spinacia oleracea	Contamination; pH effects; Plants (botany); Positive ions; Soil pollution; Coal mine dumps; Edible plants; Elemental uptake; Spinacia oleracea; Coal mines; cadmium; heavy metal; iron; lead; manganese; nickel; soil organic matter; bioaccumulation; coal mine; soil pollution; article; cation exchange; coal mining; nonhuman; pH; plant growth; plant leaf; plant root; soil pollution; South Africa; spinach; Cadmium; Coal; Coal Mining; Consumer Product Safety; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food Contamination; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lead; Mercury; Metals, Heavy; Nickel; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Soil Pollutants; Spinacia oleracea; Time Factors; Spinacia oleracea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32644447881	Impacts of the women-in-agriculture (WIA) extension programme on women's lives; implications for subsistence agricultural production of women in Imo State, Nigeria	Odurukwe S.N., Matthews-Njoku E.C., Ejiogu-Okereke N.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	2	None	Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Odurukwe, S.N., Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Matthews-Njoku, E.C., Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ejiogu-Okereke, N., Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	This study analysed the impacts of the WIA programme on the lives of women in Imo State Nigeria, with the view of strengthening their subsistence agricultural production. Data were collected from 160 women from both urban and rural areas of the State. Data analysis was achieved using rankings, descriptive statistics and ordinary least square regression models. The results of the findings show that packages as cassava processing into pancake, and cassava flour, processing and utilization of soybean into flour paste, and soy-meal, cocoyam processing into cocoyam flour, and processing of fresh tomatoes into tomato paste; which recorded high awareness values had low adoption rates. Transferred WIA technologies as cassava processing and utilization - into; odorless fufu, gari, and tapioca (93.16%); processing of maize, into corn meal, and pap (79.77%), processing and storage of fresh tomatoes into tomato paste (86.46%), and dry season vegetable gardening (66.38%) recorded high response from the women as being very relevant to their socioeconomic wellbeing. However, such technologies as cassava processing and utilization into pancake and cassava flour (83.27%), processing of maize into maize flour, and malted maize drink (75.08%) were reported as not relevant. Positive impacts of women adoption of WIA packages were most on the women than the men and the children. It ensured family food security and enhanced children's education and women financial and socioeconomic status. Primary occupation, annual income, household size and membership of women's group showed a positive and very significant relationship with the adoption of the WIA technologies by the women. Among the problems to effective achievement of set objectives is lack of access to land, non-coverage of agricultural production activities. It is recommended among others that the WIA programme should include women agricultural production needs in its programme of activities, in addition to increasing its' clientele coverage.	Imo State; Impacts on Women's live; Nigeria; Women-in-Agriculture Programme	Colocasia esculenta; Gari; Glycine max; Lycopersicon esculentum; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33244456606	Hybrid data capture for monitoring patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in urban Botswana	Bussmann H., Wester C.W., Ndwapi N., Vanderwarker C., Gaolathe T., Tirelo G., Avalos A., Moffat H., Marlink R.G.	2006	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	84	2	10.2471/BLT.04.019307	Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	Bussmann, H., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Wester, C.W., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Ndwapi, N., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Vanderwarker, C., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Gaolathe, T., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Tirelo, G., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Avalos, A., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Moffat, H., Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Marlink, R.G., Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	Individual patient care and programme evaluation are pivotal for the success of antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. While computer-aided documentation and data storage are indispensable for any large programme, several important issues need to be addressed including which data are to be collected, who collects it and how it is entered into an electronic database. We describe a patient-monitoring approach, which uses patient encounter forms (in hybrid paper + electronic format) based on optical character recognition, piloted at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana's first public highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) outpatient clinic. Our novel data capture approach collects "key" data for tracking patient and programme outcomes. It saves physician time and does not detract from clinical care.	Automatic data processing; Botswana (source: MeSH, NLM); Computerized; Data collection; Medical records; Medical records systems	antiretrovirus agent; data acquisition; health monitoring; urban population; article; Botswana; computer aided design; drug activity; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; outpatient department; patient monitoring; physician; pilot study; urban area; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Automatic Data Processing; Botswana; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Database Management Systems; Drug Monitoring; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Medical Records Systems, Computerized; Optical Storage Devices; Program Evaluation; RNA, Viral; Time Factors; Africa; Botswana; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33244492442	Work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance	Ntayi J.M.	2005	Journal of African Business	6	02-Jan	10.1300/J156v06n01_09	Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	Ntayi, J.M., Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	This study explores the relationship between work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance. Using data from Uganda retail firms, this study finds that work ethic was a significant positive predictor of salesforce task performance. Further, there was a significant relationship between the different behavioural families of work-related activity work withdrawal behaviours, organizational retaliation behaviours and salesforce task performance. Results from regression analysis indicate that organizational retaliation behaviours and work withdrawal behaviours are important factors for explaining declining performance of salespeople in Uganda retail firms. Managers aiming to improve salesforce task performance should recruit individuals with a strong work ethic. Additionally, retail managers need to reduce work withdrawal and organizational retaliation behaviours so as to increase salesforce task performance. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Job withdrawal behaviours; Locus of control; Organizational retaliation behaviours; Work ethic; Work withdrawal behaviours	ethics; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644510772	Evaluation of the abortifacient properties of chloroform extract of Carica papaya L. seed in female albino rats	Raji Y., Morakinyo A.O., Akinsomisoye O.S., Oloyo A.K., Esegbue-Peters P.R.C., Kunle-Alabi O.T.	2006	International Journal of Pharmacology	2	1	10.3923/ijp.2006.20.23	Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi On	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Morakinyo, A.O., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinsomisoye, O.S., Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oloyo, A.K., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Esegbue-Peters, P.R.C., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria	This study was carried out to investigate the impact of oral administration of chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed (CPE) on implantation and pregnancy in female albino rats. The study was divided into three experimental sections. Each section was subdivided into 4 groups treated, respectively with 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 b.w CPE and 2.5% tween 80 in normal saline (vehicle for CPE; control). Rats in section 1 were treated with CPE for two weeks before mating (pre-coital). Rats in section 2 were administered CPE from day 1 of pregnancy till term (post coital) while rats in section 3 received the extract for two weeks before mating and thereafter throughout term (pre and post-coital). Implantation sites and resorptions were determined in some of the pregnant rats after laparotomy. The gestation period, litter size and fetal weight were recorded in the remaining rats. The litters were also observed for any morphological alterations. The extract treated rats had significant decreases in litter size and implantation count (p&lt;0.01). The percentage resorptions increased in a dose dependent manner while the fetal weight and morphology remain unchanged when compared with the normal untreated control groups. The percentage resorptions were high in CPE treated rats when compared with the control group. None of the 100 mg kg-1 b.w CPE treated female rats had litters. The results suggest that the chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed has anti-implantation and abortifacient properties in female albino rats. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Abortion; Carica papaya seed; Implantation; Pregnancy	abortive agent; Carica papaya extract; chloroform; animal experiment; animal model; article; breeding; controlled study; dose response; embryo resorption; female; fetus; fetus weight; gestation period; herbal medicine; laparotomy; litter size; mating; morphology; nidation; nonhuman; papaya; plant seed; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644518381	Performance optimization of coagulant/flocculant in the treatment of wastewater from a beverage industry	Amuda O.S., Amoo I.A., Ajayi O.O.	2006	Journal of Hazardous Materials	129	03-Jan	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.078	Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Amuda, O.S., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Amoo, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Ajayi, O.O., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	This study investigated the effect of coagulation/flocculation treatment process on wastewater of Fumman Beverage Industry, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study also compared different dosages of coagulant, polyelectrolyte (non-ionic polyacrylamide) and different pH values of the coagulation processes. The effect of different dosages of polyelectrolyte in combination with coagulant was also studied. The results reveal that low pH values (3-8), enhance removal efficiency of the contaminants. Percentage removal of 78, 74 and 75 of COD, TSS and TP, respectively, were achieved by the addition of 500 mg/L Fe2(SO 4)3·3H2O and 93, 94 and 96% removal of COD, TSS and TP, respectively, were achieved with the addition of 25 mg/L polyelectrolyte to the coagulation process. The volume of sludge produced, when coagulant was used solely, was higher compared to the use of polyelectrolyte combined with Fe2(SO4)3·3H2O. This may be as a result of non-ionic nature of the polyelectrolyte; hence, it does not chemically react with solids of the wastewater. Coagulation/ flocculation may be useful as a pre-treatment process for beverage industrial wastewater prior to biological treatment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Beverage wastewater; Coagulation; pH control; Polyelectrolyte; Sludge	Beverages; Chemical reactions; Flocculation; Optimization; pH effects; Polyelectrolytes; Sewage sludge; Wastewater treatment; Beverage wastewater; Biological treatment; PH control; Sludge; Coagulation; coagulating agent; polyelectrolyte; proton; sulfur oxide; Beverages; Chemical reactions; Coagulation; Flocculation; Optimization; pH effects; Polyelectrolytes; Sewage sludge; Wastewater treatment; wastewater; article; beverage; chemical analysis; chemical reaction; flocculation; food contamination; pH; sludge; waste water management; wine industry; Beverages; Flocculation; Fruit; Industrial Waste; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Waste Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644520644	Starch hydrolysis using α-amylase: A laboratory evaluation using response surface methodology	Schoonees B.M.	2006	International Sugar Journal	108	1286	None	Sugar Milling Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Schoonees, B.M., Sugar Milling Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	The South African cane sugar mills use a thermostable amylase enzyme (produced by genetically modified strains of Bacillus licheniformis) to control seasonally high starch levels in juice. The recommended point of application of the enzyme is the third or fourth evaporator effect since the temperatures in these effects are high enough for the starch to remain solubilised, but low enough to prevent deactivation of the enzyme. The extended residence time and lower Brix in these effects are also believed to favour enzymatic action compared to conditions in the syrup tank. While considerable effort has been made to characterize the effect of factory parameters on the previous generation of commercially available α-amylases when they were first introduced to the cane sugar industry, not much work has been done on the thermostable enzymes, thus spurring this investigation. The effects and interaction effects of temperature, Brix, pH, starch concentration and enzyme concentration on the amount of starch hydrolysed by the enzyme in a sucrose solution were determined using statistical experimental design techniques. Experiments were conducted as batch processes, while the stirring rate, calcium content and the volume of each run were kept constant. A model was derived and corresponding response surface diagrams were used to identify trends in terms of the evaluated parameters. Some experiments were done to lend support for the model which was shown to be a good predictive tool within the experimental domain investigated.	None	Bacillus licheniformis; Enzyme concentrations; Genetically modified; Laboratory evaluation; Response surface methodology; Starch concentration; Statistical experimental design; Thermostable enzymes; Bacteriology; Batch data processing; Experiments; Hydrolysis; Starch; Sugar factories; Sugar industry; Surface properties; Amylases; Bacillus licheniformis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644527592	Royal jelly production in East Africa: Performance potential of the honey bees, Apis mellifera scutellata and Apis mellifera monticola in Kenya	Muli E.M., Raina S.K., Mueke J.M.	2005	Journal of Apicultural Research	44	4	None	International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, 438844 Nairobi, Kenya	Muli, E.M., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Raina, S.K., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mueke, J.M., Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, 438844 Nairobi, Kenya	This is the first study to evaluate the royal jelly production potential of two honey bee races in Kenya, Apis mellifera monticola and Apis mellifera scutellata. No significant differences were observed in cell acceptance rates and royal jelly yields between the two races. However, the age of larvae at grafting, supplementary feeding and time between grafting and harvest had significant effects on cell acceptance rates and royal jelly yields. © IBRA 2005.	Apis mellifera monticola; Apis mellifera scutellata; Cell acceptance; Honey bees; Kenya; Royal jelly; Royal jelly yields	Apinae; Apis mellifera; Apis mellifera scutellata; Monticola	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644541497	Random 2 dimensional ultrasonic evaluation of uterine cervix in pregnancy	Marchie T.T., Otoibhi O.E., Ogbeide E., Irabor P.F.I., Ogoinja S.Z.	2006	Saudi Medical Journal	27	2	None	Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria	Marchie, T.T., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Otoibhi, O.E., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Ogbeide, E., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Irabor, P.F.I., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria; Ogoinja, S.Z., Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	article; biparietal distance; bladder; female; first trimester pregnancy; follow up; gestational age; human; measurement; Nigeria; pregnancy; prenatal care; statistical analysis; supine position; ultrasound; uterine cervix; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Pregnancy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644558725	Management of sickle cell anemia in Nigeria with medicinal plants: Cationic evaluation of extracts and possible effects on the efficacy	Folasade S.I., Olukemi O.A., Jones M.O.	2006	Journal of Biological Sciences	6	1	10.3923/jbs.2006.100.102	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Suru Lere, Lagos, Nigeria	Folasade, S.I., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olukemi, O.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Suru Lere, Lagos, Nigeria; Jones, M.O., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Eleven aqueous plant extracts from 8 traditionally used Nigerian medicinal plants Adasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae), Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. (Crassulaceae), Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp. (Fabaceae), Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Cissus populnea Guill and Perr (Vitaceae) Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Periplocaceae), (Terminalia catappa L.) (Combretaceae) and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterman (Rutaceae) were evaluated for their cationic constituents as a measure of their efficacy in sickle cell anemia disorder. Extracts were subjected to dry ash digestion and the resultant supernatants were used for macro- and micronutrients determination using the emission flame photometer and the absorption spectrophotometer. K+, Na+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ were relatively higher than Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the tested extracts. The presence of these cations, K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ implicated in the process of sickling and involved in electrolytes movement in the physiological system of the body may be an important parameter in sickle cell anemia management. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cationic evaluation; Nigerian medicinal plants; Sickle cell management	Adasonia digitata extract; bryophyllum pinnatum extract; Cajanus cajan extract; calcium ion; Carica papaya extract; cation; Cissus populnea extract; herbaceous agent; iron; magnesium ion; Parquetina nigrescens extract; plant extract; potassium ion; sodium ion; Terminalia catappa extract; trace element; unclassified drug; water; zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides extract; zinc ion; absorption spectrophotometry; aqueous solution; article; controlled study; drug efficacy; electrolyte transport; extraction; flame photometry; macronutrient; medicinal plant; Nigeria; sickle cell anemia; supernatant; Cajanus cajan; Carica papaya; Caricaceae; Cissus populnea; Combretaceae; Crassulaceae; Fabaceae; Kalanchoe pinnata; Malvaceae; Parquetina nigrescens; Periplocoideae; Rutaceae; Terminalia catappa; Vitaceae; Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644587400	Evaluation of Allen's test in both arms and arteries of left and right-handed people	Oettlé A.C., van Niekerk A., Boon J.M., Meiring J.H.	2006	Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy	28	1	10.1007/s00276-005-0039-y	Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Oettlé, A.C., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Boon, J.M., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Meiring, J.H., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The Allen's test as described in 1929 by Edgar V. Allen has been modified, adapted and complemented by other newer modalities but remains a first line standard test to evaluate the arterial supply of the hand. In this study an attempt has been made to add more information regarding the arterial supply of the hand, in left- and right-handed individuals, left and right hands and the ulnar and radial arteries, when doing the Allen's test. A modified Allen's test using an oxygen saturation monitor was used. The sample group consisted of 80 (30 left-handed and 50 right-handed) students. No significant differences between the Allen's test of the left and right hands in the left and right-handed individuals were found. There was a marginal but not significant difference between the two arteries. The ulnar artery took slightly longer to reach baseline values as compared to the radial artery. The results suggest that a positive Allen's test can be found in both left and right-handed people, with regard to the left and right hands and both radial and ulnar arteries may be implicated. This information should be kept in mind when selecting either the radial or ulnar artery for grafting purposes (e.g. coronary angiosurgery) and forearm artery cannulation. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Collateral circulation; Oximetry; Patient selection; Radial artery; Ulnar artery	adult; arm; arterial circulation; artery catheterization; artery graft; article; controlled study; female; function test; human; human experiment; left handedness; male; monitor; normal human; oximetry; oxygen saturation; priority journal; radial artery; right handedness; ulnar artery; Adult; Arm; Arteries; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Male; Oximetry; Radial Artery; Ulnar Artery	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644630279	Ergonomic workplace construction, evaluation and improvement by CADWORK	Udosen U.J.	2006	International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics	36	3	10.1016/j.ergon.2005.11.005	Production Engineering Department, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Udosen, U.J., Production Engineering Department, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	The interactive capability of CADWORK has been demonstrated for construction, evaluation and improvement of a workplace for the assembly of a domestic fan. Data prepared in accordance with the requirements of the CADWORK system were fed into the computerized workplace heuristic and a workplace constructed from scratch was evaluated to give an assembly time of 1889.72 TMU at 100 BS performance level. The workplace was, then interactively adjusted by movement of some bins in the workplace to seek improvement. The cycle time simulated by CADWORK for the best improved workplace was 1654.89 TMU at 100 BS performance level. Computerized workplace design is quite relevant in industry as it enables various workplace layouts to be easily generated, evaluated and improved in situ, such that selection of the best layout is possible from the standpoints of ergonomics considerations and the anthropometric data of the operator who would use it. The criterion employed by CADWORK for workplace appraisal and selection, is the minimization of the cycle time of the product assembled using the workplace constructed or modified via the CADWORK heuristic. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Assembly operation; CADWORK; Computerized workplace design; Workplace construction; Workplace evaluation; Workplace improvement	Computer aided design; Computer simulation; Evaluation; Heuristic methods; Assembly operation; CADWORK; Computerized workplace design; Workplace evaluation; Ergonomics; anthropometry; article; computer aided design; computer program; computer simulation; construction work; ergonomics; operator; priority journal; workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644639614	Evaluation of the haematologic values of bitches in Northern Nigeria for the staging of pregnancy	Chaudhari S.U.R., Mshelia G.D.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	9	2	10.3923/pjbs.2006.310.312	Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Chaudhari, S.U.R., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Mshelia, G.D., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria	The heamatologic parameters of bitches in Northern Nigeria were investigated to evaluate their values for the staging of pregnancy. The values for Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin Concentration (Hb) were determined in the different stages of the reproductive cycle. RBC values were highest during proestrus with a mean of (14.86±0.79) × 106 μL-1, while the lowest values were recorded during pregnancy (3.86±0.35) × 106 μL-1. WBC, PCV and Hb values showed an increasing pattern from anoestrus to proestrus and then decrease with transition from proestrus to estrus, with the lowest WBC value of (7.99±0.65) × 103 μL-1 recorded during pregnancy. Total WBC count was highest during dioestrus (non-pregnant), with value almost twice that recorded during pregnancy. This suggests that WBC values can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in the Nigerian Local bitch. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Bitches; Haematologic values; Pregnancy	Canidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644745302	The bradykinin β2 receptor (BDKRB2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) genes and endurance performance during Ironman Triathlons	Saunders C.J., Xenophontos S.L., Cariolou M.A., Anastassiades L.C., Noakes T.D., Collins M.	2006	Human Molecular Genetics	15	6	10.1093/hmg/ddl014	MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical Research Council of South Africa, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cardiovascular Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus	Saunders, C.J., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Xenophontos, S.L., Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cariolou, M.A., Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Anastassiades, L.C., Cardiovascular Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Collins, M., MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical Research Council of South Africa, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	We have previously shown that the insertion allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene was over-represented in the fastest South-African-born finishers of the South African Ironman Triathlons. As ACE is a component of the skeletal muscle kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), the aim of this study is to determine if there are any further associations between polymorphisms within the BDKRB2 and NOS3 genes, which encode for the KKS components, bradykinin β2 receptor and nitric oxide synthase, respectively, and ultra-endurance performance during the Ironman Triathlons. Four-hundred and forty-three male Caucasian triathletes who completed the 2000 and/or 2001 South African Ironman Triathlons and 203 healthy Caucasian male control subjects were genotyped for the functional -9/+9 polymorphism within exon 1 of the BDKRB2 gene and the G894T NOS3 gene polymorphisms. The BDKRB2 -9/-9 genotype occurred at a significantly higher frequency when the triathlete group (27.0%) was compared with the control group (19.3%, P =0.035). When divided into tertiles, there was also a significant linear trend for the NOS3 GG genotype distribution among the fastest (35.0%), middle (40.4%) and slowest (46.9%) finishers (P =0.039). The overall finishing times of the triathletes with an NOS3 GG genotype together with a BDKRB2 + 9 allele were significantly slower than those with other genotype combinations (P = 0.001). The NOS3/BDKRB2 genotype (β = -0.150, B = -31.48, P=0.002), together with body mass index and age, accounted for 14.6% of the variance in the overall race time for the triathlon. In conclusion, both the NOS3 and BDKRB2 genes are associated with the actual performance during the Ironman Triathlons. © 2006 Oxford University Press.	None	bradykinin B2 receptor; endothelial nitric oxide synthase; analysis of variance; article; athlete; controlled study; DNA polymorphism; endurance sport; exon; functional assessment; functional genomics; gene frequency; genetic association; genetic variability; genotype; human; human experiment; kallikrein kinin system; male; multivariate analysis; normal human; priority journal; protein expression; protein function; South Africa; statistical significance; triathlon; Adult; Bicycling; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Physical Endurance; Receptor, Bradykinin B2; Running; South Africa; Sports; Swimming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644757692	Capital controls and the lending behaviour of South African banks: Preliminary findings on the expected impact of Basel II	Cumming S., Nel H.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	4	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00044.x	Department of Economics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Cumming, S.; Nel, H., Department of Economics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Banking regulation has developed rapidly over the past few years. There is a growing realization that the regulatory environment must keep pace with globalization and with advances in the financial sector. The 1988 Basel Capital Accord was an attempt to align regulatory capital with the actual underlying risks that banks face, thereby improving the soundness of the banking sector. The New Basel Capital Accord, due for implementation in South Africa in 2007, refines this principle and remedies some of the flaws of the 1988 Accord. This paper considers whether such implementation would have an effect on lending patterns and credit expansion in South Africa. It falls into five parts. Section 1 examines the rationale for the 1988 Basel Accord and outlines the relevant features of the New Accord. Section 2 reviews some of the criticisms directed towards the New Accord, concentrating on the speculation that its implementation will adversely affect bank credit expansion. Section 3 proposes a method of research for assessing the effect of the New Accord in South Africa. Section 4 analyses the trends in South African banking and considers how the New Accord may affect bank behaviour. Section 5 concludes. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	None	banking; lending behavior; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644760409	Evaluation of the use of RT-PCR for the early diagnosis of dengue fever	Grobusch M.P., Niedrig M., Göbels K., Klipstein-Grobusch K., Teichmann D.	2006	Clinical Microbiology and Infection	12	4	10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01353.x	Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany; Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition, DIfE, Nuthetal, Germany; Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2196 Johannesburg, South Africa	Grobusch, M.P., Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2196 Johannesburg, South Africa; Niedrig, M., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Göbels, K., Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany; Klipstein-Grobusch, K., German Institute of Human Nutrition, DIfE, Nuthetal, Germany; Teichmann, D., Medical Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Humboldt University, Humboldt, Germany	RT-PCR was used to diagnose dengue virus infections confirmed serologically in 26 returning travellers. RT-PCR was positive for three (75%) of four samples taken on or before day 3 of the illness, for 15 (78.9%) of 19 samples taken between days 4 and 7, and for none of three samples tested on or after day 8 (p 0.0337). When applied early, RT-PCR seems to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of dengue fever. © 2006 Copyright by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.	Dengue fever; Diagnosis; RT-PCR; Sampling time; Sensitivity	immunoglobulin M; monoclonal antibody; virus antigen; adult; antigen detection; article; clinical article; controlled study; dengue; disease course; early diagnosis; female; human; immunofluorescence test; laboratory diagnosis; male; priority journal; quantitative analysis; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; serodiagnosis; strain difference; travel; virus detection; virus isolation; Adolescent; Adult; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Early Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Male; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Dengue virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644769053	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of Chlorophora excelsa stem bark extract	Olajide O.A., Kolawole O.T., Fagbohun T.R., Ajayi F.F.	2005	Pharmaceutical Biology	43	9	10.1080/13880200500406388	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi O	Olajide, O.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kolawole, O.T., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Fagbohun, T.R., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne Campus, Nigeria; Ajayi, F.F., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria	A methanol extract of the stem bark of Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth and Hook was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in different models. Acute inflammatory effects were studied in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the effect of the extract in chronic inflammation was evaluated using the cotton pellet granuloma test. The effect of the extract on topical inflammation induced with croton oil was also tested in mice. The extract produced a significant (p. < 0.05) and dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced pedal edema, as well as granuloma tissue formation in rats. Topical anti-inflammatory effect was only evident with 400 mg/kg of the extract. This study demonstrated acute, chronic, and topical anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of C. excelsa. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.	Acute inflammation; Anti-inflammatory; Chlorophora excelsa; Chronic inflammation; Extract; Topical inflammation	antiinflammatory agent; carrageenan; Chlorophora excelsa extract; croton oil; hydrocortisone; indometacin; methanol; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; article; Chlorophora excelsa; chronic inflammation; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug screening; granuloma; inflammation; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; paw edema; tree; tree trunk; Animalia; Chlorophora excelsa; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644799663	Evaluation and prediction of the swelling characteristics of Nigerian black clays	Nwaiwu C.M.O., Nuhu I.	2006	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering	24	1	10.1007/s10706-004-1928-2	Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Al-Kay Limited (Building and Civil Engineering), Lozumba Shopping Complex, UTC Area, Garki, FCT Abuja, Nigeria	Nwaiwu, C.M.O., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Nuhu, I., Al-Kay Limited (Building and Civil Engineering), Lozumba Shopping Complex, UTC Area, Garki, FCT Abuja, Nigeria	The swelling characteristics of black clays from two major areas of occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria, were investigated in the laboratory. Clay samples derived from lagoonal clay deposits showed high swelling tendencies while those samples derived from Olivine basalts showed medium to high swelling tendencies. Although interparticle swelling was the dominant swelling mechanism, soil samples with higher clay contents exhibited higher swelling tendencies. The developed predictive models show that the free swell percentage as well as the swelling pressure can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity, specific gravity, clay content and plasticity index. On the other hand, swell percent can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity and specific gravity only. © Springer 2006.	Free swell; Regression analysis; Swell percent; Swelling pressure; Tropical black clays	Clay deposits; Composition; Density measurement (specific gravity); Electric conductivity measurement; Plasticity; Pressure measurement; Regression analysis; Sampling; Swelling; Clay content; Plasticity index; Swell percent; Swelling pressure; Tropical black clays; Clay; clay; swelling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644828010	Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance	Havemann L., West S.J., Goedecke J.H., Macdonald I.A., St Clair Gibson A., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V.	2006	Journal of Applied Physiology	100	1	10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005	Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Dept. of Human Biology, Univ. of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	Havemann, L., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; West, S.J., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Goedecke, J.H., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Dept. of Human Biology, Univ. of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Macdonald, I.A., School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; St Clair Gibson, A., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa	The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) followed by 1 day of carbohydrate (CHO) loading on substrate utilization, heart rate variability (HRV), effort perception [rating or perceived exertion (RPE)], muscle recruitment [electromyograph (EMG)], and performance during a 100-km cycling time trial. In this randomized single-blind crossover study, eight well-trained cyclists completed two trials, ingesting either a high-CHO diet (HCD) (68% CHO energy) or an isoenergetic HFD (68% fat energy) for 6 days, followed by 1 day of CHO loading (8-10 g CHO/kg). Subjects completed a 100-km time trial on day 1 and a 1-h cycle at 70% of peak oxygen consumption on days 3, 5, and 7, during which resting HRV and resting and exercising respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured. On day 8, subjects completed a 100-km performance time trial, during which blood samples were drawn and EMG was recorded. Ingestion of the HFD reduced RER at rest (P < 0.005) and during exercise (P < 0.01) and increased plasma free fatty acid levels (P < 0.01), indicating increased fat utilization. There was a tendency for the low-frequency power component of HRV to be greater for HFD-CHO (P = 0.056), suggestive of increased sympathetic activation. Overall 100-km time-trial performance was not different between diets; however, 1-km sprint power output after HFD-CHO was lower (P < 0.05) compared with HCD-CHO. Despite a reduced power output with HFD-CHO, RPE, heart rate, and EMG were not different between trials. In conclusion, the HFD-CHO dietary strategy increased fat oxidation, but compromised high intensity sprint performance, possibly by increased sympathetic activation or altered contractile function. Copyright © 2006 the American Physiological Society.	Endurance exercise; Fat oxidation; Heart rate variability; Muscle recruitment; Rating of perceived exertion	fatty acid; adult; article; blood sampling; carbohydrate absorption; controlled study; electromyogram; energy resource; exercise intensity; fat body; fatty acid blood level; heart rate variability; human; human experiment; lipid diet; lung gas exchange; male; motor performance; muscle contraction; muscle function; normal human; priority journal; adaptation; carbohydrate diet; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; crossover procedure; endurance; exercise; exercise test; fat intake; heart rate; metabolism; oxygen consumption; physiology; psychomotor performance; randomized controlled trial; running; single blind procedure; skeletal muscle; Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Exercise Test; Exertion; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Psychomotor Performance; Running; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644830726	On the impact of winter conditions on the dynamics of a population with non-overlapping generations: A model approach	Nedorezov L.V., Volkova E.V.	2005	Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii	66	6	None	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	Nedorezov, L.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Volkova, E.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	The authors propose new type of models with non-overlapping generations. It is assumed that during winter period individuals are not active (as, for example, in insect populations in boreal forests) and some portion of population dyes. However the portion of population, that survives, Q, indirectly depends on feeding conditions in previous growing season. In the formal terms, Q = Q(u) is a decreasing function of the mean population size u (i.e., of the integral) over the growing period, and traditional discrete-time model therefore turns into a discrete-continuous one. Under any constant birth rate Y, the model is reduced to a discrete one in its general form, and a general result consists in global stability of the zero solution for any Y< 1, e.t., in population extinction from any initial state. In particular cases of dependence of Q(u) and different types of population self-limitation during growing season the general model results in a great variety of discrete models (including well known Moran - Ricker and Skellam models). For logistic growth of population during the growing season and exponential decrease in Q(u), the condition is obtained for a non-trivial steady state to exist, and the outcome is presented for bifurcation analysis with regard to parameter Y: cycles with typical period-doubling and chaotic dynamics.	None	animal; article; biological model; cold; population dynamics; season; Animals; Cold; Models, Biological; Population Dynamics; Seasons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644843882	Growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene and performance and post-race rectal temperature during the South African Ironman triathlon	Walpole B., Noakes T.D., Collins M.	2006	British Journal of Sports Medicine	40	2	10.1136/bjsm.2005.020669	Medical Research Council of South Africa, Newlands, South Africa; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Walpole, B., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Collins, M., Medical Research Council of South Africa, Newlands, South Africa, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Some studies have suggested that the insertion allele of the ACE gene is associated with endurance performance, including the Ironman triathlon. It is possible that this association is due to genetic linkage between the ACE I/D locus and the T/A variant in intron 4 of the neighbouring GH1 gene. The A variant is associated with lower levels of growth hormone production. Growth hormone has multiple effects, especially on metabolism during exercise and recovery from exercise. Its production during exercise has also been shown to stimulate sweat rate and heat loss. Objective: To determine whether the GH1 gene is associated with the performance and/or post-race rectal temperatures of competitors in the South African Ironman triathlon. Methods: A total of 169 of the fastest finishing white male triathletes who completed the 2000 and/or 2001 South African Ironman triathlon and 155 control subjects were genotyped for the T/A variant in the GH1 gene. Post-race rectal temperature was also determined in 103 of these triathletes. Results: There was no significant difference in the frequency of this polymorphism in the GH1 gene when the fastest finishing triathletes were compared with the control subjects. Post-race rectal temperatures were, however, significantly higher in those triathletes with an AA genotype (mean (SD) 37.7 (0.8) °C) compared with those with a TT genotype (37.2 (0.8) °C) (p = 0.019). Conclusions: The T/A polymorphism in intron 4 of the GH1 gene was not associated with performance of the fastest finishers of the South African Ironman triathlon. Post-race rectal temperatures were, however, significantly higher in the fastest finishing athletes, who were homozygous for a GH1 genotype associated with lower growth hormone production.	None	dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase; DNA; growth hormone; adult; age; article; athlete; body mass; Caucasian; controlled study; DNA polymorphism; endurance; gene; gene frequency; gene insertion; genotype; GH1 gene; growth hormone release; human; male; normal human; physical performance; polymerase chain reaction; rectum temperature; South Africa; triathlon; Adult; Alleles; Bicycling; Body Temperature Regulation; DNA; Growth Hormone; Humans; Male; Physical Endurance; Running; South Africa; Sports; Swimming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644848750	Performance of the Reality® polyurethane female condom and a synthetic latex prototype: A randomized crossover trial among South African women	Beksinska M., Smit J., Mabude Z., Vijayakumar G., Joanis C.	2006	Contraception	73	4	10.1016/j.contraception.2005.07.015	Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Department of Development Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States	Beksinska, M., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Smit, J., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Mabude, Z., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Mayville, 4091, South Africa; Vijayakumar, G., Department of Development Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Joanis, C., Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States	Objective: This multisite, randomized, crossover trial comparing the performance of the Reality® female condom (FC1) with a new synthetic latex prototype (FC2) was conducted in Durban, South Africa. Method: In total, 276 women were enrolled and 201 women completed the study. Altogether, 1910 FC1 condoms and 1881 FC2 condoms were used. Results: Total breakage was 0.73% in FC1 and 0.85% in FC2 (95% confidence interval, -0.64 to 0.87). The number of clinical breakages (those that could result in a pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection) was similar for each condom type (FC1, n=9; FC2, n=8). Incorrect penetration (penis between condom and vaginal wall) was 1.26% and 0.64% for FC1 and FC2, respectively. Outer ring displacements (outer ring pushed into the vagina partially or fully) were comparable for both condoms (FC1, 3.14%; FC2, 2.98%). Slippage (condom came out of the vagina) was rare and reported in 0.37% or less of devices used. Total clinical failure was 5.24% in FC1 and 4.3% in FC2. Conclusion: The FC1 and FC2 performed comparably within this trial. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Barrier methods; Female condom; Performance; Randomized trial; Reality; Synthetic latex	latex; polyetherurethan; polyurethan; adult; article; clinical trial; condom; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; human; human experiment; intermethod comparison; pregnancy; randomized controlled trial; sexual intercourse; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; crossover procedure; equipment; statistics; Adult; Condoms, Female; Cross-Over Studies; Equipment Failure; Female; Humans; Latex; Polyurethanes; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644854458	Evaluation of nutritional composition, sensory and physical property of home processed weaning food based on low cost locally available food materials	Ijarotimi O.S., Ashipa F.	2006	Nutrition and Food Science	36	1	10.1108/00346650610642142	Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ijarotimi, O.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ashipa, F., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Purpose - The objectives of this study are to develop low cost weaning food for the economically disadvantaged nursing mothers and also to prevent protein energy malnutrition among the infants in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - The blends (sweet potato and soybean flour) were prepared (homogenously) in the ratio of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 of sweet potato and soybean respectively. Triplicate samples of each blend were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein (N × 6.25), crude fiber and ash. Total lipid was estimated by petroleum ether extraction. Carbohydrate content was estimated by difference. Gross energy was determined. Water absorption capacity and bulk density were determined using standard procedures. The pasting characteristics of the flours were evaluated using a standard procedure. The sensory evaluation was carried out on the following parameters: taste, appearance, aroma, mouth (texture), colour and overall acceptability by a panel of ten members using a nine-point hedonic scale. Findings - The results of nutritional composition of the supplements showed protein 11.2-33.72 per cent, carbohydrates 42.91-76.51 per cent, fat 3.10-12.78 per cent, energy values 329.5-366.74 kcal/100 g and appreciable quantities of P, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K and Na. The soysweet potato flours had peak viscosity values between 180-365 BU. These values increased when cooled to 50°C, (420-760 BU). Results of this study showed that at 30 per cent soy flour supplementation, the meal could meet satisfactorily the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for children of 1-3 years old, and that the developed soy-sweet potato diets were nutritious, inexpensive and can easily be prepared from locally available raw food materials by using simple domestic processing techniques. Originality/value - Evidence has shown that the cost of commercial weaning formula is very high and most of the low-income family cannot afford to purchase this commercial weaning food and for such people an alternative low cost weaning formula is helpful. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Disadvantaged groups; Food products; Infants; Nigeria; Nutrition	Glycine max; Ipomoea batatas; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644867347	Ruling out pregnancy among family planning clients: The impact of a checklist in three countries	Stanback J., Diabate F., Dieng T., de Morales T.D., Cummings S., Traoré M.	2005	Studies in Family Planning	36	4	10.1111/j.1728-4465.2005.00073.x	Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Stanback, J., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Diabate, F., AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Dieng, T., Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; de Morales, T.D., Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Cummings, S., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Traoré, M., Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Women in many countries are often denied vital family planning services if they are not menstruating when they present at clinics, for fear that they might be pregnant. A simple checklist based on criteria approved by the World Health Organization has been developed to help providers rule out pregnancy among such clients, but its use is not yet widespread. Researchers in Guatemala, Mali, and Senegal conducted operations research to determine whether a simple, replicable introduction of this checklist improved access to contraceptive services by reducing the proportion of clients denied services. From 2001 to 2003, sociodemographic and service data were collected from 4,823 women from 16 clinics in three countries. In each clinic, data were collected prior to introduction of the checklist and again three to six weeks after the intervention. Among new family planning clients, denial of the desired method due to menstrual status decreased significantly from 16 percent to 2 percent in Guatemala and from 11 percent to 6 percent in Senegal. Multivariate analyses and bivariate analyses of changes within subgroups of nonmenstruating clients confirmed and reinforced these statistically significant findings. In Mali, denial rates were essentially unchanged, but they were low from the start. Where denial of services to nonmenstruating family planning clients was a problem, introduction of the pregnancy checklist significantly reduced denial rates. This simple, inexpensive job aid improves women's access to essential family planning services. © 2005 The Population Council, Inc.	None	adult; anamnesis; article; clinical trial; contraception; family planning; female; health care delivery; human; menstruation; methodology; multicenter study; patient abandonment; prediction and forecasting; world health organization; Adult; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Medical History Taking; Menstruation; Predictive Value of Tests; Refusal to Treat; World Health Organization; Access; Family Planning; Guatemala; Mali; Pregnancy; Senegal; contraceptive use; family planning; multivariate analysis; pregnancy; Africa; Central America; Guatemala [Central America]; Mali; Senegal; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644867731	Evaluation of the gill filament-based EROD assay in African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as a monitoring tool for waterborne PAH-type contaminants	Mdegela R., Myburgh J., Correia D., Braathen M., Ejobi F., Botha C., Sandvik M., Skaare J.U.	2006	Ecotoxicology	15	1	10.1007/s10646-005-0041-5	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Veterinary Faculty, University of Eduardo Mondlane, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway	Mdegela, R., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Myburgh, J., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Correia, D., Veterinary Faculty, University of Eduardo Mondlane, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Braathen, M., Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway; Ejobi, F., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Botha, C., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Sandvik, M., Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway; Skaare, J.U., Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway	The ability of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in inducing cytochrome P-450 class 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) biomarkers was determined in liver and gill filaments after 4 days of waterborne exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) fish were exposed to B[a]P added to the water (30 μg/l) corresponding to 5 mg/kg total body weight. Five female and six male fish, exposed to acetone alone added to the water served as controls. The 7-ethoxyresurufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was measured in hepatic microsomes and gill filaments. In addition, GST activity was determined in the hepatic cytosolic fraction and fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile and biliverdin. Benzo[a]pyrene strongly induced EROD activities in gill filaments of both sex. Levels of FACs per ml of bile were 17-fold higher in exposed fish compared to the controls. Correlations between induction of EROD activities in gill filaments and liver and between induction of EROD activities in gill filaments and levels of biliary FACs metabolites were strong. GST activities in the hepatic cytosolic fraction were similar amongst the treated and control groups. This is the first report on studies determining EROD activities in gill filaments and hepatic tissue, FACs in bile and GST in hepatic tissues of C. gariepinus after waterborne exposure to B[a]P. The findings suggest that the gill filament-based EROD assay in C. gariepinus can be used to monitor the pollution of AhR agonists in aquatic ecosystems in eastern and southern African countries. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	African catfish; Benzo[a]pyrene; Biomarkers; Clarias gariepinus; Gill and liver EROD assay	acetone; benzo[a]pyrene; biliverdin; biological marker; cytochrome P450 1A; ethoxyresorufin; ethoxyresorufin deethylase; glutathione transferase; liver enzyme; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; resorufin; aquatic ecosystem; biomarker; biomonitoring; fish; PAH; Africa; animal experiment; animal tissue; aquatic environment; article; bile; catfish; controlled study; cytosol; environmental exposure; environmental monitoring; enzyme activity; enzyme assay; enzyme induction; evaluation; female; fluorescence; gill; liver; liver microsome; male; metabolite; nonhuman; priority journal; water pollution; Animals; Bile; Biological Assay; Biological Markers; Catfishes; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Gills; Glutathione Transferase; Liver; Male; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644893072	Evaluation of speech in patients with partial surgically acquired defects: Pre and post prosthetic obturation	Arigbede A.O., Dosumu O.O., Shaba O.P., Esan T.A.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obe	Arigbede, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Shaba, O.P., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obefeml Awolowo University, Ile-Ile, Nigeria	Aim: Maxillectomy often results in a high level of morbidity with significant psychological and functional implications for the patient. Such disabilities include inability to masticate, deglutition, and speech disturbance. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of the speech disturbance and the influence of the class of surgical defects in this group of patients. The aims of the present study were to assess the effectiveness of the maxillary obturator as a speech rehabilitation aid and to examine the influence of the classes of surgical defects on speech intelligibility (SI). Materials and Methods: Twelve patients aged between 18 and 60 years with surgically acquired partial maxillary defects were included in this study. The patients were given immediate surgical obturators six to ten days after surgery, which were then converted to interim obturators by relining with tissue conditioner. Interim prostheses were used for two to three months until healing and resorption were found satisfactory after which the definitive obturators were fabricated. The SI test described by Plank et al.1 and Wheeler et al.8 was employed in this study. There were significant improvements in the mean SI score from 59.8% without prosthetic obturation, to 89.2% following interim obturation, and 94.7% following definitive obturation (p&lt;0.005). Nine patients (75%) had class I surgical defects, two patients (16.67%) had class II defects, while only one patient (8.33%) had a class VI surgical defect. None of the patients had class III, IV, or class V surgical defects. There was an improvement in the SI score from class I to class VI without obturation, after insertion of interim obturator, and after insertion of the definitive obturator. Conclusion: Results support the widely held view that the maxillary obturator is a useful speech rehabilitation aid. It also shows immediate, interim, and definitive obturators are all important in the speech rehabilitation of patients with surgically acquired maxillary defects. Moreover SI is affected by the class of defect.	Maxillectomy; Obturator; SI; Speech intelligibility	adult; article; bone remodeling; clinical article; controlled study; female; human; male; maxilla resection; osteolysis; patient assessment; postoperative complication; prosthesis; reparative dentistry; scoring system; speech; speech disorder; speech intelligibility; speech rehabilitation; statistical analysis; statistical significance; adolescent; aged; child; evaluation; maxilla; maxilla tumor; middle aged; Nigeria; oral surgery; outcome assessment; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Dental Prosthesis Design; Female; Humans; Male; Maxilla; Maxillary Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Oral Surgical Procedures; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Palatal Obturators; Speech Intelligibility; Tissue Conditioning (Dental)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644907191	The impact of green cane production systems on manual and mechanical farming operations	Meyer E., Norris C.P., Jacquin E., Richard C., Scandaliaris J.	2006	Zuckerindustrie	131	2	None	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa; Booker Tate, PO Box 479, Atherton, QLD, Australia; Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius; C Richard and Associates, 129S Cortez Street, New Orleans, 70119, United States; Estación Experimental Obispo Colombres, Casilla de Correo No 9, Las Talitas 4101, Tucumán, Argentina	Meyer, E., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa; Norris, C.P., Booker Tate, PO Box 479, Atherton, QLD, Australia; Jacquin, E., Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius; Richard, C., C Richard and Associates, 129S Cortez Street, New Orleans, 70119, United States; Scandaliaris, J., Estación Experimental Obispo Colombres, Casilla de Correo No 9, Las Talitas 4101, Tucumán, Argentina	Many sugar industries around the globe have moved, or are in the process of moving, to green cane production systems. Some of these industries have done so because of pressure from local communities or because of government legislation regarding environmental pollution, while others have done so for a variety of agronomic and economic reasons. Nevertheless, it is estimated that at present more than 50% of all sugarcane around the world is still burnt prior to harvesting. Burning the cane is seen as an effective way of maintaining high manual cutter and mechanical harvester outputs and to deliver cleaner cane to the mills. However, there are many disadvantages associated with burning, which include atmospheric pollution, and soil and water losses. Cut to crush delays in burnt cane have been recognized as one of the main causes of increased dextran contents in sugar. Many factors need to be considered when moving to a green cane production system, with the main issues involving the changes required to adapt to different agronomic, mechanical and labor regimes. Factory performance and social and economic implications also need to be taken into account. This paper highlights many of the issues that affect the operational, economic and social considerations that need to be evaluated when changing from a burnt to green cane harvesting system. These issues include manual and mechanical harvesting efficiencies and performances, handling of sugarcane residues and machinery availability and suitability. Other areas such as cane quality, and loading and transport of sugarcane are also discussed.	Burnt cane; Economic implications; Green cane; Loading; Manual harvesting; Mechanical harvesting; Social implications; Transport	Saccharum hybrid cultivar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644932942	The impact of HIV/AIDS on land rights: Perspectives from Kenya	Aliber M., Walker C.	2006	World Development	34	4	10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.09.010	Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Aliber, M., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Walker, C., University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The study examined the impact of HIV/AIDS on land tenure in rural Kenya. The study found fewer examples of dispossession of widows' and orphans' land rights than had been anticipated in light of the existing literature and anecdotal accounts, and some evidence that Kenya's statutory tenure system, notwithstanding its problems, can protect vulnerable individuals from tenure loss. This is not to diminish the social and economic costs of HIV/AIDS, but to caution against focusing on HIV/AIDS as the major threat to tenure security. Where HIV/AIDS does aggravate tenure insecurity, it is due to the conjunction of population pressure, stigmatization, and gendered power relations. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; AIDS; Kenya; Land tenure	health and disease; human immunodeficiency virus; land use; medical geography; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645003520	The impact of intragenic recombination on phylogenetic reconstruction at the sectional level in Eucalyptus when using a single copy nuclear gene (cinnamoyl CoA reductase)	Poke F.S., Martin D.P., Steane D.A., Vaillancourt R.E., Reid J.B.	2006	Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution	39	1	10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.016	School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa	Poke, F.S., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Martin, D.P., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Steane, D.A., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Vaillancourt, R.E., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Reid, J.B., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia	Low copy number nuclear genes have been found to be useful for phylogenetic reconstruction at different taxonomic levels. This study investigated the utility of a single copy gene, cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR), for resolving phylogenetic relationships at the sectional level within Eucalyptus. The monophyly of sections Exsertaria and Latoangulatae was explored, using section Maidenaria as an outgroup, and the impact of intragenic recombination on phylogenetic reconstruction examined. Phylogenetic analysis did not resolve monophyletic groups. Latoangulatae and Maidenaria were polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Exsertaria species formed a clade but included a single Latoangulatae species (E. major). Recombination analysis identified two intragenic recombination events that involved species from different sections, which have probably been facilitated by inter-sectional hybridisation. One of the events most likely occurred prior to speciation, with several Latoangulatae species having the recombinant allele. The other event may have occurred after speciation, since only one of two E. globulus samples possessed the recombinant allele. This is the first detailed report of intragenic recombination in both CCR and Eucalyptus, and between species of different sections of a plant genus. The occurrence of intragenic recombination may explain the anomalous positions of some species within the phylogenetic tree, and indicates that phylogenetic analysis of Eucalyptus using nuclear genes will be problematic unless recombination is taken into account. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	CCR; Hybridisation; Lignin; Nuclear DNA; Phylogeny; RDP2	aldehyde dehydrogenase; cinnamoyl CoA reductase; article; cell nucleus; classification; enzymology; Eucalyptus; gene dosage; genetic recombination; genetics; hybridization; molecular evolution; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Base Sequence; Cell Nucleus; Eucalyptus; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Dosage; Hybridization, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus globulus; Maidenaria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645005227	Using niche-based modelling to assess the impact of climate change on tree functional diversity in Europe	Thuiller W., Lavorel S., Sykes M.T., Araújo M.B.	2006	Diversity and Distributions	12	1	10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00216.x	Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Thuiller, W., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Lavorel, S., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Sykes, M.T., Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Araújo, M.B., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Rapid anthropogenic climate change is already affecting species distributions and ecosystem functioning worldwide. We applied niche-based models to analyse the impact of climate change on tree species and functional diversity in Europe. Present-day climate was used to predict the distributions of 122 tree species from different functional types (FT). We then explored projections of future distributions under one climate scenario for 2080, considering two alternative dispersal assumptions: no dispersal and unlimited dispersal. The species-rich broadleaved deciduous group appeared to play a key role in the future of different European regions. Temperate areas were projected to lose both species richness and functional diversity due to the loss of broadleaved deciduous trees. These were projected to migrate to boreal forests, thereby increasing their species richness and functional diversity. Atlantic areas provided an intermediate case, with a predicted reduction in the numbers of species and occasional predicted gains in functional diversity. This resulted from a loss in species within the broadleaved deciduous FT, but overall maintenance of the group. Our results illustrate the fact that both species-specific predictions and functional patterns should be examined separately in order to assess the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and gain insights into future ecosystem functioning. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Climate change; Functional diversity; Niche-based models; Species richness	climate change; ecosystem function; functional response; modeling; niche; species richness; Eurasia; Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645013961	Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in world biodiversity hotspots: The need for a greater global perspective in assessing N deposition impacts	Phoenix G.K., Hicks W.K., Cinderby S., Kuylenstierna J.C.I., Stock W.D., Dentener F.J., Giller K.E., Austin A.T., Lefroy R.D.B., Gimeno B.S., Ashmore M.R., Ineson P.	2006	Global Change Biology	12	3	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01104.x	Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Climate Change Unit, TP280, I-21020 Ispra (Va), Italy; Plant Production Systems Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands; IFEVA and Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agronomy and CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PO Box 783, Vientiane, Laos; Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Ed 70. Avda Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Environment Department, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Phoenix, G.K., Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Hicks, W.K., Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Cinderby, S., Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Stock, W.D., Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Dentener, F.J., Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Climate Change Unit, TP280, I-21020 Ispra (Va), Italy; Giller, K.E., Plant Production Systems Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands; Austin, A.T., IFEVA and Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agronomy and CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lefroy, R.D.B., Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PO Box 783, Vientiane, Laos; Gimeno, B.S., Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Ed 70. Avda Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Ashmore, M.R., Environment Department, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Ineson, P., Department of Biology, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is known to reduce plant diversity in natural and semi-natural ecosystems, yet our understanding of these impacts comes almost entirely from studies in northern Europe and North America. Currently, we lack an understanding of the threat of N deposition to biodiversity at the global scale. In particular, rates of N deposition within the newly defined 34 world biodiversity hotspots, to which 50% of the world's floristic diversity is restricted, has not been quantified previously. Using output from global chemistry transport models, here we provide the first estimates of recent (mid-1990s) and future (2050) rates and distributions of N deposition within biodiversity hotspots. Our analysis shows that the average deposition rate across these areas was 50% greater than the global terrestrial average in the mid-1990s and could more than double by 2050, with 33 of 34 hotspots receiving greater N deposition in 2050 compared with 1990. By this time, 17 hotspots could have between 10% and 100% of their area receiving greater than 15 kg N ha-1 yr-1, a rate exceeding critical loads set for many sensitive European ecosystems. Average deposition in four hotspots is predicted to be greater than 20 kg Nha-1 yr-1. This elevated N deposition within areas of high plant diversity and endemism may exacerbate significantly the global threat of N deposition to world floristic diversity. Overall, we highlight the need for a greater global approach to assessing the impacts of N deposition. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Conservation; Endemics; Nitrogen deposition; Plant diversity; Pollution; Species loss	atmospheric deposition; biodiversity; global perspective; nitrogen; plant community; pollution effect	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645014100	Living on wild plants: Evaluation of the rural household economy in Nigeria	Osemeobo G.J.	2005	Environmental Practice	7	4	10.1017/S1466046605050386	Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, PMB 468, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria	Osemeobo, G.J., Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, PMB 468, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria	Data were derived through a cross-sectional survey involving 288 respondents selected from three ecological zones of Nigeria to assess the role of wild plants in rural households' socio-economic security. The study revealed that wild plants were recognized by rural communities as common property and were managed through common property regimes. Wild plant products used by rural communities met a wide variety of uses and were available for sale in marketplaces within the rural areas. The study demonstrated that when compared across the three ecological zones, the volume of plant products was inversely related to the income they generated. For example, the volume of wild plant products harvested from natural forests was highest in the guinea savannah, followed by the derived savannah, and least in the rainforest; however, the annual household income generated from wild plants was highest in the rainforest and least in the guinea savannah. The wild plant products supported 11 occupations, including production of oils, soap making, gathering (of leaves, fruits, nuts, and seeds), carving, and production of chewing sticks (for oral hygiene). The most promising occupations were vegetable oil production, production of chewing sticks, soap making, production of wines, gathering, and fuel wood and charcoal production. The average annual value of harvested wild plant products from the forest (including items consumed, sold, given out to neighbors, and damaged after harvest) per household was 1,614,133 naira (N1,614,133), or US$11,956.54; the annual net income generated from the harvest of wild plant products per household was N910,252 (US$6,742.61). The sustainability of the forests for the supply of wild plant products is precarious. In plant conservation programs, priority attention should be given first to species threatened with extinction and then to plants of limited distribution in natural forests. © 2005 National Association of Environmental Professionals.	None	household expenditure; rural economy; socioeconomic status	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645056674	Impact of HIV infection on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in a peri-urban community in South Africa: The need for age-specific interventions	Lawn S.D., Bekker L.-G., Middelkoop K., Myer L., Wood R.	2006	Clinical Infectious Diseases	42	7	10.1086/501018	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiolgy Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Middelkoop, K., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Epidemiolgy Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. In August 2005, the World Health Organization declared the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa to be a regional emergency. Current TB-control measures are failing, largely as a result of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Evaluation of additional control interventions requires detailed understanding of the epidemiological relationship between these diseases at the community level. Methods. We examined age- and sex-specific trends in TB notifications and their association with the prevalence of HIV infection in a peri-urban township in South Africa during 1996-2004. Denominators for TB notifications were derived from population census data. The local TB-control program used the World Health Organization directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy. Results. TB notification rates increased 2.5-fold during the period, reaching a rate of 1468 cases per 100,000 persons in 2004 (P = .007, by test for trend); the estimated population prevalence of HIV infection increased from 6% to 22% during the same period. After stabilization of prevalence of HIV infection, the TB notification rate continued to increase steeply, indicating ongoing amplification of the TB epidemic. In 2004, at least 50% of children aged 0-9 years who developed TB were HIV infected. Annual TB notification rates among adolescents increased from 0 cases in 1996-1997 to 436 cases per 100,000 persons in 2003-2004, and these increases were predominantly among female. However, 20-39-year-old persons were affected most, with TB notification rates increasing from 706 to 2600 cases per 100,000 persons among subjects in their 30s. In contrast, TB rates among persons aged >50 years did not change. Conclusions. HIV infection is driving the TB epidemic in this population, and use of the DOTS strategy alone is insufficient. TB notifications have reached unprecedented levels, and additional targeted, age-specific interventions for control of TB and HIV infection in such populations are needed. © 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	adult; age; article; epidemic; female; gender; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection control; infection rate; major clinical study; male; prevalence; priority journal; South Africa; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; urban population; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Directly Observed Therapy; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645111948	Performance comparison of controllers acting on a batch pulp digester using Monte Carlo modelling	Sandrock C., de Vaal P., Weightman D.	2006	Control Engineering Practice	14	8	10.1016/j.conengprac.2005.05.009	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Sappi Saiccor (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 62, Umkomaas 4170, South Africa	Sandrock, C., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; de Vaal, P., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Weightman, D., Sappi Saiccor (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 62, Umkomaas 4170, South Africa	Finding a suitable control structure for any process usually involves comparing the performance of different possible control structures and choosing one which best satisfies chosen criteria. It is desirable to do this performance comparison off-line, as installation of a sub-optimal controller will cost both time and money. Monte Carlo modelling provides a well documented method of evaluating the statistical properties of stochastic systems. Applied to control system design, Monte Carlo modelling can incorporate detailed process models and accurate estimates of input distributions to give an accurate estimate of the effect of different control strategies on the system. In this study, Monte Carlo modelling was used to compare three candidate controllers in order to determine the best controller in terms of two criteria, namely variance reduction and setpoint tracking. The modelling technique yielded results that could be interpreted without difficulty, showing one controller to be clearly superior to the others according to these criteria. These results can be used to implement the best controller without expensive trial and error procedures. In situ experiments on an operational digester correlated well with the simulation results, showing the best controller to reduce variance by 43% and reduce the mean error by 90% when compared to the controller currently in use. It is shown that Monte Carlo modelling is a viable technique for controller performance analysis on highly nonlinear processes, due to the increasing availability of powerful computing systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Batch; Control; Monte Carlo; Nonlinear; Performance; Pulp digester	Computer simulation; Control system synthesis; Correlation methods; Mathematical models; Monte Carlo methods; Nonlinear control systems; Process control; Batch pulp digester; Controller performance analysis; Pulp digesters; Computer simulation; Control system synthesis; Correlation methods; Mathematical models; Monte Carlo methods; Nonlinear control systems; Process control; Pulp digesters; Batch Digesters; Control Systems; Correlation; Mathematical Models; Process Control; Pulping; Simulation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645113552	Impact of mechanical shelling and dehulling on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize	Fandohan P., Ahouansou R., Houssou P., Hell K., Marasas W.F.O., Wingfield M.J.	2006	Food Additives and Contaminants	23	4	10.1080/02652030500442516	Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin; Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Fandohan, P., Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; Ahouansou, R., Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; Houssou, P., Programme on Agricultural and Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Porto-Novo, Benin; Hell, K., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin; Marasas, W.F.O., Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Mechanical shelling and dehulling methods were tested to evaluate their impact on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize. All shelling methods which were tested were found to damage the grains. The IITA® sheller caused the highest level (up to 3.5%) of damage. Fusarium populations were higher on damaged grains, the highest being recorded from grains damaged by the IITA® sheller (2533.3 cfu g-1). Fumonisin levels were higher in damaged grains, the highest being in maize shelled with the IITA® sheller (2.2 mg kg-1). Fumonisin levels were positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of damage caused by the shelling methods, and with the number of Fusarium colonies in maize. Mechanical dehulling methods significantly reduced fumonisin levels in maize, resulting in a mean reduction of 62% for Mini-PRL, 65% for Engelberg, and 57% for the attrition disc mill. It is important for farmers to choose appropriate shelling methods to reduce mycotoxin contamination. Dehulling should be widely promoted for the reduction of mycotoxins in maize. © 2006 Taylor &amp; Francis.	Contamination; Dehulling; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Impact; Maize; Shelling	fumonisin; mycotoxin; article; controlled study; correlation analysis; dehulling; food contamination; food processing; Fusarium; grain; maize; priority journal; Agriculture; Food Contamination; Food Handling; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Time Factors; Zea mays; Fusarium; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645229620	Reproductive performance of Wistar rats fed Acacia colei seed-based diets	Adewusi S.R.A., Falade O.S., Nwoha P.U., Caxton-Martins A.E., Harwood C.	2006	Journal of Arid Environments	66	1	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.10.014	Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Adewusi, S.R.A., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Falade, O.S., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Nwoha, P.U., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Caxton-Martins, A.E., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Harwood, C., CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Weanling male and female Wistar rats were fed diets incorporating 0%, 20% and 40% Acacia colei seed flour (Leguminosae), to raise three generations of animals. Weight gain decreased with increasing levels of acacia incorporation (crude protein content 12.6%) in first generation animals. Mating, 13 weeks after weaning, resulted in 80%, 60% and 0% pregnancy in female rats, average litter size of 5 and 5.5; and survival rate of 83% and 94% by rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Increasing the protein content to 18% reversed the reproductive failure in the 40% acacia group: pregnancy rate was 80%, 40% and 71%; mean litter size was 8.5, 12 and 3.8 in rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Growth rate was fastest in the 0% acacia group second-generation rats after the first 64 days. Mating this second generation resulted in 82%, 70% and 83% pregnancy over two matings for animals on 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Weights of reproductive and other internal organs were little affected by diet-type indicating that incorporation of acacia into rat diet would not affect reproduction except for the low quality of its protein. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dietary protein; Famine food; Growth; Reproduction	diet; food quality; litter size; reproductive success; rodent; Acacia; Acacia colei; Animalia; Fabaceae; Rattus norvegicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645238466	Impact of a new source of resistance to fusarium wilt in pigeonpea	Gwata E.T., Silim S.N., Mgonja M.	2006	Journal of Phytopathology	154	1	10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01062.x	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya	Gwata, E.T., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya; Silim, S.N., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya; Mgonja, M., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya	Pigeonpea is an important grain legume grown by smallholder farmers in Southern Africa. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium udum Butler, is the major disease limiting pigeonpea production in the region. This study was designed to evaluate the reaction to fusarium wilt as well as agronomic performance of new elite pigeonpea germplasm in three different countries during the 2001/2002 cropping season using wilt-sick plots. Per cent incidence of fusarium wilt (%FW), grain size and yield, were measured. The genotype ICEAP 00040 consistently showed a high (<20.0%) level of resistance to the disease in all three countries. In contrast, %FW score for the susceptible genotype ICEAP 00068 was 87.5, 92.0 and 90.9% in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania, respectively. The grain size obtained for ICEAP 00040 at Ngabu (Malawi) was 25.0% larger than that at each of the remaining locations indicating environmental influence on this trait. At all the three locations, ≥1.5 ton/Ha of grain yield was obtained for ICEAP 00040 compared with <1.0 ton/Ha for ICEAP 00068. In 2003, this improved resistant genotype (ICEAP 00040) was released for commercial production and will be useful as a good source of resistance in pigeonpea genetic improvement programs in the region. © 2006 Blackwell Verlag.	Fusarium wilt disease; Genotype; Pigeonpea	disease resistance; fungal disease; genotype; wilt; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Cajanus cajan; Fusarium; Fusarium udum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645281951	Relative performance of self-organizing maps and principal component analysis in pattern extraction from synthetic climatological data	Reusch D.B., Alley R.B., Hewitson B.C.	2005	Polar Geography	29	3	10.1080/789610199	Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Reusch, D.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Alley, R.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Hewitson, B.C., Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	As a contribution toward improving our ability to identify robust patterns of variability in complex, noisy climate datasets, we have compared a relatively new technique, Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs), to the well-established method of principal component analysis (PCA). Recent results suggest that SOMs offer advantages over PCA for use in climatological and other studies. Here each analysis technique was applied to synthetic datasets composed of positive and negative modes of four idealized North Atlantic sea-level-pressure fields, with and without noise components, to identify the predefined patterns of variability. PCA, even with component rotation, fails to adequately extract the known spatial patterns, mixes patterns into single components, and incorrectly partitions the variance among the components. The SOMs-based analyses are more robust and, with a sufficiently large set of generalized patterns, are able to isolate all the predefined patterns with correct attribution of variance. With PCA, it is difficult, if not impossible, to detect pattern mixing without prior knowledge of the patterns being mixed. Copyright © 2005 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.	None	numerical method; principal component analysis; self organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645290505	School performance of Nigerian adolescents with epilepsy	Adewuya A.O., Oseni S.B.A., Okeniyi J.A.O.	2006	Epilepsia	47	2	10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00437.x	Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun Stat	Adewuya, A.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001, Osun State, Nigeria; Oseni, S.B.A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Okeniyi, J.A.O., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Purpose: The study assessed the school performance of Nigerian adolescents with epilepsy compared with healthy controls and examined the variables correlating with their academic difficulties. Methods: The school grades of adolescents with epilepsy aged 12 to 18 years (n = 73) over the past academic year were compared with the grades of their classmates of the same age and gender. Risk factors possibly associated with school performance, such as adolescent variables (age, gender, perceived stigma, attitude toward epilepsy, and psychopathology), seizure variables (age at onset of illness, years of illness, types of seizures, and frequency of seizures per month), drug variables [types of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), number of AEDs and side effects of AEDs], and family variables (family's socioeconomic status, family functioning, caretakers' psychopathology, and caretakers' perceived stigma) were assessed. Results: The mean school grades of adolescents with epilepsy are significantly lower than are those of their healthy controls (p < 0.001) in all the subjects. The variables that significantly predict poor school performance in adolescents with epilepsy include psychopathology in the caretaker (p < 0.001), adolescents' perceived poor family functioning (p = 0.002), adolescents' attitude toward the illness (p = 0.001), adolescents' felt stigma (p = 0.002), externalizing symptoms in the adolescents (p = 0.004), and duration of illness (p = 0.024). Conclusions: The determinants of poor school performance in adolescents with epilepsy in Nigeria are multivariate, with psychosocial factors most important. These should be noted for early identification and screening of those children at greatest risk for academic failure and the greatest need for appropriate educational remediation services. © 2006 International League Against Epilepsy.	Academic performance; Adolescents; Childhood; Cross-cultural; Epilepsy; Psychopathology; Risk factors	anticonvulsive agent; carbamazepine; phenytoin; valproic acid; academic achievement; adolescent; adult; age distribution; anticonvulsant therapy; article; caregiver; comparative study; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease classification; disease duration; epilepsy; family life; female; groups by age; human; major clinical study; male; mental disease; morbidity; Nigeria; onset age; patient attitude; priority journal; risk factor; school child; sex difference; social psychology; social status; unspecified side effect; Achievement; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Attitude to Health; Caregivers; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Health Status; Humans; Learning Disorders; Male; Mental Disorders; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Stereotyping; Students	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645315774	Synthesis and evaluation of the mucoadhesivity of a CD-chitosan derivative	Venter J.P., Kotzé A.F., Auzély-Velty R., Rinaudo M.	2006	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	313	42371	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.016	School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France	Venter, J.P., School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa, Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France; Kotzé, A.F., School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Auzély-Velty, R., Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France; Rinaudo, M., Centre de Recherches Sur Les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France	Combining mucoadhesive characteristics of a biodegradable polymer such as chitosan with the potential to enhance drug release by increasing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs has great potential for pharmaceutical technology and drug delivery design. Polymeric delivery systems have been extensively researched in an attempt to achieve modified drug release. Cyclodextrins (CD) offer an alternative approach. These cyclic oligosaccharides have the ability to form non-covalent complexes with a number of drugs altering their physicochemical properties. In the continuing challenge to improve the properties of delivery systems, this paper focuses on the modification of chitosan by introducing β-cyclodextrin and to test the mucoadhesive strength and inclusion properties of this synthesised cyclodextrin-polymer. β-Cyclodextrin was successfully grafted onto a chitosan chain polymer with a cyclodextrin grafting yield of 7% and a CD-chitosan yield of 85%. Although the complexation of (+)-catechin by the grafted β-CD was found to be about five times weaker than that by the β-CD monoaldehyde and natural β-CD, the inclusion properties of the chitosan-CD remain promising. The mucoadhesive properties of chitosan-CD were compared to that of pectin (reference) and the parent chitosan with the use of a tensile separation test. The chitosan-CD showed mucoadhesive strengths of 12% stronger than pectin, but 13.5% weaker than the parent chitosan. The synthesised chitosan-CD-polymer exhibits characteristics of a possible mucoadhesive drug delivery system with some inclusion properties from β-cyclodextrin. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bioabsorption; Chitosan; Drug delivery; Mucosal adhesion	aldehyde; beta cyclodextrin; chitosan derivative; cyclodextrin derivative; pectin; polymer; adhesion; article; drug delivery system; drug penetration; drug release; drug synthesis; mucosa; priority journal; tensile strength; Adhesiveness; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chitosan; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Mucins; Polymers; Viscosity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645356204	Peripheral reductive capacity is associated with cognitive performance and survival in Alzheimer's disease	Minghetti L., Greco A., Puopolo M., Combrinck M., Warden D., Smith A.D.	2006	Journal of Neuroinflammation	3	None	10.1186/1742-2094-3-4	Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom	Minghetti, L., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Greco, A., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Puopolo, M., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Combrinck, M., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom; Warden, D., The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; Smith, A.D., The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom	Background: Oxidative stress is believed to be an early event and a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and progression. In spite of an intensive search for surrogate markers to monitor changes related to oxidative stress in the brain, there is as yet no consensus about which markers to use in clinical studies. The measurement of peripheral anti-oxidants is an alternative way of evaluating the involvement of oxidative stress in the course of the disease. Given the complexity of peripheral anti-oxidant defence, variations in the levels of individual anti-oxidant species may not fully reflect the overall capacity to fight oxidant conditions. We therefore chose to evaluate the total reductive capacity (herein defined as anti-oxidant capacity, AOC) in serum from control subjects and AD patients in order to study the association between peripheral antioxidant defence, cognitive impairment and patient survival. Methods: We measured the levels of AOC in serum samples from 26 cognitively normal controls and 25 AD patients (12 post-mortem confirmed) who completed the Cambridge Cognitive Assessment. Cognitive decline was assessed in a subgroup of 19 patients who underwent a second cognitive assessment 2 years after the initial visit. Results: Serum AOC levels were lower in AD patients than in controls and were correlated with their cognitive test scores, although AOC levels were unrelated to cognitive decline assessed two years later. On the other hand, AOC levels were predictive of the length of patients' survival, with higher levels giving longer survival. Conclusion: This study indicates that peripheral anti-oxidant defences are depleted in AD patients. The results suggest that serum AOC is a good index of the general health status and prognosis of patients but does not necessarily reflect the extent to which vulnerable neuronal populations are protected from oxidant processes. Further studies are required to establish whether peripheral AOC measurements may be useful in identifying asymptomatic individuals or those with early symptoms at high risk of developing significant cognitive impairment or dementia. © 2006 Minghetti et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antioxidant; adult; aged; Alzheimer disease; article; cognitive defect; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease course; disease marker; female; follow up; health status; high risk patient; human; major clinical study; male; mental performance; mental test; neuroprotection; oxidative stress; pathogenesis; prediction; prognosis; risk assessment; scoring system; serology; survival time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645364664	Impact of Health Education on Active Trachoma in Hyperendemic Rural Communities in Ethiopia	Edwards T., Cumberland P., Hailu G., Todd J.	2006	Ophthalmology	113	4	10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.008	Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Future International Consulting Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Edwards, T., Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Cumberland, P., Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Hailu, G., Future International Consulting Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Todd, J., Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objective: Trachoma is one of the leading preventable causes of blindness worldwide. We evaluate the impact of a health education program on the prevalence of active trachoma in children 3 to 9 years old. Design: Community randomized intervention study. Data were collected by means of cross-sectional surveys before and after intervention. Participants: Within 40 rural Ethiopian communities, households were selected at random, and all 3- to 9-year-old children within households were invited for examination. Methods: Health education messages broadcast by radio were received by all communities. Nongovernmental organization activities to prevent trachoma, based on the SAFE (surgery for trichiasis, antibiotic treatment, face washing, and environmental improvements) strategy, were received by 30 of the 40 communities. Ten of these communities received enhanced educational messages using videos. Cluster summary measures were compared across surveys and intervention arms. Active trachoma at follow-up was modeled using random-effects logistic regression, adjusting for baseline prevalence and study area variability, at the cluster and individual level. Main Outcome Measures: Active trachoma in 3- to 9-year-old children and adult knowledge and behavior related to the nature and transmission of trachoma infection. Results: At baseline, 1410 of 1960 (72%) children examined and, at follow-up, 1289 of 2008 (64%) had active trachoma. The overall reduction in prevalence at cluster level was 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4%-12%; P<0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in the awareness of trachoma. After adjustment for area and cluster level baseline prevalence, the odds of active trachoma were reduced in both intervention arms, standard (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.53-1.16) and enhanced (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.48-1.21), compared with the control arm, but not significantly. Conclusions: Overall, there was a small but statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of active trachoma between surveys, but differences between the 3 intervention arms were not statistically significant. Awareness of trachoma control increased in all communities, but there was little change in behavior associated with the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is therefore unlikely that observed reductions in active trachoma were solely due to health education. © 2006 American Academy of Ophthalmology.	None	antibiotic agent; article; awareness; behavior; child; clinical examination; cluster analysis; comparative study; confidence interval; controlled study; data analysis; endemic disease; environmental factor; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; follow up; government; health education; health program; health survey; human; hygiene; infection prevention; information processing; intervention study; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; male; medical information; prevalence; priority journal; randomization; rural population; statistical significance; telecommunication; trachoma; trichiasis; videorecording; attitude to health; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; health behavior; preschool child; risk; statistics; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Endemic Diseases; Ethiopia; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Radio; Rural Population; Trachoma; Video Recording	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645385128	Clonal evaluation of vegetatively propagated half-node cuttings of Coffea canephora	Famaye A.O., Oloyede A.A., Ayegboyin K.O.	2006	Tropical Science	46	1	10.1002/ts.10	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Famaye, A.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oloyede, A.A., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ayegboyin, K.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Of five high-yielding clones of robusta coffee, half-node cuttings of C36, C96, C108 and C111 sprouted, rooted and grew well. T1049 was markedly inferior, but the half-node technique could be used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Clonal evaluation; Coffee; Cutting; Half-node; Robusta	Coffea canephora	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645507774	Method for the evaluation of a average glandular dose in mammography	Okunade A.A.	2006	Medical Physics	33	4	10.1118/1.2179150	Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	This paper concerns a method for accurate evaluation of average glandular dose (AGD) in mammography. At different energies, the interactions of photons with tissue are not uniform. Thus, optimal accuracy in the estimation of AGD is achievable when the evaluation is carried out using the normalized glandular dose values, g(x,E), that are determined for each (monoenergetic) x-ray photon energy, E, compressed breast thickness (CBT), x, breast glandular composition, and data on photon energy distribution of the exact x-ray beam used in breast imaging. A generalized model for the values of g(x,E) that is for any arbitrary CBT ranging from 2 to 9 cm (with values that are not whole numbers inclusive, say, 4.2 cm) was developed. Along with other dosimetry formulations, this was integrated into a computer software program, GDOSE.FOR, that was developed for the evaluation of AGD received from any x-ray tube/equipment (irrespective of target-filter combination) of up to 50 kVp. Results are presented which show that the implementation of GDOSE.FOR yields values of normalized glandular dose that are in good agreement with values obtained from methodologies reported earlier in the literature. With the availability of a portable device for real-time acquisition of spectra, the model and computer software reported in this work provide for the routine evaluation of AGD received by a specific woman of known age and CBT. © 2006 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.	None	article; beam therapy; computer program; device; diagnostic accuracy; dosimetry; energy; evaluation; filter; human; imaging; mammography; methodology; Monte Carlo method; priority journal; radiation dose; spectroscopy; statistical analysis; X ray tube; Algorithms; Body Burden; Breast; Female; Humans; Mammography; Organ Specificity; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiometry; Relative Biological Effectiveness; Risk Assessment; Software	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645528199	Performance of a prototype baited-trap in attracting and infecting the tick Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in field experiments	Maranga R.O., Hassanali A., Kaaya G.P., Mueke J.M.	2006	Experimental and Applied Acarology	38	03-Feb	10.1007/s10493-006-0002-6	Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Department of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Maranga, R.O., Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Hassanali, A., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Kaaya, G.P., Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Mueke, J.M., Department of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Investigations were commenced to study the potential use of the fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and the attraction-aggregation- attachment pheromone (AAAP) for the control of Ambloyomma variegatum as an environmentally friendly technology. The objective of the study was to develop and test a device, which could be used for pheromone and carbon dioxide delivery and infection of ticks with the fungi in an attempt to control the tick populations in the vegetation. Using a pheromone-baited device treated with the fungi mixture, 79% of the ticks released were attracted and exposed to the fungi and of these, 78% died during incubation in the laboratory. In another set of experiments, of the released ticks that were similarly exposed to fungi using the pheromone-baited device and left in the vegetation, 33.8% were recovered compared to recoveries of between 76 and 84% in the controls. These results were significantly different at the 5% level, an indication that the pheromone/fungi mixtures had significant effect in reducing the tick population in the field. © Springer 2006.	Attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone; Fungi; Vegetation	carbon dioxide; pheromone; aggregation pheromone; attractant; biological control; fungus; pest control; tick; animal; article; Ascomycetes; biological pest control; female; growth, development and aging; infestation; insect control; male; methodology; microbiology; tick; Animals; Ascomycota; Dry Ice; Female; Ixodidae; Male; Pest Control, Biological; Pheromones; Tick Control; Tick Infestations; Acari; Amblyomma; Amblyomma variegatum; Beauveria; Cordyceps bassiana; Fungi; Ixodidae; Metarhizium anisopliae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645573648	Skilled health professionals' migration and its impact on health delivery in Zimbabwe	Chikanda A.	2006	Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies	32	4	10.1080/13691830600610064	Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Chikanda, A., Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	The paper investigates the magnitude of migration of health professionals from Zimbabwe, the causes of such movements and the associated impacts on health care delivery. International migration of health professionals has led to staff shortages and the situation is worse in public compared to private health institutions. The quality of care given to patients has also declined. The research calls for the adoption of an integrated approach in solving the problems of the health professions. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	Brain drain; Health; Migration; Zimbabwe	brain drain; health care; migration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645658721	Yield performance and release of four late blight tolerant potato varieties in Kenya	Lung'aho C., Nderitu S.K.N., Kabira J.N., El-Bedewy R., Olanya O.M., Walingo A.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	1	10.3923/ja.2006.57.61	National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 25, Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt; USDA-ARS, New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States	Lung'aho, C., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Nderitu, S.K.N., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Kabira, J.N., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; El-Bedewy, R., Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 25, Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt; Olanya, O.M., USDA-ARS, New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Walingo, A., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya	To improve yield potential, potato varieties Kenya Faulu, Kenya Karibu, Kenya Mavuno and Kenya Sifa have been approved for variety release by the Kenya Variety Release Committee. The varieties are medium late to late maturing, high yielding with good tuber and culinary characteristics. The released varieties were selections from advanced potato clones KP90142.7, KP90172.34 and KP91301.10 derived from Population A (high levels of late blight resistance) in which materials for original crosses were obtained from the International Potato Center (CIP). The clone 720097.1 is a derivative of ex-Mexican origin, obtained from germplasm collections at CIP. In multi-location experiments conducted in various agro-ecological regions of Kenya, tuber yield of the newly released varieties were significantly greater than the resistant check variety Tigoni, as well as the other clones evaluated. The released varieties had good agronomic characteristics, high late blight tolerance and acceptable culinary properties. Deployment and utilization of the newly released varieties can greatly improve yield performance in the low input farming systems of Kenyan highlands. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Kenya; Late blight tolerance; Potato; Solanum tuberosum; Utilization; Variety release	Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645690421	Evaluation of some herbaceous legumes for use as green manure crops in the rainfed rice based cropping system in Northern Ghana	Bayorbor T.B., Addai I.K., Lawson I.Y.D., Dogbe W., Djabletey D.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	1	10.3923/ja.2006.137.141	Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana	Bayorbor, T.B., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Addai, I.K., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Lawson, I.Y.D., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Dogbe, W., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana; Djabletey, D., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana	Five herbaceous legumes, Mucuna pruriens var. nagaland, Mucuna pruriens var. cochichinensis, Crotalaria refusa, Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis were evaluated as green manure crops for rain fed rice at Nyankpala, Ghana in the interior guinea savanna zone of Ghana during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons. The Mucuna and Canavalia were planted at a spacing of 20x60 cm. Crotalaria was drilled at a seeding rate of 50 kg ha -1 with 20 cm in between the rows. At flowering, the legumes were incorporated into the soil and rice planted. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 30 or 60 kg ha -1 three weeks after planting rice. The treatment combinations were laid out in a factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results have shown that nodulation differed significantly among the legumes. Canavalia ensiformis (CE) gave the highest biomass followed by Mucuna pruriens var nagaland (MN). Mucuna pruriens var. nagaland (MN) gave the highest N accumulation. Incorporation of Mucuna pruriens var nagaland plus fertilizer application (30 kg N ha -1) enhanced yield of rice. It is recommended that for increased yield of rice, farmers in Northern Region of Ghana could integrate Mucuna pruriens var nagaland (MN) into their cropping system with fertilizer N application not exceeding 30 kg N ha -1. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Biomass production; Green manure; Herbaceous legumes; Nodulation; Rice-based cropping systems	Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Crotalaria; Crotalaria juncea; Mucuna; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645704318	Impact of trade liberalization on the environment in developing countries: The case of Nigeria	Feridun M., Ayadi F.S., Balouga J.	2006	Journal of Developing Societies	22	1	10.1177/0169796X06062965	Cyprus International University, Cyprus; University of Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Cyprus International University, Cyprus; Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Economics Departme	Feridun, M., Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Department of Economics, Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Ayadi, F.S., University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Balouga, J., University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	This article aims at investigating the impact of trade openness on pollution and resource depletion in Nigeria. Results indicate that pollution is positively related to trade intensity and real GDP per square kilometer, while capital to labor ratio and GNP are negatively related to pollution. In addition, strong evidence suggests that trade intensity, real GDP per square kilometer and GNP are positively related to environmental degradation indicating that the technique, scale, and total effects of liberalization are detrimental to the environment. The composition effect of trade liberalization on natural resource utilization, on the other hand, is beneficial. A number of policy implications emerge from the study for Nigeria as well as other developing economies. Copyright © 2006 SAGE Publications.	Development; Environmental degradation; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Trade liberalization	liberalization; trade policy; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645783649	Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal as protein source for pullets: 1. Performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Ironkwe M.C., Ojewola G.S.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	1	10.3923/ijps.2006.60.64	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ironkwe, M.C., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	The experiment was conducted with 150 nine week-old black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets from the grower (9th week) stage of life. The experiment, which was in a completely randomized design (CRD), comprised pullets fed 20% PSM diets that were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The seeds were used as raw, boiled for 30 minutes, toasted for 30 minutes or soaked in water for 24 hours. Each treatment (raw, boiled, toasted, soaked or control diets) was replicated three times. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live weight at point of lay and feed cost. Pullets fed 20% boiled PSM diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) daily protein intake and live weight at point of lay. It was concluded that PSM could be a good protein source for grower pullets, which could be incorporated into the diets at 20% of the whole diet without any adverse effect on growth performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Diets; Grower pullets; Pigeon pea seeds; Processed seeds	Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645788415	Protein replacement value of Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) in broiler starter: Effect on performance, muscle growth, haematology and serum metabolites	Fasuyi A.O., Aletor V.A.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	5	10.3923/ijps.2005.339.349	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Aletor, V.A., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) was used to replace a known and conventional source of protein in broiler starter diets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% respectively. The reference diet 1 was one where fish meal was the major source in the diet without CLPC. The inclusion level of CLPC was 1.61, 3.22, 4.82, 6.43 and 8.04 respectively for diets 2 to 6. A batch of 120 starter chicks was randomly assigned in triplicate to these dietary treatments (i.e. chicks/treatment). The final weight and average weight gain of diet 1 (0% FM replacement) was significantly higher than others (P &lt; 0.05) even when the average feed consumption was similar for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4. The feed efficiency (FE) for diets 1 and 2 was also similar (P = 0.05). The nitrogen retention for diets 1, 2 and 4 was similar (P = 0.05). Diets 2, 3 and 4 also had similar values (P = 0.05). The dressed weight of chicks in diets 2 and 6 was similar (P = 0.05) while that of diets 5 and 6 was also similar (P = 0.05). Except for kidney, pancreas and lungs, all other organs measured showed similar values (P = 0.05). The weight of inner chest muscle (supra coracoideus) of birds on diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 were similar (P = 0.05). The weight of outer chest muscle (Pectorialis thoracicus) and thigh muscles (Gastrocnemius) were similar (P = 0.05) with diet 5 (80% FM replacement with CLPC) having the longest inner chest muscle length of 20.7±4.3cmkg-1. Except for red blood cell (RBC) and mean cell volume (MCV), all other parameters measured were similar (P = 0.05). The values of total serum protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin ratio were similar (P = 0.05). Also the values for liver protein, albumin, globulin and liver albumin/globulin ratio were similar (P = 0.05). It was concluded that CLPC as a replacement for FM as a protein source had no deleterious effect up till 60%. However, several parameters investigated strongly support a realistic replacement of 40% FM with CLPC in practical diets. Performance can still be enhanced with supplementation of essential amino acids (EAAs). © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Cassava leaf protein concentrate; Pectorialis thoracicus; Reference diet	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645795178	The effect of treated rice milling waste on performance, nutrient retention, carcass and organ characteristics of finisher broilers	Amaefule K.U., Iheukwumere F.C., Lawal A.S., Ezekwonna A.A.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	1	10.3923/ijps.2006.51.55	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State,	Amaefule, K.U., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Iheukwumere, F.C., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Lawal, A.S., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ezekwonna, A.A., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	One hundred and twenty 4-week old broilers were used to evaluate the effect of various treatment methods of rice milling waste (RMW) on growth performance, nutrient retention and organ characteristics of finisher broilers. Rice milling waste was treated with urea (D2), poultry droppings (D/3) and water (D4), while untreated waste (D1) served as control. Urea treated RMW diet significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved body weight, weight gain and dressed weight of broilers. Organ weights, dry matter intake and nitrogen free extract were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Broilers fed untreated RMW diet recorded significantly higher feed intake than broilers fed other diets. The results showed that rice milling waste, when treated with urea (fertilizer grade) and included in finisher broiler diets, could enhance their performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broilers; Performance; Poultry droppings; Rice milling waste; Urea	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645850125	Dynamics of grazing policy and practice: Environmental and social impacts in three communal areas of southern Africa	Rohde R.F., Moleele N.M., Mphale M., Allsopp N., Chanda R., Hoffman M.T., Magole L., Young E.	2006	Environmental Science and Policy	9	3	10.1016/j.envsci.2005.11.009	Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 21 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Department of Sociology, University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; ARC-Range and Forage Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, United Kingdom; 11 Belmont Avenue, Cape Town 8001, South Africa	Rohde, R.F., Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 21 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 11 Belmont Avenue, Cape Town 8001, South Africa; Moleele, N.M., GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Mphale, M., Department of Sociology, University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; Allsopp, N., ARC-Range and Forage Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Chanda, R., Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Hoffman, M.T., Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Magole, L., GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Young, E., Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, United Kingdom	This paper traces the history of grazing policy, its conceptual basis, practical implementations and outcomes, in three southern African countries. In spite of the divergent environmental conditions facing pastoralists in the Highlands of Lesotho, Botswana's southern Kalahari and the Namaqualand succulent karoo in South Africa, they have all been subjected to similar grazing and rangeland management policies. The theoretical underpinnings of such policies have their origins in a development paradigm and ecological theory derived from northern temperate environments and are directly related to two persistent and powerful narratives: 'land degradation' and 'the tragedy of the commons'. Policy and development initiatives were implemented in order to overcome the perceived causes of these negative scenarios, such as overstocking, open access tenure and low output subsistence production. They typically ignored the multi-purpose goals of traditional pastoral systems and emphasized commercialisation of livestock farming and privatisation of communal land, which resulted in the weakening or destruction of local, traditional land management institutions. Such policies have survived the transitions from colonial rule to independence and from apartheid to democracy. We argue that these powerful and pervasive ideas, when applied to grazing policies, have caused the very problems they were formulated to prevent. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Communal land; Pastoralism; Rangeland ecology; Rangeland management	agricultural worker; article; commercial phenomena; environmental impact; environmental sustainability; government regulation; grazing management; land use; livestock; political system; priority journal; program development; socioeconomics; South Africa; sustainable agriculture; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645859346	Herring fish (Clupea harengus) oil production and evaluation for industrial uses	Adeniyi O.D.	2006	Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology	27	4	10.1080/01932690500374334	Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Adeniyi, O.D., Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	It is a well known fact that the lipid (oil) extracted from various fish species can be of industrial benefit if properly extracted and processed. In this study herring fish oil was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis in other to provide an assessment of the quality of the oil for industrial purposes. This work focuses on the production of oil from frozen herring fish (Clupea harengus) as the raw material readily available on the market, by evaluating by the oil using chemical and physical analysis and refining the oil by degumming, neutralizing, drying, and decolorizing. The experimental results revealed that the rate of extraction increases with time until maximum extraction took place using an average size of 780 p.m. Every 10.64 g of dried sample used has about 4.34 g of oil extracted for five hours. The extracted herring fish oil contains two essential unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which could be of great industrial importance. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Clupea harengus; DHA; EFA; Fish oil; Herring; PUFA	Degumming; Drying; Extraction; Fatty acids; Food processing; Oils and fats; Clupea harengus; Decolorizing; Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); Fish oil; Herring fish; Neutralizing; Lipids; Degumming; Drying; Extraction; Fatty acids; Food processing; Lipids; Oils and fats	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645861126	Evaluation of CD4+/CD8+ status and urinary tract infections associated with urinary schistosomiasis among some rural Nigerians	Nmorsi O.P.G., Ukwandu N.C.D., Egwungenya O.A., Obhiemi N.U.	2005	African Health Sciences	5	2	None	Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Nmorsi, O.P.G., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria, P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukwandu, N.C.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Egwungenya, O.A., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Obhiemi, N.U., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Background: Data on urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria are mainly epidemological. The knowledge of co-infections of urinary schistosomiasis and other pathogens are important epidemiological tools for the control and health benefits of the rural dwellers. The granulomatous reactions in urinary schistosomiasis is CD4+ dependent. The CD8+ is cytotoxic to parasites and it is activated by CD4+. These parameters therefore participate in the immune responses to urinary schistosomiasis Objective: In this study, we evaluated the polyparasitism involving urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections among some rural Nigerians. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and status with age groups in years were also investigated. Methods: Parasitological investigation using ova on urine was carried out on 216 volunteers. The urine samples were examined for bacteriuria and subsequently subjected to standard microbiological urine culture. CD4+/CD8+ were determined using the CD T4 Dynabead techniques. Data were analysed using MicroSoft Excel. Results: The inhabitants with light infections of urinary schistosomiasis as indicated by &lt;50 ova /10ml of urine had a mean CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.57 while those with heavy infections as shown by &gt;50 ova/10ml of urine had a relatively lower CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.03. In all, the overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.23 was recorded with the mean CD4+ count of 257.96 cells/μL, and the mean CD8+ count of 210.45cells /μL. Comparatively, the control uninfected subjects had a CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 5.97. The CD4+ and the CD8+ counts were correlated with the ova of S. haematobium in their urine samples at r = 0.0108 and r = 0.516 respectively. The bacteriuria, urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections namely; Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. Saprophyticus were reported in the urine cultures of 48(22.0%) volunteers. Conclusion: The mean overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of urinary schistosomiasis infected persons is 1.23 which is above the normal CD4+: CD8+ ratio of 1. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and counts of the urinary schistosomiasis infected inhabitants were lower than the uninfected inhabitants. The positive correlation between the CD4+: CD8+ and the S. haematobium ova shows a relationship which indicate an increase of the CD4+: CD8+ as the intensity of infection increases. We report polyparasitism of S. haematobium and urinary tracts co-infections among some rural inhabitants in Ikpeshi, Nigeria. It is therefore imperative to incorporate the management of urinary tract infections in urinary schistosomiasis control programme.	CD4+; CD8+; Rural Nigerians; Urinary schistosomiasis; Urinary tract infections	adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; bacteriuria; CD4 CD8 ratio; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; child; computer program; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease severity; Escherichia coli; human; immune response; infection control; infection prevention; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; Nigeria; oocyte; parasite examination; prevalence; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; rural area; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcus saprophyticus; superinfection; urinalysis; urinary tract infection; urine culture; female; male; middle aged; preschool child; rural population; Adolescent; Adult; CD4-CD8 Ratio; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Rural Population; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Urinary Tract Infections	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645886054	Icelandic jökulhlaup impacts: Implications for ice-sheet hydrology, sediment transfer and geomorphology	Russell A.J., Roberts M.J., Fay H., Marren P.M., Cassidy N.J., Tweed F.S., Harris T.	2006	Geomorphology	75	1-2 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.018	School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University of Newcastle, Daysh Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Research Section, Physics Department, Icelandic Meteorological Office (Veurstofa Íslands), Iceland; Department of Geography, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa; School of Earth Sciences and Geography, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, College Road, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, United Kingdom	Russell, A.J., School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University of Newcastle, Daysh Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Roberts, M.J., Research Section, Physics Department, Icelandic Meteorological Office (Veurstofa Íslands), Iceland; Fay, H., Department of Geography, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom; Marren, P.M., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa; Cassidy, N.J., School of Earth Sciences and Geography, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Tweed, F.S., Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, College Road, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, United Kingdom; Harris, T., Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, College Road, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, United Kingdom	Glaciers and ice sheets erode, entrain, and deposit massive quantities of debris. Fluxes of subglacial meltwater exert a fundamental control on ice dynamics and sediment transport budgets. Within many glacial systems outburst floods (jökulhlaups) constitute high magnitude, high frequency fluxes of meltwater relative to normal ablation controlled discharge. This paper presents a synthesis of research on recent Icelandic jökulhlaups and their geomorphological and sedimentary impact. We identify jökulhlaup impacts within subglacial, englacial and proglacial settings and discuss their wider significance for ice sheet hydrology, sediment transfer and geomorphology. Because jökulhlaups erode, deposit, and re-work sediment simultaneously, they usually cause significant glaciological and sedimentological impacts. Jökulhlaups that propagate as subglacial flood waves often produce widespread hydromechanical disruption at the glacier base. Recent Icelandic jökulhlaups have been recognised as highly efficient agents of reworking subglacial sediment and glacial sediment entrainment. Models of jökulhlaup impact, therefore, need to encompass the sub- and englacial environment in addition to the proglacial zone where research has traditionally been focussed. Most jökulhlaups transport sediment to proglacial sandar, and often directly to oceans where preservation potential of the impact is greater. Proglacial jökulhlaup deposits form distinctive sedimentary assemblages, coupled with suites of high-energy erosional landforms. This study of modern jökulhlaup processes and sedimentary products may be useful for the interpretation of meltwater processes associated with Quaternary ice sheets. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Englacial and Subglacial deposition; Ice sheets; Iceland; Jökulhlaups; Outwash; Proglacial; Sediment transfer; Subglacial erosion	geomorphology; glacial hydrology; glacier; ice sheet; sediment transport	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645964957	Performance of a trained traditional bonesetter in primary fracture care	Onuminya J.E.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	4	None	Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Onuminya, J.E., Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Background. In developing nations traditional bonesetters (TBSs) play a significant role in primary fracture care. However, despite high patronage the TBS remains an untrained quack whose practice is often associated with high morbidity. This study evaluated the performance of a trained TBS in primary fracture care. Methods. Between 2002 and 2004 a prospective study was undertaken comparing the performance of a trained TBS with that of an untrained TBS at two separate locations. The two centres selected were both popular in traditional bone setting. A 1-day instructional course was given to the TBS at Afuje study centre, while the TBS at Ogua control centre received no instruction. The outcome of treatment of tibial shaft fractures at the two centres was evaluated and compared to assess the success of the course. Results. There was a considerable decrease in the rate of gangrenous limbs, infection, non-union and malunion at the trained TBS centre compared with the untrained TBS centre (2.5% v. 10%, 5% v. 12.5%, 7.5% v. 15%, and 20.0% v. 30%, respectively). The observed difference between the trained and untrained TBSs was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion. It appears that training TBSs can reduce morbidity rates fo llowing TBS treatment.	None	adult; aged; article; bone infection; clinical trial; competence; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; education program; female; fracture healing; gangrene; health practitioner; human; major clinical study; male; morbidity; Nigeria; paramedical education; primary health care; professional practice; tibia fracture; traditional medicine; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fracture Fixation; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; Tibial Fractures; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645987566	Evaluation of morpho-agronomic variability of wild and cultivated kola (Cola species Schott et Endl.) in South Western Nigeria	Adebola P.O., Morakinyo J.A.	2006	Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution	53	4	10.1007/s10722-004-3558-1	Plant Breeding Group, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Plant Science Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Adebola, P.O., Plant Breeding Group, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Morakinyo, J.A., Plant Science Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	As part of a breeding programme, exploration and systematic selection exercise of kola (Cola spp.) was carried out in Nigeria from the large number of kola populations in the country based mainly on yield and various nut characteristics. The exercise gave rise to a collection of many accessions of the genus including five wild species that are currently being maintained in field genebanks of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Gambari experimental station, Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan. In order to fully exploit the variability in these plants for genetic improvement, the plants were characterized and their morphological variability described. A list of descriptors, developed by International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) for Avocado, with modifications was employed recording 60 descriptors consisting of 33 qualitative and 27 quantitative characters. The characterization data revealed enormous morphological variability among the plants studied and have strong bearing on the taxonomy of the groups. The result also confirmed that the wild species of Cola form a special group with enormous agronomic traits that are yet to be exploited in kola breeding. Wild species identified with high nut and pod numbers, thick indehiscent pods and fruit size uniformity is recommended for use in interspecific hybridization programme. © Springer 2006.	Cola species; Genetic improvement; Germplasm evaluation; Morphological variability; Utilization potential; Wild relatives	agronomy; breeding; cultivation; perennial plant; plant community; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Cola; Cola acuminata; Persea americana; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646012002	Rapid scale-up of a community-based HIV treatment service: Programme performance over 3 consecutive years in Guguletu, South Africa	Bekker L.-G., Myer L., Orrell C., Lawn S., Wood R.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	4	None	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Orrell, C., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lawn, S., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Despite rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa there are few longitudinal data describing programme performance during rapid scale-up. Methods. We compared mortality, viral suppression and programme retention in 3 consecutive years of a public sector community-based ART clinic in a South African township. Data were collected prospectively from establishment of services in October 2002 to the censoring date in September 2005. Viral load and CD4 counts were monitored at 4-monthly intervals. Community-based counsellors provided adherence and programme support. Results. During the study period 1139 ART-naïve patients received ART (161, 280 and 698 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years respectively). The median CD4 cell counts were 84 cells/μl (interquartile range (IQR) 42 -139), 89 cells/μl (IQR 490 - 149), and 110 cells/μl (IQR 55 -172), and the proportions of patients with World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages 3 and 4 were 90%, 79% and 76% in each sequential year respectively. The number of counsellors increased from 6 to 28 and the median number of clients allocated to each counsellor increased from 13 to 33. The overall loss to follow-up was 2.9%. At the date of censoring, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion of patients still on the programme were 82%, 86% and 91%, and the proportion who were virally suppressed (< 400 copies/ml) were 100%, 92% and 98% for the 2002, 2003 and 2004 cohorts respectively. Conclusions. While further operational research is required into optimal models of care in different populations across sub-Saharan Africa, these results demonstrate that a single community-based public sector ART clinic can extend care to over 1000 patients in an urban setting without compromising programme performance.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; zidovudine; adolescent; adult; article; blood toxicity; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; cohort analysis; community care; controlled study; disease classification; female; follow up; health care distribution; health practitioner; health program; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; liver toxicity; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; mortality; nonhuman; patient compliance; patient monitoring; public health service; South Africa; treatment outcome; virus inhibition; virus load; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA, Viral; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Program Evaluation; Prospective Studies; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646149759	Critical evaluation of solar chimney power plant performance	Pretorius J.P., Kröger D.G.	2006	Solar Energy	80	5	10.1016/j.solener.2005.04.001	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Pretorius, J.P., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	This paper evaluates the influence of a recently developed convective heat transfer equation, more accurate turbine inlet loss coefficient, quality collector roof glass and various types of soil on the performance of a large scale solar chimney power plant. Results indicate that the new heat transfer equation reduces plant power output considerably. The effect of a more accurate turbine inlet loss coefficient is insignificant, while utilizing better quality glass enhances plant power production. Models employing Limestone and Sandstone soil produce virtually similar results to a Granite-based model. The plant collector height is found to differ from previously obtained optimal values. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Power plant; Renewable energy; Solar chimney; Solar energy; Solar power; Solar tower; Upwind	Chimneys; Electric losses; Granite; Heat convection; Lime brick; Mathematical models; Q factor measurement; Sandstone; Solar energy; Turbines; Renewable energy; Solar chimneys; Solar tower; Upwind; Solar power plants; Chimneys; Electric losses; Granite; Heat convection; Lime brick; Mathematical models; Q factor measurement; Sandstone; Solar energy; Solar power plants; Turbines; heat transfer; limestone; numerical model; power plant; sandstone; solar power; turbine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646161233	Modelled surface ozone over southern Africa during the Cross Border Air Pollution Impact Assessment Project	Zunckel M., Koosailee A., Yarwood G., Maure G., Venjonoka K., van Tienhoven A.M., Otter L.	2006	Environmental Modelling and Software	21	7	10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.04.004	CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa; ENVIRON International Corporation, 101 Rowland Way, Novato, CA 94945, United States; Department of Physics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Private Bag BR132, Gaborone, Botswana; Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa; Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda, 2302, South Africa	Zunckel, M., CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa; Koosailee, A., CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa, Sasol Synfuels, Private Bag X1000, Secunda, 2302, South Africa; Yarwood, G., ENVIRON International Corporation, 101 Rowland Way, Novato, CA 94945, United States; Maure, G., Department of Physics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Venjonoka, K., Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Private Bag BR132, Gaborone, Botswana; van Tienhoven, A.M., CSIR Environmentek, P.O. Box 17001, Congella 4013 Durban, South Africa; Otter, L., Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa	Monitoring of surface ozone over southern Africa has shown that ambient concentrations often exceed a threshold of 40 ppb at which damage to vegetation by ozone could be expected. The Cross Border Air Pollution Assessment Project (CAPIA) was therefore established to assess the potential impacts of ozone on maize, a staple food crop, in five southern African countries. Measured surface ozone data are scare in the region so it was necessary to complement the monitoring with regional-scale photochemical modelling to achieve the objective. The Pennsylvania State and NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to produce gridded meteorological data for 5 days in each month of the maize growing season, October to April, as input to the photochemical model, CAMx. Gridded anthropogenic emissions from industry, transport and domestic burning and gridded biogenic emissions from soils and vegetation are input to CAMx. The model estimations indicate large areas on the sub-continent where surface ozone concentrations exceed 40 ppb for up to 10 h per day. Maximum concentrations may exceed 80 ppb, particularly in the winter when mean ozone concentrations are higher. The areas where the 40 ppb threshold is exceeded coincide with maize growing areas in South Africa and Zimbabwe. It appears that neither anthropogenic emissions nor biogenic emissions are dominant in the production of surface ozone over southern Africa. Rather the formation of surface ozone over the region is attributed to the combined contribution of precursors from anthropogenic and biogenic origin. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anthropogenic emissions; Biogenic emissions; Botswana; CAMx; CAPIA; Maize; MM5; Mozambique; Photochemical modelling; South Africa; Zambia; Zimbabwe	Condition monitoring; Environmental impact; Ozone; Project management; Regional planning; Vegetation; Anthropogenic emissions; Biogenic emissions; CAMx; Cross Border Air Pollution Assessment Project (CAPIA); MM5; Photochemical modeling; Air pollution; anthropogenic effect; atmospheric pollution; biogenic emission; maize; Meteosat; ozone; Africa; Botswana; Mozambique; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646161927	Ecosystem approach to mitigate impacts of sedimentation on the hydrological cycle and aquatic ecosystem	Yamashiki Y., Nakamura T., Kurosawa M., Matsui S.	2006	Hydrological Processes	20	6	10.1002/hyp.6089	Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Technology, 1-8 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan; Division of GEF Coordination, United Nations Environment Programme, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environment Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan	Yamashiki, Y., Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Technology, 1-8 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan; Nakamura, T., Division of GEF Coordination, United Nations Environment Programme, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; Kurosawa, M., Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Matsui, S., Graduate School of Global Environment Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan	This study illustrates the importance of sedimentation control on a global scale by introducing general concepts developed locally through field observations in eutrophic bay in Lake Biwa in Japan, and in Dongting Lake in China. The phosphorus concentration of suspended solids in water columns and in the bottom sediment during soil puddling before the transplanting of rice seedlings have been measured analytically. We have estimated the gross phosphorus loads and the economical loss of losing fertilizer from rice paddy fields in the whole Lake Biwa basin during the same period. Additionally, the discussions and conclusions made in the session 'Ecosystem approach to water monitoring and management' organized during the Third World Water Forum held in Kyoto, are introduced. The importance of sediment control in carrying out overall water quality programmes has been emphasized not only for watersheds with severe land degradation, but also for basins where the sedimentation impacts are considered rather small, and there is a need to reverse the long-term water quality trend in shallow reservoirs in international river basins, such as La Plata River basin in South America. Establishing international standards and regulations for controlling fine sediments, making an effective economic evaluation of the impacts induced by sedimentation applicable to local farmers, as well as developing an effective project focusing on treating sedimentation to improve nutrient control should be initiated on a global scale, as with the Global Environmental Facility project. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Eutrophication; Lake Biwa; Sedimentation; WWF3	Economics; Environmental impact; Hydrology; Lakes; Management; Rivers; Sediments; Water quality; Watersheds; Aquatic ecosystems; Hydrological cycle; Sedimentation control; Water management; Water monitoring; Ecosystems; Economics; Ecosystems; Environmental impact; Hydrology; Lakes; Management; Rivers; Sediments; Water quality; Watersheds; aquatic ecosystem; ecosystem approach; hydrological cycle; phosphorus; sedimentation; water quality; Asia; Biwa Lake; China; Dongting Lake; Eurasia; Far East; Honshu; Hunan; Japan; Kinki; Shiga	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646181838	Poor performance status is associated with early death in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis	de Vallière S., Barker R.D.	2006	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	100	7	10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.007	Pietersburg-Mankweng Hospital Complex, Private Bag X9316, Polokwane 0700, South Africa; Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Camberwell, London, United Kingdom	de Vallière, S., Pietersburg-Mankweng Hospital Complex, Private Bag X9316, Polokwane 0700, South Africa; Barker, R.D., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Camberwell, London, United Kingdom	The objective of this study was to determine whether poor performance status at the start of anti-tuberculous (anti-TB) treatment is associated with early death in patients admitted to hospital with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). During 3 months in 2001, all adult patients admitted to eight hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa, and diagnosed with PTB were eligible for inclusion. At initiation of anti-TB treatment, a performance status between 0 and 4 was estimated for each patient using a modified version of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring system. Hospital records and local TB registers were reviewed to identify patients who had died during the first 2 months of treatment. In addition, it was ascertained whether a death notification had been received by the provincial administration. Fifty-three of 295 (18%) patients died within 2 months. Mortality increased from 6% in patients with the best performance status to 51% in patients with the poorest performance status. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the hazard ratio for dying was significantly higher for patients with a performance status of 3 or 4. Poor performance status shows a strong association with early death in patients with PTB and has the potential to be a useful clinical, epidemiological and research tool. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Early death; Performance status; Pulmonary tuberculosis; South Africa	tuberculostatic agent; adult; aged; article; controlled study; death certificate; female; functional assessment; high risk patient; hospital admission; human; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; medical record; mortality; multivariate analysis; proportional hazards model; register; regression analysis; scoring system; South Africa; Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Disability Evaluation; Epidemiologic Methods; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Care; Sex Distribution; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646193106	Planning and performance of small and medium enterprise operators in a country in transition	Yusuf A., Saffu K.	2005	Journal of Small Business Management	43	4	10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00148.x	Corporate Planning and Development Division, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria; Department of Entrepreneurship, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ont., Canada	Yusuf, A., Corporate Planning and Development Division, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria; Saffu, K., Department of Entrepreneurship, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ont., Canada	This paper examines the relationship between planning and performance of small and medium enterprise operators in a country in economic transition. The literature on planning-performance relationship reports mixed findings. In a period of uncertainty, as exemplified by conditions of economic difficulties, one would expect firms to do more planning. On the contrary, our study shows that economic difficulties do not encourage firms to plan seriously. Our study also shows that firms that plan do not necessarily experience increased performance, with the exception of the manufacturing sector. Other findings of the study include a significant gender difference in the planning sophistication of small firms in Ghana, with firms managed or owned by males having sophisticated planning compared with female managed or female-owned businesses. Size did not moderate planning performance in our study. Planning affected performance equally in both large and small firms in our study. We found no difference among the planning clusters for education. Firms with the highest growth in sales had low-planning sophistication. This study contributes to our understanding and appreciation of situations in which planning does not necessarily add significant value to organizations (by way of increased performance).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646201265	Reproductive performance and mortality rate in Menz and Horro sheep following controlled breeding in Ethiopia	Berhan A., Van Arendonk J.	2006	Small Ruminant Research	63	3	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.03.003	Department of Animal Sciences, Alemaya University, P.O. Box 126, Alemaya, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Berhan, A., Department of Animal Sciences, Alemaya University, P.O. Box 126, Alemaya, Ethiopia; Van Arendonk, J., Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, AH Wageningen, Netherlands	The reproductive and lamb mortality data (n = 4890) of Horro and Menz ewes following controlled breeding in Ethiopia were analyzed. Sheep were treated with flugestone acetate (FGA) intravaginal sponges during the wet and dry seasons to compare the reproductive performance of the two indigenous Ethiopian highland sheep breeds. There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference in the fertility rate (conception rate) (79% versus 70%), weaning rate (92% versus 78%) and lamb mortality rate (13% versus 27%) for the Menz and Horro breeds, respectively. The difference in lambing rate (lambs born/ewes mated) for the Menz and Horro ewes was also significant (P < 0.01) (81% versus 76%), respectively. There was no significant difference in fecundity between the two breeds. It is concluded that the Menz ewes have more acceptable reproductive performance than Horro ewes following controlled breeding. Additionally, Menz lambs have recorded a higher survival rate than the Horro lambs under the same environmental conditions. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Controlled breeding; Ethiopia; Mortality; Reproduction; Sheep	Ovis; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646205005	Performance analysis of double buffer technique (DBT) model for mobility support in wireless IP networks	Akintola A.A., Aderounmu G.A., Adigun M.O.	2006	Journal of Network and Computer Applications	29	4	10.1016/j.jnca.2005.05.001	Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Computer Science, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa	Akintola, A.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Aderounmu, G.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adigun, M.O., Department of Computer Science, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa	Existing mobility support models in cellular communications misinterpret mobility loss in cellular networks as congestion loss, thus it degrades the performance by invoking unnecessary congestion control action. In this paper, we investigated the performance of Double Buffer Technique (DBT) model for mobility support in wireless IP networks. The DBT model uses the END message and the TQRS timer to maintain the packet sequence and decrease the load on the new foreign agent when the timer expires, respectively. Also, the protocol showed improved performance degradation caused by the handover of the mobile terminal. In order to demonstrate the superiority of our scheme over the existing ones, we used the following performance metrics: packet out-of-sequence, cell loss ratio, bandwidth overhead, and suitability for real-time services. The numerical results obtained revealed that the buffer size, the waiting time, and the packet loss probabilities in the model were suitable to the wireless IP environment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cellular; Double buffer technique; Handover; Internet protocol; Mobility; QoS; Routing; Seamless; Wireless	Cellular; Double buffer technique; Handover; Internet protocol; Mobility; Routing; Seamless; Buffer storage; Mathematical models; Network protocols; Real time systems; Routers; Telecommunication services; Wireless telecommunication systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646245176	Post-harvest evaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on cassava genotypes	Fokunang C.N., Dixon A.G.O.	2006	Plant Pathology Journal	5	1	10.3923/ppj.2006.60.66	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; 65 Fordwich Place, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 0RA, United Kingdom	Fokunang, C.N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, 65 Fordwich Place, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 0RA, United Kingdom; Dixon, A.G.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-harvest survival of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected cassava materials. Infected stem cuttings from 5 cassava cultivars 88/01084, 88/01983, 91/00395, 91/00317 and 91/00052, incubated at 25±2°C for 8 months, showed a significant decrease in fungal survival amongst the cassava cultivars. At 8 months incubation fungal recovery was lowest below 10% among the infected cultivars. Cassava stakes, stored at humid conditions under tree shades for 16 months, showed a gradual decrease in fungal survival up to the 10th month, after which survival peaked again from the 12th up to the 16th month of storage. Survival of the fungus on soil significantly reduced with incubation time and at the 6th month of sampling, there was no recovery recorded for all the soils from the field plot sites. Burial of infected materials for 150 days below 20-30 cm depth significantly reduced the survival of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected materials. Burial at 30 cm depth for 150 days completely eradicated the fungus on the infected cuttings. These studies have shown that C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis could survive on infected cuttings for more than 8 months, but less likely to survive in soil for up to 4 months. The potential of high cassava anthracnose disease transmission in cassava planting materials during storage is also reported. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Anthracnose; Cassava; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis; Post-harvest	Colletotrichum; Fungi; Glomerella cingulata; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646246162	Impact assessment of Mtera and Kidatu reservoirs on the annual maximum floods at Stiegler's Gorge of the Rufiji River in Tanzania	Yawson D.K., Kongo V.M., Kachroo R.K.	2006	Water International	31	1	10.1080/02508060608691919	International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Keny	Yawson, D.K., International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Kongo, V.M., University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kenya, School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering Division, Soil and Water Conservation, Irrigation, Land Use Planning and Mechanization Services, South Africa; Kachroo, R.K.	The impoundment of any river causes changes in the downstream flow regime. The effect of a dam on flow regime depends on both the storage capacity of the reservoir relative to the volume of river flow and the way the dam is operated. The most common attribute of flow regulation is a decrease in the magnitude of the flood peaks and an increase in low flows. This paper reports the findings of a study to assess the cumulative impact of two dams on the Great Ruaha River in Tanzania (the Mtera and Kidatu Reservoir System) on flood flows. The method used was to compare the observed annual maximum flows at downstream locations after the construction of the dams with mathematically modeled estimates of the annual maximum flows at the same locations, assuming that the dams were not built (i.e. generating naturalized flows). Contrary to expectations, the study found that annual maximum peaks were supposed to be less than those actually observed. For instance, in 1989, annual maximum peak flow of 1,400 m 3/s was recorded at Kidatu, but the estimated uncontrolled peak flow should have been 800 m 3/s, signifying an artificially-induced flood wave. Although, there was a significant impact on the peak flows at Kidatu owing to the dams, the impact was found to be minimal on the flow peaks at Steigler's Gorge. © 2006 International Water Resources Association.	Annual maximum floods; Impact assessment; Linear transfer function; Mathematical modeling; Mtera-Kidatu Reservoir System; Rufiji River Basin	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646248611	Environmental impact of the Brazilian Agrarian Reform process from 1985 to 2001	Van De Steeg J.A., Sparovek G., Lima Ranieri S.B., Maule R.F., Cooper M., Neto D.D., Alves M.C.	2006	Scientia Agricola	63	2	None	ILRI, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Entropix, R. Maria Manieiro 458, 13405-124 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Produção Vegetal, Brazil; USP/ESALQ, Siesalq, Brazil	Van De Steeg, J.A., ILRI, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Sparovek, G., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Lima Ranieri, S.B., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Maule, R.F., Entropix, R. Maria Manieiro 458, 13405-124 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Cooper, M., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, C.P. 09, 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Neto, D.D., USP/ESALQ, Depto. de Produção Vegetal, Brazil; Alves, M.C., USP/ESALQ, Siesalq, Brazil	During the past 20 years, most settlements of the Brazilian Agrarian Reform (AR) have been established in or near better-preserved natural ecosystems, where environmental impact is likely to be negative and contribute to natural resources degradation. The objective of this work is providing a first, comprehensive insight of the impacts related to the environmental quality of these settlements, based on the primary survey of 4,340 AR settlements installed between 1985 and 2001. An index was calculated to integrate different aspects of environmental impacts in one single number. The index showed significant regional variation, with lower values (low environmental quality) for the North and Northeast of Brazil, intermediate values for the Central-west and Southeast, and high values for the South. Environmental impacts resulting from AR and settlement creation are slowly decreasing with time, but are still very high in absolute values. The lack of protection of riparian areas, cultivation of legal reserves, and deforestation, are the main concerns related to environmental impacts.	Brazil; Deforestation; Environmental index	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646249415	Performance of hardcoded finite automata	Ngassam E.K., Kourie D.G., Watson B.W.	2006	Software - Practice and Experience	36	5	10.1002/spe.708	School of Computing, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; School of Computing, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Ngassam, E.K., School of Computing, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa, School of Computing, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Kourie, D.G., Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Watson, B.W., Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	We study the performance of a hardcoded algorithm for recognizing strings of a finite automaton's language and compare it with the use of the more conventional table-driven algorithm. In both cases, performance depends on the finite automaton's dimensions such as alphabet size and the number of states. However, the respective processing mechanisms that influence the performance, in particular cache memory usage, depend on the details of the processor's underlying architecture. In the hardcoded case, the automaton's dimensions determine the size of the code which is, in turn, the primary determinant of the way in which cache memory is used. In the table-driven case, cache memory usage is primarily determined by the way in which portions of the transition table are stored in it. Using statistical regression analysis, we provide multivariate equations to model the observed time efficiency of both methods. The equations obtained are cross-compared and conclusions are drawn. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Cache memory; Finite automata; Hardcoding; Performance; Regression analysis	Algorithms; Cache memory; Codes (symbols); Computer architecture; Information technology; Regression analysis; Statistical methods; Hardcoding; Multivariate equations; Processing mechanisms; Table-driven algorithms; Finite automata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646251613	Self-similarity and internet performance	Gopal D., Abdulkadir T.	2006	Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology	38	2	None	Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, Daejeon 300-718, South Korea; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, AddisAbaba University, Ethiopia; Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, South Korea; Institution of Engineers, South Korea; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AAU	Gopal, D., Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, Daejeon 300-718, South Korea, Department of Digital Information and Communication, Woosong University, South Korea, Institution of Engineers, South Korea; Abdulkadir, T., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, AddisAbaba University, Ethiopia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AAU	In this work, it has been demonstrated through experiments that Long Range Dependence (LRD) in internet traffic is indeed affecting the queueing performance. Queueing performance is being degraded as the self-similarity of the packet arrival process increases. Here, the link buffer capacity and queueing delay exhibits super-linear relationship. This in turn has led to the proposal of resource provisioning strategy to boost the queueing performance. The inherent self-similar nature of the internet made the possibility of carrying voice traffic accompanied by voice quality degradation. Self-similar or variable nature of packet delay process implies voice quality degradation due to inter packet arrival variations. Delay and delay variation (jitter) behave erratically due to the self-similar nature of the packet arrival and delays. As the self-similarity of the packet round trip delay increases, TCP throughput performance is degraded. Copyright © 2006, Australian Computer Society Inc.	Long Range Dependence (LRD); Quality of service (QoS); Round Trip Time (RTT); Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)	Long Range Dependence (LRD); Round Trip Time (RTT); Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP); Voice quality degradation; Quality of service; Queueing networks; Speech analysis; Telecommunication traffic; Internet	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646256911	Effect of vetch (Vicia sativa) hay supplementation on performance of Begait and Abergelle goats in northern Ethiopia. I. Milk yield and composition	Berhane G., Eik L.O.	2006	Small Ruminant Research	64	3	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.04.021	Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway	Berhane, G., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Eik, L.O., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway	The objectives of this work were to study and compare the effect of vetch hay supplementation on milk yield of indigenous Begait and Abergelle goats, managed under semi-extensive conditions in the lowlands of northern Ethiopia, and to compare milk yield and composition of the two breeds. Eleven 7-8-month-old goats from each breed were randomly assigned to each of the four levels of vetch hay supplementation at 0% BW (Treatment 1), 0.5% BW (Treatment 2), 1.0% BW (Treatment 3) and 1.5% BW (Treatment 4). Goats were grazed during daytime and milked in the evening only. Kids were allowed to suck their dams during the night up to 90 days and then weaned. Milk yield and lactation length increased gradually and almost linearly by increasing level of supplementation, while fat percentage and total solids percentage declined. Differences (P < 0.05) in average daily milk yield were found between Treatments 1 and 4 for both goat breeds in both years. Milk yield was significantly higher, but fat and SNF contents were lower for Begait than for Abergelle goats. When calculated as energy corrected milk (ECM)/kg metabolic BW, no breed differences were found. There were no significant differences for calcium and phosphorus contents in milk between the breeds. It is concluded that vetch hay supplementation increased milk yield by up to 50%, but decreased percent fat and total solids in the milk of both Begait and Abergelle goats. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Abergelle; Begait; Goats; Milk; Vetch hay	Capra hircus; Vicia; Vicia sativa; Vicia sativa subsp. nigra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646353676	Sensory evaluation of some cooking bananas in Ghana	Dzomeku B.M., Osei-Owusu M., Ankomah A.A., Akyeampong E., Darkey S.K.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	4	10.3923/jas.2006.835.837	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Women in Agricultural Development, Ministry Food and Agriculture, Kumasi, Ghana; International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, P.O. Box BP 12438, Douala, Cameroon	Dzomeku, B.M., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Osei-Owusu, M., Women in Agricultural Development, Ministry Food and Agriculture, Kumasi, Ghana; Ankomah, A.A., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Akyeampong, E., International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, P.O. Box BP 12438, Douala, Cameroon; Darkey, S.K., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	To assess consumer acceptability of the new cooking banana hybrids, a study was conducted to compare consumer preference for Saba, Yangambi KM 5, FHIA 25, FHIA 03, BITA 3 and Apantu (control) for chips, Kakro, Ofam, Ampesi and fried ripe plantain. A total of twenty trained male and female taste panelists were involved in the study. Panelists were presented with coded samples of five recipes prepared from the hybrid cooking bananas. Plantain chips are deep-fried thin slices of fruits. Fried plantains are thick slices of peeled ripe fiuits that are dipped into salted water and fried in vegetable oil. Ampesi is the local name for boiled green plantains. Kakro is made with blended over-ripe fruit of plantains mixed with corn flour (about 30%), powdered chilies, salt and other spices. The paste thus formed is molded into balls and fried in vegetable oil. Ofam is blended over-ripe fruits, mixed with powdered chilies, other spices, salt and palm oil and baked in an oven to form a cake. The results indicated that KM 5, BITA 3 and FHIA 25 were highly preferred when fried at stages 3 and 4 of ripening. Saba and FHIA 03 were also accepted though not as high as the other three accessions. All accessions were highly preferred when used as chips. BITA 3 was highly preferred for Ampesi whereas KM 5 and FHIA 25 were partially preferred as Ampesi. Saba and FHIA 03 were totally rejected. However when used for Ofam, all the varieties were highly preferred. Cooking bananas could be highly preferred by Ghanaian consumers when processed. The processing might have coated the banana characteristics of the varieties. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cooking banana; Hybrid; Musa; Plantain; Sensory evaluation	Consumer acceptability; Consumer preferences; Corn flour; Hybrid; Musa; Plantain; Salted water; Sensory evaluation; Food products; Vegetable oils; Water quality; Fruits	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646367919	The impact of self-efficacy and prior computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in selected universities libraries in Southwest Nigeria	Tella A., Ayeni C.O.	2006	Library Philosophy and Practice	8	2	None	Department of Library and Information Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Federal College of Forestry Library, Ibadan, Nigeria	Tella, A., Department of Library and Information Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Ayeni, C.O., Federal College of Forestry Library, Ibadan, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646371266	The impact of the internet on research: The experience of Delta State University, Nigeria	Adogbeji O.B., Toyo O.D.	2006	Library Philosophy and Practice	8	2	None	University Library, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji, O.B., University Library, Abraka, Nigeria; Toyo, O.D., Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646371453	Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30%	Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F., Anderson J.L., van Veldhuisen D.J., Parkhomenko A., Corbalan R., Klug E.Q., Mukherjee R., Solomon H.	2006	European Journal of Heart Failure	8	3	10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.11.008	University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Pitt, B., University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Gheorghiade, M., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Zannad, F., Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; Anderson, J.L., LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; van Veldhuisen, D.J., University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Parkhomenko, A., Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Corbalan, R., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Klug, E.Q., Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Mukherjee, R., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States; Solomon, H., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Aims: Because of the prognostic importance of LV dysfunction following an AMI and the increasing use of electrical and/or mechanical interventions in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, this retrospective analysis of EPHESUS patients with LVEF ≤ 30% at baseline was conducted to determine the value of eplerenone in this setting. Methods and results: In EPHESUS, 6632 patients with LVEF ≤ 40% and clinical heart failure (HF) post-AMI who were receiving standard therapy were randomized to eplerenone 25 mg/day titrated to 50 mg/day or placebo for a mean follow-up of 16 months. Treatment with eplerenone in the subgroup of patients with LVEF ≤ 30% (N = 2106) resulted in relative risk reductions of 21% versus placebo in both all-cause mortality (P = 0.012) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.001), and 23% for CV mortality (P = 0.008). The relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) was reduced 33% (P = 0.01) and HF mortality/HF hospitalization was reduced 25% (P = 0.005) with eplerenone compared with placebo. Within 30 days of randomization, eplerenone resulted in relative risk reductions of 43% for all-cause mortality (P = 0.002), 29% for CV mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.006), and 58% for SCD (P = 0.008). Conclusions: Treatment with eplerenone plus standard therapy in patients with post-AMI HF and LVEF ≤ 30% provided significant incremental benefits in reducing both early and late mortality and morbidity. © 2005 European Society of Cardiology.	Aldosterone; EPHESUS; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	acetylsalicylic acid; angiotensin receptor antagonist; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; digitalis; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; diuretic agent; eplerenone; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; placebo; vitamin K group; acute heart infarction; adult; aged; article; controlled study; drug fatality; female; follow up; heart death; heart failure; heart left ventricle ejection fraction; hospitalization; human; hyperkalemia; hypokalemia; major clinical study; male; morbidity; mortality; priority journal; randomization; risk reduction; standard; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Female; Heart Failure, Congestive; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Spironolactone; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646406811	Performance and cost evaluation of substituting rubber seed cake for groundnut cake in diets of growing pigs	Madubuike F.N., Ekenyem B.U., Obih T.K.O.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	1	10.3923/pjn.2006.59.61	Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Madubuike, F.N., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Obih, T.K.O., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Thirty six weeks old (Large white X Landrace) hybrid weaner pigs (fifteen females and fifteen males) were used in a 12-week experiment to determine the cost effectiveness of substituting rubber seed cake for groundnut cake on the growth rate of weaner pigs. Graded levels of rubber seed cake (0%, 25%, 50%, 70% and 100%) replaced corresponding levels of groundnut cake in five Iso-Nitrogenous and Iso-caloric treatments (A, B, C, D and E) respectively which were further replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum to the experimental pigs while medication (wormers) were administered to maintain good health. Feed intake was recorded everyday while body weight was taken every week in all the treatments. The average weight of pigs at eighteen (18) weeks were 40.30c, 41.70bc, 39.30c, 41.80b and 47.20a for treatments A, B, C, D, E respectively while the average feed cost (naira) per kilogram of pork gained were N86.95a, N77.47b, N84.04a, N68.00bc and N56.56c for treatments A, B, C, D, and E respectively. Results showed that treatment E had both significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher weight gain and lowest cost of production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Groundnut cake; Growing pigs; Rubber seed cake	animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; controlled study; cost; cost control; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; nonhuman; nutrient supply; nutritional health; nutritional value; peanut; pig farming; randomization; statistical significance; weight gain; Animalia; Arachis hypogaea; Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646418402	Effects of graded levels of palm-kernel cake on performance of grower rabbits	Orunmuyi M., Bawa G.S., Adeyinka F.D., Daudu O.M., Adeyinka I.A.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	1	10.3923/pjn.2006.71.74	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	Orunmuyi, M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, F.D., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Daudu, O.M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	A total of forty (40) growing rabbits with an average initial weight of 921.5g were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% palm kernel cake as replacement for soyabean cake respectively. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (20% CP). The final live weights of the rabbits were higher in the control diet compared to those on palm kernel cake diets. With the exception of the rabbits placed on 40% level of palm kernel cake daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency values compared favourably with those on control diet. Carcass weight and weight of primal cuts expressed as percentage of carcass weight did not show any significant difference between the treatment means. Animals on 40% palm kernel cake diets had the highest (P<0.05) cost per kg gain compared to those on other dietary treatments. It was concluded that palm kernel cake can be used up to 30% level in a maize - soyabean meal based diet for grower rabbits without adverse effect on the performance of the animals. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Grower rabbits; Growth and carcass characteristics; Palm kernel cake; Soyabean meal	palm oil; animal experiment; animal food; article; carcass; controlled study; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; meat industry; nonhuman; nutrient supply; nutritional health; nutritional value; rabbit; randomization; seed kernel; soybean; test meal; weight gain; Animalia; Glycine max; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646420078	Determination of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol in oral dosage forms using high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection	Nair V.D.P., Kanfer I., Hoogmartens J.	2006	Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis	41	3	10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.030	Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Laboratorium Voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Nair, V.D.P., Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Hoogmartens, J., Laboratorium Voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	A validated and repeatable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with online evaporative light scattering (ELSD) was developed for the analysis of two sterols, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and a stanol, stigmastanol, found to be common in many herbal formulations and health care supplements. The method is based on the separation of the three marker compounds on a C8 column (Phenomenex Luna, 5 μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) using methanol:water (95:5 v/v) as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 1 ml/min to separate all the marker compounds within 12 min. Cholesterol (50 μg/ml) was used as internal standard and methanol as the extraction solvent. The ELSD response parameters were optimised and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 2 and 5 μg/ml, respectively, which is more sensitive than obtained by photo diode array detection (5 and 7 μg/ml). Using ELSD, the percentage relative standard deviation (%R.S.D.) of intra-day and inter-day (3 days) precision for each marker was better than 3%, the accuracy data were within 97-103% and the recovery data were found to be within 95-107% for the five commercially available products examined. This method was used to assay commercially available products formulated as oral dosage forms purported to contain African Potato and associated sterols and stanol and proved to be suitable for the routine analysis and quality control of such products. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	β-Sitosterol; African Potato; HPLC-ELSD; Quality control; Stigmastanol; Stigmasterol	carbon; cholesterol; methanol; sitostanol; sitosterol; stigmasterol; water; accuracy; analytic method; article; drug formulation; drug marketing; flow rate; herbal medicine; high performance liquid chromatography; information processing; light scattering; potato; priority journal; quality control; quantitative analysis; supplementation; validation process; Administration, Oral; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dosage Forms; Light; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Scattering, Radiation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646425590	Tomato fruit size, maturity and α-tomatine content influence the performance of larvae of potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)	Mulatu B., Applebaum S.W., Kerem Z., Coll M.	2006	Bulletin of Entomological Research	96	2	10.1079/BER2005412	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel	Mulatu, B., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Applebaum, S.W., Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Kerem, Z., Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Coll, M., Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel	Various physical and chemical properties of host plants influence insect larval performance and subsequent adult fitness. Tomato plants are relatively new hosts to the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), with the fruit being its preferred feeding site. However, it is unclear how the biochemical and physical properties of tomato fruits relate to potato tuber moth performance. Significant amounts of α-tomatine were detected in maturing green and ripening fruits of cherry (cv. Ceres) and processing (cv. Serio) types of tomatoes whereas none was detected in a fresh market variety (cv. Marglobe), at comparable stages. α-Tomatine is negatively and significantly correlated with development rate (head capsule size) of larvae reared in the fruits of the cherry and processing type tomatoes. Generally, survival, growth and development were significantly superior for larvae reared in the ripening fruits of the fresh market cultivar. At this stage, the fruits of this cultivar are also the largest. Based on these results it is concluded that fruit α-tomatine content, as well as fruit size and maturity, all affect performance of P. operculella larvae in the fruits of cultivated tomatoes. © CAB International, 2006.	Herbivory; Insect-plant interactions; Phthorimaea operculella; Potato tuber moth; Secondary plant compounds; Tomatine; Tomato	tomatine; cultivar; fruit production; growth and development; host plant; larval development; moth; analysis of variance; animal; article; body weight; chemistry; comparative study; drug effect; growth, development and aging; larva; Lepidoptera; parasitology; physiology; survival; tomato; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Larva; Lepidoptera; Lycopersicon esculentum; Survival Analysis; Tomatine; Ceres; Gelechiidae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Lycopersicon esculentum; Phthorimaea operculella; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646425859	Linking a population model with an ecosystem model: Assessing the impact of land use and climate change on savanna shrub cover dynamics	Tews J., Esther A., Milton S.J., Jeltsch F.	2006	Ecological Modelling	195	42433	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.025	Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany; Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Tews, J., Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany; Esther, A., Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany; Milton, S.J., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Jeltsch, F., Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany	In semiarid savannas of Southern Africa current land use practices and climate change may lead to substantial changes of vegetation structure in the near future, however uncertainty remains about the potential consequences and the magnitude of change. In this paper we study the impact of climate change, cattle grazing, and wood cutting on shrub cover dynamics in savannas of the southern Kalahari. We use an established savanna ecosystem model to simulate landscape dynamics in terms of rainfall, fire and distribution of the dominant tree Acacia erioloba. We then incorporate these data into a spatial population model of the common, fleshy-fruited shrub Grewia flava and investigate shrub cover dynamics for a period of 100 years. Depending on the intensity of commercial wood cutting practices tree removal of A. erioloba led to a strong decline of the G. flava population, as shrub recruitment is concentrated in tree sub-canopies due to bird-mediated seed dispersal. Under climate change shrub cover slightly decreased with decreasing precipitation and was unchanged with increase in precipitation variability. Contrarily, grazing by cattle strongly increased shrub cover and facilitated shrub encroachment because of cattle-induced distribution of G. flava seeds into the matrix vegetation. Knowledge of the latter process is particularly important because shrub invasion is a major concern for conservation and savanna rangeland management as a result of its adverse effects on livestock carrying capacity and biodiversity. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Acacia erioloba; Bush encroachment; Global change; Grewia flava; Overgrazing; Seed dispersal; Shrub encroachment; Southern Kalahari; Spatial-explicit simulation model	Climate change; Land use; Mathematical models; Regional planning; Vegetation; Acacia erioloba; Bush encroachment; Global change; Grewia flava; Overgrazing; Seed dispersal; Shrub encroachment; Southern Kalahari; Spatial-explicit simulation model; Ecosystems; climate change; grazing; land use; landscape change; savanna; semiarid region; shrub; Africa; Kalahari Desert; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Acacia; Acacia erioloba; Aves; Bos taurus; Grewia; Grewia flava	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646446481	Impact of segregation and inclusive education at the basic education level on children with low vision in Ghana	Agbeke W.K.	2005	International Congress Series	1282	None	10.1016/j.ics.2005.05.039	Department of Special Education, University of Education, P.O. Box 25, Winneba, Ghana	Agbeke, W.K., Department of Special Education, University of Education, P.O. Box 25, Winneba, Ghana	This study was carried out to determine the impact that both segregation and inclusive education at the Basic Level have on children with low vision in Ghana. In all, 54 participants were involved in the study. The instruments used in the collection of data for this study were a semi-structured interview schedule and a questionnaire. Both interview and questionnaire items were based on, academic performance, orientation and mobility, activities of daily living, social interaction and the challenges and prospects of the two programmes. The results showed that visually impaired children from both programmes have problems with movement initially but overcome it after a year. Socially, children from inclusive programmes better participated in family and community activities than their counterparts in the special school. There was no significant difference in the academic performance of children from the two programmes. The two programmes have challenges but the prospects of inclusive education looks brighter. There is a balance in terms of academic performance and socialization. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Education; Ghana; Inclusive education; Segregation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646486101	Impact of botanical pesticides derived from Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indica plants on the emission of volatiles that attract parasitoids of the diamondback moth to cabbage plants	Charleston D.S., Gols R., Hordijk K.A., Kfir R., Vet L.E.M., Dicke M.	2006	Journal of Chemical Ecology	32	2	10.1007/s10886-005-9004-9	Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa; Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-CL, P.O. Box 1299, 3600 BG, Maarssen, Netherlands	Charleston, D.S., Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa; Gols, R., Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Hordijk, K.A., Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-CL, P.O. Box 1299, 3600 BG, Maarssen, Netherlands; Kfir, R., Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa; Vet, L.E.M., Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-CL, P.O. Box 1299, 3600 BG, Maarssen, Netherlands; Dicke, M., Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands	Herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods use chemical information from plants during foraging. Aqueous leaf extracts from the syringa tree Melia azedarach and commercial formulations from the neem tree Azadirachta indica, Neemix 4.5®, were investigated for their impact on the flight response of two parasitoids, Cotesia plutellae and Diadromus collaris. Cotesia plutellae was attracted only to Plutella xylostella-infested cabbage plants in a wind tunnel after an oviposition experience. Female C. plutellae did not distinguish between P. xylostella-infested cabbage plants treated with neem and control P. xylostella-infested plants. However, females preferred infested cabbage plants that had been treated with syringa extract to control infested plants. Syringa extract on filter paper did not attract C. plutellae. This suggests that an interaction between the plant and the syringa extract enhances parasitoid attraction. Diadromus collaris was not attracted to cabbage plants in a wind tunnel and did not distinguish between caterpillar-damaged and undamaged cabbage plants. Headspace analysis revealed 49 compounds in both control cabbage plants and cabbage plants that had been treated with the syringa extract. Among these are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, terpenoids, sulfides, and an isothiocyanate. Cabbage plants that had been treated with the syringa extract emitted larger quantities of volatiles, and these increased quantities were not derived from the syringa extract. Therefore, the syringa extract seemed to induce the emission of cabbage volatiles. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a plant extract inducing the emission of plant volatiles in another plant. This interesting phenomenon likely explains the preference of C. plutellae parasitoids for cabbage plants that have been treated with syringa extracts. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Botanical pesticides; Elicitor; Induced plant volatiles; Parasitoid behavior; Plutella xylostella	acylglycerol; insecticide; neem oil; plant extract; terpene; host-parasite interaction; pesticide; plant; animal; article; Azadirachta indica; Brassica; chemistry; drug effect; feeding behavior; female; host parasite interaction; Hymenoptera; insect control; larva; Melia azedarach; metabolism; moth; parasitology; physiology; Animals; Azadirachta; Brassica; Feeding Behavior; Female; Glycerides; Host-Parasite Relations; Hymenoptera; Insect Control; Insecticides; Larva; Melia azedarach; Moths; Plant Extracts; Terpenes; Arthropoda; Azadirachta indica; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Cotesia plutellae; Diadromus collaris; Lepidoptera; Melia azedarach; Plutella xylostella; Syringa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646524027	Evaluation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of South African plants	Reid K.A., Maes J., Maes A., van Staden J., De Kimpe N., Mulholland D.A., Verschaeve L.	2006	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	106	1	10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.030	Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Natural Products Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, 4041, South Africa	Reid, K.A., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium, Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Maes, J., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Maes, A., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; van Staden, J., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; De Kimpe, N., Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Mulholland, D.A., Natural Products Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Verschaeve, L., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium	Dichloromethane and 90% methanol extracts of 42 South African plants were screened for mutagenicity and antimutagenicity using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay (Ames) against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains in the presence and absence of metabolic activator S9. The methanol extracts from whole plants of Helichrysum simillimum, Helichrysum herbaceum and Helichrysum rugulosum indicated mutagenicity. These are the first reported tests on the mutagenicity of Helichrysum species. Six species indicated antimutagenic properties, all in the presence of S9: methanol leaf extract of Bauhinia galpinii, and dichloromethane leaf extracts of Bauhinia galpinii, Clerodendrum myricoides, Datura stramonium, Buddleja saligna, Millettia sutherlandii and Sutherlandia frutescens. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ames test; Antimutagenicity; Mutagenicity; Traditional medicinal plants	Bauhinia galpinii extract; Buddleja saligna extract; catharanthus roseus extract; clerodendrum myricoides extract; coleonema album extract; Datura stramonium extract; dichloromethane; dioscorea dregeana extract; ekebergia capensis extract; Helichrysum herbaceum extract; Helichrysum rugulosum extract; Helichrysum simillimum extract; hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; maytenus senegalensis extract; methanol; millettia grandis extract; Millettia sutherlandii extract; Nauclea latifolia extract; olea africana extract; Phyllanthus amarus extract; phytolacca octandra extract; plant extract; pleurostylia capensis extract; rhus chirindensis extract; rhus rehrianmana extract; Sutherlandia frutescens extract; tulbaghia violaceae extract; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; uvaria chamae extract; xysmalobium undulatum extract; Ames test; angiosperm; Araliaceae; article; Asclepiadaceae; Asteraceae; bacterial strain; Bauhinia; Buddleja; Catharanthus roseus; Celastraceae; Clerodendrum; Datura stramonium; drug activity; drug effect; drug screening; Flacourtiaceae; Helichrysum; Hypoxis; Hyptis; Maytenus; medicinal plant; Meliaceae; metabolic activation; Millettia; mutagenicity; nonhuman; olive tree; Phyllanthus amarus; poison ivy; pokeweed; Rubiaceae; Rutaceae; Salmonella typhimurium; South Africa; Sterculiaceae; strophanthus; Uvaria; Antimutagenic Agents; Datura stramonium; Helichrysum; Medicine, African Traditional; Methanol; Methylene Chloride; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Plant Extracts; Plants; Salmonella typhimurium; South Africa; Apocynaceae; Araliaceae; Asteraceae; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bauhinia; Bauhinia galpinii; Buddleja; Buddleja saligna; Catharanthus roseus; Celastraceae; Clerodendrum; Coleonema album; Datura stramonium; Dioscorea dregeana; Ekebergia capensis; Flacourtiaceae; Hedera; Helichrysum; Helichrysum rugulosum; Hypoxis; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hyptis; Magnoliophyta; Malvaceae; Maytenus; Maytenus senegalensis; Meliaceae; Millettia; Millettia grandis; Nauclea latifolia; Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata; Phyllanthus amarus; Phytolacca octandra; Phytolaccaceae; Pleurostylia; Rhus; Rotheca myricoides; Rubiaceae; Rutaceae; Salmonella typhimurium; Strophanthus; Sutherlandia frutescens; Tulbaghia; Uvaria; Uvaria chamae; Violaceae; Xysmalobium undulatum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646524268	High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of hypoxoside in African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) and in commercial products containing the plant material and/or its extracts	Nair V.D.P., Kanfer I.	2006	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	54	8	10.1021/jf052418s	Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Nair, V.D.P., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Hypoxoside is a norlignan diglucoside present in the corms of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea). The latter is used as a popular African traditional medicine for it's nutritional and immune-boosting properties. A reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of hypoxoside using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water (20:80, v/v). The method was linear throughout the range of 10-100 μg/mL and provided a high degree of accuracy (100 ± 4%). The recovery of the method was found to be 100 ± 5%, and the precision of the study, % relative standard deviation intraday and interday (over three separate days), was better than 6.15 and 5.64%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated to be 0.75 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively. This method was applied to the analysis and quality control of African potato corms as well as 12 commercially available products. The daily intake of hypoxoside through traditionally prepared African potato decoction was also evaluated. © 2006 American Chemical Society.	Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hypoxoside; Quality control; RP-HPLC; Validation	alkyne; glucoside; hypoxoside; plant extract; article; chemistry; high performance liquid chromatography; Hypoxis; methodology; reproducibility; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; Alkynes; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Glucosides; Hypoxis; Plant Extracts; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Hypoxis; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646550544	Discovery of a 25-cm asteroid clast in the giant Morokweng impact crater, South Africa	Maier W.D., Andreoli M.A.G., McDonald I., Higgins M.D., Boyce A.J., Shukolyukov A., Lugmair G.W., Ashwal L.D., Gräser P., Ripley E.M., Hart R.J.	2006	Nature	441	7090	10.1038/nature04751	Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Que. G7H 2B1, Canada; Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa; School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, United Kingdom; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7000, United States; Ithemba LABS - Gauteng, Wits 2050, South Africa	Maier, W.D., Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Que. G7H 2B1, Canada, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Andreoli, M.A.G., South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pretoria 0001, South Africa, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa;